volume III of the American Journal of Science, 1847, page 266.

In 1854 Wailles (op. cit., p. 286) published a list of the vertebrate fossils which had been found in the State. This list had been prepared by Dr. Leidy. While no localities are mentioned in either publication, it is quite certain that most, if not all, of the species had been found at Natchez. Wailles (p. 285) stated that the most prolific locality was on Pine Ridge, in townships 7 and 8 north, range 3 west, 6 miles north of Natchez. While the name is not used, it is supposed that reference is here had to the Mammoth Ravine mentioned by Lyell. Leidy’s list was as follows:

Felis atrox Leidy. Ursus americanus fossilis. U. amplidens Leidy. Equus americanus Leidy. Cervus virginianus fossilis. Bison latifrons Leidy. Boötherium cavifrons Leidy. Elephas primigenius. Tapirus americanus fossilis. T. haysii Leidy. Megalonyx jeffersonii Harlan. M. dissimilis Leidy. Mylodon harlani Owen. Ereptodon priscus Leidy. Mastodon giganteus.

Hilgard (Agric. Geol., Mississippi, 1860, p. 196, a work not issued until the early part of 1863), republished Leidy’s catalogue of species just mentioned and stated that these had been found in a solid blue clay.

In J. W. Foster’s “Prehistoric Races of the United States,” published in 1873, p. 61, is a statement made by Professor C. G. Forshey, in which he says that he visited the locality where the human innominate bone was found and that it was in Bernard’s Bayou, 2.5 miles north from Natchez. This does not accord with the statement of Wailles, who lived near Natchez and who visited the locality in company with Lyell and Dickeson. Forshey presented reasons for concluding that the bone was not derived from the Bluff formation. He stated that the mastodon bones and all others, of which there were many, were rotten, and that it was only with difficulty that any of them could be preserved. On the other hand, Leidy, in speaking of the bones of the megalonyx found in the Mammoth Ravine (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 6), and of those of the _Mylodon_ (op. cit., p. 48), says that they were in a good state of preservation.

In his work on the Lafayette formation published in 1891 (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 347–521), McGee discussed the geology about Natchez. On page 397 he presented a composite section obtained along about 3 miles of the bluff. This in a modified form is here given.

_Section at Natchez._

_feet._ 7. Loess 10 to 50 6. Brown loam 10 to 40 5. Stratified loamy sand 5 to 15 4. Tenacious blue clay (Port Hudson) 10 to 15 3. Cross-stratified sand, with pebbles 30 to 50 2. Stratified gravel 5 to 15 1. Greenish and blue clay, to above low water (Grand Gulf, Tertiary) 5 to 10

McGee noted that these divisions (except the Port Hudson and Grand Gulf) are purely arbitrary, inasmuch as the character and thickness of the beds change more or less within no great distances.

He noted the fact that the loess abounded in mollusks mostly of land and swamp species; also that some of the gravelly beds well down towards the Port Hudson clays had yielded bones and teeth of elephants and mastodons.

In 1898, Dr. B. Shimek visited Natchez and studied especially the loess (Amer. Geologist, vol. XXX, pp. 279–298, with plates X-XVI). He estimated the thickness of the loess as not exceeding 30 feet. He collected from this loess more than 4,600 shells of mollusks; and these proved to belong to 39 species or well-recognized subspecies. These species are all terrestrial in habit and all are now found living either on the hills in the immediate vicinity or in similar situations in other parts of the South. Shimek came to the conclusion that the loess of that region had been deposited by the action of the winds. He was unable to find any “brown loam” above the loess, the presence of which other authors had affirmed.

Shimek found no traces of mammalian bones in the loess and was inclined to doubt that they occur there. He does not appear to have visited the locality from which most of the bones were reported.

Chamberlin and Salisbury, in 1906 (Geology, vol. III, p. 386, fig. 513), discussed briefly the geological situation at Natchez. The Natchez formation (evidently including the Port Hudson) has a thickness of about 200 feet and is made up of materials derived mostly from the so-called Lafayette, on which it there rests unconformably. In this Natchez formation are also crystalline pebbles and calcareous clays assignable to wash from the glacial regions. Between this Natchez formation and the overlying loess a marked interval is indicated. The authors are inclined to assign the Natchez deposits to the earliest part of the Pleistocene, viz, to the Aftonian and the drift epoch preceding the Aftonian. Since the time when the Natchez formation was deposited the great trench of the Mississippi Valley, about 60 miles wide, has been excavated.

Already on page 391 has been given the list of fossil mammals which Leidy made out for the State geologist of Mississippi, B. L. C. Wailles. A revision of this is here presented, with the addition of _Castoroides ohioensis_.

Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 40). M. dissimilis (p. 41). Mylodon harlani (p. 41). Ereptodon priscus (p. 41). Equus complicatus (p. 200). E. leidyi (p. 200). Tapirus haysii (p. 208). T. terrestris (p. 208). Odocoileus virginianus (p. 233). Symbos cavifrons (p. 254). Bison latifrons? (p. 265). Mammut americanum (p. 125). Elephas columbi? (p. 180). Castoroides ohioensis (p. 280). Ursus americanus. U. amplidens. Felis atrox.

According to Lyell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. III, 1847, p. 268), _Megatherium_ and _Castoroides_ had been found in the bluffs at Natchez.

From this list of mammals it is possible perhaps to reach some conclusion regarding the geological age of the deposits containing them. In case we accept without reserve the species, 16 in number, as determined, only 3, _Tapirus terrestris_, _Odocoileus virginianus_, and _Ursus americanus_, are yet living, leaving about 81 per cent of the whole as being extinct, and what was called _Tapirus terrestris_ was probably an extinct form. This alone makes it probable that the time of their existence was early in the Pleistocene. All three of the supposed existing species may, however, prove to belong to extinct species closely related to those whose names they yet bear.

Certain species may be left out of consideration because of paucity of specimens and our consequent lack of knowledge of them. These are _Megalonyx dissimilis_, _Ereptodon priscus_, and _Ursus amplidens_.

In case the high percentage of extinct species is not recognized as being decisive, we may consider the assemblage from another point of view. Certain species of the list appear to have existed throughout the Pleistocene, at least from the time of the first interglacial stage. These are _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, _Mammut americanum_, _Elephas columbi_, and _Castoroides ohioensis_, and their presence indicates only a Pleistocene time. Others of the list are not known to have existed after the time of the last Wisconsin drift-sheet, and may be supposed to have become extinct before that time. These are _Mylodon harlani_, _Equus complicatus_, _Equus leidyi_, _Tapirus haysii_, and _Bison latifrons_. All of these quite certainly existed until after the Illinoian drift period, probably into the Sangamon interglacial, except apparently _Equus leidyi_.

The list contains no species of primitive mastodons belonging to the genus _Gomphotherium_, no species of _Hipparion_, no camels; and _Elephas imperator_ appears to be missing. There is, therefore, no necessity for believing that the mammal-bearing deposits at Natchez are as old as the Sheridan, or Aftonian stage, but the ancient forms mentioned may at any time turn up there or elsewhere in the immediate region.

The presence of _Symbos cavifrons_ might be supposed to point to a rather late date in the Pleistocene; but evidence has accumulated which indicates that it reaches back farther in time than we have supposed. Taking all into consideration, the writer concludes that the fossil vertebrates found at Natchez date back at least as far as the time of the Illinoian drift stage. There is nothing to prove that they are not as old as the Aftonian stage, except the apparent absence of camels, _Elephas imperator_, mastodons belonging to _Gomphotherium_, and a multiplicity of species of _Equus_.

Unfortunately, vertebrate fossils, especially those known to belong to definite horizons in the Pleistocene, are, aside from Natchez, rarely found; but near Orizaba, in Tippah County, a tooth of a horse has been discovered which appears to have been _Equus leidyi_ (p. 200). Remains of a deer (p. 234) have been found in a railroad cutting at Aberdeen, Monroe County. Mastodons are not uncommon, as may be seen on consulting the pages where these animals in Mississippi are discussed (pp. 124 to 126).

TENNESSEE.

(Figure 23.)

There are not many States which furnish fewer Pleistocene deposits of any considerable area than does Tennessee. Lying, as it does, away from the sea, there are no marine Pleistocene beds; situated beyond the glacial area, there are no glacial-drift deposits; and almost half of the State, the eastern, being mountainous, with rivers running in narrow valleys, there has been little opportunity for accumulation of loose Pleistocene materials. The U. S. Geological Survey has published about 25 folios describing the geology of this mountainous part of Tennessee. One will search these folios, perhaps in vain, for any mention of Pleistocene deposits and for traces of these on the maps. Now and then mention is made of narrow strips of alluvium along some of the larger rivers; nevertheless there are evidences that in some of these strips there are Pleistocene deposits. From the mountainous region westward to near Mississippi River there have doubtless been, during the Pleistocene, better opportunities for deposition of alluvium along the river courses, but such deposits have been little studied. Along the great river forming the western boundary there is a band, 10 to perhaps 25 miles in width, overlain by loess. This may attain a depth along the river varying from 20 to 70 feet, but away from the river it thins out to a feather-edge (Glenn, Water Supply Paper 114, U. S. Geol. Surv.). Up to this time, however, it has furnished few, if any, Pleistocene fossils.

Notwithstanding the paucity of Pleistocene areas in the mountainous portion of Tennessee, this region has furnished a considerable number of species of Pleistocene vertebrates, and bids fair to furnish its due proportion (fig. 23). These species occur, not in water-laid or wind-laid deposits, but in caves which abound in the limestones of that region. In 1918 (Resources of Tenn., vol. VIII, pp. 85–142), Mr. Thomas L. Bailey located and described more than 100 caves of considerable size. Many had been worked to obtain saltpeter. Bones have been reported from a few of them; probably bones had been met with in others, but were not regarded as important. In these caves (and in others yet to be discovered) may hereafter be found numerous remains of animals. Other sources for such fossils are the crevices that are sometimes opened up in quarrying operations. Caves and crevices of this kind are found in the Alleghany Mountain region from northern Pennsylvania to Lookout Mountain in Tennessee, and from them there is already known an extensive Pleistocene fauna.

Beginning in the northeastern corner of the State, a brief survey will be made of the localities and fossils which concern us. At Kingsport, in Sullivan County (fig. 23, _1_) the writer has learned of the finding of a mastodon tooth (p. 127), but beyond the fact that it was owned by Mr. D. M. Lafitte, the writer has been able to learn nothing.

From Bristol, Sullivan County (fig. 23, _2_), in the northeastern corner of the State, there has been sent to the U. S. National Museum a fragment of a maxilla containing two teeth of a tapir. This is referred to _Tapirus haysii_. No details regarding the place of discovery or of the geological conditions are known (p. 209).

From Hawkins County, at a locality not specified (fig. 23, _3_) another mastodon tooth has been reported by Dr. S. W. McCallie (Science, ser. 2, vol. XX, p. 333) (p. 127). These announcements show at least that these animals could exist in those rough and elevated regions. From crevices in a marble quarry near Rogersville (fig. 23, _4_), Hawkins County, there were sent many years ago to the U. S. National Museum a tooth of the horse _Equus leidyi_ (p. 201); and a canine tooth of a very large peccary, _Mylohyus setiger_ (p. 222). The same peccary has been secured from Cavetown, Maryland.

1. Kingsport, Sullivan County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

2. Bristol, Sullivan County. Tapirus haysii (p. 209).

3. —— Hawkins County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

4. Rogersville, Hawkins County. Equus leidyi, Mylohyus setiger (p. 394).

5. Whitesburg, Hamblen County. 19 species (p. 395).

6. Mossy Creek, Jefferson County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

7. Zirkel’s Cave, Jefferson County. Tapir, peccary, bear, etc., (p. 396).

8. Dandridge, Jefferson County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

9. Near Knoxville, Knox County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

10. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County. Equus littoralis, Mylodon? sp. indet., Tapirus sp. indet., etc., (p. 396).

11. Elroy, VanBuren County. Megalonyx jeffersonii, etc. (p. 397).

12. 11 miles west of Nashville. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

13. 11 miles southeast of Nashville. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

14. Nashville, Davidson County. Equus leidyi, E. complicatus?, Camelops? sp. indet., Mylodon harlani, Odocoileus sp. indet. (p. 399).

15. Columbia, Maury County. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 181.)

17. Memphis, Shelby County. Megalonyx sp. indet., Castoroides ohioensis, Mammut americanum (p. 400.)

In the U. S. National Museum is a collection of remains of vertebrate animals made about 1885 by Mr. Ira Sayles, a collector for the U. S. Geological Survey, from a point about a mile north of Whitesburg, Hamblen County (fig. 23, _5_). Some masses of the matrix which contained the bones accompany the collection. This matrix is a red earth such as is often found in the floor of caves and in fissures in limestone, the result of the decomposition of the calcareous rock. Some fragments are to a great extent made up of broken bones. It is evident, however, that there is now no cave at that place. Sayles suggested that the bones were “kitchen-middens” and that there had been an old fortification there. Possibly a cave or a fissure once existed there and the rock inclosing it may have dissolved away, leaving the floor.

In this collection the writer has found the following species; these were described in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 85–95, plates III, IV; text-figs. 1–3). Those preceded by an asterisk are extinct.

_List of species._

*Testudo munda. *Equus leidyi (p. 201). *E. littoralis (p. 201). *Tapirus tennesseæ (p. 209). *Mylohyus nasutus (p. 223). Odocoileus virginianus (p. 234). *Sangamona fugitiva. Cervus canadensis (p. 243). *Elephas primigenius. Sciurus carolinensis. Tamias striatus. Marmota monax. Castor canadensis. Neotoma pennsylvanica?. Microtus pennsylvanicus. Lepus americanus. Ursus floridanus. Procyon lotor. *Ænocyon ayersi?.

In this list there are 19 species, of which 8 are extinct. The latter form, therefore, 42 per cent of the whole list. This ratio appears to indicate a time about the middle of the Pleistocene. There are no forms that require an earlier date and there is good reason for believing that the horses and the tapir did not exist after the last glacial stage, perhaps not after the Sangamon interglacial.

It is interesting to find in eastern Tennessee the remains of _Elephas primigenius_. The discovery of teeth of this animal at Beaufort, North Carolina, in eastern Tennessee, and especially in Texas, proves that the range of that species extended even farther south in the New World than it did in the old. It is not improbable that the animal withdrew to the south during one or more of the glacial stages. However, none of the other species found at Whitesburg suggests a cooler climate than now prevails there.

It is possible that some of the forms referred to existing species are really extinct. The teeth identified as those of _Odocoileus virginianus_ are smaller than those usually found in recent individuals. The deer _Sangamona fugitiva_ appears in a collection made at Cavetown, Maryland, and in another made at Alton, Illinois, in or beneath deposits of loess that are believed to have been laid down about the time of the Sangamon stage.

In Jefferson County mastodon remains have been found at two places, Dandridge (fig. 23, _8_) and Mossy Creek. No details are known about the first case; in the case of the tooth found 3 miles south of Mossy Creek (fig. 23, _6_) it is stated that it was discovered at a depth of 6 feet and beneath a white oak stump. Between the two villages, on the left bank of Dumplin Creek, 5 miles above its mouth, is Zirkel’s Cave. From this cave (fig. 23, _7_) Mercer (Dept. Amer. Archæol. Univ. Penn., 1896) reported the discovery of remains of tapir (p. 395), peccary (p. 223), bear, and small rodents; but to what species they belonged is not known. The tapir and the peccary indicate Pleistocene times. The bear probably belonged to the same epoch.

At a point 7 miles southeast of Knoxville (fig. 23, _9_) Professor S. W. McCallie reported the finding of a mastodon tooth beneath 30 inches of clay. At Lookout Mountain (p. 395, fig. 23, _10_) have been secured a tooth of a horse, probably _Equus littoralis_ (p. 201), remains of tapir and probably of _Mylodon_ (p. 43). Just where the horse-tooth was found is not known. The tapir was found in a cave on the left bank of Tennessee River, 0.25 mile below the mouth of Chattanooga Creek (Mercer, as cited above; also in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXVIII, p. 355). Mercer’s accounts are brief and were intended only as preliminary reports. From him, through Miss Harriet Newell Wardle, of Philadelphia, the writer has received a letter in which are given some details about the investigation of this cave in 1893 and 1896.

Dr. Mercer extended his trench inward from the entrance a distance of about 50 feet and downward to the rocky bottom of the cave. He recognized the presence of three layers, as follows: (1) top layer, from 6 to 8 inches deep, containing relics of both white man and Indian; (2) middle layer, about 2 feet thick, containing evidence of Indian only; (3) red cave earth, varying from one to several feet in thickness, according to the uneven conditions of the cave floor. This latter layer was subdivided into an upper zone (_a_) about a foot deep, which showed evidences of intrusion of bones and refuse from the overlying layer, and (_b_) the undisturbed red earth which contained bones of bats and perhaps of some other animals. In the upper zone (_a_) of the red-earth layer Mercer found a jawbone and loose teeth of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 209) and a jawbone of _Mylodon_ (p. 43) without teeth, both as identified by Professor Cope. Later, Cope became doubtful as to the _Mylodon_ bone. In this upper zone of red earth, “within a few varying inches of the depth of the tapir specimen above or below it,” Mercer found bones of cave rats (_Neotoma_), marmot (_Marmota_), squirrel, deer, opossum, teeth and fragments of the skull of a large unidentified mammal, a small and a large bird, wild turkey, two species of turtles, frogs, and drum-fish. The skull and other bones of the large unidentified mammal had plainly been cracked to secure the marrow, and were otherwise crushed and splintered. Also, as many as 493 hornstone chips were found, besides bones rubbed to a point, and 10 potsherds. It becomes a question how the tapir bone and teeth and perhaps the bone of the mylodon and the evidences of the Indian’s presence got into this upper layer of red earth. Mercer “thought it reasonable to conclude that the tapir had been intruded into the red earth from the upper layer and had been in contact with the Indians.” This appears to indicate the idea that the tapir had existed there at a late period, probably after the Pleistocene; but the evidences appear to show that this animal lived in the United States not later than about the Sangamon stage of the Pleistocene. It is more probable that the tapir remains had not been disturbed and that the relics of man had, by some means, made their way down into the red earth. There remains also the possibility that Indians and tapirs and mylodons had lived together in that region during the middle of the Pleistocene and while the upper foot of red clay was being deposited. The presence of the other animals mentioned by Mercer does not disprove this possibility, for all of them pretty certainly existed there during the middle Pleistocene.

Not far from Elroy, Van Buren County (fig. 23, _11_) there is an interesting cavern known as Bigbone Cave. This and the bones which it has furnished are now to be described.

Mercer (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XXXVI, pp. 36–70) found that in the greater part of this cave the nitrous earth that had formed the floor had been removed to such an extent that on the walls its stains remained at a height of one’s waist. Wherever any of this deposit remained it was exceedingly dry and any disturbance of it produced a cloud of dust. It appears to have consisted mostly of the dung and excretions of animals, such as bats and cave rats. The preservation of the cartilage and horny sheaths of the claw was due to this dryness of the atmosphere. Where Mercer found the bones he recognized four layers, to represent which he published a figure (op. cit., p. 47, fig. 4). This is here reproduced with unimportant changes (fig. 24). On top there was a layer from 2 to 3 inches thick which had resulted from the disturbance produced by the passing of white men and possibly to some extent of Indians. With the dust were mingled remains of charred vegetable substances that had been used as torches.

The second layer was 2 to 5 feet deep and consisted almost entirely of well-preserved dried excrements of cave rats (_Neotoma_) and of porcupines (_Erethizon_). In it were observed nuts, sticks, fur, and moss. The only animal remains found in this layer were the bones of _Megalonyx_ (p. 42), quills and coprolites of _Erethizon dorsatum_, coprolites and a jaw of a cave rat referred to _Neotoma magister_, and jaws of two bats, _Adelonycteris fuscus_ and _Myotis subulatus_ (_Vespertilio gryphus_ of Mercer). Some traces were found of an undetermined herbivorous mammal about as large as a bear. With the lot of _Megalonyx_ bones from this cave which were described by Harlan there were remains referred to _Bos_ (_Bison_), _Ursus_, _Cervus_ (_Odocoileus?_), and a human metatarsal; but these were reported as having been picked up on the surface and may therefore have belonged to quite recent skeletons.

Besides the animal remains found by Mercer in his second layer, there were present quantities of vegetable matter belonging to several species. All, however, were forms yet living in that region.

Mercer’s third layer appears to have consisted of dry excrements which had become somewhat hardened. Its thickness was a foot. In it were found vegetable matter, some bat jaws and fur, and the carcass of a “window fly.” The fourth layer consisted of a fine water-laid clay which on drying had contracted and broken up into small angular masses. The interstices appear to have been filled by materials soaking down from the upper layers of excrement. No organisms were found in it.

Mercer concluded that the sloth remains were geologically recent, and this may be true. _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ has been found in the northern States in deposits overlying the Wisconsin drift, and it is quite reasonable to suppose that the animal existed in Tennessee up to as late a time as it did in Ohio and Illinois. The persistence of the cartilages of the sloth, and the framework of the window fly which lay below the sloth bones, naturally suggests a comparatively short time; but if, through the dryness of the cave, they could endure a thousand years, they might possibly endure several thousand. One must consider also the length of time required for 1.5 or 2 feet of cave floor to be built up from the excrements of bats, porcupines, and cave rats, but there is no reason to refer the time back further than about the close of the Wisconsin stage.

On another page (p. 127) is presented the little that is known about the remains of two mastodons which have been reported from the region about Nashville. One tooth was found 11 miles west of the city (fig. 23, _12_); a part of a skeleton at a point 11 miles southeast of it (fig. 23, _13_). A tooth of an undetermined species of elephant was found long ago near Columbia, Maury County (p. 395, fig. 23, _15_). According to Folio 95 of the U. S. Geological Survey, there are some narrow strips of alluvium along Duck River, at Columbia. The tooth may or may not have been found in this alluvium. Apparently in the neighborhood of Gallatin, Sumner County (fig. 23, _16_), was found before 1835, at a depth of 40 feet, a tooth of an elephant (p. 181). The information furnished by the tooth, as reported, is not worth much.

In June 1920, the writer received from Mr. William Edward Myer, of Nashville, a small box of fossils, collected near Nashville (fig. 23, _14_). The exact locality is given as being about 300 yards upstream from Lock A, in Cumberland River. According to a sketch sent by Mr. Myer and here reproduced (fig. 25), there are loose deposits about 30 feet in thickness lying upon bed-rock. This bed-rock is found at about the level of low-water in the river. On this rock there is found first a bed of gravel, which, to judge from Myer’s sketch, is 2 or 3 feet in thickness. Above this comes a bed of sand of about the same thickness. The rest of the 30 feet is composed of gravel; and this rises to the level of the flood-plain. In the lowermost stratum, the bed of gravel, were found a tooth of _Equus leidyi_ (p. 201), a part of a femur of a horse of large size (p. 201), and an antler of a small and probably unnamed deer (p. 234). This antler resembles those of some of the Central American species of _Odocoileus_. In the next stratum above were found some indeterminable fragments of turtle bones, a tooth of a young mastodon (p. 127), and a calcaneum of a large camel (p. 225), belonging probably to the genus _Camelops_. In October 1920, Mr. Myer sent from the same locality a part of a molar of _Mylodon harlani_ (p. 43). These remains appear to the writer to indicate that the deposits are of early Pleistocene age, about that of the first interglacial.

Somewhere about Memphis (fig. 23, _17_), were found, about the middle of the last century, some scanty remains of a young mastodon, a bone of _Megalonyx_ (p. 43), and a part of a lower jaw of _Castoroides_ (p. 280). Jeffries Wyman thought that these remains had been found in diluvium of the Mississippi River. It appears probable that they were found in the loess, which is well developed at that locality. Some exactness in reporting the locality would have led to the solution of this question.

KENTUCKY.

The State of Kentucky lies almost wholly south of the area of glaciation. Only along Ohio River, from about 50 miles above Cincinnati to about as many miles below, do any ice-laid drift materials appear, and these belong to the Illinoian glacial stage. For information on this drift the reader may consult Leverett’s account (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, pp. 256–258, plate II). Near Carrolton, between Ohio and Kentucky Rivers, is a ridge of Illinoian drift which rises as much as 200 feet above low water. Later-formed terraces of these rivers are found up to 90 feet. Not far away from this locality drift materials are found on the highlands to a height of 300 feet above the Ohio. Below Rising Sun, Indiana, on the Kentucky side, are knolls of drift deposits rising about 150 feet above the river. This Illinoian drift occupies nearly the whole of Boone County; elsewhere it forms a narrow strip along the Ohio.

Naturally there were laid down, at various times during the Pleistocene, deposits beyond the glacial front. Rivers coming down from the glaciers brought into the Ohio valley enormous quantities of gravel, sands, and clay, much of which must have been deposited along the banks or at the bottom. Such materials may have been laid down there during all or some of the earlier glacial stages, some perhaps during interglacial times. Probably at later times the most of these early deposits were swept away, but some may have persisted. The rock floor of the Ohio (Leverett, op. cit., p. 83) is below the level of the present stream, generally between 30 and 60 feet, and, at some points in its lower course, 75 feet. There might, therefore, now exist Illinoian drift materials anywhere above this rocky floor, as well as high up on the bluffs. It may be difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine the actual age of such deposits. During the whole Pleistocene, the rivers which enter the Ohio from the south were bearers of fine and coarse materials from the higher lands where they took origin. Sometimes, and in some parts of their courses, they may have occupied channels other than those now holding the waters. During times of depression of the country the sediments were dropped along the channels until the latter may have been nearly filled. Then the country may later have become elevated, so that the streams again cut down and left some of the old deposits as terraces. In some parts of the State, as in the region of Mammoth Cave, water circulating in the limestone rocks has dissolved these so as to produce caverns and fissures of various sizes. In such caves, when they became opened to the surface, animals would seek hiding-places and would perhaps bring in others as their prey. Dying there, their bones might be preserved. From such a cave has been secured a fine specimen of the skull of a peccary (p. 223). Such caves should be examined with great care.

One of the most famous localities for fossil vertebrates in this country is that known as Bigbone Lick, in Boone County, about 22 miles in a straight line southwest of Cincinnati. Fossil bones were collected there as long ago as 1739. A condensed history of the explorations made there for fossils was given by William Cooper in 1831 (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 158–174, 205–216). An account of the locality, its geology, and something about the fossil vertebrates and fresh-water mollusks found there was given by the geologist Charles Lyell in 1845 (“Travels in North America,” Murray ed., vol. II, pp. 62–66).

Enormous quantities of bones and teeth, especially those of _Mammut americanum_, have been collected at this place. When it was first discovered, bones of this animal, of the elephants, and some others, must have been lying exposed on the surface, the result probably of erosion by the creek passing there through what was then a marsh. General William Henry Harrison, in 1795, shipped from there 13 hogsheads of bones, but these were lost on their way to Pittsburgh. Dr. Goforth is reported to have got as many mastodon teeth as a wagon and four horses could draw. These teeth are said to have weighed from 12 to 20 pounds each. If this statement of weights is true, some or all of the teeth were those of elephants. In 1807, General William Clark made a collection at Bigbone Lick, at the instances of President Thomas Jefferson. Brief notices of these were published by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill and by Dr. Caspar Wistar. Some of these bones were sent to the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia and were afterwards put into the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Another part was sent to Paris. Remains of various species, mostly the mastodon, have gone into many museums of this country and of Europe; but it is evident that the greater part of the things collected there, and especially of the finest things, has been lost to science.

Notwithstanding the amount of work done at Bigbone Lick, the geology of the locality, and especially of the bone-bearing levels, is not well known. Most persons who have labored there were interested almost wholly in getting as many bones as possible and then in getting away. Cooper, as cited, published a map of the region and indicated where the excavations had been made up to that time. This map is here presented, redrawn (map 41). From Cooper’s account it appears that all of the bones had been found within a very circumscribed area, near a number of salt springs. The bones occurred on the surface and as deep as 25 feet. Cooper attributed this variation of depth to the unevenness of the surface, his idea being that the bone-bearing stratum occupied a certain level. He concluded that the valley had been filled up to a depth of not less than 30 feet by unconsolidated beds of various kinds, of which the uppermost was a light-yellow clay. This appeared to have been brought down from the higher grounds by flowing water. In it were found bones of buffaloes and other modern animals. Below this came a thinner layer of darker color, softer and more gravelly, which contained remains of reedy plants and fresh-water mollusks. It is described as being sometimes very thin or even wanting. It was in this layer that the bones, or most of them, were buried. It was itself underlain by a bed of blue clay of a very compact and tenacious kind. Cooper added that this bone-bearing layer appeared sometimes to be embedded in the blue clay.

The next important investigations made at this place, so far as the writer knows, are those instituted by Professor N. S. Shaler in 1868 (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, 2d ser., vol. III, 1877, pp. 196–198; Allen’s “The American Bison,” 1876, pp. 232–236). He reported that he had sent to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard at least a ton of bones. Immediately at the salt springs Shaler appears not to have been able to discover any order in the disposition of the bones. “It is only at points remote from the springs, where the beds seem to have been formed by a mixture of the creek mud and the waste from the springs, that we find the remains in the order which will enable us to form some opinion as to the succession of occurrence of these animals at this point.” At one place he thought he had succeeded in finding a distinct order of succession. Just where this place was he did not indicate, nor what kinds of deposits were passed through. The depth reached appears to have been only 8 feet. Unfortunately, the great collection made by Shaler has remained unstudied, except the remains of the buffalo (J. A. Allen, “The American Bison,” 1876, with plates).

Shaler thought that the beds of glacial drift did not extend south of Ohio River. The discovery that the Illinoian drift-sheet covers most of Boone County (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, pp. 257–258) throws much light on the history of the locality. It appears rather strange that Shaler did not find rocks of far northern origin at Bigbone Lick. The geologic history appears to be something like this. When the Illinoian ice-sheet crossed the Ohio there was present the predecessor of Bigbone Creek. Inasmuch as the glacial sheet did not remain there long, a rather thin deposit was laid down in the creek. This is probably represented by the bed of blue mud mentioned by Cooper. When the glacier retired, the locality became a swamp covered probably by vegetation and receiving mud and gravel brought there by the stream and washed down from the surrounding hills. Doubtless the salt springs existed then as now and attracted thither elephants, mastodons, and other species. What were all the changes undergone there between the Illinoian and Wisconsin drift stages can not be guessed; but during the latter time, when the Ohio was carrying down vast quantities of detritus, some from the glaciated regions, some from the non-glaciated, its muddy waters were often backed up into Bigbone Creek, as they are sometimes now, and they left there the upper yellow clay described by Cooper, or at least most of it. When the Wisconsin stage had passed and Bigbone Creek was free to work in that valley, erosion began. As the creek was cutting down its bed to the present level it doubtless often changed its position, and in this way produced the irregularity of surface which both Cooper and Shaler mention.

Notwithstanding its widely extended reputation, Bigbone Lick has furnished relatively few species of vertebrates, and there is question regarding the antiquity of some of these. About the presence of _Mammut americanum_ there is no doubt. About the presence of elephants also there can be no question; and the writer is quite certain that both _Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_ occurred there. Undoubtedly _Equus complicatus_ has been collected there; also _Boötherium bombifrons_, _Symbos cavifrons_, _Bison antiquus_, and _B. bison_; but it is not certain that the remains of the last-named species are not of Recent times. Shaler mentions the presence of _Bison latifrons_, but he probably had in mind _B. antiquus_. The type of _B. latifrons_ was found in another creek valley. The occurrence of the _Cervus canadensis_, _Odocoileus virginianus_, and _Alces americanus_ is mentioned by Cooper, who stated that he thought he had seen traces of all of them. Shaler was doubtful as to the elk. In Allen’s monograph on American bison, on page 234, Shaler admits the moose. The following is a list of the species which have been reported from Bigbone Lick. References are made to pages where further information is given on the species.

Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). Mylodon harlani (p. 44). Equus complicatus (p. 202). ?Tapirus haysii (p. 209). Odocoileus virginianus (p. 234). Cervus canadensis (p. 243). Cervalces scotti. Alces americanus. Rangifer caribou (p. 247). Boötherium bombifrons (p. 255). Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). Bison antiquus (p. 265). Bison bison (p. 270). Mammut americanum (p. 128). Elephas primigenius (p. 146). Elephas columbi (p. 160). Ursus americanus.

It is proper now to determine, if possible, during which of the Pleistocene stages each of these species lived. It is quite probable that none of the individual animals that have been dug up at Bigbone Lick lived there before the Illinoian glacial stage. To find such, if they have been preserved there, the excavations would have to be carried much deeper. The writer assumes that any of the animals that lived there in the interval between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin stages lived, died, and were buried during the Sangamon stage. _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ may belong to the Sangamon or to the Late Wisconsin, for we know nothing about the depth at which the bones and teeth were secured. _Mylodon harlani_ is not known to have existed anywhere after the Wisconsin, and hence we may refer it to the Sangamon. _Equus complicatus_ also may with certainty be referred to the Sangamon; likewise _Tapirus haysii_, in case the type was not found in South Carolina. As to the cervids _Odocoileus virginianus_, _Cervus canadensis_, _Alces americanus_, their status is doubtful. They might go back to the Sangamon or have lived there at any time up to and during the Recent. The reindeer is most likely to have existed there during the Wisconsin ice-stage. The fine specimen of _Cervalces scotti_ at Princeton University was found in New Jersey in deposits overlying Wisconsin drift, but it may be taken as certain that the species had existed before the time of the Wisconsin. There is no record of depth, matrix, or associated fossils in the case of the type of this species, which was found at Bigbone Lick. It is natural to refer the two species of musk-oxen to the Wisconsin stage; but there are indications that at least _Symbos cavifrons_ has been found at other localities in pre-Wisconsin deposits. Shaler recorded it as being found near the bottom of his excavation with the horse and with the bison which he called _Bison latifrons_, but which is _Bison antiquus_. It and _Symbos cavifrons_ probably belong to the Sangamon.

From the fact that bones of the mastodon and the two species of elephants were found by Shaler in the deeper deposits, it is probable that the individuals represented belonged to the Sangamon or some other pre-Wisconsin deposit; but, inasmuch as all three species lived after the Wisconsin, there seems to be no known reason why some of their bones may not have been buried in the late and superficial deposits at Bigbone Lick. As to the bones of the bear found at this place little can be said.

The numerous remains of _Bison bison_ appear by all accounts to have been found only in the uppermost parts of the deposits. Shaler was of the opinion that the buffalo (Allen’s “The American Bison,” p. 234) had come to the region east of Mississippi River at a very late period, after the disappearance from Bigbone Lick of the elephants, the mastodon, and _Symbos_. It seems to the present writer that the presence of the existing buffalo east of the Mississippi only after the passing of the Wisconsin ice-sheet is quite certain; but that it came only after the extinction of the great proboscideans is hardly to be sustained. In many localities over the country remains of all three species have been found in swamps overlying the Wisconsin drift. In 1890 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXIV, p. 953), Professor Lucien Underwood described a fine skull of the American buffalo which had been found in making a sewer at Syracuse, New York. Underwood stated that it had been found in black muck, at a depth of 10 feet; but Mr. John Cunningham, superintendent of grounds at the university, who saw the place and secured the skull from the laborer who encountered it, told the present writer that the depth was 17 feet. It would seem that that bison had lived on the shores of Onondaga Lake not long after the Wisconsin glacier had withdrawn from the place.

We do not know under what geological conditions the type of _Bison latifrons_ was found; but it pretty certainly came from post-Illinoian deposits, probably Sangamon, along possibly Woolper’s Creek in Boone County. Proboscidean remains have been reported from the Kentucky side of the Ohio in the region of Cincinnati, but it would be hazardous at present to assign them a geological age. The same may be said about the mastodon remains found in digging the canal around the falls, although the low level along the river seems to indicate the Late Wisconsin.

A collection, forming probably two farm-wagon loads, was made several years ago at Bluelick Springs, by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter. The springs having failed, Mr. Hunter undertook to dig down and restore the flow. In this he failed, but he did find great quantities of bones, mostly those of the mastodon, but also of elephants, buffaloes, and a few others (p. 129). There were about 100 mastodon teeth, many tusks, and large pieces of these; and of these pieces about 20 had been planed off so as to be flat on one or on two sides, as if they had lain in the bottom of a stream and the water and sand had worn them down on one side and then the tusks had been turned over and undergone a planing of the opposite side. Among the bones were two ungual phalanges of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ (p. 44), and remains of the elk (p. 243), and deer (p. 234). To none of the species found there need one assign a higher antiquity than late Pleistocene; but some might have been older. In Scott County, between Stamping Ground and Georgetown, there has been found, in the bottom of an old sink-hole, a part of a lower jaw with teeth of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 210). The time of existence of this animal is to be regarded as lying somewhere back of the Wisconsin glacial stage. With this jaw, Professor Arthur M. Miller sent to the writer some pieces of jaws of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 210) which had been found in an old stream-deposit at Yarnallton, Fayette County. From a fissure filled with calcite, at Monday’s Landing, Mercer County, there has been sent to the writer, by Professor Miller, a molar tooth of a horse (p. 202). Nothing more can be said of this horse than that it is older than the Wisconsin stage. It may be as old as the first interglacial.

About 5 or 6 miles below Henderson, on Ohio River, many years ago, considerable parts of the skeleton of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_ were found (p. 44). With them were reported to have been discovered antlers and bones of the deer (p. 234). A description of the locality was sent to Joseph Leidy and published by him in his work on ground-sloths (Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 7). The bone-bed lay at an elevation of only 5 or 6 feet above an ordinary stage of low water. It was composed of a ferruginous sand and contained various species of fresh-water mollusks and stems and limbs of trees. This was underlain by a bluish clay, while above it, rising 40 or 50 feet, were beds of siliceous earth and widely spread marls. Neither the geology of the place, so far as the writer knows, nor the history of the animal requires us to believe that the geological age is beyond that of the Late Wisconsin or Wisconsin. However, a short time before, near Evansville, Indiana, at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, and apparently only about 10 miles away from where Owen found megalonyx bones, there had been discovered by Frances A. Lincke, and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1854, pp. 199–200), a collection of vertebrate fossils. This included remains of megalonyx (p. 32), a cervical vertebra of a bison (p. 257), a vertebra of a horse (p. 186), a tooth of _Tapirus haysii_ (p. 203), and a part of the upper jaw of the wolf known as _Ænocyon dirus_ (p. 204). The horse was most probably _Equus complicatus_, while the bison was probably one of the extinct species. The wolf is regarded as being the same as that so abundantly found in the collections made at Rancho La Brea, near Los Angeles. The writer regards the fauna as belonging to the Sangamon, unless it is still older. The specimens were found sticking out of the river at low water, and it becomes quite probable that the Henderson beds and bones are of the same age as those at Evansville.

As mentioned on another page (p. 223) it is probable that the fine skull of _Platygonus compressus_ that was sent many years ago to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, Kentucky, and described by Leidy (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. X, p. 331, plates XXXV-XXXVII) had been found somewhere in Rock Castle County. It counts as another product of the caves which abound in the Alleghany range of mountains.

MAPS AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS

EXPLANATION OF MAP 1.

Ontario: 1. Nepean Township, Carleton Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). 2. Ottawa East, Carleton Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). 3. Smith’s Falls, Lanark Co., Megaptera boöps (p. 17). 4. Pakenham, Lanark Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). 5. Cornwall, Stormont Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). 6. Williamstown, Glengarry Co., Delphinapterus vermontanus? (p. 18). 7. Quebec, Montreal, Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). 8. Rivière du Loup, Temiscouata Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). 9. Metis, Rimouski Co., Megaptera boöps? (p. 19). 10. Jaquet River, Restigouche Co., Monodon monoceros (p. 19). 11. Mace’s Bay, Charlotte Co., Delphinapterus? sp.? (p. 19).

Vermont: 12. Charlotte, Chittenden Co., Delphinapterus vermontanus (p. 19).

North Carolina: 13. Below Newbern, Craven Co., “cetaceans” (p. 20).

South Carolina: 14. Charleston, Charleston Co., Physeter vetus (p. 20).

Georgia: 15. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Physeter vetus? (p. 20).

Florida: 16. Daytona, Volusia Co., Balænoptera? sp.? (p. 20). 17. De Land, Volusia Co., Globicephala bæreckeii (p. 20).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 2.

Grinnell Land, Dumbbell Harbor (locality not on the map). Phoca barbata P. hispida (p. 21).

Nova Scotia: 1. Sable Island, Odobenus rosmarus (p. 21).

New Brunswick: 2. Fairville, Charlotte Co., Phoca grœnlandica (p. 21).

Quebec: 3. Bic, Rimouski Co., Odobenus rosmarus (p. 21). 4. Montreal, Phoca grœnlandica (p. 22). 5. Tétreauville, Ottawa Co., Phoca vitulina (p. 22).

Ontario: 6. Ottawa, Phoca? sp.? (p. 23).

Maine: 7. Addison Point, Washington Co., Odobenus rosmarus (p. 23). 8. Andrews Island, Knox Co., O. rosmarus (p. 23). 9. Gardiner, Kennebec Co., O. rosmarus (p. 23). 10. Portland, Cumberland Co., O. rosmarus (p. 24).

New Hampshire: 11. Jeffries Reef, off Portsmouth, O. rosmarus (p. 25).

Massachusetts: 12. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, O. rosmarus (p. 25).

New Jersey: 13. Long Branch, Monmouth Co., O. rosmarus (p. 26). 14. Ocean Grove, Monmouth Co., O. rosmarus (p. 28).

Virginia: 15. Accomac Co., O. rosmarus (p. 28). 16. Kitty Hawk, Currituck Co., O. rosmarus (p. 29).

South Carolina: 17. Charleston Co., O. rosmarus (p. 29).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 3.

New Jersey: 1. Long Branch, Monmouth Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 31).

Pennsylvania: 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Megalonyx wheatleyi, M. loxodon, M. tortulus, M. scalper, Mylodon harlani (p. 31). 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 31).

Ohio: 1. North Fairfield, Huron Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 31). 2. Millersburg, Holmes Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 32).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 32).

Illinois: 1. Urbana, Champaign Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). 2. Alton, Madison Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). 3. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., Megalonyx dissimilis? (p. 34). 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 34).

West Virginia: 1. —— Greenbrier Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 35). 2. Charleston, Charleston Co., Megatherium mirabile, Mylodon harlani (p. 35).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Megatherium mirabile, Mylodon harlani (p. 26).

Florida (See Map 4).

Alabama: 1. Tuscumbia, Colbert Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 40).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, M. dissimilis, Mylodon harlani, Ereptodon priscus (p. 40).

Tennessee: 1. Elroy, Van Buren Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 41). 2. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., Mylodon? sp. indet. (p. 43). 3. Memphis, Shelby Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 43). 4. Nashville, Davidson Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 43).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., Mylodon harlani, Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 43). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). 3. Henderson, Henderson Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 4.

Florida: 1. Archer, Alachua Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 37). 2. Almero Farm, St. John Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 37). 3. Ocala, Marion Co., Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale, Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 38). 5. Hillsboro River, Hillsboro Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). 6. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). 7. Zolfo, Hardee Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 38). 8. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, Mylodon harlani?, Chlamytherium septentrionale, Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). 9. Arcadia, De Soto Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, Glyptodon rivipacis, Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 39). 10. Labelle, Lee Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 40). 11. Williston Levy Co., Thinobadistes segnis (p. 37).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 5.

Unless another name is used after the localities, Mammut americanum is to be understood.

Ontario: 1. —— Essex Co. (p. 45). 2. Morpeth and Highgate, Elgin Co. (p. 45). 3. St. Thomas, Elgin Co., M. progenium? (p. 45). 4. London, Middlesex Co. (p. 45). 5. Marburg, Norfolk Co. (p. 45). 6. Dunnville, Haldimand Co. (p. 46). 7. St. Catharines and Welland Port, Lincoln Co. (p. 46). 8. Toronto, York Co. (p. 46). 9. Junction of Missinaibi and Moose Rivers, Algoma Co. (p. 46).

Massachusetts: 1. Coleraine, Franklin Co. (p. 47). 2. Shrewsbury, Worcester Co. (p. 47).

Connecticut: 1. Cheshire, New Haven Co. (p. 47). 2. New Britain, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 3. Farmington, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 4. Bristol, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 5. Sharon, Litchfield Co. (p. 48).

New York (See Maps 6 and 34).

New Jersey (See Map 6 A).

Pennsylvania: 1. Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co. (p. 68). 2. Pittston, Luzerne Co. (p. 68). 3. Berwick, Columbia Co. (p. 69). 4. Reading, Berks Co. (p. 69). 5. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co. (p. 69). 6. Jackson Township, York Co. (p. 69). 7. Kishacoquillas Station, Mifflin Co. (p. 69). 8. Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (p. 69). 9. Frankstown, Blair Co. (p. 69). 10. Bedford, Bedford Co. (p. 69). 11. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 69). 12. Hickory, Washington Co. (p. 70). 13. Erie, Erie Co. (p. 70).

Ohio (See Map 7).

Michigan (See Map 8).

Indiana (See Map 9).

Illinois (See also Map 38): 1. Shawneetown, Gallatin Co. (p. 100). 2. Chester, Randolph Co. (p. 101). 3. Beaucoup, Washington Co. (p. 101). 4. East St. Louis, St. Clair Co. (p. 101). 5. Alton, Madison Co. (p. 102). 6. Sandoval, Marion Co. (p. 102). 7. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 102). 8. Warsaw, Hancock Co. (p. 103). 9. Manito, Mason Co. (p. 103). 10. —— Knox Co. (p. 104). 11. Cambridge, Henry Co. (p. 104). 12. Rural Township, Rock Island Co. (p. 104). 13. Sterling, Whiteside Co. (p. 105). 14. New Milford, Winnebago Co. (p. 105). 15. Byron and Harper, Ogle Co. (p. 105). 16. Urbana and Pesotum, Champaign Co. (p. 106). 17. —— Edgar Co. (p. 106). 18. Fairmount, Vermillion Co. (p. 106). 19. —— Iroquois Co., 6 miles northwest of Hoopeston, M. progenium (p. 106). East Lynn and Rossville, Vermillion Co. (p. 107). 20. Beecher, Will Co. (p. 107). 21. Morris, Grundy Co. (p. 108). 22. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 109). 23. Yorkville, Kendall Co. (p. 109). 24. Aurora, Kane Co. (p. 109). 25. Batavia and Maple, Kane Co. (p. 110). 26. Glencoe, Cook Co. (p. 110). 27. Walnut, Bureau Co. (p. 105).

Wisconsin: 1. Dover, Racine Co. (p. 110). 2. Waukesha, Waukesha Co. (p. 110). 3. Madison, Dane Co. (p. 111). 4. Bluemounds, Dane Co. (p. 111). 5. Lone Rock, Richland Co. (p. 111). 6. Sinsinawa, Grant Co. (p. 111). 7. Wauseka, Crawford Co. (p. 111). 8. Richland Center, Richland Co. (p. 111). 9. Menomonie, Dunn Co. (p. 111).

Maryland: 1. St. Marys City, St Marys Co. (p. 112). 2. St. Clements, St. Marys Co. (p. 112). 3. Towson, Baltimore Co. (p. 112). 4. Lane’s Creek and Clear Spring, Washington Co. (pp. 112, 113).

Virginia: 1. 6 miles east of Williamsburg, York Co. (p. 113). 2. City Point, Prince George Co. (p. 113). 3. Abingdon, Washington Co. (p. 113). 4. Saltville, Smyth Co. (p. 113). 5. Covington, Alleghany Co. (p. 114). 6. Hot Springs, Bath Co. (p. 114). 7. Edom, Rockingham Co. (p. 114).

West Virginia: 1. Stewartstown, Monongalia Co. (p. 115). 2. Parkersburg, Wood Co. (p. 115).

North Carolina (See also Map 39): 1. —— New Hanover Co. (p. 115). 2. —— Pender Co. (p. 115). 3. —— Duplin Co. (p. 115). 4. Goldsboro, Wayne Co., M. progenium (p. 115). 5. Jacksonville, Onslow Co. (p. 116). 6. Maysville, Jones Co. (p. 116). 7. —— Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 116). 8. Harlowe, Carteret Co. (p. 117). 9. —— Pitt Co. (p. 117). 10. —— Wilson Co. (p. 117). 11. Tarboro, Edgecombe Co. (p. 117). 12. Rocky Mount, Nash Co. (p. 117).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co. (p. 118). 2. Ashley River, Charleston Co. (p. 118). 3. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 119). 4. —— Lee Co. (p. 119). 5. Darlington, Darlington Co. (p. 119).

Georgia:

1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 120). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co. (p. 120).

Florida (See Map 10).

Alabama: 1. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co. (p. 124).

Mississippi: 1. Perthshire, Bolivar Co. (p. 124). 2. Caseilla, Tallahatchie Co. (p. 124). 3. Jackson, Hinds Co. (p. 124). 4. Vicksburg, Warren Co. (p. 124). 5. Bovina?, Warren Co. (p. 125). 6. —— Claiborne Co. (p. 125). 7. —— Jefferson Co. (p. 125). 8. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 125). 9. Pinckneyville, Wilkinson Co. (p. 126). 10. Between Zeiglerville and Pearce, Yazoo Co., M. progenium (p. 126). 11. Woodville, Wilkinson Co. (p. 126).

Tennessee (See also figure 23, p. 395): 1. Kingsport, Sullivan Co. (p. 127). 2. St. Clair, Hawkins Co. (p. 127). 3. Mossy Creek, Jefferson Co. (p. 127). 4. Dandridge, Jefferson Co. (p. 127). 5. Neuberts Springs, Knox Co. (p. 127). 6. 11 miles west of Nashville, Davidson Co. (p. 127). 7. 11 miles southeast of Nashville, Davidson Co. (p. 127). 8. Fayetteville, Lincoln Co. (p. 128). 9. Memphis, Shelby Co. (p. 128).

Kentucky: 1. Ludlow, Kenton Co. (p. 128). 2. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 128). 3. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 128). 4. Harrisonville, Harrison Co. (p. 129). 5. —— Fayette Co. (p. 129). 6. Drennon Springs, Henry Co. (p. 129). 7. Louisville, Jefferson Co. (p. 129). 8. Smithland?, Livingston Co. (p. 129).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 6.

Massachusetts: 1. Coleraine, Franklin Co. (p. 47). 2. Shrewsbury, Worcester Co. (p. 47).

Connecticut: 1. Cheshire, New Haven Co. (p. 47). 2. New Britain, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 3. Farmington, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 4. Bristol, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 5. Sharon, Litchfield Co. (p. 48).

New York: 1. New Dorp, Richmond Co. (p. 48). 2. Ridgewood, Kings Co. (p. 49). 3. Jamaica, Queens Co. (p. 49). 4. Inwood, Nassau Co. (p. 49). 5. Riverhead, Suffolk Co. (p. 49). 6. Morrisania, New York Co. (p. 49). 7. New York City (p. 50). 8. Hartsdale, Westchester Co. (p. 50). 9. New Antrim, Rockland Co. (p. 50). 10. Arden, Orange Co. (p. 50). 14. New Windsor, Orange Co. (p. 51). 15. Newburgh, Orange Co. (p. 51). 25. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co. (p. 55). 27. Claverack, Columbia Co. (p. 55). 30. Coeymans, Albany Co. (p. 56). 31. Cohoes, Albany Co. (p. 56).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 6 A.

New Jersey: 1. Mannington Township, Salem Co. (p. 63). 2. Harrisonville, Gloucester Co. (p. 63). 3. Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co. (p. 64). 4. Woodbury, Gloucester Co. (p. 64). 5. Pemberton, Burlington Co. (p. 64). 6. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 64). 7. Freehold, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 8. Englishtown, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 9. Marlboro, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 10. Long Branch, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 11. Navesink Hills, Monmouth Co. (p. 66). 12. Manasquan Inlet, Monmouth Co. (p. 66). 13. Verona, Essex Co. (p. 66). 14. Rockport, Warren Co. (p. 67). 15. Hackettstown, Warren Co. (p. 67). 16. Hope, Warren Co. (p. 68). 17. Greendell, Sussex Co. (p. 68).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 7.

Ohio: 1. —— Pike Co. (p. 70). 2. Nashport, Muskingum Co. (p. 70). 3. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co. (p. 71). 4. Amanda, Butler Co. (p. 71). 5. Germantown, Montgomery Co. (p. 71). 6. Dayton, Montgomery Co. (p. 72). 7. New Paris, Preble Co. (p. 72). 8. West Sonora, Preble Co. (p. 73). 9. New Madison, Darke Co. (p. 73). 10. Fort Jefferson, Darke Co. (p. 73). 11. 6 miles west of Greenville, Darke Co. (p. 73). 12. Greenville, Darke Co. (p. 73). 13. Ansonia, Darke Co. (p. 74). 14. Troy, Miami Co. (p. 74). 15. Catawba, Clark Co. (p. 74). 16. Urbana, Champaign Co. (p. 74). 17. South Bloomfield, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 18. Circleville, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 19. Pickaway Plains, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 20. Salt Creek Township, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 21. Shadeville, Franklin Co. (p. 75). 22. Mount Gilead, Morrow Co. (p. 75). 23. Harper, Logan Co. (p. 76). 24. Roundhead, Hardin Co. (p. 76). 25. Washington Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 26. Pusheta Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 27. Wapakoneta, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 28. Duchouquet Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 29. St. Johns, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 30. —— Fayette Co. (p. 75). 31. Ohio City, Van Wert Co. (p. 77). 32. Columbus Grove, Putnam Co. (p. 77). 33. Liberty Township, Putnam Co. (p. 77). 34. Springfield Township, Lucas Co. (p. 77). 35. Jackson Township, Wood Co. (p. 78). 36. Carey, Wyandot Co. (p. 78). 37. Old Fort, Seneca Co. (p. 78). 38. Bucyrus, Crawford Co. (p. 78). 39. Sandusky, Erie Co. (p. 78). 40. Brownhelm Township, Lorain Co. (p. 79). 41. Pittsfield Township, Lorain Co. (p. 79). 42. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 79). 43. —— Medina Co. (p. 79). 44. Green Township, Summit Co. (p. 80). 45. Massillon, Stark Co. (p. 80). 46. Canton, Stark Co. (p. 80). 47. Lisbon, Columbiana Co. (p. 70). 48. —— Trumbull Co. (p. 80). 49. Brighton, Clark Co. (p. 74). 50. Woodstock, Champaign Co. (p. 74). 51. Granville, Licking Co. (p. 75).

KEY TO NAMES OF COUNTIES IN OHIO.

1. Williams 2. Fulton 3. Lucas 4. Ottawa 5. Lake 6. Ashtabula 7. Trumbull 8. Geauga 9. Cuyahoga 10. Lorain 11. Erie 12. Sandusky 13. Wood 14. Henry 15. Defiance 16. Paulding 17. Putnam 18. Hancock 19. Seneca 20. Huron 21. Medina 22. Summit 23. Portage 24. Mahoning 25. Columbiana 26. Stark 27. Wayne 28. Ashland 29. Richland 30. Crawford 31. Wyandot 32. Allen 33. Van Wert 34. Mercer 35. Auglaize 36. Hardin 37. Marion 38. Morrow 39. Knox 40. Holmes 41. Coshocton 42. Tuscarawas 43. Carroll 44. Harrison 45. Jefferson 46. Belmont 47. Guernsey 48. Muskingum 49. Licking 50. Delaware 51. Union 52. Logan 53. Shelby 54. Darke 55. Miami 56. Champaign 57. Clark 58. Madison 59. Franklin 60. Pickaway 61. Fairfield 62. Perry 63. Morgan 64. Noble 65. Monroe 66. Washington 67. Athens 68. Hocking 69. Vinton 70. Ross 71. Fayette 72. Green 73. Montgomery 74. Preble 75. Butler 76. Warren 77. Clinton 78. Highland 79. Pike 80. Jackson 81. Meigs 82. Gallia 83. Lawrence 84. Scioto 85. Adams 86. Brown 87. Clermont 88. Hamilton

EXPLANATION OF MAP 8.

Michigan: 1. Church, Hillsdale Co. (p. 80). 2. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 80). 3. Howell, Livingston Co. (p. 81). 4. Bellevue, Eaton Co. (p. 81). 5. Olivet, Eaton Co. (p. 82). 6. Stanton, Montcalm Co. (p. 82). 7. Buchanan, Berrien Co. (p. 82). 8. Eau Claire, Berrien Co. (p. 82). 9. Dorr, Allegan Co. (p. 83). 10. Cannonsburg, Kent Co. (p. 83). 11. Moorland, Muskegon Co. (p. 83). 12. Williams Township, Bay Co. (p. 84). 13. Near Saginaw, Saginaw Co. (p. 84). 14. Alma, Gratiot Co. (p. 85). 15. —— Saginaw Co. (p. 84). 16. Bancroft, Shiawassee Co. (p. 86). 17. Venice, Shiawassee Co. (p. 86). 18. Fenton, Genesee Co. (p. 86). 19. Davison, Genesee Co. (p. 86). 20. Utica, Macomb Co. (p. 86). 21. Plymouth, Wayne Co. (p. 87). 22. Wyandotte, Wayne Co. (p. 87). 23. Saline, Washtenaw Co. (p. 88). 24. Petersburg, Monroe Co. (p. 87). 25. Galien, Berrien Co. (p. 83). 26. 7 miles southwest of Ypsilanti (p. 88). 27. Clayton, Lenawee Co. (p. 81).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 9.

The names of the glacial moraines are given on Map 37.

Indiana: 1. —— Posey Co. (p. 88). 2. —— Dubois Co. (p. 88). 3. Hindostan, Martin Co. (p. 89). 4. West of Orleans, Orange Co. (p. 89). 5. Sparksville, Jackson Co. (p. 89). 6. West of Tampico, Jackson Co. (p. 89). 7. New Albany, Floyd Co. (p. 89). 8. Princeton, Gibson Co. (p. 89). 9. —— Knox or Gibson Co. (p. 90). 10. —— Parke Co. (p. 90). 11. Brookville, Franklin Co. (p. 90). 12. —— Dearborn Co. (p. 91). 13. Greencastle, Putnam Co. (p. 91). 14. Danville, Hendricks Co. (p. 92). 15. Attica, Fountain Co. (p. 92). 16. Bowers, Montgomery Co. (p. 92). 17. Indianapolis, Marion Co. (p. 92). 18. Anderson, Madison Co. (p. 93). 19. Fairmount Township, Grant Co. (p. 93). 20. Charleston, Clarke Co. (p. 91). 21. Muncie, Delaware Co. (p. 93). 22. —— Henry Co. (p. 94). 23. Losantville, Randolph Co. (p. 94). 24. Dalton, Wayne Co. (p. 94). 25. Jacksonburg, Wayne Co. (p. 94). 26. Richmond, Wayne Co. (p. 94). 27. Penn Township, Jay Co. (p. 95). 28. Fort Wayne, Allen Co. (p. 95). 29. West of Waterloo, DeKalb Co. (p. 95). 30. Ashley, Steuben Co. (p. 96). 31. Beaver Lake, Newton Co. (p. 96). 32. —— Jasper Co. (p. 96). 33. Denham, Pulaski Co. (p. 96). 34. Rich Grove Township, Pulaski Co. (p. 97). 35. Royal Center, Cass Co. (p. 97). 36. Macy, Miami Co. (p. 97). 37. Peru, Miami Co. (p. 98). 38. Laketon, Wabash Co. (p. 98). 39. North Manchester, Wabash Co. (p. 98). 40. Lagrange, Lagrange Co. (p. 99). 41. Lowell, Lake Co. (p. 99). 42. Hebron, Porter Co. (p. 99). 43. Kouts, Porter Co. (p. 100). 44. Valparaiso, Porter Co. (p. 100). 45. Southeast of Valparaiso, Porter Co. (p. 100). 46. Olive Township, St. Joseph Co. (p. 100). 47. Notre Dame, St. Joseph Co. (p. 100). 48. Fulton, Fulton Co. (p. 97). 49. Indian Creek Township, Pulaski Co. (p. 97). 50. Greensburg, Decatur Co. (p. 92). 51. Jackson Township, Miami Co. (p. 98). 52. Vincennes, Knox Co. (p. 90). 53. Royerton, Delaware Co. (p. 94). 54. Lawrenceburg, Dearborn Co. (p. 91). 55. Northwest of Waterloo, DeKalb Co. (p. 95). 56. —— Noble Co. (p. 95).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 10.

If no name is given, Mammut americanum is understood.

Florida: 1. Marianna, Jackson Co. (p. 121). 2. Fort White, Columbia Co. (p. 121). 3. Citra, Marion Co. (p. 121). 4. Almero Farm, St. John Co. (p. 122). 5. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 122). 6. Daytona, Volusia Co. (p. 122). 7. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 122). 8. —— Hillsboro Co. (p. 123). 9. Alafia River, Hillsboro Co. (p. 123). 10. Pains Creek, Polk Co. (p. 123). 11. Peace Creek, De Soto Co. (p. 124). 12. Little River, Gadsden Co. (p. 121). 13. Fellsmere, St. Lucie Co. (p. 122). 14. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (p. 123). 15. Neals, Alachua Co., Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). 16. Archer, Alachua Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). 17. Williston, Levy Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). 18. Juliette, Marion Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). 19. San Pablo Beach, Duval Co. (p. 122). 20. Brewster, Polk Co., Gomphotherium floridanum and Mammut progenium? (p. 123).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 11.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co. (p. 130). 2. Amaranth, Dufferin Co. (p. 130).

New York: 1. Minoa, Onondaga Co. (p. 131). 2. Williamson, Wayne Co. (p. 131). 3. Pittsford, Monroe Co. (p. 131). 4. Buffalo, Erie Co. (p. 131). 5. Queensbury, Warren Co. (p. 132). 6. Lewiston, Niagara Co. (p. 132).

New Jersey: 1. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 132). 2. North Plainfield, Union Co. (p. 133).

Pennsylvania: 1. Brookfield, Tioga Co. (p. 133). 2. Chadd’s Ford, Delaware Co. (p. 133). 3. Harvey’s, Greene Co. (p. 133). 4. Lone Pine, Washington Co. (p. 133). 5. Beaver Dam, Erie Co. (p. 133).

Ohio: 1. Waverly, Pike Co. (p. 134). 2. Zanesville, Muskingum Co. (p. 134). 3. Duncan Falls, Muskingum Co. (p. 135). 4. Millport, Columbiana Co. (p. 135). 5. Mount Healthy, Hamilton Co. (p. 135). 6. Dayton, Montgomery Co. (p. 135). 7. Selma, Clark Co. (p. 136). 8. Versailles, Darke Co. (p. 136). 9. Jersey, Licking Co. (p. 136). 10. Chicago, Huron Co. (p. 136). 11. Kamms, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 136). 12. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 136). 13. New Berlin, Stark Co. (p. 136). 14. Amboy, Ashtabula Co. (p. 137). 15. —— Butler Co. (p. 135).

Michigan: 1. Three Oaks, Berrien Co. (p. 137). 2. Eaton Rapids, Eaton Co. (p. 137).

Indiana: 1. Otter Creek Township, Vigo Co. (p. 138). 2. Madison, Jefferson Co. (p. 138). 3. Vevay, Switzerland Co. (p. 138). 4. Windsor, Randolph Co. (p. 139). 5. Winchester, Randolph Co. (p. 139). 6. Fairmount, Grant Co. (p. 139). 7. Francisville, Pulaski Co. (p. 140). 8. Crown Point, Lake Co. (p. 140). 9. North Liberty, St. Joseph Co. (p. 139). 10. Webster, Wayne Co. (p. 138). 11. Rochester, Fulton Co. (p. 140).

Illinois: 1. Cairo, Alexander Co. (p. 140). 2. Ashland, Cass Co. (p. 141). 3. Kewanee, Henry Co. (p. 142). 4. Penny’s Slough, Henry Co. (p. 142). 5. —— Kendall Co. (p. 143).

Wisconsin: 1. Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co. (p. 143).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 144).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co. (p. 145).

North Carolina: 1. Inland Waterway Canal, Carteret Co. (p. 145).

Florida: 1. Palma Sola, Manatee Co. (p. 145).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co. (p. 146).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 146).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 12.

Ontario: 1. St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (p. 147). 2. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 147).

Vermont: 1. Mount Holly, Rutland Co. (p. 148).

New York: 1. Homer, Cortland Co. (p. 149). 2. Elmira, Chemung Co. (p. 149).

New Jersey: 1. Middletown, Monmouth Co. (p. 149).

Pennsylvania: 1. Rogersville, Greene Co. (p. 150). 2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 150). 3. Tryonville, Crawford Co. (p. 150).

Ohio: 1. —— Stark Co. (p. 150). 2. Amboy, Ashland Co. (p. 150).

Michigan: 1. —— Jackson Co. (p. 151).

Indiana: 1. Terre Haute, Vigo Co. (p. 151). 2. Monrovia, Morgan Co. (p. 152). 3. Windfall, Tipton Co. (p. 152). 4. Bringhurst, Carroll Co. (p. 152).

Illinois: 1. Staley, Champaign Co. (p. 152). 2. Stronghurst, Henderson Co. (p. 152). 3. Chillicothe, Peoria Co. (p. 153). 4. Chicago Heights, Cook Co. (p. 153). 5. Pawpaw, Lee Co. (p. 153). 6. Woodhull, Henry Co. (p. 154).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 154). 2. —— Queen Anne Co. (p. 154).

West Virginia: 1. Little Kanawha River, Wirt Co. (p. 155).

North Carolina: 1. 9 miles south of Wilmington, New Hanover Co. (p. 155).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co. (p. 155). 2. Edisto River, Charleston Co. (p. 155). 3. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 155). 4. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 156).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick Canal, Glynn Co. (p. 157). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co. (p. 157).

Florida (See Map 13).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 160). 2. Mouth of Big Twin Creek, Owen Co. (p. 161).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 13.

1. St. Marks River, Wakulla Co. (p. 157). 2. Station 120, Duval Co. (p. 157). 3. Citra, Marion Co. (p. 158). 4. Mantanzas, St. John Co. (p. 158). 5. Ocala, Marion Co. (p. 158). 6. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 158). 7. Holder, Citrus Co. (p. 158). 8. Tampa, Hillsboro Co. (p. 159). 9. St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co. (p. 159). 10. Kingsford, Polk Co. (p. 159). 11. Sarasota, Sarasota Co. (p. 159). 12. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 159). 13. Zolfo, Hardee Co. (p. 160). 14. Arcadia, DeSoto Co. (p. 160). 15. Tourner’s, Glades Co. (p. 160). 16. Daytona, Volusia Co. (p. 158). 17. Fellsmere, St. Lucie Co. (p. 159). 18. Eau Gallie, Brevard Co. (p. 159). 19. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (p. 160). 20. Palma Sola, Manatee Co. (p. 159). 21. Sumterville, Sumter Co. (p. 158).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 14.

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 162). 2. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 162).

Florida: 1. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 162). 2. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 163). 3. Labelle, Lee Co. (p. 163). 4. Everglades, Palm Beach Co.? (p. 163). 5. Arcadia, DeSoto Co. (p. 163). 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co. (p. 164).

Alabama: 1. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co. (p. 164). 2. “Near Gulf of Mexico” (p. 165).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 15.

1. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 162). 2. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 163). 3. Labelle, Lee Co. (p. 163). 4. Everglades, Palm Beach Co.? (p. 163). 5. Arcadia, De Soto Co. (p. 163). 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co. (p. 164).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 16.

Ontario: 1. St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (p. 166). 2. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 166). 3. Toronto, York Co. (p. 167).

Vermont: 1. Richmond, Chittenden Co. (p. 167).

New York: 1. Seneca Lake (p. 167). 2. Wellsburg, Chemung Co. (p. 167).

Pennsylvania: 1. Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (p. 168). 2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 168). 3. Meadville, Crawford Co. (p. 168). 4. Girard, Erie Co. (p. 168).

Ohio: 1. Little Salt Creek, Jackson Co. (p. 168). 2. Beverly, Washington Co. (p. 169). 3. Nashport, Muskingum Co. (p. 169). 4. —— Ross Co. (p. 169). 5. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co. (p. 169). 6. Fort Jefferson, Darke Co. (p. 170). 7. Circleville, Pickaway Co. (p. 170). 8. South Bloomfield, Pickaway Co. (p. 170). 9. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 170). 10. Montville, Geauga Co. (p. 170). 11. Canton, Stark Co. (p. 170).

Michigan: 1. East Saginaw, Saginaw Co. (p. 171). 2. —— Macomb Co. (p. 171). 3. Grand Ledge, Eaton Co. (p. 171). 4. Buchanan, Berrien Co. (p. 171).

Indiana: 1. —— Vanderburg Co. (p. 171). 2. Shoals, Martin Co. (p. 172). 3. —— Vigo Co. (p. 172). 4. Gosport, Owen Co. (p. 172). 5. Brookville, Franklin Co. (p. 172). 6. Parke, Vermilion, and Putnam Co. (p. 173). 7. Northeast of Bowers, Montgomery Co. (p. 173). 8. —— Wayne Co. (p. 173). 9. Noblesville, Hamilton Co. (p. 173). 10. Dora, Wabash Co. (p. 174). 11. —— Jasper Co. (p. 174). 12. Pleasant Township, Wabash Co. (p. 174). 13. St. John’s, Lake Co. (p. 174). 14. —— Allen Co. (p. 174). 15. Muncie, Delaware Co. (p. 174). 16. Connersville, Fayette Co. (p. 173). 17. Wailesboro, Bartholomew Co. (p. 172).

Illinois: 1. Equality, Gallatin Co. (p. 175). 2. Chester, Randolph Co. (p. 175). 3. —— Calhoun Co. (p. 175). 4. Sangamon River, Sangamon Co. (p. 176). 5. —— Fulton Co. (p. 176). 6. Galesburg, Knox Co. (p. 176). 7. Rock Island, Rock Island Co. (p. 176). 8. Atwood, Piatt Co. (p. 177). 9. Peoria, Peoria Co. (p. 176). 10. Evanston, Cook Co. (p. 177). 11. Rochelle, Ogle Co. (p. 177). 12. Galena, Jo Daviess Co. (p. 178). 13. Wheaton, Dupage County, and Oak Park, Cook Co. (p. 177). 14. Pekin, Tazewell Co. (p. 176). 15. South Fork of Sangamon River, Christian Co. (p. 175).

Wisconsin: 1. Stockholm, Pepin Co. (p. 178).

Maryland and District of Columbia: 1. Upper Marlboro, Prince George Co. (p. 178). 2. Washington, District of Columbia (p. 178).

Virginia: 1. Warrenton, Fauquier Co. (p. 178).

West Virginia: 1. Wheeling, Ohio Co. (p. 179).

North Carolina: 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 178). 2. Harlowe, Carteret Co. (p. 179).

Florida: 1. Wakulla Springs, Wakulla Co. (p. 179). 2. Stokes Ferry, Nassau Co. (p. 180). 3. Bartow, Polk Co. (p. 180).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 180).

Tennessee: 1. Gallatin, Sumner Co. (p. 181). 2. Columbia, Maury Co. (p. 181).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 181). 2. Newport, Campbell Co. (p. 182). 3. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 182). 4. Eminence, Henry Co. (p. 182).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 17.

Massachusetts: 1. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, Equus? sp. indet. (p. 183).

New York: 1. Throg’s Neck, New York Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 183).

New Jersey: 1. Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 184). 2. Fish House, Camden Co., E. complicatus (p. 184). 3. Navesink Hills, Monmouth Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 184).

Pennsylvania: 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., E. complicatus (p. 184). 2. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). 3. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., E. complicatus, E. pectinatus (p. 185). 4. Rutherford, Dauphin Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). 5. Frankstown, Blair Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185).

Ohio: 1. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., E. complicatus (p. 185). 2. Columbus, Franklin Co., E. complicatus (p. 186). 3. Salt Creek, Columbiana Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 186).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., E. complicatus (p. 186).

Illinois: 1. Bond or Fayette Co., Equus complicatus (p. 187). 2. Alton, Madison Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 187). 3. Greene Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 187).

Maryland and District of Columbia: 1. Marshall Hall, Charles Co., Equus leidyi? (p. 188). 2. Georgetown, D. C., Equus sp. indet. (p. 188). 3. Mitchellville, Prince George Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 188). 4. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., E. leidyi? (p. 189). 5. Cavetown, Washington Co., E. complicatus (p. 189). 6. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 189).

Virginia: 1. Abingdon, Washington Co., E. complicatus (p. 189). 2. Saltville, Smyth Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 190). 3. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., E. complicatus? (p. 190). 4. Staunton, Augusta Co., E. sp. indet. (p. 190). 5. Denniston, Halifax Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 190).

West Virginia: 1. Point Pleasant, Mason Co., E. niobrarensis? (p. 190).

North Carolina: 1. Elizabethtown, Bladen Co., E. leidyi (p. 190). 2. Below Newbern, in Pamlico Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 191). 3. Greenville, Pitt Co., E. complicatus (p. 191). 4. Plymouth Co., E. leidyi (p. 191).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co., E. complicatus (p. 191). 2. Charleston, Charleston Co., E. complicatus, E. leidyi, E. littoralis (p. 192). 3. Richland Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 193). 4. Darlington, Darlington Co., E. complicatus (p. 193).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus, E. littoralis (p. 193). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., E. complicatus (p. 194).

Florida (See Map 18).

Alabama: 1. Newbern, Hale Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 200). 2. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co., E. leidyi (p. 200).

Mississippi: 1. Orizaba, Tippah Co., E. leidyi? (p. 200). 2. Natchez, Adams Co., E. complicatus (p. 200).

Tennessee: 1. Rogersville, Hawkins Co., E. leidyi (p. 201). 2. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., E. leidyi (p. 201). 3. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., E. littoralis (p. 201). 4. Nashville, Davidson Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus (p. 201).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., E. complicatus (p. 202). 2. Monday’s Landing, Mercer Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 202).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 18.

1. Stokes Ferry, Nassau Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 194). 2. Almero Farm, St. John Co., E. complicatus? (p. 194). 3. Neals, Alachua Co., Hipparion, sp. indet. (p. 195). 4. Wade, Alachua Co., E. leidyi? (p. 195). 5. Newberry, Alachua Co., Hipparion sp. indet., Parahippus sp. indet., Equus littoralis (p. 195). 6. Archer, Alachua Co., Hipparion ingenuum (p. 195). 7. Williston, Levy Co., Equus leidyi, Hipparion ingenuum, H. plicatile (p. 195). 8. Ocala, Marion Co., Equus leidyi (p. 196). 9. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Equus leidyi (p. 196). 10. Hernando, Citrus Co., Hipparion sp. indet. (p. 196). 11. Holder, Citrus Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 196). 12. —— Orange Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 196). 13. Eau Gallie, Brevard Co., E. complicatus (p. 196). 14. Kingsford, Polk Co., E. leidyi (p. 196). 15. Brewster, Polk Co., Hipparion minus (p. 197). 16. Alafia River, Hillsboro Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus? (p. 197). 17. Palmetto, Manatee Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus, E. littoralis (p. 197). 18. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus? (p. 198). 19. Calvenia, De Soto Co., E. leidyi (p. 198). 20. Arcadia, De Soto Co., E. leidyi, E. princeps, E. littoralis, Hipparion ingenuum (p. 198). 21. Vero, St. Lucie Co., E. complicatus, E. leidyi, E. littoralis (p. 199). 22. Labelle, Lee Co., E. leidyi (p. 199). 23. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., E. complicatus (p. 200).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 19.

Pennsylvania: 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Tapirus haysii (p. 203). 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., Tapirus terrestris? (p. 203).

Ohio: 1. New Salisbury, Columbiana Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 203).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Tapirus haysii (p. 203).

Maryland: 1. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 204).

Virginia: 1. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., T. haysii (p. 204).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., T. haysii, T. veroensis?, T. terrestris? (p. 204).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., T. haysii (p. 206).

Florida: 1. Neals, Alachua Co., T. terrestris? (p. 206). 2. Archer, Alachua Co., T. haysii? (p. 207). 3. Dunnellon, Marion Co., T. haysii?, T. sp. indet. (p. 207). 4. Ocala, Marion Co., T. sp. indet. (p. 207). 5. Tampa, Hillsboro Co., T. veroensis? (p. 208). 6. Vero, St. Lucie Co., T. veroensis, T. haysii (p. 208). 7. Arcadia, De Soto Co., T. terrestris? (p. 208).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., T. haysii, T. terrestris? (p. 208).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., T. tennesseæ (p. 209). 2. Dandridge, Jefferson Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 209). 3. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., T. haysii (p. 209). 4. Bristol, Sullivan Co., T. haysii (p. 209).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., T. haysii (p. 209). 2. Stamping Ground, Scott Co., T. haysii (p. 210). 3. Yarnallton, Fayette Co., T. haysii (p. 210).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 20.

New York: 1. Rochester, Monroe Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 212). 2. Gainesville, Wyoming Co., P. compressus (p. 212).

New Jersey: 1. Shark River, Monmouth Co., Mylohyus nasutus? (p. 213).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., M. pennsylvanicus (p. 213). 2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., M. pennsylvanicus, M. nasutus, Tagassu? tetragonus? (p. 213). 3. Milroy, Mifflin Co., Platygonus vetus (p. 213). 4. Frankstown, Blair Co., Mylohyus pennsylvanicus? (p. 214).

Ohio: 1. Wilmington, Clinton Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 214). 2. Columbus, Franklin Co., P. compressus (p. 214). 3. Chalfants, Perry Co., P. compressus (p. 215). 4. Lisbon, Columbiana Co., Mylohyus nasutus? (p. 215).

Michigan: 1. Belding, Ionia Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 215).

Indiana: 1. —— Gibson Co., Mylohyus nasutus (p. 216). 2. Williams, Lawrence Co., Platygonus vetus?, Tagassu lenis (p. 217). 3. Laketon, Wabash Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 218).

Illinois: 1. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 218). 2. Alton, Madison Co., P. cumberlandensis? (p. 219).

Wisconsin: 1. Blue Mounds, Dane Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 219).

Maryland: 1. Benedict, Charles Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 220). 2. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., T. lenis (p. 220). 3. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Mylohyus pennsylvanicus, M. exortivus, Platygonus cumberlandensis, P. intermedius (p. 220). 4. Cavetown, Washington Co., Mylohyus nasutus, M. exortivus, M. obtusidens, Platygonus vetus, P. cumberlandensis, Tagassu tetragonus (p. 220).

Virginia: 1. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., Mylohyus nasutus (p. 221). 2. —— Augusta Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 221).

West Virginia: 1. Renicks, Greenbrier Co., P. intermedius (p. 221).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 221).

Florida: 1. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 222). 2. Palma Sola, Manatee Co., T. lenis (p. 222).

Tennessee: 1. Rogersville, Hawkins Co., Mylohyus setiger (p. 222). 2. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., M. nasutus (p. 223). 3. Dandridge, Jefferson Co. “Peccary” (p. 223).

Kentucky: 1. Rock Castle Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 223).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 21.

Pennsylvania: 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Teleopternus orientalis (p. 224).

Florida: 1. Archer, Alachua Co., Procamelus major, P. minor, P. minimus (p. 224). 2. Williston, Levy Co., P. major (p. 224). 3. Ocala, Marion Co., P. minimus? (p. 224). 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., P. minor (p. 225). 5. Hernando, Citrus Co., Procamelus? sp. indet. (p. 225). 6. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 225).

Tennessee: 1. Nashville, Davidson Co., Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 225).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 22.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co., Odocoileus virginianus (p. 226).

New York: 1. —— Orange Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 2. Greenville, Greene Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 3. Cuba, Allegany Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 4. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., O. virginianus (p. 226).

New Jersey: 1. Woodstown, Salem Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 2. Vincentown, Burlington Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). 3. Deal, Monmouth Co., O. virginianus (p. 227).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., O. virginianus? (p. 227).

Ohio: 1. New Knoxville, Auglaize Co., O. virginianus (p. 227).

Michigan: 1. Adrian, Lenawee Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). 2. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., O. virginianus (p. 228).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., O. virginianus?, O. dolichopsis (p. 228). 2. Harrisville, Randolph Co., O. virginianus (p. 228). 3. Roann, Wabash Co., O. virginianus (p. 229).

Illinois: 1. Niantic, Macon Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). 2. Whitewillow, Kendall Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). 3. Ottawa, LaSalle Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). 4. Evanston, Cook Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). 5. Lemont, Cook Co., O. virginianus (p. 230).

Wisconsin: 1. Lead region, O. virginianus, O. whitneyi (p. 230). 2. Menomonie, Dunn Co., O. virginianus (p. 230).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). 2. Cavetown, Washington Co., O. virginianus (p. 231).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., O.? sp. indet. (p. 231). 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., O. virginianus (p. 231).

West Virginia: 1. —— Wood Co., O. virginianus? (p. 231).

North Carolina: 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern. O. virginianus? (p. 231).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., O. virginianus? (p. 231). 2. Darlington, Darlington Co., O. virginianus? (p. 232).

Florida: 1. Pablo Beach, Duval Co., O. virginianus? (p. 232). 2. Neals, Alachua Co., O. virginianus (p. 232). 3. Archer, Alachua Co., O. virginianus (p. 232). 4. Ocala, Marion Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 233). 5. Dunnellon, Marion Co., O. osceola? (p. 233). 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 233). 7. Palma Sola, Manatee Co., O. virginianus? (p. 233). 8. Arcadia, De Soto Co., O. virginianus? (p. 234). 9. Vero, St. Lucie Co., O. sellardsiæ, O. osceola? (p. 234).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., O. virginianus? (p. 233). 2. Aberdeen, Monroe Co., O. virginianus? (p. 234).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). 2. Nashville, Davidson Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 234).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). 3. Henderson, Henderson Co., O. virginianus (p. 234).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 23.

Ontario: 1. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 235). 2. Near Strathroy, Middlesex Co. (p. 235). 3. Kingston, Frontenac Co. (p. 235).

Vermont: 1. Grand Isle, Champlain Lake (p. 235).

New York: 1. Racket River, St. Lawrence Co. (p. 235). 2. Seneca Castle, Ontario Co. (p. 236). 3. Farmington, Ontario Co. (p. 236). 4. —— Livingston Co. (p. 236). 5. Cuba, Allegany Co. (p. 236). 6. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 236). 7. Boonville, Oneida Co. (p. 236). 8. Third Lake, Herkimer Co. (p. 236). 9. Steele’s Corners, St. Lawrence Co. (p. 236).

New Jersey: 1. Deal, Monmouth Co. (p. 237). 2. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 237).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 237). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co. (p. 237).

Michigan: 1. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 237). 2. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. (p. 237).

Indiana: 1. Cambridge City, Wayne Co. (p. 238). 2. Fountain City, Wayne Co. (p. 238). 3. Harrisville, Randolph Co. (p. 238). 4. Pennville, Jay Co. (p. 238). 5. —— Wabash Co. (p. 239). 6. Foresman, Newton Co. (p. 239). 7. Rensselaer, Jasper Co. (p. 239). 8. —— Lake Co. (p. 239). 9. Kouts, Porter Co. (p. 239).

Illinois: 1. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 239). 2. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 240). 3. Palos Park, Cook Co. (p. 240). 4. Batavia, Kane Co. (p. 240). 5. Union Grove, Whiteside Co. (p. 240). 6. Lead Region, Jo Daviess Co. (p. 240). 7. Beecher, Will Co. (p. 241).

Wisconsin: 1. Wauwatosa, Milwaukee Co. (p. 241). 2. Pewaukee, Waukesha Co. (p. 241). 3. Whitehall, Trempealeau Co. (p. 241).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 242).

North Carolina: 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 242).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 242).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 243).

Florida: 1. Alafia River (p. 243).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co. (p. 243).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 243). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 243).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 24.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co., Rangifer sp. indet. (p. 244).

Vermont: 1. Woodbury, Washington Co., R. caribou? (p. 244).

Connecticut: 1. New Haven, New Haven Co., R. caribou? (p. 244).

New York: 1. Ossining, Westchester Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 244). 2. Racket River, St. Lawrence Co., R.? sp. indet. (p. 244).

New Jersey: 1. Vincentown, Burlington Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 244). 2. Trenton, Mercer Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 245).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., R. caribou (p. 246). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., R. caribou (p. 246).

Illinois: Alton, Madison Co., R. muscatinensis? (p. 246).

Wisconsin: 1. Menomonie, Dunn Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 247).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 248).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 25.

New Jersey: 1. Trenton, Mercer Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 248).

Pennsylvania: 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Symbos cavifrons? (p. 248). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Ovibos appalachicolus (p. 249).

Ohio: 1. Urbana, Champaign Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 249). 2. Youngstown, Mahoning Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 249). 3. —— Trumbull Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 249).

Michigan: 1. Manchester, Washtenaw Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 250). 2. Moorland, Muskegon Co., Boötherium sargenti (p. 250).

Indiana: 1. Wailesboro, Bartholomew Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 251). 2. Richmond, Wayne Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 252). 3. —— Randolph Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 252). 4. Beaver Lake, Newton Co., Symbos cavifrons? (p. 252). 5. Hebron, Porter Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 252).

Illinois: 1. Bondville, Champaign Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 253). 2. Manito, Mason Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 253). 3. Alton, Madison Co., Symbos promptus? (p. 254).

West Virginia: 1. Mahan, Brooke Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 254).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 254).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., Boötherium bombifrons, Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). 3. Winchester, Clark Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 255).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 26.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co., Bison sp. indet, (p. 256).

Pennsylvania: 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Bison? sp. indet. (p. 256). 2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 256).

Ohio: 1. Fincastle, Brown Co., B. latifrons (p. 257). 2. North Fairfield, Huron Co., B. sylvestris (p. 257).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 257). 2. Vincennes, Knox Co., B. antiquus (p. 258).

Illinois: 1. Alton, Madison Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259).

Wisconsin: 1. Coon Valley, Vernon Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259).

Maryland: 1. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., B. antiquus? (p. 260).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., B. latifrons (p. 260).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 261). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262).

Florida: 1. Wade, Alachua Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). 2. Pablo Beach, Duval Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). 3. Ocala, Marion Co., B. latifrons (p. 262). 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 5. Tampa, Manatee Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 6. Palmetto and Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 7. Grove City, Charlotte Co., B. latifrons (p. 263). 8. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 9. Arcadia, De Soto Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 264). 10. Labelle, Lee Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264). 11. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264).

Alabama: 1. Newbern, Hale Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 264).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264).

Kentucky: 1. Woolper Creek, Boone Co., B. latifrons (p. 264). 2. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., B. antiquus (p. 264).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 27.

Ontario: 1. North Bay, Nipissing Co. (p. 266).

Massachusetts: 1. Orleans, Barnstable Co. (p. 266).

New York: 1. Albany, Albany Co. (p. 266). 2. Syracuse, Onondaga Co. (p. 266). 3. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 267).

New Jersey: 1. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 267).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 267). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co. (p. 267).

Indiana: 1. —— Jasper Co. (p. 268).

Illinois: 1. Sullivan, Moultrie Co. (p. 268). 2. Homer, Champaign Co. (p. 268). 3. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 269). 4. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 269). 5. Batavia, Kane Co. (p. 269). 6. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., this species? (p. 269).

Wisconsin: 1. Bluemounds, Dane Co. (p. 270). 2. Oshkosh, Winnebago Co. (p. 270).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 270). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 271).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 28.

New York: 1. Clyde, Wayne Co. (p. 272). 2. Canastota, Madison Co. (p. 272).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 272).

Ohio (See Map 29).

Michigan: 1. Berrien Co. (p. 275). 2. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 275). 3. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. (p. 275). 4. Attica, Lapeer Co. (p. 276). 5. Owosso, Shiawassee Co. (p. 276).

Indiana (See Map 30).

Illinois: 1. Shawneetown, Gallatin Co. (p. 278). 2. Alton, Madison Co. (p. 279). 3. Charleston, Coles Co. (p. 279). 4. Naperville, Dupage Co. (p. 279).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 279).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 280).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 280).

Tennessee: 1. Memphis, Shelby Co. (p. 280).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 29.

Ohio: 1. Nashport, Muskingum Co.[1] (48) (p. 273). 2. Wilmington, Clinton Co.[1] (2) (p. 273). 3. Germantown, Montgomery Co.[1] (73) (p. 274). 4. West Sonora, Preble Co.[1] (74) (p. 274). 5. Greenville, Darke Co.[1] (54) (p. 274). 6. New Knoxville, Auglaize Co.[1] (35) (p. 274).

Footnote 1:

These are the numbers which on the map are given to the counties.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 30.

1. Vanderburg Co. (p. 276). 2. Richmond, Wayne Co. (p. 276). 3. Greenfield, Hancock Co. (p. 277). 4. Jamestown, Boone Co. (p. 277). 5. Summitville, Madison Co. (p. 277). 6. Union City, Randolph Co. (p. 277). 7. Fairmount, Grant Co. (p. 277). 8. —— Carroll Co. (p. 278). 9. Logansport, Cass Co. (p. 278). 10. Macy, Miami Co. (p. 278). 11. —— Kosciusko Co. (p. 278). 12. Grovertown, Starke Co. (p. 278)

For explanation of the numerals on the margins see map 37.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 34.

Mastodon Localities.

New York: 1. New Dorp, Richmond Co. (p. 48). 2. Ridgewood, Kings Co. (p. 49). 3. Jamaica, Queens Co. (p. 49). 4. Inwood, Nassau Co. (p. 49). 5. Riverhead, Suffolk Co. (p. 49). 6. Morrisania, New York Co. (p. 49). 7. New York City (p. 50). 8. Hartsdale, Westchester Co. (p. 50). 9. New Antrim, Rockland Co. (p. 50). 10. Arden, Orange Co. (p. 50). 11. Monroe, Orange Co. (p. 50). 12. Chester, Orange Co. (p. 50). 13. Salisbury Mills, Orange Co. (p. 51). 14. New Windsor, Orange Co. (p. 51). 15. Newburgh, Orange Co. (p. 51). 16. Near Coldenham, Orange Co. (p. 52). 17. East Coldenham, Orange Co. (p. 53). 18. Montgomery, Orange Co. (p. 53). 19. Hamptonburg, Orange Co. (p. 53). 20. Bullville, Orange Co. (p. 53). 21. Scotchtown, Orange Co. (p. 54). 22. Otisville, Orange Co. (p. 54). 23. Shawangunk, Ulster Co. (p. 54). 24. Ellenville, Ulster Co. (p. 54). 25. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co. (p. 55) 26. Between Red Bridge and Wurtsboro, Sullivan Co. (p. 55). 27. Claverack, Columbia Co. (p. 55). 28. Freehold, Greene Co. (p. 55). 29. Greenville, Greene Co. (p. 56). 30. Coeymans, Albany Co. (p. 56). 31. Cohoes, Albany Co. (p. 56). 32. Copenhagen, Lewis Co. (p. 56). 33. Center Lisle, Broome Co. (p. 57). 34. Brookton, Tompkins Co. (p. 57). 35. Pony Hollow, Tompkins Co. (p. 58). 36. Elmira, Chemung Co. (p. 58). 37. Lodi, Seneca Co. (p. 58). 38. Macedon, Wayne Co. (p. 58). 39. Seneca Castle, Ontario Co. (p. 58). 40. Perkinsville, Steuben Co. (p. 59). 41. Wayland, Steuben Co. (p. 59). 42. Pittsford, Monroe Co. (p. 59). 43. Rochester, Monroe Co. (p. 59). 44. Scottsburg, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 45. Fowlerville, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 46. Geneseo, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 47. Nunda, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 48. Belvidere, Allegany Co. (p. 60). 49. Pike, Wyoming Co. (p. 61). 50. Attica, Wyoming Co. (p. 61). 51. Leroy, Genesee Co. (p. 61). 52. Stafford, Genesee Co. (p. 61). 53. Batavia, Genesee Co. (p. 61). 54. Holley, Orleans Co. (p. 62). 55. Medina, Orleans Co. (p. 62). 56. Niagara, Niagara Co. (p. 62). 57. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co. (p. 62). 58. Conewango, Cattaraugus Co. (p. 62). 59. Buffalo, Erie Co. (p. 63). 60. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 63). 61. Westfield, Chautauqua Co. (p. 63).

COUNTIES

1. Albany 2. Allegany 3. Broome 4. Cattaraugus 5. Cayuga 6. Chautauqua 7. Chemung 8. Chenango 9. Clinton 10. Columbia 11. Cortland 12. Delaware 13. Dutchess 14. Erie 15. Essex 16. Franklin 17. Fulton 18. Genesee 19. Greene 20. Hamilton 21. Herkimer 22. Jefferson 23. Kings 24. Lewis 25. Livingston 26. Madison 27. Monroe 28. Montgomery 29. Nassau 30. New York 31. Niagara 32. Oneida 33. Onondaga 34. Ontario 35. Orange 36. Orleans 37. Oswego 38. Otsego 39. Putnam 40. Queens 41. Rensselaer 42. Richmond 43. RoCkland 44. Saratoga 45. Schenectady 46. Schoharie 47. Schuyler 48. Seneca 49. Steuben 50. St. Lawrence 51. Suffolk 52. Sullivan 53. Tioga 54. Tompkins 55. Ulster 56. Warren 57. Washington 58. Wayne 59. Westchester 60. Wyoming 61. Yates

EXPLANATION OF MAP 35.

COUNTIES OF OHIO.

1. Williams. 2. Fulton. 3. Lucas. 4. Ottawa. 5. Lake. 6. Ashtabula. 7. Trumbull. 8. Geauga. 9. Cuyahoga. 10. Lorain. 11. Erie. 12. Sandusky. 13. Wood. 14. Henry. 15. Defiance. 16. Paulding. 17. Putnam. 18. Hancock. 19. Seneca. 20. Huron. 21. Medina. 22. Summit. 23. Portage. 24. Mahoning. 25. Columbiana. 26. Stark. 27. Wayne. 28. Ashland. 29. Richland. 30. Crawford. 31. Wyandot. 32. Allen. 33. Van Wert. 34. Mercer. 35. Auglaize. 36. Hardin. 37. Marion. 38. Morrow. 39. Knox. 40. Holmes. 41. Coshocton. 42. Tuscarawas. 43. Carroll. 44. Harrison. 45. Jefferson. 46. Belmont. 47. Guernsey. 48. Muskingum. 49. Licking. 50. Delaware. 51. Union. 52. Logan. 53. Shelby. 54. Darke. 55. Miami. 56. Champaign. 57. Clark. 58. Madison. 59. Franklin. 60. Pickaway. 61. Fairfield. 62. Perry. 63. Morgan. 64. Noble. 65. Monroe. 66. Washington. 67. Athens. 68. Hocking. 69. Vinton. 70. Ross. 71. Fayette. 72. Greene. 73. Montgomery. 74. Preble. 75. Butler. 76. Warren. 77. Clinton. 78. Highland. 79. Pike. 80. Jackson. 81. Meigs. 82. Gallia. 83. Lawrence. 84. Scioto. 85. Adams. 86. Brown. 87. Clermont. 88. Hamilton.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 36.

The numerals in the column at the left are those given to the counties on the map. The numerals in the second column are those found on the black circles.

3. Lucas Co. 1. Springfield Township, Mammut (p. 77). 6. Ashtabula Co. Amboy, Elephas primigenius (p. 137); E. columbi 2. (p. 150). 7. Trumbull Co. 3. —— Mammut (p. 80); Symbos (p. 249). 8. Geauga Co. 4. Montville, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 170). 9. Cuyahoga Co. 5. Kamms, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). Cleveland, Mammut (p. 79); E. primigenius (p. 6. 136); E. sp. indet. (p. 170). 10. Lorain Co. 7. Brownhelm, Mammut (p. 79). 8. Pittsfield, Mammut (p. 79) 11. Erie Co. 9. Sandusky, Mammut (p. 78) 13. Wood Co. 10. Jackson Township, Mammut (p. 78). 17. Putnam Co. 11. Liberty Township, Mammut (p. 77). 12. Columbus Grove, Mammut (p. 78). 19. Seneca Co. 13. Old Fort, Mammut (p. 78). 20. Huron Co. 14. Chicago, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). 15. North Fairfield, Megalonyx (p. 31). 21. Medina Co. 16. —— Mammut? (p. 79). 22. Summit Co. 17. Green Township, Mammut (p. 80). 24. Mahoning Co. 18. Youngstown, Symbos (p. 249). 25. Columbiana Co. Millport, Elephas primigenius (p. 135); Equus 19. (p. 186). 20. Lisbon, Mylohyus (p. 215). 21. New Salisbury, Tapirus (p. 203). 26. Stark Co. 22. Massillon, Mammut (p. 80). 23. New Berlin, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). Canton, Mammut (p. 80); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 24. 170). 25. —— Elephas columbi (p. 150). 30. Crawford Co. 26. Bucyrus, Mammut (p. 78). 31. Wyandot Co. 27. Carey, Mammut (p. 78); Ursus (p. 78). 33. Van Wert Co. 28. Ohio City, Mammut (p. 77). 35. Auglaize Co. New Knoxville, Mammut (p. 76); Odocoileus (p. 29. 227); Castoroides (p. 274). 30. Pusheta Township, Mammut (p. 76). 31. Wapakoneta, Mammut? (p. 76). 32. Duchouquet Township, Mammut (p. 76). 33. St. Johns, Mammut? (p. 76). 36. Hardin Co. 34. Roundhead, Mammut (p. 76). 38. Morrow Co. 35. Mt. Gilead, Mammut (p. 75). 40. Holmes Co. 36. Millersburg, Megalonyx (p. 32). 48. Muskingum Co. Nashport, Mammut (p. 70); Castoroides (p. 273); 37. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). 38. Zanesville, E. primigenius (p. 134). 39. Duncan Falls, E. primigenius (p. 135). 49. Licking Co. 40. Jersey, E. primigenius (p. 136). 41. Granville, Mammut (p. 75). 52. Logan Co. 42. Harper, Mammut (p. 76). 54. Darke Co. 43. Ansonia, Mammut (p. 74). 44. Versailles, E. primigenius (p. 136). 45. 6 miles west of Greenville, Mammut (p. 73). Greenville, Mammut (p. 73); Castoroides (p. 46. 274). Fort Jefferson, Mammut (p. 73); Elephas sp. 47. indet. (p. 170). 48. New Madison, Mammut (p. 73). 56. Champaign Co. 49. Urbana, Mammut (p. 74); Symbos (p. 249). 50. Woodstock, Mammut (p. 74). 57. Clark Co. 51. Catawba, Mammut (p. 74). 52. Brighton, Mammut (p. 74). 53. Selma, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). 59. Franklin Co. 54. Columbus, Equus (p. 186); Platygonus (p. 214). 55. Shadeville, Mammut (p. 75). 60. Pickaway Co. South Bloomfield, Mammut (p. 75); Elephas sp. 56. indet. (p. 170). Circleville, Mammut? (p. 75); Elephas sp. indet. 57. (p. 170). 58. Pickaway Plains, Mammut (p. 75). 59. Salt Creek, Mammut (p. 75). 62. Perry Co. 60. Chalfants, Platygonus (p. 215). 66. Washington Co. 61. Beverly, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). 70. Ross Co. 62. —— Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). 71. Fayette Co. 63. New Holland, Mammut? (p. 75). 73. Montgomery Co. Dayton, Mammut (p. 72); Elephas primigenius (p. 64. 135). Germantown, Mammut (p. 71); Castoroides (p. 65. 274). 74. Preble Co. 66. New Paris, Mammut (p. 72). West Sonora, Mammut (p. 73); Castoroides (p. 67. 274). 75. Butler Co. 68. —— Mammut (p. 71); Elephas primigenius (p. 135). 69. Overpeck, Ursus procerus (p. 329). 77. Clinton Co. Wilmington, Platygonus (p. 214); Castoroides (p. 70. 273). 79. Pike Co. 71. —— Mammut (p. 70). 72. Waverly, Elephas primigenius (p. 134) 80. Jackson Co. 73. Little Salt Creek, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 168). 86. Brown Co. 74. Fincastle, Bison latifrons (p. 257). 88. Hamilton Co. Cincinnati, Mammut (p. 71); Elephas sp. indet. 75. (p. 169); Equus (p. 185). 76. Mount Healthy, Elephas primigenius (p. 135). 77. Mt. Washington, Mammut (p. 71).

The southern limit of the Illinoian drift, from Cincinnati to Jeffersonville, thence north to Brown County, thence southeast to Posey County, is shown by a wavy line limiting a stippled border. The southern limit of the Wisconsin drift is represented by a smooth line and a coarser stippling. North of this terminal moraine are represented important moraines developed during the recession of the Wisconsin ice-sheet.

1.2.2. Shelbyville moraine

3.3.4.4.4. Champaign moraine

5.5.5. Bloomington moraine

6.7.7. Valparaiso moraine

9.10.10. Mississinawa moraine

11. Salamonie moraine

12. Wabash moraine

13. Fort Wayne moraine.

Based on Leverett’s Glacial Map of Indiana, Plate VI, Monograph LIII of the U. S. Geological Survey.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 38. GLACIAL MAP OF ILLINOIS.

MORAINES.

1. Shelbyville moraine. From Indiana line in southern Edgar County runs westward, then northwestward to Peoria. Here it merges with the Bloomington moraine.

2. Champaign moraine. Radiates northwestward, southwestward, and eastward from Champaign.

3. Bloomington moraine. From Indiana line in Vermillion County passes westward through McLean County to Peoria, where it joins the Shelbyville moraine. Thence runs north to Lee County, northeastward to Kane County and north into Wisconsin.

4. Marseilles moraine. Enters from Indiana in northern Iroquois County, passes across northeastern Livingston, eastern La Salle, to eastern Kane County and northward.

5. Valparaiso moraine. Embraces the southern end of Lake Michigan.

VERTEBRATE FOSSILS.

Jo Daviess Co. 1. Galena, Megalonyx (p. 34); Anomodon (p. 218); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 178); Platygonus (p. 218); Bison (p. 269). Winnebago Co. 2. New Milford, Mammut (p. 105). Ogle Co. 3. Harper, Mammut (p. 105). 4. Byron, Mammut (p. 105). 5. Rochelle, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). Kane Co. 6. Batavia, Mammut (p. 110); Cervus (p. 240); Bison bison (p. 269). 7. Aurora, Mammut (p. 109). Dupage Co. 8. Wheaton, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). 9. Naperville, Mammut, (p. 109); Castoroides (p. 279). Cook Co. 10. Glencoe, Mammut (p. 110). 11. Evanston, Mammut (p. 177); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177); Odocoileus (p. 230); Amiatus (p. 336); Lepomis (336); Merganser (p. 336). 12. Oak Park, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). 13. Lemont, Odocoileus (p. 230); Ondatra (p. 230). 14. Palos Park, Cervus (p. 240). 15. Chicago Heights, E. columbi (p. 153). Whiteside Co. 16. Union Grove, Cervus (p. 240). 17. Sterling, Mammut (p. 105). Lee Co. 18. Pawpaw, Elephas columbi (p. 153). Kendall Co. 19. Yorkville, Mammut (p. 109). 20. Whitewillow, Mammut (p. 109); Odocoileus (p. 229); Cervus (p. 240); Alces (p. 240); Cervalces (p. 229); Ovis? (p. 338); Bison bison (p. 269). Will Co. 21. Beecher, Mammut (p. 107); Cervalces (p. 107); Cervus (p. 241). Rock Island Co. 22. Rock Island, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). 23. Bowling Township, Mammut (p. 104). 24. Milan, Mammut (p. 104). 25. Rural, Mammut (p. 104). Henry Co. 26. Penny’s Slough, Elephas primigenius (p. 142). 27. Woodhull, Elephas columbi (p. 154). 28. Kewanee, Elephas primigenius (p. 142). Bureau Co. 29. Walnut Township, Mammut (p. 105). La Salle Co. 30. Ottawa, Odocoileus (p. 229). Grundy Co. 31. Morris, Mammut (p. 108). Henderson Co. 32. Stronghurst, Elephas primigenius (p. 152). Knox Co. 33. Galesburg, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). 34. On Spoon River, Mammut (p. 104). Peoria Co. 35. Chillicothe, Elephas columbi (p. 153). 36. Peoria, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). Hancock Co. 37. Warsaw, Mammut (p. 103). Fulton Co. 38. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). Tazewell Co. 39. Pekin, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). Mason Co. 40. Manito, Mammut (p. 103); Symbos (p. 253). Iroquois Co. 41. Near Hoopeston, Vermillion Co., Mammut progenium (p. 106). Champaign Co. 42. Bondville, Symbos (p. 253). 43. Staley, Elephas columbi (p. 152). 44. Urbana, Mammut (p. 106); Megalonyx (p. 33). 45. Pesotum, Mammut (p. 106). 46. Homer, Bison bison (p. 268). Vermilion Co. 47. East Lynn, Mammut (p. 107). 48. Rossville, Mammut (p. 107). 49. Fairmount, Mammut (p. 106). Cass Co. 50. Ashland, Elephas primigenius (p. 141). Sangamon Co. 51. On Sangamon River, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176) Christian Co. 52. S. Fork Sangamon River, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). Macon Co. 53. Niantic, Mammut (p. 102); Bison bison (p. 269); Cervus (p. 239); Odocoileus (p. 229). Piatt Co. 54. Atwood, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). Moultrie Co. 55. Sullivan, Bison bison (p. 268). Coles Co. 56. Charleston, Castoroides (p. 279). Edgar Co. 57. “Bloomfield,” Mammut (p. 106). Calhoun Co. 58. —— Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). Greene Co. 59. —— Equus (p. 187). Fayette Co. 60. Line of Bond Co., Equus (p. 187). Madison Co. 61. Alton, Megalonyx (p. 33); Mammut (p. 102); Equus (p. 187); Platygonus (p. 219); Rangifer (p. 246); Symbos (p. 254); Bison (p. 259); Castoroides (p. 279); Geomys, etc. (p. 339). Marion Co. 62. Sandoval, Mammut (p. 102). St. Clair Co. 63. East St. Louis, Mammut (p. 101). Washington Co. 64. Beaucoup, Mammut (p. 101). Randolph Co. 65. Chester, Mammut (p. 101); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). Gallatin Co. 66. Equality, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). 67. Shawneetown, Mastodon (p. 100); Castoroides (p. 278). Alexander Co. 68. Cairo, Elephas primigenius (p. 140).