mm. When the bone is placed on a table with the hinder face downward the

inner ridge which bounds the patellar groove rises 280 mm. above the table. Whether these bones belong to _Elephas imperator_ or to _E. columbi_ is uncertain.

2. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909, Sellards (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147) stated that Dr. L. W. Stephenson, of the U. S. Geological Survey, had found at this place, in a phosphate deposit, a fragment of an elephant tooth together with 3 teeth of a fossil horse and some ear-bones of a whale. The elephant belonged probably to _E. columbi_, but possibly to _E. imperator_.

3. _Bartow, Polk County._—Dr. W. H. Dall (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, p. 120) has recorded the discovery at this place of tusks supposed to be those of _Elephas columbi_. Possibly the tusks were those of _E. imperator_ or even those of _Mammut americanum_.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 16.)

1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In his report on the Geology and Agriculture of Mississippi, 1854, page 284, Wailles wrote that fossil remains of the elephant were not then known to have been found in the State. However, on page 286, _Elephas primigenius_ is included in the list of fossil Mammalia furnished by Leidy. The latter does not say where in Mississippi elephant remains had been discovered, but it was probably at Natchez.

In his work on the Lafayette formation (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., part 1, p. 400), McGee stated that at least one skull of the American elephant had been found at Natchez in gravel, well down toward the Port Hudson clays, and that to this adhered some of the coarse gravel of the matrix. Probably the species was _Elephas columbi_. It is likely that the skulls referred to by McGee were not as complete as he supposed.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 16. Figure 23.)

1. _Gallatin, Sumner County._—In 1835, Professor G. Troost (Trans. Geol. Soc. Penn., vol. I, 1835, p. 144) reported that a Mrs. Ephraim Foster possessed a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ found in a well at a depth of 40 feet. The identification followed the opinion of that time that only one species of elephant had existed in the country. It more probably belonged to _E. columbi_.

2. _Columbia, Maury County._—In the publication just referred to the geologist G. Troost stated that he owned a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, found a few miles below Columbia, probably near Duck River, but no details as to the exact locality and kinds of deposits were furnished. Hayes and Ulrich (Folio 95, U. S. Geol. Surv.) appear not to have recognized any Pleistocene in this quadrangle. On page 6 they stated that narrow strips of bottom lands occur along the larger streams, particularly along Duck River. The tooth was probably that of _E. columbi_.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 16.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—Remains belonging certainly to both _Elephas primigenius_ and _E. columbi_ have been found here, and there is no reason for supposing that any other species has ever been collected. Many specimens have, however, been mentioned in the literature of the subject which one may have difficulty in referring to either of these species. The difficulty arises from the insufficiency of the descriptions and of the illustrations when there are any.

Two elephant molars from America were figured by Cuvier (Oss. Foss., ed. 4, plate XV, figs. 9, 11), without any exact locality being given, so far as the present writer can discover. Adams (Palæontograph. Soc., vol. XXXIII, p. 122) says of these that one was from Mississippi, the other from Bigbone Lick, but which is from the latter place is not indicated. Caspar Wistar (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., vol. I, 1818, p. 376) reported that in the Jefferson collection there were teeth which he referred to the Siberian elephant. Among these were some which belonged to a young animal.

William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, 1831, pp. 168–171) recalled the quantity of elephant remains found at Bigbone Lick before his visit. In the Finnell collection was a tusk with part of the base missing, which was still 11 feet 10.5 inches long and 22 inches in circumference. It was much curved, a fact which induced him to refer it to an elephant. In the same collection were numerous other parts of elephants, including 20 or more teeth. A Mr. Bullock secured a skull nearly entire. It is pretty certain that the greater part of all this fine material has been lost. Many of the bones and teeth collected in early times went to the museums of Europe; some are mentioned by Leith Adams (Palæontograph. Soc., vol. XXXIII, pp. 75, 122) and Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. IV, p. 191).

2. _Newport, Campbell County._—In 1871 Professor Shaler (Amer. Naturalist, vol. IV, p. 160) stated that he had a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_, which had been found in the uppermost terrace of the alluvial plane opposite Cincinnati, at a depth of over 60 feet from the surface.

In 1877 (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. III, p. 79), the same writer stated that a molar tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ had been found in the city of Newport, about 25 feet above high-water mark and at a depth of 40 feet. It is not improbable that the two accounts refer to the same specimen.

3. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection of Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, made at this place, were several much water-worn teeth of elephants, the species not determined.

4. _Eminence, Henry County._—The geologist David D. Owen, in 1857 (3d Geol. Surv. Kentucky, p. 103), reported that bones and teeth of the mammoth had, at times, been found here. They do not appear to have been preserved.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE EQUIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

MASSACHUSETTS.

(Map 17.)

_Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard._—In 1900 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. XI, p. 459, plate XLII, fig. 2), J. B. Woodworth reported finding an astragalus of a horse in an osseous conglomerate, regarded as belonging to the Miocene. It was identified by Professor H. F. Osborn, who remarked that it resembled closely the same bone of some Pleistocene horses. From this conglomerate have been obtained bones of whales, supposedly also a skull of a walrus. While the size of the astragalus suggests more that of a Pleistocene horse, it is possible that there was some large Miocene equid that lived there. The present writer is inclined to believe it will be found that the astragalus came from one of the older Pleistocene deposits recognized as present at Gay Head.

NEW YORK.

(Map 17.)

1. _Throg’s Neck, New York County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey stated he had a tooth of a horse, taken from the compact marine drift at Throg’s Neck. It was obtained by J. A. Bailey from excavations at Fort Schuyler, 18 feet below the surface.

According to Folio No. 83 of the U. S. Geological Survey, Harlem Quadrangle, Throg’s Neck is occupied by till which usually thinly covers, or leaves exposed, the underlying Hudson schist; Salisbury gives an account of the drift on page 14 of the folio cited. At the depth indicated the tooth was probably lying in pre-Wisconsin deposits; and taking into consideration the geological age of other horse remains, one may reasonably conclude that the tooth at Throg’s Neck was of a horse that lived during the middle or early Pleistocene. That there may be materials of a pre-Wisconsin stage underlying the surface drift at Throg’s Neck is indicated by Woodworth’s discovery (Bull. 48, N. Y. State Mus., p. 626, plate I) of deposits older than the Wisconsin along Hempstead Bay, Long Island.

NOTE.—In 1858 (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. VI, p. 303), Dr. Skilton, of Troy, wrote that a farmer had dug up, in what had been marshy ground, 17 teeth of a horse. These, Skilton stated, belonged to _Equus major_. The teeth were greatly decayed. The writer of the report said that the enamel of the first upper molar, meaning the anterior of the six grinding teeth, measured 1.9 inches (47.5 mm.); that of the corresponding lower teeth 2.33 inches (58 mm.). If these measurements were taken correctly, they indicate a horse much larger than any yet known, unless it be _Equus giganteus_ of Texas. There is no evidence that Dr. Skilton had made any serious study of the dentition of horses and the teeth were probably those of a domestic horse, or even of some other animal.

In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. II, p. 47), Dr. C. Hart Merriam, in his paper “The Vertebrates of the Adirondack Region,” stated he had examined several fossil molar teeth of _Equus major_ exhumed at Keenes Station, near the Oswegatchie Ox Bow, in Jefferson County, New York. He compared them with the corresponding teeth of an immense dray horse and found them much larger.

Professor G. C. Manse, of St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York, sent me for examination 4 upper teeth of a horse which must be those examined by Dr. C. H. Merriam. They are labeled as having been collected at Gouverneur, a town not far from Keenes Station. After a careful study of these teeth and comparison with those of the domestic horse, the writer concludes that they belonged to the latter. Domestic horses are known to have larger teeth. Professor Manse has unfortunately been unable to trace the history of the teeth back to Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, who showed them to Dr. Merriam.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 17.)

1. _Swedesboro, Gloucester County._—In 1868 (Cook’s Geol. New Jersey, p. 741), Cope stated that _Equus complicatus_ was represented in New Jersey by a series of teeth obtained while a mill-dam at Swedesboro was being cleared. No further information has been secured. At the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, the writer has seen a horse-tooth labeled as coming from the town named; but whether or not it is one of those referred to by Cope it is impossible to say.

2. _Fish House, Camden, Camden County._—In 1869 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XIV, p. 250, fig. 55), Cope wrote that a partial skull of _Equus fraternus_ had been found at Fish House in a blackish clay at a depth of 20 feet from the top of the clay. Over the clay was imposed a bed of sand from 8 to 15 feet thick. This important skull appears to have been lost (fig. 7).

In 1897 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. New Jersey for 1896, p. 208, plate X), Lewis Woolman described other remains of horses supposed to belong to _Equus complicatus_, secured in the same Fish House clays. The writer has seen these and regards them as belonging to the species just named. These remains of horses will be mentioned on pages 302–303.

3. _Navesink Hills, Monmouth County._—Somewhere in the northeastern part of Monmouth County, in the region of the Navesink (or Neversink) Hills, have been found remains of a fossil horse. They were first mentioned by S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, pp. 7, 8). He mentioned a cervical vertebra and teeth in sound condition. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 261) wrote that a vertebra and teeth were associated with remains of a mastodon. Mitchill mentions only a part of a tibia of a mastodon. These objects were all presented by Mitchill to the Lyceum of Natural History in New York. The writer believes these teeth had been buried in an early Pleistocene deposit.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia are 2 horse-teeth found at or near Pittston. They were described and figured by Leidy in 1873 (Monograph U. S. Geol. Surv., I, pp. 245–246, plate XXXIII, figs. 16, 17) as _E. major_ (=_E. complicatus_). He stated they were found on the banks of the Susquehanna River, associated with remains of mastodons and _Bison latifrons_. The last was, however, a species of _Symbos_. In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 262), Leidy stated that it was reported these remains had come from a stratum “full of bones.” This stratum belonged probably to an early or middle Pleistocene interglacial stage.

2. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the finding of “a pair of teeth of a horse, which were yet incompletely developed,” in Hartman’s Cave, near the town mentioned. He thought they belonged to an indigenous species. The position of the cave, its fossils, and their age will be considered in discussing the Pleistocene geology of the State on pages 308 to 311.

3. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—As long ago as 1871 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, pp. 235, 384), Wheatley announced the discovery of 2 unidentified species of horses in the great bone cave at the place named. They were associated with the remains of 40 other species of vertebrates, besides many insects. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., ser. 2, vol. II, pp. 193–267, plates XVIII-XXI), Cope described the materials collected up to that time from the same cave. Of horses he recorded 2 forms, which he named _Equus fraternus fraternus_ and _E. fraternus pectinatus_. He was inclined to believe the latter would prove to be a distinct species. It is not certain whether this conclusion was correct; but if not a species, it is probably a subspecies of _Equus complicatus_. The teeth referred to _E. fraternus fraternus_ are pretty certainly those of _E. complicatus_. Of this species Cope had a decayed skull of a young animal with teeth, besides a considerable number of other teeth and some bones of the skeleton. The geological relations of these remains and those of the other species will be discussed on pages 311 to 320.

4. _Rutherford, Dauphin County._—In 1868 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1868, p. 195), Leidy described a horse-tooth, loaned him by Mr. W. Lorenz and found somewhere between Rutherford and Highspire. It was met in a depression 6 feet deep and 20 feet across, filled with diluvium. Leidy thought the tooth might have belonged to a contemporary of the mastodon, but this was equally improbable. All the cement was dissolved from the tooth, and the latter was stained by iron, but not petrified. It was an upper second true molar. It has probably suffered the fate of such specimens as are retained in private hands.

5. _Frankstown, Blair County._—From Mr. O. A. Peterson, of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, the writer learns that some part of an unidentified species of horse has been found in the collection made some years ago at Frankstown. For a list of the species page 321 may be consulted.

OHIO.

(Maps 17, 36.)

1. _Cincinnati, Hamilton County._—In 1895 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XVII, p. 217), Mr. Seth Hayes recorded the discovery of a molar tooth and a vertebra of a horse, identified as _Equus fraternus_. It was met with in exhuming the remains of the “Shaw mastodon” in Hyde Park, in the northeastern part of Cincinnati. The details of the exhumation are given in the description of the mastodon. The geological age of these animals dates probably from about the Sangamon stage. The writer has not been able to examine the horse remains referred to. It is probable that the tooth belonged to _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Columbus, Franklin County._—In 1848 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 1, vol. _V_, p. 215), Charles Whittlesey stated that bones and teeth of a horse had been found in fissures or “clay seams” of the Cliff limestone at Columbus. In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), the same geologist reported that Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, had, many years before, obtained from the crevices of the Cliff lime rock, on the west side of Scioto River, a number of bones embedded in red clay. Among these was the tooth of a horse. The crevice had not been open since the date of the white settlement of the country and it was wholly filled by the red clay which results from the decomposition of the limestone. Probably all the remains mentioned by Whittlesey have been lost.

In 1875 (Cin. Quart. Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. II, p. 154), Klippart wrote that, in excavating the exterior wall at the Ohio penitentiary, the warden, Mr. Burr, found the fossil jaw of a horse with the molars in good condition. He stated the horse must have been one-third larger than the ordinary horse of to-day.

From Professor Clinton R. Stauffer, of Adelbert College, Cleveland, the writer received for examination a horse-tooth, labeled: “Catalogue No. 356. Horse-tooth. Given by Robert Cartwright. Found at Columbus, Ohio, in excavating in a peat-bed for a gas holder in the penitentiary grounds, October 30, 1873.” It is possible that this is the same tooth mentioned by Klippart, but probably it is another. The present writer identifies the tooth as that of _Equus complicatus_. The geological age is probably approximately that of the Sangamon stage.

3. _Salt Creek, Columbiana County._—In 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., art. 3, vol. V, p. 16), Charles Whittlesey reported a tooth of a horse found, about 20 years before, in making the Sandy and Beaver Canal, along Sandy Creek, in Columbiana County, at a depth not exceeding 12 or 15 feet. Probably the locality was in the southwestern corner of the county. The sources of Salt Creek are in Hanover Township, not far from the sources of Little Beaver Creek. From this vicinity Salt Creek flows westward. This county lies within the Illinoian drift region and the horse probably lived during the Sangamon stage or earlier.

INDIANA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—So far as the writer knows, remains of extinct horses have been found in Indiana only at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Only a single vertebra, a last cervical, was secured. This formed part of a collection made at the place named by Mr. Francis A. Lincke. The collection was described by Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199). The bone was referred to _Equus americanus_, a name employed at that time for the horse now known as _Equus complicatus_. Although it would usually be impossible to identify a species of horse on such materials, it is probable that Leidy was correct. The geological age of the bone-bed is discussed on page 32. It is concluded that the age is most probably the Sangamon, but possibly Aftonian. The same species has been found at Bigbone Lick, above Louisville, on the Kentucky side. The deposits there overlie the Illinoian drift and are, in part at least, Sangamon.

Associated with the horse bone at Pigeon Creek were megalonyx, a probably extinct bison, the Virginia deer, a tapir, and the extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_.

ILLINOIS.

(Map 17.)

1. _On the line between Bond and Fayette Counties._—In 1899, Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 39, figure) described under the name of _Equus major_ an equine maxilla, containing 4 premolars, sent him by A. H. Worthen, State geologist of Illinois. This maxilla had been found in a bog between Bond and Fayette counties. It was referred by Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 135, fig. 24) to _Equus pectinatus_ Cope. The specimen is in the collection of the State museum at Springfield and has been studied by the writer, who regards it as belonging to _Equus complicatus_. A fossil horse-tooth found at Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, greatly resembles one of the premolars of this jaw.

The region where this jaw was found lies within the area of the Illinoian drift; and, inasmuch as the specimen was found on a bog lying on this drift, the animal must have lived after the withdrawal of the Illinoian ice-sheet. The bog deposit belonged probably to the Sangamon stage.

The writer has endeavored earnestly, but in vain, to obtain more exact details regarding the locality where the jaw was found and the depth of interment.

2. _Alton, Madison County._—At a meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science, December 4, 1882 (Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. IV, p. LXXX), William McAdams reported he had seen the fossil tooth of a horse from near Alton. No details were added, except that all the horses he had seen from the drift were large animals, while those from the bad lands of Dakota were mostly quite small.

In the McAdams collection, an account of which will be given on page 339, is a fragment of an incisor of a horse. It has on it McAdams’s No. 25. It is doubtful that this tooth was found in the loess. All the fossils of that collection purporting to have been found in the loess are very white, while this is of a brownish color, and there is a coat of iron oxide adhering to some parts of it. This may or may not be the tooth mentioned by McAdams as above reported.

3. _Greene County._—At the meeting of the St. Louis Academy of Science just referred to, Mr. McAdams stated that teeth of an extinct horse had been brought up from the bottom of a well being dug in Greene County. More exact situation and the depth of the well were not mentioned.

Both Greene and Madison counties are occupied by the Illinoian drift-sheet. The horse-teeth found in these counties might have come from Sangamon deposits; or possibly the Illinoian drift had been passed through and Yarmouth interglacial had been entered.

The geologists J. A. Udden and E. W. Shaw (Belleville-Breese Folio, No. 195, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 7) have noted in those quadrangles deposits which may consist of pre-Illinoian till; also old black soils which may belong to the Yarmouth. The quadrangles mentioned lie along the southern border of Madison County. The old soils were found at depths varying from 30 to 75 feet. In this region, too, the Illinoian drift is overlain by a blanket of loess. To arrive at any valuable conclusion, one ought to know just where specimens are found and at what depths and in what kind of deposits. On the other hand, the information is of the most meager kind. The specimens mentioned are not in a collection made by McAdams and now in the National Museum.

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Marshall Hall, Charles County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper right molar, first or second, of a horse labeled as found at this place. It is credited to Mr. O. N. Bryan, who, some years ago, contributed many articles to the museum. The conditions of discovery are not known. The length of the grinding-surface is 28 mm., the width 27 mm. It probably belongs to _Equus leidyi_. According to Shattuck’s map of the Pliocene and Pleistocene of Maryland (Maryland Geol. Surv., 1906, plate I) this locality is occupied by Talbot deposits. Shattuck regards the Talbot as belonging to late Pleistocene times. The present writer does not accept this view.

2. _Georgetown, District of Columbia._—In 1835 (Med. and Phys. Researches, p. 267), Dr. Richard Harlan acknowledged the receipt, at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, of remains of a fossil horse found at Georgetown in constructing the canal along the Potomac. These were probably teeth and had been sent by Colonel I. J. Abert, of Washington. They ought now to be in the Academy mentioned. In 1850, R. W. Gibbes (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67) presented before the American Association of Sciences a specimen (a tooth?) which he said came from the bank of the Potomac and was associated with a tooth of _Bos_ (_Bison_). How he came to have this was not related, nor is it certain that it was found near Washington.

3. _Mitchellville, Prince George’s County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 2 upper teeth, molars or premolars (No. 8813), of a horse found on his estate northwest from the town named, by Mr. Edward S. Walker. They were presented to the National Museum by Dr. Edward W. Berry, of John Hopkins University. These teeth, apparently first and second molars, seem to belong to an undescribed species. The table gives the height of the teeth and dimensions of the grinding-surface in millimeters.

┌────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┬────────────┐ │ Tooth. │ Height. │ Length. │ Width. │ Protocone. │ ├────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┼────────────┤ │M^1 │70 │29.5 │25 │12 │ │M^2 │73 │30 │23 │14.5 │ └────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┴────────────┘

The teeth present the appearance of having been little worn. Measurements of the crown taken about one-third the distance to the base are as follows:

┌────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┬────────────────┐ │ Tooth. │ Length. │ Width. │ Protocone. │ ├────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┼────────────────┤ │M^1 │25 │25 │11 │ │M^2 │26 │25.2 │13 │ └────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┴────────────────┘

The teeth are moderately curved, so that the outer face is convex, the inner concave. Some of the cement is retained and is colored blue with vivianite. The enamel presents less complication than is usually found in either _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_. The dimensions of the teeth and the narrowness, especially of the second molar, seem to exclude reference to either of the species mentioned.

4. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, had for many years been making collections, mostly of Miocene vertebrates, along the cliffs at Chesapeake Beach. Among other fossils found there are some remains of horses, among them one much worn upper tooth, probably a premolar. The height is only 21 mm., the length of the grinding-surface 22.4 mm., the width 24 mm. It may be referred provisionally to _E. leidyi_. Mr. Palmer had also an ungual phalanx and a cervical vertebra and various other bones and teeth of horses. The geological situation at the place and the other Pleistocene species found there will be discussed on pages 347–348.

5. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In his work on the exploration of Bushy Cavern, near Cavetown, Mr. Charles Peabody (Bull. IV, Dept. Archæol., Phillips Acad., p. 12) stated that in a limestone quarry, south of the cave, in the red earth, was found a tooth which J. W. Gidley identified as probably _Equus complicatus_. In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection made at Cavetown. In this were other remains referred to _Equus complicatus_. Some fragments of a large tooth were referred with doubt to _Equus giganteus_.

6. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a crevice in a limestone rock, at a point about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, taken in a straight line, J. W. Gidley, in the fall of 1912, made a large collection of fossil vertebrates. In this collection is a first phalanx of an extinct horse. The species has not been determined. A list of the accompanying species, so far as determined, will be presented on pages 349–350.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Abingdon, Washington County._—In the U. S. National Museum is the outer half of an upper hindermost molar of a horse sent, in 1869, by Mr. Wyndham Robinson. With it were remains of _Mammut americanum_. The length of the grinding-surface is 30 mm. It belongs pretty certainly to _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, p. 474) reported the occurrence of an upper left molar of a horse at Saltville. The species has not been determined. The matter will be referred to again on pages 352–353.

3. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, pp. 171–182), Cope gave an account of the discovery of remains of numerous fossil vertebrates somewhere along New River, in the county named. Among these animals were upper and lower milk and permanent molars of a horse. Cope identified these as belonging doubtfully to _Equus complicatus_. On page 353, the Pleistocene geology of the region and a list of the accompanying vertebrates will be presented.

4. _Staunton, Augusta County._—From Dr. W. F. Deekens, surgeon dentist of Staunton, a tooth of a horse found somewhere in that vicinity, was sent to the U. S. National Museum. It had been found in a limestone quarry, 70 feet below the surface, in a narrow stratum of clay. Probably the tooth had been carried down into a crevice in the limestone by a current of water. The length of the grinding-surface is 31 mm. The arrangement of the enamel folds is simple, but the tooth had only just begun to be worn. The narrowness of the tooth is remarkable and it may belong to an unrecognized species.

5. _Denniston, Halifax County._—From Mr. G. W. Joyner, living near this place, the U. S. National Museum in 1920 received a left lower grinding-tooth of a horse, found by the donor in a little stream on his farm.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Point Pleasant, Mason County._—From Dr. L. V. Guthrie, superintendent of the West Virginia Asylum, at Huntington, the U. S. National Museum received for examination a horse-tooth dredged up with gravel from Ohio River at Point Pleasant. The writer has not been able to distinguish this tooth (either the last or the next to the last premolar) from that of _Equus niobrarensis_. If further discoveries confirm this provisional determination, the known range of the species will be greatly extended. The tooth has been deposited in the U. S. National Museum by the owner, Captain H. S. Wert, of Point Pleasant. The presence of this tooth proves that there are, somewhere not far away, some early Pleistocene deposits, probably in some high terrace along the Ohio, such as are found in abundance along the upper part of the river and its affluents.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 17, 39.)

1 _Elizabethtown, Bladen County._—The geologist E. Emmons (North Carolina Geol. Surv., 1858, p. 197, fig. 18) described and figured an upper left second or third molar tooth of a horse which he called _Equus caballus_, the domestic animal. It, with a tooth from the lower jaw, had been found in a bed of Miocene age at Elizabethtown. Whatever may have been the age of the marl-bed, the horse lived during the Pleistocene. Conrad, however (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, 1869, p. 359), insisted on the Miocene age of the animal. The same tooth was, in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, plate XV, fig. 16), figured by Leidy and referred to _E. fraternus_. It is now known as _E. leidyi_. Miller (North Carolina Geol. and Econom. Surv., vol. III, p. 248) points out that patches of Miocene marl do occur in the vicinity of Elizabethtown.

2. _Sixteen miles Southeast of Newbern, on the Neuse River, in Pamlico County._—In a locality on the left bank of Neuse River, about 16 miles below Newbern, bones of _Equus_ and various other animals were first found long ago, apparently by Nuttall. T. A. Conrad, in 1838 (Fossils Medial Tert. U. S., p. X), spoke of great numbers of bones of horse, mastodon, etc. Harlan (Med. Phys. Res., p. 267) says that Conrad possessed specimens from the locality. Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus. part 3, p. 89) states that there is in that museum an upper cheek-tooth from Newbern. So far as the writer knows, none of the teeth found here has been figured or accurately described.

On pages 358–359 will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils collected at Newbern and a consideration of the geology.

3. _Greenville, Pitt County._—In 1852, E. Emmons (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, p. 106) said he had procured a grinder of a horse at Greenville, in the sandy stratum just above the Miocene marl. In 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, fig. 21), the same writer figured an incisor tooth found in the Miocene of Pitt County. Conrad (Amer. Jour. Sci. 1871, vol. I, p. 468) spoke of the finding of black and mineralized teeth of a horse, which he regarded as _E. fraternus_, in Miocene marl. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1871, p. 113) reported on the upper molar tooth which Conrad had found. He regarded it as occurring accidentally in the Miocene and as belonging to _E. complicatus_; but as the tooth was injured, Leidy thought it might belong to _Hipparion_. In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia the writer has seen quite certainly the same tooth. It appears to be an upper premolar, the third or the fourth. It has a height of about 50 mm. and a length of 30 mm. The inner half has been split off. It is that of _E. complicatus_.

4. _Plymouth, Washington County._—E. Emmons, in 1858 (North Carolina Geol. Surv. Agric., Eastern Counties, p. 197, figs. 19, 20), figured 2 teeth, an upper left molar or premolar and a hindermost left molar, which had been washed up on the beach at Plymouth. This place is on the south bank of Roanoke River. Judging from Emmons’s figures, one must conclude that these teeth belong to _Equus leidyi_.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Beaufort, Beaufort County._—In the museum of Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, New Jersey, the writer has seen 6 teeth of _Equus_, presented by Mr. G. U. Shepard jr., and obtained on Coosaw River; but no more detailed information has been furnished. In the Charleston Museum is a tooth of _Equus complicatus_ which was found by Mr. Earle Sloan, in Coosaw River.

2. _Charleston, Charleston County._—The remains of horses, especially teeth, are among the most abundant Pleistocene fossils in the region around Charleston. Most of the specimens have been discovered in dredging for phosphate rock, and usually nothing is recorded about the exact locality where found or about the conditions of burial. A considerable number of well-preserved teeth have, however, been discovered in known localities and under defined conditions.

The earliest collection of fossils described from about Charleston was made by Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston, and Captain A. H. Bowman, U. S. Army. These fossils were sent to Dr. Joseph Leidy and described by him as early as 1858, but more fully in 1860, in Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina.” Most of these fossils were obtained on the shores of Ashley River, about 10 miles above Charleston. From this locality were described 5 upper teeth of _Equus complicatus_ (Leidy, op. cit., p. 102, plate XV, figs. 2–5, 7) and 2 lower ones (plate XVI, figs. 19, 21).

Of _Equus leidyi_ (=_E. fraternus_ Leidy) the author quoted described from Ashley River 2 lower teeth (op. cit., plate XVI, figs. 20, 22). Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 98) reported that there were in the collection of C. N. Shepard, at Amherst College, teeth of _Equus major_ (=_E. complicatus_) and _E. fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_) secured in the Ashley River deposit. Leidy, in 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Vert. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 245, plate XXXIII, figs. 14, 15) reported an upper molar and a lower one of _E. complicatus_, found in the “phosphate beds” of Ashley River.

From Doctor Swamp, Johns Island, southwest of Charleston, Leidy (op. cit., p. 103, plate XV, fig. 6) described an upper tooth as that of his _Equus fraternus_. This was afterwards made by Cope the type of this species; but Gidley (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XIV, p. 111) determined that this type belongs itself to _E. complicatus_. It was this determination which made it necessary to give a new name, _E. leidyi_, to the teeth of medium size which had gone under the name of _E. fraternus_.

In the National Museum is a finely preserved upper right third or fourth premolar of what appears to be _Equus complicatus_ which is recorded having been found in Wando River, northwest from Charleston. The tooth is 75 mm. high, 31 mm. long on the grinding-face, and 27 mm. wide. The enamel is much complicated. In Holmes’s “Post-Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina,” on pages 102 and 104, Leidy mentions an upper second premolar of _Equus fraternus_ found on Goose Creek, about 12 miles from Charleston. He added a paragraph on the geology. Further reference to this will be found on page 363. In the Charleston Museum and in the private collections about Charleston the writer has seen many teeth of horses found in that region, most of them without statements about exact localities, though some were found in Stono River. The teeth of _E. leidyi_ appear to be more numerous in the collections than those of _E. complicatus_. Many teeth of both species are contained in the Scanlan collection, made in the region about Charleston and now owned by Yale University. In this collection are found also two lower molars which the writer refers to _Equus littoralis_. The reader is referred to pages 362 to 366.

3. _Richland County._—On the occasion referred to in the next paragraph, Robert W. Gibbes presented a tooth of a horse found in Richland district at a depth of 17 feet, in a slough, supposed to have been a former bed of Congaree River.

4. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Gibbes showed before the Association several specimens of horse-teeth, referred to _Equus americanus_ (_E. complicatus_), found in supposed Pliocene at Darlington. They were reported as having been discovered associated with bones of a mastodon, presumably of _Mammut americanum_. No additional information was furnished. Darlington is situated on a branch of Black Creek, an affluent of Great Pedee River. The teeth were probably found in a Pleistocene terrace deposit.

GEORGIA.

(Map 17.)

Apparently remains of extinct horses have been found in Georgia in only two places, as follows:

1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—During the construction (in 1838–39) of a canal which connected Altamaha and Turtle Rivers, remains of various fossil vertebrates were discovered. A list of these will be given on page 370. Among the remains was a lower left last premolar or first molar of an extinct horse, described by Leidy in 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, p. 266) and again in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pleiocene Foss. South Carolina, p. 104, plate XVI, fig. 23). In the first publication he referred the tooth to his species _Equus americanus_ (=_E. complicatus_); but in 1860 he referred it to his _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_). The size of the tooth appears to justify his later conclusion.

Lyell, in his “Second Visit to the United States,” made in 1845 (ed. 2, vol. 1, p. 348), stated that remains of _Equus_ had been found in the Brunswick Canal. He referred it to _Equus curvidens_, and stated that this species had the upper teeth more curved than any living horse.

On page 436 of Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, J. W. Gidley furnished a list of vertebrates dredged up somewhere near Brunswick. Among the species are 3 horses, _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_), _E. complicatus_, and _E. tau_ (probably _E. littoralis_). Through the liberality of Professor S. W. McCallie, State Geologist of Georgia, the writer has been permitted to study these teeth. There is one damaged upper molar which belongs to _E. complicatus_; 4 upper and 1 lower grinders belong to _E. leidyi_; 2 upper left molars are certainly those of _E. littoralis_; one having a height of 72 mm., a crown-length of 23 mm., and a width of 22 mm. The length is slightly greater than that of the type of the species.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia the writer has examined an equine tibia presented by J. H. Couper, probably found in the Brunswick Canal with the other remains presented by Mr. Couper. It is compared in size with a tibia of the horse Edwin Forrest, with that of a draft horse in the U. S. National Museum, and with that of _E. scotti_, No. 10628, in the American Museum of Natural History.

_Measurements of tibiæ of horses, in millimeters._

┌─────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ │ │Brunswick│ Edwin │ Draft │ E. │ │ │ horse. │Forrest. │ horse. │ scotti. │ ├─────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Total length of tibia │ 455│ 365│ 420│ 370│ │Side-to-side diameter at │ 65│ 42│ 50│ 49│ │ middle of length │ │ │ │ │ └─────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

The Brunswick horse was evidently a very large one, but it may have been an unusually large specimen of _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—On page 27 of William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” in Joseph Habersham’s memorandum, is noted the fact that among the fossils found here was a well-preserved tooth of a horse. The height of the tooth is given as being 2.75 inches, greatest diameter 1.2 inches, the least 1 inch. The tooth was evidently an upper premolar or molar. It belonged probably either to _Equus complicatus_ or _E. leidyi_, but to which is uncertain.

In 1850 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. III, p. 67), Robert W. Gibbes reported the discovery of horse remains, probably a tooth, in the alluvium of Skidaway Island, a few miles southeast of Savannah. No further information was furnished. The geological conditions at this island and the fossils found there will be considered on pages 370 to 372.

FLORIDA.

(Maps 17, 18.)

1. _Stokes Ferry, St. Mary’s River, Nassau County._—In 1909 (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 147), Sellards stated, on authority of notes received from Dr. L. W. Stephenson, that 3 teeth of a fossil horse had been found at the place named. At the same place was discovered a fragment of a tooth of an elephant, most probably _Elephas columbi_, and some ear-bones of a whale. The writer has not seen these and does not know to what species they belonged.

_Measurements of tibiæ of horses._

┌───────────────────────────────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┐ │ Dimensions taken. │Equus sp.│ E. │ E. │ │ │Florida. │ scotti. │caballus.│ ├───────────────────────────────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┤ │Total length of bone │ 396│ 370│ 392│ │Length on outer border │ 360│ │ │ │Length on inner border │ 378│ │ │ │Width across upper end │ 125±│ 107│ 108│ │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ │ length │ 45│ 40│ 37│ │Side-to-side diameter at middle of │ │ │ │ │ length │ 56│ 49│ 43│ │Greatest width at lower end │ 94│ 93│ 86│ └───────────────────────────────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴─────────┘

2. _Almero Farm, St. John County._—In the collection of Mr. Fred R. Allen, of St. Augustine, Florida, the writer has examined a left tibia of an extinct horse, found in the Inland Waterway Canal, about 28 miles south of St. Augustine. The species has not been determined, but it may be well to put on record the measurements. It apparently belonged to a rather large horse. For comparison, other corresponding measurements are given, taken from _Equus scotti_, No. 10628 of the American Museum of Natural History, and from _Equus caballus_, No. 74 of Mr. Chubb’s collection at the museum mentioned, a trotting stallion.

It will be seen that the tibia found below St. Augustine is a relatively stouter bone than those it is compared with. The large horse, known to have existed in Florida, is _Equus complicatus_.

3. _Neals, Alachua County._—This place is near Newberry. Here have been collected _Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Tapirus terrestris?_, and _Hipparion_ sp. indet.

4. _Wade, Alachua County._—The writer has seen at Tallahassee, 4 fossil _Equus_ teeth, found at this place. One is No. 1470 of the Florida Geological Survey and labeled as found in the Buttgenbach “cummer” mine. It is a lower left second premolar, 40 mm. high, 31 mm. long, and 14.5 mm. wide, not including the cement present. Another tooth, No. 1462, from Buttgenbach’s river mine, near Wade, is the hindermost left molar of the lower jaw, 32 mm. long, and 13 mm. wide in front. It is thought these teeth belonged to _Equus leidyi_.

5. _Newberry, Alachua County._—This is the locality mentioned by Dall (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 128) under the name of Hallowells; but he mentioned no fossils from this place. In the Report of the Florida Geological Survey, volume v, page 58, Sellards stated that a species of _Hipparion_ had been discovered in the hard phosphate. In the eighth report of the same survey, on page 42, the present writer described a specifically undetermined species of _Parahippus_, also from the phosphate deposits. On page 94 Dr. Sellards reported _Equus littoralis_ and _Odocoileus_ from Newberry. The writer has identified as _Equus littoralis_, a horse represented by a lower left hindermost molar, found at Newberry.

6. _Archer, Alachua County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy, in 1885 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 32, 33), described from this place a rhinoceros, _Rhinoceros proterus_, and _Hippotherium ingenuum_. In 1886 (ibid., pp. 11, 12) he again mentioned these species and described in addition to them _Mastodon floridanus_ and 3 species of camels which he referred to the genus _Auchenia_. In a list furnished by Leidy to Dr. W. H. Dall (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), there are listed, besides the species mentioned, _Megatherium_ and _Cervus virginianus?_, all found in the Alachua clays and usually referred to the Lower Miocene or Upper Pliocene. In the list presented on page 375, under the geology of Florida, a species of tapir is added. At present the writer assigns the deposits known as the Alachua clays to lowermost Pleistocene.

7. _Williston, Levy County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is an upper last molar of _Equus_, found at the place named and presented by E. Mixon. The enamel is not much plicated. The size of the tooth indicated that it belonged to _E. leidyi_. In the list of vertebrates unearthed at Mixon’s (near Williston), furnished by Leidy to Dall, were included two species of _Hippotherium_, _H. ingenuum_ and _H. plicatile_. These species are now referred to the genus _Hipparion_. _H. plicatile_ was described by Leidy in 1887 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 309). A list of the species at present known to have been obtained here is to be found on page 375 under the geology of Florida. They have all been found in the Alachua clays and are usually regarded as belonging to the late Tertiary.

8. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 13), Leidy reported the discovery of some fossil vertebrates in a fissure in a limestone rock near Ocala. Some equine teeth he referred to _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_). The other species were identified as _Smilodon floridanus_, _Elephas columbi_, and (with some doubt) _Procamelus minimus_. For conclusions regarding the geology of the locality see page 378.

9. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer has examined 2 fossil horse-teeth found near Dunnellon, now the property of the Florida Geological Survey. No. 1366 is from the Camp Phosphate Company’s Blue Run mine. It is a first or second upper molar, worn down to a height of only an inch and having a grinding-surface 26 mm. long and 25 mm. wide and with a protocone 12 mm. long fore-and-aft. No. 1444, also a first or second upper molar, has a height of 47 mm., a length of 24 mm., a width of 23 mm., and a protocone of 11.5 mm. The enamel of the lakes is much plicated. The teeth are identified as those of _Equus leidyi_. No. 1444 has been figured by Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 111, fig. 40) and described as dredged from the Schilmann and Bene river mine, on Withlacoochee River.

On page 376, under the geology of Florida, will be found a list of the species obtained at Dunnellon and the surrounding region. In this list is included _Parahippus_ sp. indet. and _Hipparion plicatile_. Dr. Sellards believes that many species of that list belong to the Pleistocene. The horse-like species, the rhinoceros, and the camel are held by him as being older than the Pleistocene.

10. _Hernando, Citrus County._—At this place have been secured _Gomphotherium floridanum_, _Hipparion_ sp. indet., and _Procamelus_ sp. indet., all from the phosphate deposits and referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or the Lower Pliocene.

11. _Holder, Citrus County._—In the collection of Dr. H. G. Bystra, of Holden, is a fossil horse-tooth dredged from Withlacoochee River, in section 29, township 17 south, range 19 east. The species to which the tooth belonged has not been determined.

12. _Orange County._—The writer has seen, in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, an upper right last molar of Equus, labeled as found in the county named. Nothing more is known by the writer about the tooth.

13. _Eau Gallie, Brevard County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards stated that at this place, in the Hopkins drainage canal, had been collected teeth of _Elephas columbi_ and _Equus complicatus_.

14. _Kingsford, Polk County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 3 horse-teeth collected in 1903 by Mr. Juan C. Edmundoz, from some of the phosphate mines in the region about Kingsford. Although most of the fossils from these mines have been supposed to belong to the late Miocene or early Pliocene, these horse-teeth are certainly of Pleistocene age. One tooth, No. 8620, is an upper right true molar, either the first or the second. It is worn down to about half its original length. The length of the grinding-surface is 25 mm.; its width is 26 mm. The enamel surrounding the lakes is extremely complicated. Another tooth, No. 8619, is a right hindermost molar with the protocone missing. A third tooth, No. 8618, is a little-worn lower molar, probably the second. The height is 83 mm., the length 25 mm., width 14 mm. The teeth are to be referred to _Equus leidyi_.

15. _Brewster, Polk County._—In volume VIII of the Florida Geological Survey, pages 95, 96, Dr. Sellards states that from the phosphate mines at Brewster have been obtained teeth of _Hipparion minor_. A list of the associated species is to be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene geology of Florida on page 380.

16. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a collection of 10 teeth of _Equus_, said to have been dredged in Alafia River. Some belong to _E. leidyi_. One, a right third or fourth upper premolar worn down to a height of 40 mm., has still a length of 30 mm. and a width of 27 mm.; apparently it belongs to _E. complicatus_. The writer has described an extinct species of box-tortoise, _Terrapene putnami_ (Fossil Turtles, N. A., p. 360) dredged by Professor F. W. Putnam in Alafia River about a mile above its entrance into Tampa Bay. With the bone, which forms the type of the species, were dredged a peripheral bone of a _Testudo_, possibly _T. crassiscutata_, and remains of horses and tapirs. It is pretty certain that the 10 teeth above mentioned were secured by Professor Putnam.

In Heidelberg University, Tiffin, Ohio, is a part of a lower right premolar of _Equus_, apparently _E. leidyi_, said to have been found near Tampa Bay.

17. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—At several places about the mouth of Manatee River have been found relics of fossil horses. Mr. Ernest Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent to the U. S. National Museum for identification some teeth found in Manatee River, others in Terra Ceia Bay. The teeth are all well fossilized; some are upper teeth, others belong below. The writer regards them as belonging to _Equus leidyi_.

In the same museum are 2 lower right true molars, a second and a third, sent from Manatee by Mr. N. B. Moore. The teeth are moderately worn. The length of the grinding-surface of the hindermost molar is only 23 mm., the width 12 mm. They must have belonged to a small horse and are referred to _Equus littoralis_.

From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received in February 1921, several teeth of _Equus leidyi_, 2 of _E. complicatus_, and 1 of _E. littoralis_, which had been washed up on the beach at Palma Sola, about 10 miles below Palmetto. With these teeth came parts of antlers of a deer, a part of a metacarpal and an astragalus of _Bison latifrons?_, a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, a part of a tooth of _Elephas columbi_, a fragment or two of a terrapin (_Trachemys_ sp. indet.), a fragment of the carapace of a soft-shelled turtle, and teeth of sharks. The porpoise and the sharks, also a part of a metapodial of a camel, may belong to Miocene or Pliocene deposits near the locality.

18. _Sarasota Bay, Sarasota County._—The region a little further south than Manatee River has furnished remains of extinct horses. Sellards (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 112, fig. 47) has figured a lower tooth of a large horse, found by Mr. Joseph Willcox, at White Beach, on Sarasota Bay. Inasmuch as the fore-and-aft dimension of the tooth is 30 mm., it very probably belonged to _Equus complicatus_. Mr. Willcox has submitted to the writer 2 large lower teeth, regarded as belonging to the species just mentioned. Another lower tooth, apparently a third or fourth lower premolar, found on the same beach, has the fore-and-aft dimension only 26 mm., the width 15 mm. This is referred to _Equus leidyi_. At Blackburn’s place, 12 miles south of White Beach, Mr. Willcox secured a tooth of _Equus_ apparently little worn. The height is 83 mm., the length at the summit 28 mm., but a little further down only 26 mm.; the width 12 mm. This tooth is to be referred to _Equus leidyi_.

In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are 7 teeth of _Equus_, collected in 1911 by Mr. Barnum Brown at a place 8 miles southeast of Sarasota. They appear to belong to the Florida horse of medium size, _Equus leidyi_.

19. _Calvenia, Hardee County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 4838) is an upper right last molar of a horse labeled as found near the mouth of Charlie Apopka Creek and as having been presented by Captain Le Baron through L. C. Johnson. The tooth belongs to _Equus leidyi_. Another tooth found at the same place, at the same time (December 16, 1883), and presented in the same way, is a lower grinder. The height is 75 mm., the length, 27 mm., the thickness 12.3 mm. It is to be referred to _E. leidyi_.

20. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—Many remains of horses, especially teeth, have been collected at and near this place, by Mr. Joseph Willcox, on a sand-bar at Arcadia being explored for phosphate. The first published description of these remains appears to be that of Leidy in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., II, p. 19). Leidy had at hand 17 upper molars, 2 lower molars, and 2 incisors. He was, at that time, uncertain whether these teeth pertained to an indigenous species of _Equus_ or to the domestic horse. The manager of the Arcadia Phosphate Company, Mr. T. S. Moorhead, informed Mr. Willcox that the main source of the materials of the bar extended for miles along the shores of Peace Creek and was about 8 feet thick.

Among the materials examined by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 182) was a tooth which he regarded as belonging to _Equus major_ (=_E. complicatus_), but, on the suggestion of Professor Cope, he described and figured as _Hippotherium princeps_. Later, Lucas (Trans. cit., vol. IV, p. 49, plate XIX, figs. 12, 13) concluded that Leidy’s first opinion was correct. The tooth is abnormal in having the column of the protocone free from the other cusps of the tooth for a short distance from the grinding-surface. In Bulletin No. 84 (p. 129) of the U. S. Geological Survey, Leidy referred the Peace Creek horses to his _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_), and it is found that in size and other respects the type of _Hippotherium princeps_ agrees with this species. It is retained, however, as _Equus princeps_.

In the U. S. National Museum are 6 teeth collected on Peace Creek, probably not far from Arcadia, which all apparently belong to E. leidyi. J. W. Gidley (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, 1901, p. 121) stated that there is in the American Museum a tooth from Peace Creek, much too small to be referred to any species at that time reported from the United States, but resembling closely _Equus tau_, from Mexico. This tooth probably belongs to _Equus littoralis_.

Besides the horses of the genus _Equus_, there have been found at or near Arcadia the 3–toed horse _Hipparion ingenuum_. Whether this is to be referred with the great majority of the fossils found in this region to the Aftonian fauna of the first interglacial or to the Nebraskan stage it is impossible to say.

21. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Numerous remains of extinct horses have been found here, but they always consist of single bones or teeth, sometimes in fine condition, sometimes somewhat water-worn. The remains occur in both deposits, designated as No. 2 and No. 3, but in the latter the materials are more fragmentary and not specifically identifiable. Sellards has figured some of the teeth in his seventh Annual Report (1915, pp. 110, 111, figs. 40–43). In his eighth report, on page 149, he has recognized the occurrence here of 3 species, _Equus complicatus_, _E. leidyi_, and _E. littoralis_.

The writer has examined a large canine tooth found in the stratum of sand, No. 2. From its size it is referred to _Equus complicatus_. Its fore-and-aft diameter is 14 mm. Another tooth from the stratum, an upper right third true molar, finely preserved and retaining some of the cement, is regarded as belonging to _E. leidyi_. Two lower teeth from No. 2 are water-worn, but retain their structure. The fore-and-aft diameter of each is 21 mm. They must have belonged to the little horse called _E. littoralis_. A fragment of an upper tooth is referred to this species. It is not water-worn, but has been split from the crown to the root. A hinder first phalangeal bone found in the canal (No. 1802 of the Florida Geological Survey) is 96 mm. long. This indicates a horse as large as our ordinary domestic horses and it probably belonged to _Equus complicatus_.

22. _Labelle, Lee County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 17), Leidy stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had obtained, from a Pliocene shell-bed on Caloosahatchee River, some remains of a fossil horse, consisting of two cervical vertebræ and a part of a lower jaw, which contained the first and second molar teeth. These teeth are probably what would be called premolars 2 and 3. Leidy referred the remains to his _Equus fraternus_ (=_E. leidyi_).

Dall (Bull. No. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) stated that _Equus fraternus_, _Bison latifrons_, and _Elephas columbi_ were found in Pliocene beds on the Caloosahatchee, but Sellards (8th Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 102) corrects this error as to the age.

The writer has received a letter from Mr. Willcox in which he states that the fragment of lower jaw was found about 2 or 3 miles below Labelle.

23. _Palm Beach, Palm Beach County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 105), Sellards wrote that Mr. J. L. Hayes had secured for the Florida State Geological Survey, from the Palm Beach Canal, teeth of _Elephas columbi_ and _Equus complicatus_ and a femur of a species of _Bison_.

ALABAMA.

(Map 17.)

1. _Newbern, Hale County._—In August 1914, there was received at the U. S. National Museum, from Mr. J. W. White, of Newbern, a lower left first incisor of a horse. This, with a lower molar of a species of _Bison_, had been found in a creek. The incisor is somewhat worn, but still retained a part of the cup. The grinding-face is 14 mm. from side to side. The species can not be determined.

2. _Bogue Chitto, Dallas County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper right true molar, first or second, of a horse, found at this place in 1883, by L. C. Johnson, of the U. S. Geological Survey. The tooth is identified as that of _Equus leidyi_. The enamel is much crenated. At the same place was found a tooth (a lower molar) of _Elephas imperator_, and teeth of _Mammut americanum_. It seems to the writer that the presence of these species indicates that the deposits along Bogue Chitto belong to the early part of the Pleistocene, about equivalent to the Aftonian.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 17.)

1. _Orizaba, Tippah County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 1907) is a fossil tooth of a horse, a third or fourth right premolar, found apparently not far from this little town. It is labeled as having been picked up at Lander’s mill, 9 miles south of Ripley, on Cane Creek, out of débris of Cretaceous marl, and given to Dr. T. E. Stanton. How it came to be mingled with the marl is not known. The tooth is only moderately worn, the height being 75 mm. The length of the grinding-surface is 28 mm., the width 27 mm. It has the enamel unusually strongly folded. The tooth is referred provisionally to _Equus leidyi_.

2. _Natchez, Adams County._—Elsewhere will be found an account of the discovery of fossil vertebrates near Natchez by Dr. M. W. Dickerson (p. 390), among which were found horse-teeth, referred to two species. One of these horses, represented, as supposed, by 12 teeth, was at first called by Leidy _Equus americanus_ (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, vol. III, p. 265, plate II); but later _Equus complicatus_ (Proc. cit., 1858, p. 11). In 1901 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 109, fig. 7), Gidley selected one of the teeth, that of Leidy’s plate II, figs. 1, 6, referred to above, as the special type of the species _Equus complicatus_. These Natchez teeth are now in the collection of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences.

Some of the teeth from Natchez were described by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina, pp. 100–105, plate XV, figs. 11–15, plate XVI, figs. 24–26, 30, 31) as _Equus complicatus_. Others (pp. 100105, plate XV, figs. 17, 18, plate XVI, fig. 27) were referred to a hitherto unrecognized species _Equus fraternus_.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 17. Figure 23.)

1. _Rogersville, Hawkins County._—In the U. S. National Museum (No. 520) is a single horse-tooth found many years ago in a crevice in a marble quarry at this place. It is referred by the writer to _Equus leidyi_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 84). With it were sent a canine tooth and a few bones of a peccary, described as _Mylohyus setiger_ (p. 394).

2. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In 1885 Mr. Ira Sayles collected at this place a lot of bones and teeth of vertebrates, described by the present writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 87). Among them is an upper right second premolar of a horse, identified as _Equus leidyi_. A list of the species will be found on page 395. _E. littoralis_ also is present.

3. _Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is an upper second molar tooth brought from Lookout Mountain (Gidley, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XIV, p. 121). Under what conditions this tooth was found have not been recorded. It belongs probably to the species _Equus littoralis_.

4. _Nashville, Davidson County._—From William Edward Myer, of Nashville, Tennessee, the writer received, June 26, 1920, some fossils collected near Nashville, about 300 yards upstream from Lock A, in Cumberland River, at a depth of nearly 30 feet beneath a bank of gravel. Below this gravel is a bed of sand apparently 2 or 3 feet thick and this is underlain by another bed of gravel apparently about 2 feet thick. This itself lies on bed-rock at about the level of low water in the river. In the lower gravel were found a lower molar of _Equus leidyi_, a part of a left femur of a large horse, and an antler of a small undetermined and probably undescribed deer. In the layer of sand were discovered a heel bone of a camel, a part of a tooth of a young mastodon, and some fragments of turtle bones. The equine tooth belongs to the right side. It has a height of about 80 mm., a length of 28 mm. on the grinding-surface, and a width of 16 mm. It is black, and like the others thoroughly fossilized.

The fragment of femur appears to have belonged to a horse perhaps larger than _Equus leidyi_. It begins at the lower border of the third trochanter and descends to the lower part of the deep fossa for the plantaris muscle. Immediately above the fossa the side-to-side diameter of the bone is 50 mm., the fore-and-aft 60 mm. In a horse of medium size these diameters are respectively 45 mm. and 53 mm.

Later there was discovered at the same locality the upper two-thirds of the right metatarsal. The fragment is 230 mm. long. The upper articular end is somewhat injured; 75 mm. below the upper end the fore-and-aft diameter is 45 mm., the side-to-side diameter 38 mm. The latter diameter was somewhat greater, as the bone appears to be slightly crushed. The specimen is referred to _Equus complicatus_. Probably the femur mentioned above belonged to this species.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 17.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In their report published in 1831 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XX, p. 371), Cooper, Smith, and Dekay reported they found in the collection from this place large teeth and bones of a horse. They regarded these as being of equal antiquity with the extinct animals associated with them. In 1847 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. III, p. 263, 264) Leidy stated that there were in the Academy 10 permanent molars of a horse from Bigbone Lick. These he referred to _Equus curvidens_. In 1853 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 263) he wrote that several teeth supposed to have come from this locality had possibly been obtained elsewhere.

In 1851 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., p. 140), he spoke of foot-bones of the horse, a calcaneum and first phalanx, from the same place. In 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 104), Leidy mentioned several horse-bones from Bigbone Lick presented to the American Philosophical Society by President Jefferson. In Rochester University are 2 hoof phalanges labeled from Bigbone Lick. Osborn (“Age of Mammals,” p. 478) puts down _Equus_ from Bigbone Lick as being doubtful. There appears to be no good reason for this.

The remains of horses from this locality appear all to belong to _Equus complicatus_.

2. _Monday’s Landing, Mercer County._—From Professor Arthur M. Miller, of the University of Kentucky, the writer has received for examination a much-worn upper left molar or premolar of a horse found at the place named. It was met with in a fissure filled with crystallized calcite, near the bank of Kentucky River. The vein of calcite was about 6 feet wide. Similar veins at this locality have been worked down to a depth of 200 or 300 feet. A part of a lower jaw of a deer-like animal was found in one of these veins. The horse-tooth is badly worn, but it appears to have belonged to a small species, the fore-and-aft length of the crown being only 19 mm. The enamel of the anterior lake is considerably complicated. It is impossible, from the lack of other fossil remains, to determine the geological age of this horse.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE TAPIRIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 19.)

1. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—In 1871, Wheatley announced (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, p. 384) that he had discovered in the Port Kennedy bone cave 2 species of tapirs (_Tapirus americanus_ and _T. haysii_). In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. II, p. 253), Cope stated that remains of 35 or more tapirs had been discovered in this cave. He referred all to _T. haysii_. These tapirs will be mentioned again on page 312, where the geological relations of the cave and its contents are considered.

2. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908, Dr. W. J. Holland reported (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. 231) found in a bone cave at Frankstown the third and fourth lower premolars of a tapir about the size of _Tapir americanus_, which name is a synonym of _T. terrestris_. This will be mentioned in the discussion of the geology of the region on page 321.

OHIO.

(Maps 19, 36.)

1. _New Salisbury?, Columbiana County._—Somewhere in the region probably of the town named was found, about 1850, a jaw of a tapir, apparently mentioned first by Louis Agassiz (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. V, 1851, p. 179), who referred to it as a jaw of a pachyderm. Leidy, in 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 107), reported that he had studied a much-mutilated fragment of the lower jaw of the smaller variety of the extinct tapir, which had belonged to Professor J. Brainerd, of Cleveland. It had been found in the valley of Yellow Creek, in Columbiana County, in an erosion of the coal series. It was covered with 30 feet of clay, at a height of 186 feet above low-water in Ohio River. Charles Whittlesey, in 1866 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XV, art. 3, p. 16), stated that this specimen was taken from “valley drift,” of Yellow Creek, in Columbiana County, by Mr. E. White, C. E., in a cut of the Pennsylvania Railroad. Inasmuch as Yellow Creek itself does not enter the county named, reference must be to what is called, on the topographical sheet of the U. S. Geological Survey, North Fork of Yellow Creek. The railroad follows this creek for many miles in the county. The town of New Salisbury is taken as being probably not far from the locality. It is not known what became of this specimen, nor is it possible to say to which species it belonged. It is to be referred probably to the Sangamon stage.

INDIANA.

(Map 19.)

1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—Tapir remains have been found at only one place in Indiana, viz, in the banks of the Ohio River at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. A single lower hinder molar formed part of a collection made by Mr. Francis A. Lincke and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 199). This tooth was figured by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 107, plate XVII, figs. 9, 10) under the name _Tapirus haysii_. Associated with the tooth were remains of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, a bison of probably an extinct species, the Virginia deer, the horse known as _Equus complicatus_, and the large extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_.

On page 32 is discussed the probable age of the bone-bed which contained the animals named above. It is concluded that the age is possibly the Aftonian, but more probably the Sangamon. This species of tapir has been found at Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, between Louisville and Cincinnati, in deposits containing _Equus complicatus_, 2 extinct species of _Bison_, deer, etc. The deposits lie on Illinoian drift and are in part, at least, of Sangamon age.

MARYLAND.

(Map 19.)

1. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a crevice in limestone rock, at a point about 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, Mr. J. W. Gidley found a tooth of a tapir. The tooth has never been specifically identified. A list of the associated species, as far as determined, will be given on page 350.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 19.)

1. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176), Cope announced the discovery of several lower molars of a tapir in what he regarded as cave breccia, along New River. These teeth he found to be somewhat larger than those of _T. terrestris_, the Central and South American species, and he referred them to _Tapirus haysii_. A list of the species found here is given on page 353.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 19.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 106, plate XVII, figs. 2, 3), Leidy described briefly and figured 2 injured upper cheek-teeth of a tapir found in the Pleistocene of Ashley River, and referred by him to _Tapirus americanus fossilis_, on the supposition that they were not different from those of the existing South American tapir, but larger. The larger of the two teeth (fig. 2) appears to have had a fore-and-aft diameter of about 29 mm. It seems, therefore, to belong to Leidy’s species _Tapirus haysii_. Under the same name, _T. americanus fossilis_, Leidy illustrated (figs. 11, 12) a lower molar found on Ashley River. This appears to be too small to have belonged to _T. haysii_. Instead, however, of referring it to _T. americanus_ (=_T. terrestris_) it may possibly be found to belong to _T. veroensis_ Sellards, the lower molars of which are not certainly known. The length of the tooth figured by Leidy is that of a second molar of _T. terrestris_, but the width is greater than in the latter.

In the Charleston Museum is a part of a left ramus of the lower jaw of a tapir likewise referred to _T. veroensis_ Sellards. This fragment contains all 3 of the true molars. The following measurements were secured:

_Measurements, in millimeters, of lower molars of tapirs in the Charleston Museum._

┌───────────────────────────────┬───────────────┬───────────────┐ │ │ Tapirus │ │ │ │ veroensis? │Tapirus haysii.│ ├───────────────────────────────┼───────┬───────┼───────┬───────┤ │ │Length.│Width. │Length.│Width. │ ├───────────────────────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ │Length of all 3 molars combined│66 │ │79 │ │ │First molar │20 │17 │25 │28 │ │Second molar │23 │18.5 │26 │31.5 │ │Third molar │24 │18 │28 │32 │ └───────────────────────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘

In the collection of Charles C. Pinckney, at Lambs, South Carolina, are 2 tapir teeth, one of which is an upper molar, not yet come into use, apparently the last tooth of the right side. The length of the crown is 25.5 mm., the width in front 27.5 mm., behind about 23 mm. In front is a pretty strong cingulum, but there is none behind. This tooth is referred to _Tapirus haysii_.

In the Scanlan collection from Charleston, now the property of Yale University, are various specimens of tapirs. An upper left second molar is slightly worn. The length is 24 mm., the width 30 mm. The outer border of the crown makes a right angle with the anterior border; in _T. terrestris_ the outer anterior corner is considerably less than a right angle. In the latter the hinder faces of the protocone and of the hypocone are concave; in the tooth here described both hinder faces are swollen, and the crests appear more depressed than in _T. terrestris_. It is regarded as belonging to _T. haysii_.

In the Scanlan collection are 3 lower molars which the writer refers to _T. haysii_. The following are the measurements:

_Measurements, in millimeters, of lower molars of tapirs in the Scanlan collection._

┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────┬───────┬───────┐ │ │Length.│Width. │ ├────────────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────┼───────┤ │Left third? molar, with the rear cingulum broken off│28± │22.5 │ │Left second molar │25.5 │21 │ │Right second molar │27 │21 │ └────────────────────────────────────────────────────┴───────┴───────┘

In the Scanlan collection is a fragment of the left maxilla with 4 teeth, the last premolar and the 3 molars. The specimen resembles figure 1 of Leidy’s plate XVII of Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina.” The teeth of the Scanlan specimens are, however, less worn. The hinder molar had not yet come through the gum. The specimen is referred to _T. terrestris_. The following are the measurements:

_Measurements, in millimeters, of upper teeth of Tapirus terrestris._

┌─────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ │ Tooth. │ Tapir from Charleston. │ T. terrestris, U. S. Nat. │ │ │ │ Mus. No. 238110 │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┤ │ │ Length. │ Width. │ Length. │ Width. │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │ Pm^1 │19 │24.5 │19 │25 │ │ M^1 │20 │25.5 │21 │23 │ │ M^2 │22.5 │28 │23.5 │27 │ │ M^3 │24.5 │27.5 │25.5 │26 │ └─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘

The molar teeth have an acute angle between the anterior and the outer borders, and the front and the hinder faces of the protocone and the hypocone are not so swollen as in the tooth referred to _T. haysii_. In apparently every respect the teeth of the fossil agree with the teeth of _Tapirus terrestris_ from Brazil. It is to be hoped that before long a good skull of the Pleistocene tapir whose teeth so closely resemble those of _T. terrestris_ will be discovered. If the two prove to be the same species it will seem that only the descendants of those which migrated to North America perished during the Glacial period.

There is another tooth, an upper left second molar, of _T. terrestris_ in the Scanlan collection; also the rear half of an upper molar labeled as coming from Bull River. Other fragments of teeth are recorded as coming from Ashley River.

In the Charleston Museum (No. 13495) is a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw with the 3 molars. On measurement it is found that the teeth and jaw agree closely with those of _T. terrestris_.

GEORGIA.

(Map 19.)

1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In Bulletin No. 26 of the Geological Survey of Georgia, Mr. J. W. Gidley published a list of species of vertebrate fossils which belong to the State collection at Atlanta, secured during some dredging operations at Brunswick. This list, with modifications, is incorporated in that presented on page 370. Among the fossils examined by Gidley, a tooth was recognized as that of _Tapirus haysii_.

FLORIDA.

(Map 19.)

1. _Neals, Alachua County._—Through the kindness of Dr. E. H. Sellards, State geologist of Florida, the writer has been permitted to examine various teeth (No. 1186, Florida Geological Survey) taken from the T. A. Thompson phosphate mines at Neals. Among these is a lower left milk molar of a tapir. The length of the crown is 21 mm., the width at the front lobe 14 mm., at the hinder lobe 12.5 mm. The buttresses are well developed. The tooth may be provisionally referred to _Tapirus terrestris_, yet living in Brazil. Although this tooth was found in phosphate materials, it seemed to Dr. Sellards more probable that it was an intrusion from Pleistocene deposits. The present writer refers the Alachua clays to the Nebraskan stage of the Pleistocene. Sellards has referred to this tooth in his Eighth Annual Report, 1916, p. 94.

2. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1884 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1884, p. 119), Leidy briefly described a tooth of a tapir found by Dr. J. C. Neal, of Archer, Florida. This is now in the U. S. National Museum, No. 3329. The tooth is the third premolar of the left side, implanted in a fragment of maxilla. The crown is 23 mm. long and 27 mm. wide. Leidy stated that it differed neither in form nor size from the corresponding tooth of the living _Tapirus americanus_ (_T. terrestris_); but in a specimen of this the corresponding tooth is only 18.5 mm. long and 25 mm. wide. The fossil agrees in size with the same tooth of _T. haysii_ from the Port Kennedy Cave in Pennsylvania (Hay, Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXIII, p. 593). With this tooth had been found teeth of a young mastodon, remains of several individuals of a species of rhinoceros, some foot-bones of a llama, a calcaneum which Leidy thought possibly belonged to the extinct _Cervus americanus_ (_Cervalces scotti_), and vertebral centra of a small crocodile. The cervalces was afterwards dropped from the lists. These remains had been found in a bed of clay, occupying a ridge in a pine forest. The deposits are now known as the Alachua clays, and they, as well as the contained fossils, will be discussed on page 375. The tapir remains are not included in Leidy’s list given in Bulletin 84 of the U. S. Geological Survey.

3. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer has examined a number of tapir teeth found in phosphate beds in Withlacoochee River, at Dunnellon. From the Florida geological survey an upper left second premolar (No. 1440) has been received which is considerably larger than the corresponding tooth of _Tapirus terrestris_ and presents other peculiarities. It may have belonged to _T. haysii_. An upper second true molar (No. 1440) has the crown 23 mm. long, 27 mm. wide across the front lobe, and 23 mm. across the hinder lobe. The corresponding dimensions of a specimen of _T. terrestris_ from Surinam are 24 mm., 25.5 mm., and 21.5 mm. A tooth (No. 1378) which appears to be the lower left second molar is 22.5 mm. long, 19 mm. wide in front, and 20 mm. wide behind. The corresponding measurements of _T. terrestris_ are 22.5 mm., 18.5 mm., and 17.5 mm. The buttresses which descend from the outer ends of the crests of the fossil tooth are not so strongly developed as in _T. terrestris_. Probably these teeth belong to an undescribed species. An upper molar having a length of 23 mm. has been shown the writer by Dr. L. W. Stephenson; it was found in phosphate deposits at Dunnellon and sent to him by Sister M. Catherine, of St. Joseph’s Academy, at St. Augustine.

4. _Near Ocala, Marion County._—Mr. J. D. Robertson, of Ocala, presented to the National Museum a tooth of a tapir, found in phosphate deposits a few miles from Ocala, section 5, township 15 south, range 23 east.

5. _Tampa, Hillsboro County._—In the collection of fossils, at Vanderbilt University, made from the phosphate-producing beds in Hillsboro County, is part of the left ramus of a lower jaw of a tapir containing the first and second true molars. The first molar has a length of 24 mm. and a width of 20 mm. in front. This is smaller than the corresponding tooth of _T. terrestris_ and near that supposed to belong to _T. veroensis_. The second molar has lost its hinder crest. Under the first molar the jaw is 54 mm. deep and 37 mm. thick.

The writer (Fossil Turtles of North America, p. 361) reported the finding of tapir teeth in Alafia River, in this county.

6. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—At this important locality remains of tapirs have been found in the bed of sands known as No. 2, and likewise in the bed of muck mentioned in discussions of the locality as No. 3. From the latter have been secured parts of 2 lower jaws and a number of detached teeth (Sellards, 8th Ann. Rep., p. 149). One at least of these (No. 6943) appears to belong to _Tapirus haysii_. From No. 2 Dr. Sellards has obtained a nearly complete skull of a tapir, described (10th and 11th Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv., p. 57, plates I-IV) as _Tapirus veroensis_. From the same stratum he (8th Ann. Rep., p. 139) secured a part of a tooth which he referred with some doubt to _T. haysii_.

7. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 19) stated he had examined 3 crowns of upper molars and fragments of others. In no way did he find them differing from those of the South American tapir, _T. americanus_ (_T. terrestris_). On page 380 will be found a list of the vertebrate fossils found in this vicinity.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 19.)

1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In 1849 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. IV, p. 182), Dr. Leidy wrote that there was in the collection of the Academy a tooth of a tapir discovered by Dr. M. W. Dickeson near Natchez. It had been found in association with remains of the mastodon and the horse _Equus americanus_ (=_E. complicatus_). The tooth was pronounced a lower molar of the left side, apparently the third milk molar, and was referred to _Tapirus americanus fossilis_; that is, it was looked upon as a fossil tooth of the existing South American tapir. The molar was mentioned by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 106). The writer has seen this tooth in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia.

In 1852 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, p. 148), Leidy called the attention of the Academy to a fragment of a left lower jaw with 2 teeth of a tapir found in the Pleistocene near Natchez and sent to Leidy by the geologist B. L. C. Wailles. It was referred to _Tapirus haysii_. This specimen was figured and described by Leidy in 1860 (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 107, plate XVII, figs. 4, 5). Wailles mentioned this jaw in his work (Agric. Geol. Mississippi, 1854, p. 285), and stated that it was found in a ravine on Pine Ridge, which runs through townships 7 and 8, range 3 west, about 6 miles north of Natchez.

In a list (furnished by Dr. Joseph Leidy) of fossil mammals found in the Pleistocene of Mississippi, 2 species of tapirs are included, viz, _Tapirus americanus_ (=_T. terrestris_) and _T. haysii_ (Wailles, op. cit., p. 286; Hilgard, Agric. Geol. Mississippi, 1860, p. 196). The associated species will be listed on page 391.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 19. Figure 23.)

1. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a collection of bones and teeth of several species of vertebrates, made in what may once have been the floor of a cave, near the village mentioned. On page 395 will be found a list of the species. Among the remains are 10 teeth, in fine preservation, of a young tapir, described by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 88, plate III, figs. 4 to 11), and made the type of a new species, _Tapirus tennesseæ_.

2. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—On the left bank of Dumplin (or Dumpling) Creek, about 5 miles above its entrance into French Broad River, and apparently about as many miles northwest from Dandridge, is a cavern known as Zirkel’s Cave. Dr. H. C. Mercer briefly described (Dept. Amer. and Prehist. Archæology, Univ. Penn., 1896) his investigation of the cave. He reported the finding of remains of tapir, peccary, bear, and small rodents; but these were not specifically determined.

3. _Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County._—In 1894 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXVIII, p. 356), Mercer reported that he had found teeth of a tapir in a cave on Lookout Mountain. Cope, on page 597 of the same volume, identified these teeth as those of _T. haysii_. With them was found a bone, thought to belong to a mylodon.

According to a letter received by the writer from Dr. Mercer, the tapir specimen consisted of a lower right ramus, 1 left incisor, and 5 molars. The teeth appear all to have been loose and the jawbone was broken into about 8 fragments. The cave and its contents will be discussed on page 398.

4. _Bristol, Sullivan County._—In the U. S. National Museum are 2 tapir teeth in a fragment of the left maxilla. These are the fourth premolar and the first molar, both considerably worn. The size of these teeth indicates that they belong to _Tapirus haysii_.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 19.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The evidences for the occurrence of a species of tapir at this place are not as convincing as might be desired. In 1852, Dr. I. Hays (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, p. 53) presented to the Academy a tooth of a tapir which he had had in his possession two years and which was said by him to have come from the bed of a canal in North Carolina. This tooth was named by Leidy _Tapirus haysii_ on page 106 of the volume cited and again on page 148, but without description. It was again mentioned by him in 1853 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 201) and again without description. In 1860, Leidy (Holmes’s “Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 106, plate XVI, figs. 7, 8) described and figured the tooth and stated that it was supposed to have come from Bigbone Lick. Which of the statements was correct the writer does not know.

2. _Stamping Ground, Scott County._—In 1910 the writer received for examination from Professor Arthur M. Miller, professor of geology in the State University at Lexington, Kentucky, a part of a lower jaw of _Tapirus haysii_, found between the town named and Georgetown, in the bottom of a filled-up sink-hole encountered in lead-mining operations, on McConnell’s Run. In this specimen all the molars are complete and the roots of the 3 hinder premolars are present.

3. _Yarnallton, Fayette County._—From Professor Miller there was received with the specimen above described pieces of the jaws of _Tapirus haysii_, discovered in an old stream-deposit at the place named. A fragment of a lower jaw was sent; also a piece of a right maxilla, with the anterior true molar complete and parts of the second molar and of the hindermost premolar. Some other parts of the skeleton were found, but they seem not to have been cared for.

FINDS OF RHINOCEROSES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

FLORIDA.

1. _Archer, Alachua County._—Two species of rhinoceros have been described from this locality. In 1884 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 118), Dr. Joseph Leidy reported the discovery, with other fossils, of remains of a species of the genus _Rhinoceros_ in Alachua clays, but he gave it no name. This was, however, done in 1885 (same Proceedings, 1885, p. 32). In 1896, after the death of Leidy, his unfinished paper, completed and edited by Professor F. A. Lucas, was published (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. IV, p. 41 seq., with numerous figures). This species is now referred to _Teleoceras_, as _Teleoceras proterus_.

In 1890 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, p. 94), Leidy described another species which he called _Rhinoceros longipes_, from the same place and deposit. This species is now called _Aphelops longipes_.

These species are usually credited to the Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene. The reader is referred to page 376, where the geological position of these beds is discussed.

2. _Williston, Levy County._—In his list of 1892 (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), furnished by Leidy, W. H. Dall included _Rhinoceros proterus_ among the fossils found at Mixon’s, near the village of Williston.

3. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In 1913 (5th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 58), Dr. E. H. Sellards stated that some remains of a rhinoceros had been found in the mines worked along Withlacoochee River, in the region about Dunnellon. In volume VIII of the Florida Survey, page 94, _Aphelops malacorhinus_ (=_A. longipes_) is included among the fossils found in the Dunnellon formation. It is not included in his list of Pleistocene species found in the Withlacoochee River (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 104). This was doubtless because he regarded it as belonging to an earlier formation.

4. _Mulberry, Polk County._—In 1915 (7th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 72), Sellards stated that a tooth of _Teleoceras fossiger_ (in the present work recognized as _T. proterus_) had been discovered in the Bone Valley phosphate formation, at the place named. As in other cases, the Bone Valley formation was referred to the Late Tertiary.

5. _Brewster, Polk County._—In the volume last referred to, on page 72, Sellards mentions parts of jaws and teeth found in a phosphate mine at Brewster which are different from those of _Teleoceras proterus_. Some of these are figured by Sellards on his pages 107 and 108. They have not been specifically or generically determined.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE PECCARIES IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

NEW YORK.

(Map 20.)

1. _Rochester, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst. Sci., vol. II, pp. 33–40), Leidy described and figured a skull of _Platygonus compressus_, purchased of Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, at Rochester, and said to have been found in a gravel bank in a railroad excavation, a few miles from Rochester. This skull was a part of 2 incomplete skeletons found lying together.

The writer received word from Professor Henry L. Ward, director of the Milwaukee Public Museum, that he recollects that, when a small boy, about 1873 or 1874, he went with his father, Henry A. Ward, to some point on the New York Central Railroad, where peccary remains had been found. He thinks the place was at or near Pittsford. Dr. F. A. Lucas, director of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, then in the employ of the elder Ward, writes that the place was at Pittsford, and in a gravel bank being worked by the railroad company to obtain materials for a fill. The exact depth at which the bones were found is not recalled, but it was not great.

The locality, according to Fairchild’s plate 42 (Bull. 127, State Mus., New York), is on the predecessor of Irondequoit Bay, extending out from Lake Iroquois. The peccaries possibly lived rather early in the late Wisconsin stage; but more probably their time of existence was considerably later, when the climate had become milder.

2. _Gainesville, Wyoming County._—From Mr. C. A. Hartnagel, assistant State geologist of New York, the writer received notice of the discovery, in 1914, of the remains of 2 peccaries at a point about one-third of a mile northwest of Gainesville. The remains consist of 2 nearly complete skulls, parts of 5 ribs, 2 scapulæ, 2 metacarpals, 1 innominate bone, 1 ilium, 1 radius, 1 ulna, and 2 tibiæ. These have been identified by Dr. John M. Clarke as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_.

The manner of burial of these peccaries is puzzling and interesting. They were found in a hill, or drumlin, which stands out on a plain of considerable extent and whose long axis runs north and south. The elevation is 1,625 feet above sea-level. The drumlin is about 600 feet long, about 300 feet wide, and 40 feet high. It is composed of sand, gravel, and stones up to a foot in diameter. The bones are said to have been discovered by a contractor who was removing sand and gravel. The bones were at the south end of the drumlin and buried in a considerable pocket of sand. Those reporting the position of the bones place them at least 10 feet from the surface, and perhaps as much as 30 feet. Mr. Hartnagel thinks it is almost necessary to suppose that the skeletons were there when the drumlin was built. To the writer it would appear still more difficult to explain how they happened to be there at that time.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 20.)

1. _Shark River, Monmouth County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 387), Leidy described a tooth of a peccary shown to him by Timothy Conrad, but found by Dr. P. Knieskern, supposedly in a Miocene formation of Shark River. Leidy expressed the conclusion that the tooth resembled very closely a premolar of _Dicotyles nasutus_, now called _Mylohyus nasutus_. It is very probable that the tooth had gotten into Miocene materials by accident or that there was some error in the history, and that it really belonged to a Pleistocene peccary.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 347) reported _Dicotyles nasutus_ from the Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) cave near Stroudsburg; but later (Ann. Rep. for 1887, Pennsylvania Geol. Surv., p. 8, plate II, figs. 3–6) he described the teeth and parts of the jaws as _Dicotyles pennsylvanicus_. This species will be found on page 310 under the name _Mylohyus pennsylvanicus_, in the list of fossils found in this cave. There too will be found a discussion of the location of the cave and the probable age of the remains.

2. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—In the bone cave at this place have been found 3 species of peccaries. Cope, in 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. II, pp. 259–263) described these under the names _Mylohyus tetragonus_, _M. pennsylvanicus_, and _M. nasutus_. The first was a new species, based on a damaged lower jaw with some of the teeth (op. cit., plate XXI, figs. 3–3b). For the present the writer refers it to the genus _Tagassu_, inasmuch as the interval between the canine and the first premolar (pm^2) is only half the length of the whole tooth row, and the molars have the structure found in _Tagassu_. Some teeth belonging to an upper jaw were referred with doubt to this species. They may have belonged to _Mylohyus pennsylvanicus_. Of the species last named, Cope had fragments of 2 lower jaw’s with some teeth in them and some teeth free from the jaws. Of _Mylohyus nasutus_, Cope had from the cave only an upper canine and its reference to this species is uncertain.

On page 312 will be found a list of the species of vertebrates found in the Port Kennedy Cave; also remarks on their geological age.

3. _Milroy, Mifflin County._—In 1882, Leidy described (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1882, p. 302) a species of peccary found in a limestone cave in the county named, but he gave no more exact information; nor did he do so in his two subsequent references to it in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 49; Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 12, plate II, figs. 1, 2). The specimen is in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. In the Pennsylvania survey, as quoted, the giver is called John Schwarzer. The name of the species is _Platygonus vetus_. The writer has been informed by J. C. Swigart, county surveyor of Mifflin County, that the proper name of the donor of the specimen was John Swartzell, a former surveyor who lived near Milroy and who was much interested in geology.

From Professor Mosheim Swartzell, of Washington, D. C., son of John Swartzell, the writer has received a letter in which are given this son’s recollections regarding the finding of the specimen in question. He states that it was discovered in Naginey’s limestone quarry, 1.5 miles south of Milroy. It came from a considerable, but now unknown, distance from the surface and was first noticed in the débris of the quarry. While Mr. John Swartzell was observing it, an ignorant workman struck it with a tool and damaged it, exclaiming that it was only the jaw of a hog. It was later sent to Philadelphia. Professor Swartzell writes that there was a cave not far away, but that the jaw was not found in it; it probably had fallen down into a crevice of the limestone.

4. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. 231), Dr. W. J. Holland reported remains of a number of peccaries found in a bone cave at the place named. He mentioned especially _Dicotyles pennsylvanicus_, but thought it belonged properly in _Platygonus_. It is probably to be referred to _Mylohyus_ as _M. pennsylvanicus_.

OHIO.

(Maps 20, 36.)

1. _Wilmington, Clinton County._—In the collection of the Archæological and Historical Museum of the University of Ohio, at Columbus, are considerable parts of the jaws, teeth, and other parts of the skeleton of a specimen of _Platygonus compressus_ exhumed at a point about 4.5 miles north of west of Wilmington. The locality is given as being in the northeast corner of Adams Township, south of the road running northeast and southwest between Todd and Dutch Creeks; also about 0.6 mile south of the north line of Adams Township and about 0.75 mile from the east line. It would therefore be near the second northwesterly directed loop of Todd Creek in that neighborhood.

2. _Columbus, Franklin County_.—In 1875 (Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. XXIII, Hartford, pp. 1–6; also in Cin. Quart. Jour. Sci., vol. II, pp. 1–6), J. H. Klippart gave an account of the finding of about a dozen skeletons of _Platygonus compressus_. These were buried in 2 “nests” not far from each other. The bones were rather brittle and were damaged somewhat in exhuming them. The place of burial was in the bank (apparently the right) of Olentangy River, at the crossing of Olentangy and Montgomery streets. The remains were here buried in a sand-bank. One lot of 6 of the smallest animals was found in penetrating the sand bank about 20 feet from the entrance and at a depth of 8 feet from the surface. They were embedded in calcareous clay and sand. The other 6 and largest animals were found about 6 feet farther in and about 4 feet deeper. It appears that all the animals were lying with their snouts directed toward the southeast. Klippart thought that they had been destroyed suddenly and violently. It is, however, probable that they had been frozen in their beds during a winter storm. Of these skeletons it appears that half went to Professor O. C. Marsh, of Yale University, and the present writer has had the privilege of studying them. The geological age of the animals will be considered on page 330.

3. _Chalfants, Perry County._—In the collection of the Archæological and Historical Museum at the University of Ohio are considerable parts of a specimen of _Platygonus compressus_ found not far from Jonathan Creek, about a mile northeast of Chalfants. The locality, as given the writer by Professor W. C. Mills, is as follows: center of southwest quarter of section 14, township 17 north, range 16 west. The name of the political township is Hopewell. The locality appears to be on the area covered by Illinoian drift. This fact makes it possible that the animals lived during the Sangamon stage.

4. _Lisbon, Columbiana County._—In the collection just mentioned is the left ramus of a lower jaw of a peccary which the writer referred with doubt to _Mylohyus nasutus_ Leidy. It lacks so much of the front end that only 18 mm. of the symphysis is present; also, the ascending ramus is broken off. There are present the 3 milk molars and the first molar, but this is yet in its cavity in the bone. A comparison with Leidy’s _M. pennsylvanicus_ seems to show that the jaw did not belong to that species. Of _M. nasutus_ no lower jaw is known.

_Table of measurements, in millimeters_.

┌─────────────┬───────────────────────────┬───────────────────────────┐ │ Specimen. │ Lisbon jaw. │ M. penn. │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┼─────────────┬─────────────┤ │ │ Length. │ Width. │ Length. │ Width. │ ├─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │ Dm_{2} │ 9│ 5│ 7│ 4.5│ │ Dm_{3} │ 12│ 8│ 11│ 7│ │ Dm_{4} │ 19.5│ 11│ 18│ 10.5│ │ M_{1} │ 16.5│ 12│ 16│ 13│ └─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘

This specimen was found near the southern edge of Lisbon, on Middle Fork of Little Beaver Creek, in the northwest quarter of the northeast quarter of section 24, township 18 north, range 3 west. The locality is apparently outside of the glaciated area; and it is at present impossible to determine the geological age of the animal beyond that it undoubtedly belongs to the Pleistocene. The writer believes that _Mylohyus nasutus_ did not survive the Wisconsin ice-stage. The specimen was described and figured by the writer in 1914 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, p. 226, plate XXV, figs. 4–6).

MICHIGAN.

(Map 36.)

1. _Belding, Ionia County._—So far as the writer knows, no species of peccary has been found in the State of Michigan, except at Belding. The remains are in the palæontological collection of the University of Michigan, at Ann Arbor, and belong to the species _Platygonus compressus_ Le Conte. The remains are said to consist of bones of 5 individuals; and Mr. N. A. Wood, preparator at the university, informed the writer there are 294 bones. The skull of one of the 5 individuals was missing when the collection was made. The skeletons were found in a peat-swamp, in 1877, and were sent to Professor Alexander Winchell by Mr. A. Tuttle. A skull belonging to this collection was described in 1903 (Jour. Geology, vol. XI, p. 777, figs. 1–4) by Mr. George Wagner.

It seems probable that there, as in two or three other known cases, a herd of these animals, asleep together, had succumbed to rigorous weather, probably to a winter blizzard.

Belding is situated on Flat River, a tributary of Grand River. It lies close to a part of the Charlotte moraine system, thought to be correlated with the Valparaiso system. These peccaries could not have lived in that region until after the Wisconsin ice had retired into Lake Michigan, or nearly so. It is more probable that they lived there long after this retirement, at a time when the climate had become much warmer.

INDIANA.

(Map 36.)

1. _Gibson County._—The type specimen of _Mylohyus nasutus_ was found somewhere in this county. The specimen was first mentioned by Leidy in 1860 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 416), but without other designation than peccary. Leidy wrote that it had been sent to him by Dr. David D. Owen, who informed him that it had been discovered in Gibson County, in digging a well, at a depth of between 30 and 40 feet. No more exact locality has ever been determined. The specimen consisted of the front of the skull only. It was later described by Leidy (Proc. same Academy, 1868, p. 230), under the name _Dicotyles nasutus_; and in 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 385, plate XXVIII, figs. 1, 2) was further described and illustrated. The figures referred to have been reproduced by the present writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXIII, p. 607, text-figs. 42, 43), and again in 1914 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, plate XXVI, figs. 1, 2).

It is unfortunate that Owen and Leidy did not more accurately establish the locality where this jaw was found. In Gibson County there is a considerable variety of geological deposits, even considering only those belonging to the Pleistocene and Recent. The eastern and the southeastern portion lies outside the drift-covered region. A strip along the Wabash is occupied by alluvial deposits belonging to the Recent epoch. Outside of this is another strip covered mostly by Illinoian drift.

The Patoka Quadrangle, described in Folio No. 105 of the U. S. Geological Survey, published in 1904, covers nearly the whole of Gibson County. An examination of this folio shows how complicated are the later geological features of the region. It is fair to suppose that a well from 30 to 40 feet in depth was dug, especially at that time, in the higher parts of the county, where the elevation is somewhere near 500 feet above sea-level. Here such a well would probably go through the rather scattering Wisconsin deposits of various kinds or through the loess referred to the Iowan stage, reaching perhaps the Sangamon; or through later Illinoian or early Sangamon lake deposits and Illinoian glacial accumulations into pre-Illinoian deposits. The folio cited notes (p. 3) the presence of deposits supposed to belong to the beginning of the Illinoian stage. These contained zones of black muck and other organic materials; and in places were found logs and what were thought by the well-diggers to be “black-oak” leaves. All these might have been of Aftonian age; and in deposits of that time might have been found the jaw of _Mylohyus nasutus_.

This species has been reported from a number of other localities; but the remains have been of so imperfect character that the identifications may have been erroneous. Professor Cope reported in 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176) that he had found several molars and canine teeth of this animal in cave breccia in Wythe County, Virginia. The breccia appeared to be very old, and in them were found a species of _Megalonyx_, _Equus complicatus?_, _Tapirus haysii_, _Ursus amplidens_, and many other extinct species.

Cope in 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI, p. 263) announced this species from the Port Kennedy cave in southeastern Pennsylvania. In this case there were found only a canine and 4 molars; hence not too much reliance must be placed on the identification. A large majority of the numerous species found in the Port Kennedy cave are extinct. Among these are species of _Megalonyx_, a mylodon, a bear, 2 species of saber-tooth tigers, a tapir, 1 or 2 species of horse, and 3 species of peccaries. One can hardly doubt that the animals belonged to the early part of the Pleistocene. The indications are that the known examples of _Mylohyus nasutus_ belonged to the first half of the Pleistocene; that is, to the Sangamon stage or to the Aftonian.

2. _Near Williams, Lawrence County._—In the collection of the University of Indiana are some peccary remains found in Rock Cliff quarry, not far northwest from Williams. These were described by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXIII, pp. 596, 605). The remains were secured by Professor J. W. Beede. A part of a lower jaw which contained a first true molar and impressions of the second and third molars was referred to Leidy’s species _Tagassu lenis_. A large last upper molar (op. cit., p. 605, plate IV, fig. 2) was referred with some doubt to _Platygonus vetus_.

These remains, together with some bones of one or the other of these species and a carapace of the box-tortoise still living in that region, were inclosed in masses of stalagmite which appear to have pretty completely filled an old cave in the limestone, encountered in quarrying operations. According to Professor Beede, the cave had, when he saw it, been all quarried away except one corner. This was from 20 to 30 feet below the general surface at that place. It was about 100 feet above the present level of White River, about on a level with the highest terrace along that stream. The probabilities are that the peccaries and the box-tortoise belong to one of the earlier Pleistocene interglacial stages. Professor Beede is inclined to believe that the cave was filled during the Illinoian glacial stage by streams carrying in mud and sand and gravel. If this view is correct the inclosed remains would be at least as old as the Yarmouth.

The species _Tagassu lenis_ is closely related to the peccary which now lives in southwestern Texas and Mexico, and it has been regarded as identical with it; but there appear to be reasons why it should be retained under its own name. It was first described from teeth found among materials coming from the phosphate deposits about Charleston, South Carolina. Certainly many of the species found there lived during the early part of the Pleistocene.

It is possible that certain teeth referred by Cope (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1867, p. 155) to the existing peccary belonged to _T. lenis_; but there is nothing known regarding their exact geological age. Other teeth found in the lead region of Illinois were identified by Wyman as those of the existing peccary. They too may have been those of _T. lenis_. The writer regards the animals found in the lead crevices as belonging to rather late Pleistocene, possibly to Peorian or Sangamon times. As to the remains found in the cave in Lawrence County it is probable that they date back to the Sangamon stage.

3. _Laketon, Wabash County._—In the Fourteenth Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Indiana, page 20, Cope and Wortman stated there was in the Survey’s collection the symphyseal portion of the lower jaw and a large part of the left ramus with all the premolar teeth, except the last. This had been found at Laketon, in Wabash County. There were given no further details, and the writer failed to find the specimen in the collection. In the collection of Earlham College, Richmond, are photographs of probably this specimen and of a part of the upper jaw. The latter bone shows 3 premolars and the first molar; the lower jaw presents the symphysis, the right canine, and the 2 anterior premolars. The photographs are labeled as those of _Platygonus compressus_, determined by Cope, and as made from the Wabash County specimen.

All the region about Laketon is covered with Wisconsin drift or materials derived from it. The peccary found must have lived after the retirement of the border of the glacier beyond the Wabash River. It was probably long after this and when the climate was perhaps warmer than it is now.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 20, 38.)

1. _Galena, Jo Daviess County._—In 1848, Dr. John L. Le Conte (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. V, pp. 102–106) described what he regarded as 5 new species of fossil mammals from the lead region of Illinois. These had been secured by Mr. Wm. Snyder, of Galena, in a lead crevice 50 feet below the surface, filled with a mixture of clay and sand cemented by oxide of iron into a hard mass from which the specimens could not be removed without great injury. The species described were called _Platygonus compressus_, _Hyops depressifrons_, _Protochœrus prismaticus_, _Procyon priscus_, and _Anomodon snyderi_. The last was regarded as related to the moles. _Procyon priscus_ resembled closely the existing _P. lotor_. The 3 species first mentioned are now regarded as belonging to a single species, which takes the name _Platygonus compressus_. It may be remarked that the original spelling of the generic name was due perhaps to a lapsus calami or to a printer’s error. In the complete paper published shortly afterward the name was spelled _Platygonus_. It is to be added that the teeth which served as the type of the so-called species _Protochœrus prismaticus_ were found at a locality 15 miles from the place where the other remains were obtained; but as to where this place was nothing is said.

In 1848 (Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. III, pp. 257–274, plates I to IV) _Platygonus compressus_ was more completely described. Various teeth and parts of the skull and some limb-bones were figured. In this article it is stated that the remains described had been found in a lead crevice a few miles from Galena. A portion of the bones had been preserved by the miners and had at length found their way into the hands of Mr. Snyder, a merchant in Galena.

In 1852 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VI, pp. 3–5) _Hyops depressifrons_ and _Protochœrus prismaticus_ were further described, the first being placed in the genus _Dicotyles_. Both of these are now regarded as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_.

The writer has considered it as probable that the peccary remains, as well as _Procyon priscus_ and _Anomodon snyderi_, are of Late Wisconsin age; but it is possible that they are somewhat older. The reader is referred to page 343, where the Pleistocene of the lead region is discussed.

2. _Alton, Madison County._—In the McAdams collection, of which a general account has been given on page 339, is a part of a lower canine tooth which apparently differs in no way from the corresponding canine of _Platygonus cumberlandensis_, found by Mr. J. W. Gidley in a limestone fissure near Cumberland, Maryland. On page 350 will be found a list of the species found in this fissure and their geological age.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 20.)

1. _Bluemounds, Dane County._—In 1862, Professor J. D. Whitney reported (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, pp. 135, 136) that he had discovered in a crevice at Bluemounds, accompanied by bones and some teeth of the mastodon, a buffalo, and a wolf, several fragments of jaws and some teeth and other bones of a peccary, in an excellent state of preservation. At the top of his page 134 Whitney indicates that these remains belonged to the species now called _Platygonus compressus_. On page 422 of the same volume Jeffries Wyman, in reporting on the vertebrate remains collected in the lead region, mentions only 3 teeth; and these, he said, differed much from either of the fossil species and agreed with the existing peccary. From Whitney’s note at the bottom of his page 135 we may suppose that these 3 teeth were found in Iowa, near Dubuque. It is probable that the teeth found at Bluemounds belonged to _Tagassu lenis_.

In 1866 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. I, p. 162), Whitney stated that from a crevice near Bluemounds he got peccary bones and teeth which were supposed to be identical with the animals now living. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 384) stated that he believed that teeth found in Wisconsin belonged to _Dicotyles lenis_. One can not be certain regarding the age of these animals found in this lead region. They are probably pre-Wisconsin. The age will be discussed on page 343.

MARYLAND.

(Map 20.)

1. _Benedict, Charles County._—More than 50 years ago Cope (Proc. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867, p. 155) reported the finding of peccary jaws mingled with remains of Miocene vertebrates collected by James T. Thomas, near his residence in Charles County, not far from Patuxent River, near Benedict. Cope recognized that the peccary and a part of a jaw of _Grison macrodon_ (referred by Cope to _Galera_) belonged to the Pleistocene. The peccary was referred to the existing species _Dicotyles (Tagassu) torquatus_; likewise their similarity to the remains described by Leidy from Charleston, South Carolina, was noted. They are assigned here to _Tagassu lenis_. The jaws from the Patuxent locality are now in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia.

2. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, has shown the writer 3 teeth of a peccary secured at the place named. These will be mentioned in the discussion of the geology of the locality. A left third premolar is 10.3 mm. long and 6.2 mm. wide. A left second molar is 12 mm. long and 10 mm. wide. These apparently belonged to _Tagassu lenis_.

In March 1921, Dr. Adolph H. Schultz, of the Johns Hopkins Medical School, presented to the U. S. National Museum a part of the left ramus of the lower jaw of a peccary found at Chesapeake Beach. This fragment contains the first and second molars and the sockets of the fourth premolar and the third molar. This jaw and the teeth have been compared with the corresponding parts of a specimen of _Tagassu angulatus_ (No. 35815, U. S. Nat. Mus.), secured along the boundary between the United States and Mexico. In size the fossil teeth differ little from those of _T. angulatus_; the first molar is, however, somewhat wider; the conule between the two hindermost cones, the hypoconulid, is much smaller than in the existing peccary used for comparison. The inner face of each tooth is not so flat in the fossil as in the other species. In the fossil the height of the jaw at the second molar is 28 mm.; in _T. angulatus_ 35 mm. The specimen is referred to _Tagassu lenis_.

3. _Corriganville, Allegany County._—In a rock crevice 3 miles west of north of Cumberland, J. W. Gidley found abundant remains of peccaries. These were described by him in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, pp. 651–678, plates LIV, LV, 13 text-figs.). He recognized 4 species, 2 belonging to _Platygonus_ and 2 to _Mylohyus_. The new species, _Platygonus cumberlandensis_ and _P. intermedius_ and _Mylohyus exortivus_, are based on materials found in the fissure. With the other materials he recognized a part of a lower jaw, which he referred to _M. pennsylvanicus_.

4. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, pp. 96–109), the writer described a collection of fossil vertebrates made at Cavetown by the officers of Phillips Academy, Andover, Massachusetts. Among the species are 6 which belong to the group of peccaries, as follows: _Mylohyus nasutus_ (Leidy), _M. exortivus_ Gidley, _M. obtusidens_ Hay, _Tagassu? tetragonus?_ (Cope), _Platygonus vetus_ Leidy, _P. cumberlandensis_ Gidley.

These and the associated species apparently lived here during approximately the Middle Pleistocene, probably the Sangamon stage. A list of the species found in the fissure and their geological relations are presented on page 348. The specimen above referred provisionally to _Tagassu tetragonus_ was called, in the paper cited above, _Platygonus tetragonus_. It appears, however, to be nearer _Tagassu_. It may even belong to an unnamed genus.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176), Cope reported he had found several molar and canine teeth of _Dicotyles nasutus_, in cave breccia on New River, with remains of many other species of vertebrates. This now bears the name _Mylohyus nasutus_. A list of the species is given on page 353, where the Pleistocene geology of Virginia is discussed.

2. _Augusta County._—In 1857 (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 104), Leidy stated he had examined a fragment of a lower jaw of a young individual of _Platygonus compressus_, found in the county named. The jaw contained the last milk molar, unworn. The first true molar had not yet begun to protrude. The writer has seen this specimen in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. No other information regarding its place of origin has been secured.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Renicks, Greenbrier County._—In 1920 (Rep. Smithson. Inst, for 1918, p. 288, plates I-VI), J. W. Gidley reported on a visit he had made to a cave situated on Greenbrier River, near Renicks. The cave was discovered during quarrying operations in limestone. The greater part of the bones had been destroyed before the workers appreciated their value. Only a part of a skull of a peccary was secured, probably of the species _Platygonus intermedius_ (Gidley, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVII, p. 669). It has the catalogue No. 8003 of the U. S. National Museum. This animal is to be referred to the Middle Pleistocene.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860 (“Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Fossils of South Carolina,” p. 108, plate XVII, figs. 13, 14), Leidy reported the finding of teeth of a peccary in the Ashley River deposits. These teeth, a lower third molar and probably a lower second molar, were described under the name _Dicotyles fossilis_ and were said to have the size and form of the corresponding teeth of the collared peccary, _Dicotyles torquatus_ (=_Tagassu tajacu_). Fragments of some upper teeth were said to have the size of those of _D. labiatus_. In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. VII, p. 384), the fossil teeth just mentioned were referred, with some others, to the new species _Dicotyles lenis_. The principal character distinguishing the teeth of this species from those of the existing peccaries mentioned is the absence of accessory tubercles. This is shown also in an upper hindermost molar of the same species, described by the writer (9th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Sur., 1917, p. 48, plate III, fig. 2) under the name _Tayassu lenis_. The name should have been _Tagassu lenis_.

In the Pinckney collection, at the Pinckney residence, Lambs, South Carolina, near Charleston, the writer examined a tooth of a peccary, which apparently belongs to another species. It is taken to be a lower hindermost molar. A part of the anterior crest and a part of one side are broken off. The heel is relatively large, consisting of a hinder and 2 anterior tubercles; between the anterior tubercles is another minute one. In the middle of each cross-valley is a tubercle. The length of the fragment is 20.2 mm., the width 9.5 mm. This was evidently a larger animal than _Tagassu lenis_.

FLORIDA.

(Map 20.)

1. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Apparently 2 species of peccaries have been found in the deposits along the drainage canal, near Vero, in the uppermost stratum (No. 3). One, represented by a canine tooth, has not been determined (Hay, Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, p. 50). It appeared to be too large to belong to _Tagassu lenis_.

The other remains belonged to a small peccary and have been referred to _Tagassu lenis_. In 1916 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 149), Sellards reported the finding of 2 cheek-teeth and a tibia. One of the teeth was taken from the stratum called No. 2; the other teeth and the tibia had washed out of the bank and it was uncertain from which stratum they had come. In 1917 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, pp. 45, 48, plate III, fig. 2), the writer reported the finding of a hindermost molar of a small peccary, believed to be _T. lenis_, in stratum No. 2; also the discovery by Isaac M. Weills of a small canine of _T. lenis_ in stratum No. 3 (op. cit., plate III, fig. 3). On page 50 of the same paper the writer referred provisionally to _T. lenis_ the tibia above mentioned.

2. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—From this place have been sent to the U. S. National Museum many specimens of fossil vertebrates, a list of which will be found in the discussion of the Pleistocene geology of Florida (p. 379). Some of these belong to the Pleistocene, others apparently to the Miocene. Among the specimens is a right astragalus of a peccary. While it is possible that the original possessor of this astragalus lived during the Miocene, it does not seem probable. It may have belonged to _Tagassu lenis_. The length of the bone is 32 mm., the width across the lower end 19 mm.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 20. Figure 23.)

1. _Rogersville, Hawkins County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a part of a lower left canine tooth of a peccary found near the place mentioned. With it came an upper molar of _Equus leidyi_. The tooth lacks most of the crown. It has been described by the writer under the name _Mylohyus setiger_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 84, plate III, figs. 21–23). The root of the tooth is 93 mm. long, measured along the convexity of the curve. A little of the tip of the root is missing. The size of the tooth indicates a very large animal.

2. _Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a considerable collection of bones and teeth made in 1885 near Whitesburg. This locality and the accompanying species will be discussed on another page. Among the remains are 3 upper canine teeth, referred by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 90, plate III, figs. 12–13) to _Mylohyus nasutus_ Leidy. A list of the associated species will be found on page 395.

3. _Dandridge, Jefferson County._—In 1896 (Dept. Amer. and Prehist. Archæol. Univ. Penn.), Dr. H. C. Mercer reported he had found remains of the tapir, peccary, bear, and small rodents in Zirkel’s Cave. The cave is situated on the left bank of Dumplin Creek, about 5 miles above its entrance into French Broad River. The species to which the peccary remains belonged was not determined.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 20.)

1. _Rockcastle County._—In 1853, Dr. Leidy (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. X, p. 331, plates XXXV, XXXVI, XXXVII, figs. 5–8, 17, 19) described under the name _Euchœrus macrops_, a fine skull of a peccary which had been lying for 47 years in the collection of the society. It had been sent there by Dr. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, Kentucky, and was said to have been found in one of the nitrous caves of that State. The writer is informed by Dr. Arthur M. Miller, Professor of Geology in the University of Kentucky, that it is unlikely that the skull came from any of the caves in the region about Lexington, as he had never heard any of them had been worked for saltpeter. In the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society for 1804 (vol. VI, pp. 235–247) is a paper by Samuel Brown, in which he describes a cave in what is now Rockcastle County. In this and some other neighboring caves were found immense quantities of saltpeter. Probably the skull which Leidy afterward described from this region was brought to light. It appears to have been mentioned by Dr. B. S. Barton as early as 1806 (Phila. Med. and Phys. Jour., vol. II, plate I, p. 158). It is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. It was recognized by Leidy as belonging to _Platygonus compressus_.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE CAMELIDÆ IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 21.)

1. It is not certain that any fossil camel remains have ever been found in Pennsylvania. In 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. XI, p. 264, plate XXI, figs. 4, 4_a_) Cope described _Teleopternus orientalis_ and referred it to the Camelidæ. This was found in the Port Kennedy cave, and whatever its relationships it belongs to the early Pleistocene. Matthew (Osborn, Age of Mamm., p. 469) suggested that its affinities might be with the musk-oxen.

FLORIDA.

(Map 21.)

1. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1886 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1886, p. 12), Dr. Joseph Leidy briefly described three species of the genus Procamelus from materials collected near Archer by Dr. W. H. Dall. The teeth and bones had been found in what has been called the Alachua clays, and were associated with a considerable number of species of vertebrates. The list will be found on page 375, where the Pleistocene geology is considered. The three species of camels were called _Auchenia major_, _A. minor_, and _A. minimus_. They are now referred to the genus _Procamelus_. In 1896 they were (Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. IV, pp. VII-XIV, 15–61, with plates) described in more detail and illustrated by Leidy and Lucas. The error of calling _P. minor_ by the name _P. medius_, first introduced by Cope, was followed in the paper just mentioned; and some authors have continued this practice. Dr. W. H. Dall included these camels in his list (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 84, p. 129). Authors have in general referred to the Tertiary the deposit which furnished these camels; the present writer believes that the Alachua beds belong to the first glacial stage. The matter is further discussed on pages 376 to 378.

2. _Williston, Levy County._—In 1892 (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 84, p. 129), Dr. W. H. Dall published a list, furnished by Joseph Leidy, of the vertebrate fossils found at what was then known as Mixon’s bone-bed. The species, with some additions, are listed on page 375. Among others is _Procamelus major_. The species were found in the Alachua clays, and these clays are referred by Sellards to the Upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene.

3. _Ocala, Marion County._—In 1889 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1889, p. 31; Trans. Wagner Free Inst. Sci., vol. II, pp. 13–17), Leidy mentioned the discovery of a tooth of a camel, regarded by him as belonging to _Procamelus_, in a limestone quarry at Ocala. With it were described the saber-tooth tiger _Machairodus floridanus_. Teeth were found also of a horse which is referred to _Equus leidyi_. A list of the species found at this locality is on page 378. In the Philadelphia Academy paper Leidy called the camel _Auchenia minor_. In the next paper cited he regarded it as _A. minimus_.

4. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—In 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 94, 104), Dr. Sellards presented a list of the species of vertebrates discovered in the Dunnellon formation at Dunnellon and vicinity. Among the species is the camel _Procamelus minor_. This, however, he did not include among the Pleistocene animals.

Undetermined teeth of a camel are mentioned by Sellards as found in the phosphate mines at Dunnellon (5th Ann. Rep. Fla. Geol. Surv., p. 58).

5. _Hernando, Citrus County._—Sellards (5th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 58) reported a discovery of teeth of an undetermined species of camel in a phosphate mine at Hernando. These probably are of the genus _Procamelus_.

6. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Some remains of a camel have been found in the stratum at Vero known as No. 2, the one immediately overlying the bed of marine marl. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 149) states there had been secured up to that time two upper cheek-teeth, a distal end of a cannon-bone, and a phalanx. The latter, a hinder first phalanx, is figured (plate XXX, fig. 5). It resembles considerably the bone figured by Leidy and Lucas (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. IV, plate XVIII, fig. 8), but it presents important differences.

The anterior phalange figured by Leidy and Lucas is 85 mm. long; a hinder phalange of the same animal would have been shorter. The hinder phalange found at Vero is 104 mm. long. The probability is that its owner was an animal considerably larger than Leidy’s _Procamelus minimus_. The phalanx referred by Leidy and Lucas to _Procamelus medius_ (=_P. minor_) has exactly the length of that of _P. minimus_, but is a much stouter bone, the side-to-side diameter at the middle of the length being one-half greater. The Vero camel appears, therefore, to be distinct from any of the Pliocene camels of Florida. It probably belongs to the genus _Camelops_.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 21. Figure 23.)

1. _Nashville, Davidson County._—From Mr. W. E. Myer, of Nashville, the writer has received for examination a right calcaneum of an undetermined species of camel, belonging probably to the genus _Camelops_. This was found near Nashville, in the bank of Cumberland River. At the same locality were found part of a tooth of a young mastodon, a tooth of _Equus leidyi_, a fragment of a femur of a probably larger horse, an antler of a young deer, a tooth of _Mylodon_, and some fragments of turtle bones. However, the horse remains and the antler are said to have been lying in a layer of gravel, while the camel and mastodon were in a bed of sand just above the gravel. Over these beds are nearly 30 feet of gravel.

The total length of the calcaneum is 138 mm., the greatest height 67 mm., and the thickness at the rear of the articular surface for the astragalus, 45 mm. From the rear end to the surface for the astragalus is 85 mm. The surface for union with the cuboid is 19 mm. wide, considerably narrower than in the dromedary and in an astragalus from Denver, Colorado, which apparently belongs to _Camelops huerfanensis_. The outer face of the bone is considerably less concave than in either of the two species referred to. The tuberosity is relatively thicker at the middle of its length than is either of the species mentioned; its height at its middle is relatively less than in the Denver specimen. It is believed that the age of the beds containing these fossils is about that of the Aftonian interglacial.

FINDS OF PLEISTOCENE DEER OF THE GENUS ODOCOILEUS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 22.)

1. _Toronto._—In the Guide Book No. 6, issued by the Ontario Bureau of Mines in 1913, and prepared by Professor A. P. Coleman, it is recorded on page 18 that in the Don beds at Toronto, supposed to belong to the Sangamon stage, had been found bones of a deer resembling those of the Virginia deer. On page 29 deer bones are reported as found in other beds situated in the western part of Toronto. The age of these is uncertain; they may be older than the Don beds or younger than the Scarboro beds. In these same beds have been found also a lower jaw of a bear, possibly _Ursus americanus_; an atlas of a bison, a part of an antler of _Cervalces borealis_, and some parts of either a mastodon or a mammoth.

The geology of the Pleistocene in the region about Toronto is treated on pages 281 to 283, figure 3.

NEW YORK.

(Map 22.)

1. _Orange County._—Emmons, in 1858 (Geol. Surv. North Carolina, East. Counties, p. 201), stated he had found, in a fresh-water marl-bed in Orange County, a horn of an extinct deer, associated with remains of mastodon. The exact locality is unknown.

2. _Greenville, Greene County._—In 1846 (Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. V, p. 390), James Hall mentioned the finding of a jawbone, with teeth, of a deer in Greene County. It was associated with remains of a mastodon.

3. _Cuba, Allegany County._—In 1843 (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 367), Hall reported that an engineer of the Genesee Valley Canal informed him that near New Hudson, 4 miles from Cuba, several antlers of deer and one of an elk had been found 12 feet below the surface, in a muck deposit. New Hudson appears to be about 10 miles north of Cuba, and not on the canal. The locality is said to be at the summit of the canal.

4. _Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County._—James Hall (op. cit., pp. 364, 366) stated that a tusk, supposed to belong to a mastodon, with some horns of deer, had been found at Hinsdale in sand and gravel, 16 feet below the surface. Clarke (Bull. 69, N. Y. State Mus., p. 933) suggested that these may have been antlers of the elk.

There appear to be no good reasons for suspecting that any of the deer remains found in New York are older than Late Wisconsin.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 22.)

1. _Woodstown, Salem County._—In the palæontological collection at Yale University is a fragment of an antler of a deer, most probably of _Odocoileus virginianus_, discovered in Salem County. It is not accompanied by any information as to the exact locality where found or as to the conditions of burial. The fragment of the shaft is 135 mm. long, and from it springs a tine, the partial length of which is about 45 mm.

2. _Vincentown, Burlington County._—In the collection of the Academy of Natural Science at Philadelphia are some fragments of antlers labeled as having been found at Vincentown.

In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, p. 376), Dr. Joseph Leidy stated that remains of the deer had been found in Burlington and Monmouth Counties, but no exact localities were mentioned. Many of the specimens seem to have been found, as accidental occupants, in marl-beds of Cretaceous age. In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia there are specimens from Pemberton.

3. _Deal, Monmouth County._—In the Academy’s collection, at Philadelphia, there is a specimen labeled as having been found at this place. No details are recorded.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 6), Dr. Joseph Leidy reported on a collection which many years before had been found in Hartman’s Cave, near Stroudsburg. Nearly all the species still exist, but in the collection was included _Castoroides_ and _Rangifer_. Among the fossils were jawbones, with teeth, and broken bones of the Virginia deer. It seems possible that the remains had collected there at the close of the Pleistocene; but some may belong to the Recent.

2. _Frankstown, Blair County._—In 1908 (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. IV, p. 231), Dr. W. J. Holland reported the discovery of remains of a deer, possibly _Odocoileus virginianus_, in a cave at Frankstown. With this deer were many other species of mammals. A list is presented on page 321.

OHIO.

(Map 22.)

1. _New Knoxville, Auglaize County._—In his “History of Ohio and of Auglaize County,” 1905, on page 338, C. W. Williamson, in describing the finding of a skull of _Castoroides_ near New Knoxville, stated that some bones of the deer had been found in what was believed to have been the house of the giant beaver. They were supposed to have been brought there by carnivorous animals; but the deer may have died there before the house was covered up.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 22.)

1. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In 1880 the U. S. National Museum received from Professor Kost, then of Adrian College, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ discovered at the place named above. In his communication he wrote that at the same place there had been found previously a mastodon and bones of an elk and of a deer. The place was in a marsh, in Adrian, and the fossils were at a depth of 4 feet.

2. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In 1908, Russell and Leverett (Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9) reported the discovery of bones of deer and elk in a peat-swamp, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor. In the same swamp had been found, at a depth of 5 feet, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_. The bones of the deer and elk were at a somewhat higher level, so that it is not wholly certain they belong to the Pleistocene.

The specimens found both at Adrian and Ann Arbor lived there after the retreat of the Wisconsin ice.

INDIANA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—In a collection of bones and teeth made at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville, and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, pp. 199–200) were included remains of the Virginia deer. With these bones were parts of the skeleton of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, a bison of probably an extinct species, a cervical vertebra of the horse known as _Equus complicatus_, a tooth of a tapir, and the type upper jaw of the extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_.

On page 32 is discussed the age of the bone-bed. It is concluded that it belonged possibly to the Aftonian stage, but more probably to the Sangamon. Although this species of deer yet exists, abundant remains of a species not yet distinguishable from it are found in early Pleistocene deposits in Florida and elsewhere. According to D. D. Owen (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. V, p. 7), this deer was found associated with megalonyx bones a few miles below Henderson, Kentucky. Also, these two species, together with _Equus complicatus_ and an extinct species of _Bison_ and other extinct species of mammals, have been exhumed at Bigbone Lick, halfway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side.

Under this number may be considered the deer _Odocoileus dolichopsis_, which Cope described in 1878 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 189). This was represented by a left ramus of the mandible, found, as reported by the State geologist, John Collett, in a late lacustrine deposit in Vanderburg County. In the same deposits was found an ulno-radius of a species of _Bison_. The deer jaw was further described and figured by Cope and Wortman in 1884 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XIV, p. 22, plate ii). Here, in quoting Cope’s description found in volume IV of Bulletins U. S. Geological Survey, page 379, the authors substituted Harrison County for Vanderburg County. In 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 615), the present writer accepted Cope and Wortman’s statement as to the county; but it appears that the locality was really in Vanderburg County. Cope and Wortman’s plate was reproduced by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 615, plate VI, figs. 2, 2_b_). Figure 1 of the plate represents a part of an upper jaw which may or may not belong to the same species. It was supposed to have been found in the same deposits.

2. _Harrisville, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, the writer has examined some bones which apparently belonged to the Virginia deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_. The distal end of the radius, a right calcaneum, and a sacrum have been identified. These were found in a swamp known as “The Dismal,” situated about 6 miles nearly east of Winchester. This would not be far from the village of Harrisville. In this swamp were collected the fine specimen of the giant beaver, preserved at Earlham College, and the bones of an elk. The swamp is located near the Union City moraine, and the animals buried there must have lived at some time after the retirement of the Wisconsin ice-sheet; probably the time was long enough after that retirement for the climate to become relatively mild.

3. _Roann, Wabash County._—In 1892 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XVII, p. 241), Elrod and Benedict reported that in 1882 a Mr. Rantz, while digging a ditch on the farm of William Runkle, 3 miles north of Roann, unearthed, at a depth of 9 feet, the antlers and part of the skeleton of the deer _Odocoileus virginianus_. The locality is evidently north of Eel River and near the southern border of the great moraine which runs parallel with this stream and north of it. Undoubtedly this deer lived after the Wisconsin ice had withdrawn from the vicinity. In similar situations in that region have been found several mastodons. It is probable, therefore, that the deer belonged to the late Pleistocene.

From Mr. B. E. Galtry, of Roann, the writer learns that Mr. Runkle informed him that none of the bones found has been preserved. There were many found, shin-bones, ribs, and antlers, from 3 to 4 feet below the surface. Large numbers of poles were found, and the ditch diggers got the notion that these poles had formed a bridge.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 22, 38.)

1. _Niantic, Macon County._—In 1873, Worthen, State geologist of Illinois, reported (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308) that he had found some deer bones in a bog near Niantic; with them were remains of the mastodon, buffalo, and elk. What is known regarding the locality and the geology is here recorded on page 102. All these remains were probably buried near the close of the Wisconsin glacial stage.

2. _Whitewillow, Kendall County._—In Netta C. Anderson’s list, page 11. E. S. Riggs, assistant curator of palæontology in Field Museum of Natural History, reported that in 1902 Mr. John Bamford, in enlarging a spring in a bog, encountered a layer of about 2 feet of bison, deer, and elk bones at a depth of about 5 feet. With these were found skulls of at least 6 mastodons. From Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, the writer has received a base of a large antler and a nearly complete small antler of the right side. These are not to be distinguished from those of _O. virginianus_. Mr. Langford wrote that the mastodon bones were mingled with the other bones to the bottom of the pit dug. In the same excavation were found remains of mastodon, _Cervalces_, the existing moose, the elk, the buffalo, and the cannon-bone of a large sheep-like animal. The exact levels in which these bones occurred is not known. The reader may consult page 109.

3. _Ottawa, La Salle County._—J. D. Caton (“Antelopes and Deer of North America,” p. 227) tells of having found a nearly complete skeleton and three antlers of the Virginia deer in the valley of Fox River, near Ottawa. These remains were in a stratum of gravel at a depth of more than 16 feet. Over this was the surface loam, then sand, sand and clay, then more sand. It seems probable that these deposits belonged to the Late Wisconsin.

4. _Evanston, Cook County._—Dr. Frank C. Baker (Univ. Ills. Bull, XVII, pp. 4, 86) presented a geological section taken in the Toleston beach at Evanston. This beach was laid down after the withdrawal of the Wisconsin ice. At the depth of about 9 feet was found a bone of a deer. In 1891, W. K. Higley (Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. II, No. 1, p. XIV) reported that a pelvis, referred to a deer, had been found in Late Wisconsin deposits at Evanston. He had in mind the bone found in Toleston beach. At the same place was found a femur of a deer at a depth of 9 feet (Leverett, Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv., II, 1897, pp. 76, 77). Apparently the femur and the pelvis had been discovered by Dr. Oliver Marcy in 1864, from whom both Leverett and Baker quote the geological section.

5. _Lemont, Cook County._—Dr. F. C. Baker (op. cit., pp. 56, 89) reported the finding of a portion of a skull of _Odocoileus virginianus_ and a skull of the muskrat in the Des Plaines Valley, at Lemont, in a bed of peat.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 22.)

1. _Lead region._—In 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, p. 421), Jeffries Wyman, in his report on the vertebrate animals found by J. D. Whitney, stated that there was a series of several molar teeth which, in form and size, corresponds exactly with those of the red deer (_Cervus virginianus_). He mentioned also various bones which seemed to belong to the same species, but some were larger than those of the Virginia deer.

In 1876 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XI, p. 49), Allen described as a new species _Cervus whitneyi_, basing the name on a left humerus, a left radius, and a right metatarsal found in the Whitney collection. It appears probable that these bones are those mentioned by Wyman as being larger than the existing Virginia deer and the mule deer. Allen does not, however, mention what Wyman wrote. Allen’s species is now referred to the genus _Odocoileus_. It is not stated by either Wyman or Allen even from what State the remains were secured. It is most probable that it was Wisconsin.

From the Pleistocene of that region two species of _Odocoileus_ are therefore known, _O. virginianus_ and _O. whitneyi_.

2. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—In a letter to the author dated January 21, 1917, Dr. S. Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, noted that a vertebra of a deer had been found in brick clay at Menomonie. It was sent to the American Museum of New York and identified by Dr. W. D. Matthew. This clay is at present regarded by Dr. Weidman as probably belonging to the Sangamon interglacial.

MARYLAND.

(Map 22.)

1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 178), Cope reported that fragments of antlers not distinguishable from those of the Virginia deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_, had been found on the farm of Lambert Kirby, in Oxford Neck. These, with remains of other vertebrates, were placed in the Baltimore Academy of Sciences.

2. _Cavetown, Washington County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 104), the writer described the distal end of two radii found at Cavetown in a fissure in a limestone quarry. These were associated with remains of 24 other species of vertebrates, mostly mammals. The radii appeared to be those of _Odocoileus virginianus_. Another deer, _Sangamona fugitiva_, was found in the same fissure.

A list of the accompanying species is given on page 348.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—Mr. O. A. Peterson (Ann. Carnegie Mus., vol. XI, p. 474, fig. 7) reported the finding of an astragalus of some deer-like animal at Saltville. He states that the bone agrees with that of _Odocoileus virginianus_, but is larger. To the present writer the bone is not only too large to be that of the Virginia deer, but is relatively too narrow, it being assumed that Peterson’s figure is correct. In both the Virginia deer and the elk the width of the bone is about 70 per cent of the greatest length, while the figure given is only 60 per cent as wide as long. It is not improbable that the animal belonged to another genus.

2. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176) Cope stated that molars and other fragments of _Cariacus (Odocoileus) virginianus_ were abundant in the cave breccia which he examined. A list of the accompanying species will be found on page 353.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Wood County._—In 1835 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXIX, p. 147), Hildreth stated that bones of a deer had been found in this county, then a part of Virginia, involved in the travertine on the floor of the cave. No facts are known that give any clue to the geological age of these bones. They probably belong to some early or middle stage of the Pleistocene.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 22, 39.)

1. _On Neuse River, Pamlico County, 16 Miles below Newbern._—According to both Croom (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XXVII, 1835, p. 168) and Harlan (op. cit., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143), remains of deer had been found at this locality. For want of more exact information we may refer them to _Odocoileus virginianus_. On page 359 will be found a list of the species collected here.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Numerous fragmentary remains of _Odocoileus_ have been found in the region about Charleston. F. S. Holmes, as early as 1859 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1859, p. 177), announced the discovery of remains of deer in the vicinity of Charleston. Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pliocene Foss. South Carolina, p. 109, plate XX, figs. 1–4) stated that the collections of Professor Holmes and Captain Bowman contained fragments of antlers, portions of jaws, and teeth which had been found in the Post-Pliocene beds of Ashley River. Leidy concluded these remains did not differ from the corresponding parts of the existing white-tailed deer (_O. virginianus_). Many fragments of antlers belong in the Scanlan collection at Yale University. They are thoroughly fossilized and are hard and heavy.

In the Charleston Museum (No. 1047) is an anterior cannon-bone of a deer, but no definite locality is recorded. It is black and apparently phosphatized, as are the numerous fragments of antlers found in the private collections at Charleston. The cannon-bone mentioned is 188 mm. long.

While the materials so far discovered do not enable us to distinguish the deer remains found about Charleston from _Odocoileus virginianus_, it is not improbable that they belonged in reality to another species, some perhaps to the Floridan Pleistocene species _O. sellardsiæ_.

Antlers of the white-tailed or Virginia deer are common in the collections about Charleston. In the Scanlan collection are bases of antlers of adult bucks and two simple spikes of young deer. One base is different from the others in being much flattened in one border, probably the one on which the first tine arose. It is possible that it represents a distinct species.

2. _Darlington, Darlington County._—In 1848, Tuomey (Rep. Geol. South Carolina, pp. 177–180) stated that on the land of a Rev. Mr. Campbell, somewhere in the vicinity of Darlington, he had found fragments of the horns of a deer. He regarded the beds as belonging to the Pliocene. In the neighborhood, in a similar deposit, had been found molars of _Mastodon maximus_ (=_Mammut americanum_). Both species may belong to the early Pleistocene.

FLORIDA.

(Map 22.)

1. _Pablo Beach, Duval County._—Dr. Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 106) reported remains of _Odocoileus_ found at station 120 of the Inland Waterway Canal, about 5 miles south of Pablo Beach. Further mention is made of this on page 374.

2. _Neals, Alachua County._—In his eighth report (page 94) Sellards stated that at Neals, near Newberry, teeth had been collected which probably belonged to a species of _Odocoileus_. These were found while phosphate rock was being mined; but they, with a tooth of a tapir and one of _Equus littoralis_, doubtless belong to the early Pleistocene.

3. _Archer, Alachua County._—In 1896 Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Instit., vol. IV, p. X), in a note on the species of vertebrates found in the Alachua clays, included among these a tapir, a mastodon, and a megatherium. In his list furnished for Dr. W. H. Dall’s report (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. No. 84, p. 129), is included _Cervus virginianus?_. The tapir, the deer, and the megatherium have been regarded as Pleistocene fossils which became mixed with those of the Pliocene. For that reason _Odocoileus_ is here credited to Archer. See also Sellards’s conclusion (6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 162). It is not certain exactly where the species above named were found. One locality mentioned by Leidy is 10 miles south of Archer, now Williston; another is 10 miles north of the same town, now Newberry. For the geological age of the species found at Archer, consult page 375.

4. _Ocala, Marion County._—From a fissure in a limestone rock at Ocala, Sellards (8th Ann. Rep., p. 103) secured some remains of _Odocoileus_, but it was not determined to what species they belonged.

5. _Dunnellon, Marion County._—The writer (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 43, plate VIII, figs. 3–5) described some teeth of a deer found near Dunnellon, in the “Cullens river mine.” These were referred provisionally to the species or subspecies now living in that region, _Odocoileus osceola_.

6. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—In a small collection of fossil vertebrates sent from this place by Mr. Ernest Leitzel to the U. S. National Museum for identification were some fragments of antlers of _Odocoileus_.

7. _Palma Sola, Manatee County._—From Mr. Charles T. Earle the U. S. National Museum received, in 1921, many fragments of antlers found on the beach at Palma Sola, about 10 miles below Palmetto and on the south side of Manatee River. With these came teeth of _Equus leidyi_, _E. complicatus_, _E. littoralis_, teeth and bone of _Bison latifrons?_, a tooth of _Elephas columbi_, and a fragment of the beak of a ziphoid porpoise. The last and various sharks’ teeth probably originated in Miocene deposits not far away. A list of the species found at this place and believed to belong to the Pleistocene is presented on page 379.

8. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—In 1889 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1889, p. 96; U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 84, p. 129), Leidy reported the discovery of antlers of deer, _Odocoileus (Cervus) virginianus_, at Arcadia. These may have belonged to _O. osceola_ or _O. sellardsiæ_. In 1884 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. VI, p. 428), Mr. S. T. Walker reported the finding of fossils, among them fragments of deer antlers, on sand-bars in Peace River, from a point about where the town of Hull now is to a point 8 miles by land above Fort Ogden, apparently not far from the present town of Owens. On this matter see Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 109). This locality and its fossils are further described on page 381.

9. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Numerous remains belonging to one or two species of _Odocoileus_ have been found at Vero. Fragments of various parts of the skeleton and some teeth have been found in the two upper strata, No. 2 and No. 3, which lie above the marine marl. The writer (9th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., 1917, pp. 50–57, plate III, fig. 3) referred some of these bones to the new species, _O. sellardsiæ_. Possibly only this species is represented at that locality, but probably some of the bones belong to _O. osceola_. Lists of the species found in the two deposits bearing fossil vertebrates will be found on pages 381 to 383.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 22.)

1. _Natchez, Adams County._—Dr. Leidy wrote (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, p. 199) as follows:

“Fossil bones of a deer not larger than the _Cervus virginianus_ have been found in association with bones of the _Megalonyx_, _Mastodon_, etc., in the vicinity of Natchez, Mississippi. In the cabinet of the Academy mentioned there are several specimens from the locality, consisting of a portion of a lower jaw, a fragment of an antler, and the posterior and inferior portions of two crania.”

The geology of this important locality is discussed on pages 389 to 393.

2. _Aberdeen, Monroe County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., ser. 2, vol. VII, p. 376), Leidy stated that remains of a deer had been found at this place in a railroad cutting. No details were given.

TENNESSEE.

(Map 22. Figure 23.)

_Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. LVIII, pp. 85–95), the writer described bones and teeth of Pleistocene animals which had been found at Whitesburg. A list of the species is given on page 395. In the collection are 21 teeth which were referred to _Odocoileus virginianus_, but their small size suggests that they may belong to another species of deer.

_Nashville, Davidson County._—On page 201 is presented an account of a collection made at Nashville. Among the fossils was an antler of a deer which is referred by the writer to an undetermined species of _Odocoileus_ (p. 399).

KENTUCKY.

(Map 22.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The bones and teeth of the Virginian deer have been reported with some doubt from Bigbone Lick; even if found it is not certain that they belonged to Pleistocene deposits.

2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection made in cleaning out Bluelick Springs, in Nicholas County, remains of a deer were secured. The geological age of these can not be determined with certainty, but they were probably of Late Wisconsin time. For a list of the associated species see page 405.

3. _Henderson, Henderson County._—In a letter to Dr. Joseph Leidy, published by the latter (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 7), Dr. D. D. Owen stated that many antlers and bones of deer had been found about 6 miles below Henderson, associated with bones of _Megalonyx jeffersonii_.

FINDS OF CERVUS CANADENSIS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 23.)

1. _Hamilton, Wentworth County._—On Burlington Heights, near Hamilton, many years ago antlers of the elk were found associated with a jaw of a beaver. They were discovered 30 feet from the surface and at a level 7 feet higher than the jaw of _Elephas columbi_ described on page 147. The age of all these bones is late Pleistocene. The elk had, therefore, spread over the northern part of our country before the close of the Wisconsin stage.

The geology of this locality and the species found there are considered on pages 284–285.

2. _Near Strathroy, Middlesex County._—In 1901 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XV, pp. 95–97, fig.) L. H. Smith wrote on the occurrence of the elk in Ontario. None had been known to exist there since the settlement by white men. The writer of the article had a number of specimens of antlers collected in the neighborhood of Strathroy and the neighboring county, Lambton. A fine pair of antlers and a part of a skeleton of an elk had been discovered in a boggy spring in lot 15, 12th concession, township of Lobo. It was evidently not deeply buried. This and the others, notwithstanding shallowness of burial, may have been buried in Late Pleistocene times; but there is no assurance that they did not live during the early Recent.

3. _Kingston, Frontenac County._—In 1898 (Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., vol. IX, p. 377), Robert Bell stated that remains of the elk had been found in shell marl in at least two places near Kingston.

VERMONT.

(Map 23.)

1. _Grand Isle, Champlain Lake._—In 1840 (Rep. on Quadrupeds, Massachusetts, p. 82), Emmons reported the finding of an antler on this island, which he concluded belonged possibly to a young elk. It had been thrown out by the plow from an elevated piece of ground, near a spring of water. He concluded that it was the antler of the second year, and stated that it had no branches. It was somewhat curved and had a total length of 849 mm. The diameter just above the burr was given as 183 mm.; but this is much greater than that in any specimens of young elks at hand. Possibly some other species is represented and it may not have belonged to Pleistocene.

NEW YORK.

(Map 23.)

1. _Racket River, St. Lawrence County._—J. E. De Kay, in 1842 (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., p. 120, plate XXIX, fig. 1), described a part of a skull, to which were attached the damaged antlers of an elk, which had been dug up near the mouth of Raquette River. This must have been not far from the town of Racket River. Nothing appears to be known regarding the conditions under which the skull was found. Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1869, p. 377) refers to the specimen. It was at one time in the Lyceum of Natural History, New York, but is probably no longer in existence.

2. _Seneca Castle, Ontario County._—Mr. E. Hitchcock (Science, vol. VI, 1885, p. 450) reported the finding of an antler of an elk at this place. It was associated with supposed remains of a mastodon, in a peat morass, near Flint Creek. It is to be credited to the Late Wisconsin.

3. _Farmington, Ontario County._—James Hall, in 1887 (6th Ann. Rep. State Geologist, New York, p. 391), reported the discovery of about two-thirds of the skeleton of an elk at the place named, in a cedar swamp, buried in peat at depths of from 6 to 18 inches. The antlers had projected above the surface and had been gnawed by rodents. Hall remarked that the elk had not been known to live in that region since the coming of the white race. The skeleton may or may not have been deposited there during the late Pleistocene.

4. _Livingston County._—In the collection at Princeton University is a calvarium of an elk labeled as found in Livingston County. The finder had, with a tool, chopped off the antlers and otherwise hacked the skull. One can not be certain as to the geological age of the specimen.

5. _Cuba, Allegany County._—In 1843, James Hall (Geol. 4th Dist., p. 367) reported that several horns of deer and one of an elk had been found at the summit of the Genesee Valley Canal. The place given was New Hudson, 4 miles from Cuba; but this town is about 10 miles from Cuba and apparently not on the canal. The antlers were found at a depth of 12 feet, in muck.

6. _Jamestown, Chautauqua County._—Hall (op. cit., p. 365) stated that Dr. Emmons had in his possession a tooth which he regarded as belonging to this species. De Kay (Zool. N. Y., Mamm., p. 120, plate XXIX, fig. 4) describes and figures this tooth. Emmons, in 1840 (Rep. Quadrupeds of Massachusetts, p. 82), first mentioned the tooth and said it had been found in a clay bed with several others. The tooth may belong to the Pleistocene, but this can not be proved. It is of value, as are the other cases, as showing the former distribution of the species.

7. _Boonville, Oneida County._—In 1884 (Trans. Linn. Soc. N. Y., vol. II, p. 46), Dr. C. Hart Merriam reported that Mr. Calvin V. Graves, of Boonville, had parts of elk horns, plowed up in an old beaver meadow. These may have belonged to very late Pleistocene time or to any part of the Recent.

8. _Third Lake of Fulton Chain, Herkimer County._—In the publication just referred to and on page 45, Merriam stated he had seen a number of elk antlers, found in a bog near the place mentioned. Their geological age can not be determined any more closely than in the preceding case.

9. _Steele’s Corners, St. Lawrence County._—On page 46 of the paper just cited, Merriam reported that Dr. C. C. Benton, of Ogdensburg, had parts of antlers discovered at the place named. No details as to mode of occurrence were given. The antlers were discarded by their owners some time after the clearing away of the Wisconsin drift.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 23.)

1. _Deal, Monmouth County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 377), Leidy stated that there were in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy portions of two antlers of the elk obtained in the earth just above the Cretaceous greensand near Deal. No further information was furnished. Deal is about 5 miles south of Long Branch. The antlers may have belonged to the Pleistocene or to the Recent.

2. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1911 (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V, p. 123), Mr. Ernest Volk detailed the finding of a fragment of an antler of an elk in the glacial gravels at Trenton, at a depth of 5.5 feet. For the geology of this locality see page 304.

Cope (Cook’s Geol. N. J., 1868, p. 742) wrote that this species has left antlers and bones in various parts of the State in the gravel drift, but he mentions no localities.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In 1899 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., Pennsylvania, for 1887, p. 6), Leidy reported the discovery of various fragmentary remains of this species in the Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) Cave, near Stroudsburg. This cave and its contents will be considered on page 310.

2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—From Durham Cave, situated near Riegelsville, there was sent to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, about 70 years ago, a collection of bones. They were examined by Leidy, who reported on them (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 349). In this list the elk was not mentioned. In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania, 1887, pp. 18, 19), further attention was given to the collection, and the elk was included. The bison, which was mentioned in the first list, was omitted in the second.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 23.)

1. _Adrian, Lenawee County._—In 1880, Professor J. Kost, of Adrian College, sent to the U. S. National Museum a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ and a jaw of a mastodon found in a marsh in the town of Adrian, at a depth of 4 feet. At the same place another mastodon, together with bones of a deer and of an elk, had previously been secured. These belong to a late period in the Wisconsin.

2. _Ann Arbor, Washtenaw County._—In 1908 (Folio 155, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 9), Russell and Leverett told of the finding of bones of elk and deer in a peat-swamp, 3 miles south of Ann Arbor. In the same swamp, at a depth of 5 feet, a skull of _Castoroides ohioensis_ had been discovered. The bones of the elk and deer were at a somewhat higher level. While they are probably of late Pleistocene age, one can not be wholly sure of it.

INDIANA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Cambridge City, Wayne County._—In the collection of Earlham College, at Richmond, Indiana, is a part of the skull of an elk (No. 5070) labeled as found a mile northwest of Cambridge City, and as presented by Lee Ault, superintendent [of schools?]. It is recorded on the specimen that it was found in Little Simond’s Creek and lay partly exposed in a bed of gravel 4 rods below the mill-dam, and 0.25 mile from where the creek empties into the West Fork of Whitewater River. The specimen is pretty thoroughly mineralized and stained with iron oxide. The geological age of the skull is uncertain, but it has the appearance of being old. Found in that region, it must, however, be younger than the Shelbyville and Bloomington moraines, which are nearby.

2. _Fountain City, Wayne County._—In Earlham College is the rear of the skull of an elk recorded as found on Nolan’s Fork, near the border of the Bloomington moraine. It has the No. 5069 and is credited to Mr. Isaac Thomas. The remark made in the preceding paragraph about the age of the specimen from Cambridge City may be repeated here.

3. _Harrisville, Randolph County._—In the collection at Earlham College, Richmond, are some bones which belong to _Cervus canadensis_ and reported found in May 1893, by Messrs. Shoemaker, Graves, and Moore, in a ditch or canal being put through the swamp known then by the name of “The Dismal,” apparently about 6 miles east of Winchester, near the town of Harrisville. It was here that was found the fine specimen of _Castoroides ohioensis_ which is at Earlham. Just at what depth the elk bones were found is not known. With them came some bones of the white-tailed deer, _Odocoileus virginianus_. Of the elk there are a dorsal and two lumbar vertebræ, most of the sacrum, some pieces of ribs, the articular end of the scapula, a complete humerus, most of the right side of the pelvis, most of the left pubis, the left cubo-navicular bone, the distal end of the left cannon-bone, and three phalanges.

We can not be certain that the animal lived at that place during Pleistocene times. At most, it lived after the Wisconsin ice had withdrawn from that vicinity. Dr. A. J. Phinney (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXI, p. 181) stated that in draining swamps in this county elks’ antlers had been found, but no details were given. At any rate, in that region all such remains would belong to a time following the middle of the Wisconsin stage.

4. _Pennville, Jay County._—McCaslin, in his report on the geology of Jay County (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XII, p. 169), stated that the bones of the mastodon and post-glacial deer, or elk, had been frequently met with. “The gigantic antlers of the latter have been found in size indicating an animal 8 or 9 feet high and 10 or 11 in length. These have been picked up in a bog north of Camden.” Making proper allowances for miscalculations, we must conclude that these antlers belonged to the elk (_Cervus canadensis_). The antlers had probably been laid out so as to give their maximum extent. This township (24 north, range 12 east) is in the northwest corner of the county. The name Camden no longer appears on the maps, being apparently a former name for Pennville. The bog referred to was evidently north of the Salamonie River and close to or on the moraine bearing the same name. The elk must have lived there after, probably a long time after, this moraine was laid down.

5. _Wabash County._—Elrod and Benedict reported in 1892 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XVII, p. 240) that a Mr. Longnecer had unearthed the head and antlers of an elk in a swamp on his farm “near the west county line.” The antlers measured 8 feet from tip to tip. In this case they probably were given their greatest possible span. It is to be regretted that no more definite locality was given. For those in that region who might be interested, it would be possible to learn the location more accurately by searching the office of the county surveyor or of the county clerk. At any rate, the animal lived there in Late Wisconsin time.

6. _Foresman, Newton County._—In the State Museum at Indianapolis is the left antler of an elk said to have been found in 1884, at Foresman. It is credited to D. E. Howe, and the writer has not been able to get any additional information. Foresman is on Iroquois River; and, according to Leverett’s map (Monogr. LIII, plate VI), the region about there is occupied by clay of a glacial lake bottom. The antler may be of the Recent period, but more probably of Late Wisconsin times.

7. _Rensselaer, Jasper County._—In the State collection at Indianapolis just mentioned is a part, about 16 inches long, of the antler of an elk, presented by Dr. Loughridge, of Rensselaer, but no additional information is furnished. The animal may have lived at any time during or since the Late Wisconsin stage.

8. _Lake County._—In the Twenty-second Annual Report of the State Geologist of Indiana, page 90, Blatchley stated that antlers of the elk had been found in this county, but no details were given.

9. _Kouts, Porter County._—In the report just cited, on page 90, Blatchley, State geologist, reported antlers of a large elk found close to teeth of a mastodon. This was somewhere near Kouts.

The reports of fossil remains of _Cervus canadensis_ in Indiana are not very satisfactory. In few cases has any effort been made to record anything like exact information as to the locality and the depth of burial and the nature of the deposit and to preserve the specimens. Nevertheless, in most instances at least, it is quite certain that the remains referred to this species were really such. While, again, some of the remains have possibly belonged to the Recent period, probably most of them date back to late Pleistocene; that is, Late Wisconsin times. In many cases the remains have been found at a depth of several feet in swamps that were being drained. It is certain that these swamp deposits accumulated with exceeding slowness. Not infrequently fossil mastodon bones and teeth have been found within a few inches of the surface. In the case of none of the finds of elk materials is there any indication of an age beyond that of the Late Wisconsin.

ILLINOIS.

(Maps 23, 38.)

1. _Niantic, Macon County._—in 1873 (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. V, p. 308), A. H. Worthen reported the discovery of remains of mastodon, elk, buffalo, and deer in a bog near Niantic. The exact locality and the conditions are described on page 102. In that account it is concluded that the mastodon remains went to the museum of C. F. Günther, of Chicago, and from there to the collection of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. What became of the bones of the elk, the buffalo, and the deer is not known. As no record appears to have been kept of the depths at which each of the species was found, we do not know whether or not the others were as old as the mastodon. However, it is certain that these old ponds and marshes left on the surface of the Wisconsin drift filled up very slowly.

2. _Near Whitewillow, Kendall County, 5 miles west by north of Minooka._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, of the Field Museum of Natural History, informed the writer that he had found here bones of the elk. These were also reported by him in Netta C. Anderson’s list (Augustana Coll. Publ., No. 5, page 11). Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, has likewise found elk antlers here and remains of _Cervalces_ and _Alces americanus_.

For the location of this place and its geological situation page 337 may be consulted. All the species found are without doubt of Late Wisconsin age. Riggs’s statement referred to appears to indicate that the elk, buffalo, and deer bones found are of more recent age than those of the mastodons, but Mr. Langford writes that the antlers were mixed up with the mastodon bones.

3. _Palos Park, Cook County._—This place is on the Wabash Railway, about 20 miles southwest of Chicago. Dr. E. S. Riggs wrote the author that in October 1915, the Field Museum of Natural History had received a fine head and antlers of the elk from the Sag Drainage Canal near Palos Park. It was found in peat at a depth of 13 feet. One can hardly doubt that the animal lived there during the latter part of the Wisconsin stage.

4. _Batavia, Kane County._—Dr. E. S. Riggs, writing April 3, 1916, informed the author that he had picked up the jaw of an elk along a ditch, somewhere about Batavia, in which mastodon bones had been found. At what depth the bones had been buried could not be determined. In this case all that can be said is that the animal lived there after the Wisconsin ice had retired from that place.

5. _Union Grove, Whiteside County._—In the U. S. National Museum, No. 7335, is a right astragalus of an elk found near Union Grove, 3 feet below the surface of a bed of peat, in an old channel of the Mississippi River. This astragalus was presented by Mr. Leo B. Lincoln, of Chicago, through the peat expert of the U. S. Geological Survey, Professor Charles A. Davis.

The locality is said to be in the southeast quarter of the southeast quarter of section 7, Union Grove Township, apparently township 21 north, range 4 west. This section appears to be about 5 miles away from the present bed of the river. Although the area is outside of the Wisconsin drift-sheet, it is not probable that the elk antedates the Wisconsin stage. Its age is more probably Late Wisconsin.

6. _Lead Region of Illinois._—In 1876, J. A. Allen (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XI, p. 48) stated he found in a collection made in this region by J. D. Whitney an imperfect radius that seemed not to differ at all from that of a young male _Cervus canadensis_. This collection is that reported on by Jeffries Wyman in 1862 (Geol. Surv. Wisconsin, vol. I, pp. 421–423). It is impossible to say whether the specimen was found in Wisconsin, Iowa, or Illinois.

As elsewhere stated, the writer formerly regarded the vertebrate fossils found in that region as belonging mostly to the Late Wisconsin; but it now appears possible they lived during a pre-Wisconsin time.

7. _Beecher, Will County._—Mr. George Langford, of Joliet, Illinois, an intelligent collector of the fossils of that region, informed the author that he obtained an antler of the _Cervus canadensis_ at a place along Trim Creek, about 3 miles north of east of Beecher. The fragment included the base and two tines. The exact locality and the geological conditions are discussed on page 107. Mr. Langford reported that the antlers were above the mastodon bones. At the same place was found a fragment of an antler of _Cervalces_. All these species belonged probably to very late Pleistocene time.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 23.)

1. _Wauwatosa, Milwaukee County._—In the Public Museum of Milwaukee are parts of both antlers of an elk found at Miller’s brewery, in Wauwatosa, at a depth of 4 feet.

Wauwatosa is a suburb west of Milwaukee, on the Menomonie River, situated principally on one of the moraines laid down just before the Wisconsin ice-sheet retired into Lake Michigan. The elk must have lived there since that withdrawal of the ice. It is possible that the antlers were found in marsh deposits of Recent age along the Menomonie River.

2. _Pewaukee, Waukesha County._—This town is situated about 20 miles north of west of Milwaukee. In the Public Museum at Milwaukee is an antler which was plowed up somewhere about Pewaukee by Stanley G. Haskins and presented by him to the museum. Probably the antler belongs to the Recent epoch.

3. _Whitehall, Trempealeau County._—From Dr. S. Weidman, State geologist of Wisconsin, the writer received a tibia found near Whitehall and which he identifies as belonging to _Cervus canadensis_. The following account of the discovery has been furnished by Dr. Weidman:

“The gully (fig. 2) in which the tibia was found is eroded out of stratified sand, containing fragments of local sandstone and cherts. The stratified sand, with local small fragments of sandstone, is, of course, pre-loessial in origin, but the erosion of the lower terrace is post-loessial, and the gully is very recent. The tibia was taken 2 feet below the lower terrace, along the side of the gully about 5 or 6 feet deep at the lower end and 3 or 4 feet deep at the upper end; length of gully 300 or 400 feet. The bone may possibly have been inserted after the development of the lower terrace, but I could see no indication of disturbance or change in the upper 2 feet of the lower terrace further exposed by the gully at this point, the upper 2 feet being essentially the same at this point as elsewhere along the side of the gully. If the bone was deposited along with the small fragments of sandstone in the stratified formation, the fragments being usually flat, about 0.5 inch thick by 1 to 2 inches wide, then the bone is evidently pre-loessial in age. I am inclined to think the bone was deposited with the sandstone fragments during the process of the filling up of the valley with the stratified surface, long before the loess was deposited in the region, rather than after the loess and the lower terrace was formed.”

According to this account the specimen belonged to the Peorian stage or an earlier one.

MARYLAND.

(Map 23.)

1. _Oxford Neck, Talbot County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 178), Cope stated that a collection of vertebrate fossils had been found on the farm of Lambert Kirby, in Oxford Neck, including parts of antlers. These were not distinguishable from those of the elk and the Virginia deer. They were placed in the Baltimore Academy of Natural Sciences.

NORTH CAROLINA.

(Maps 23, 39.)

1. _On Neuse River, Pamlico County, 16 miles below Newbern._—On page 117, in discussing the occurrence of mastodons at this place, it is stated that H. B. Croom had reported also the presence of elk remains. A more competent witness was Richard Harlan, who included the elk in his list of species (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLIII, 1842, p. 143). The reader is referred to page 358, where the locality and the species are further considered.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—Dr. Joseph Leidy does not seem to mention the occurrence of the wapiti at Charleston. F. S. Holmes, in the introduction to his work on Post-Pliocene fossils of South Carolina, page 7, mentions the elk among the animals found in the Pleistocene beds which still have living representatives.

In the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, at Philadelphia, are two teeth, labeled as from Ashley River and credited to Captain A. H. Bowman. It is possible that Leidy did not mention them because he regarded them as teeth of elk that lived within Recent times.

GEORGIA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—In a list of fossil vertebrates dredged, probably, from the harbor at Brunswick, Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436) announced the finding of some part, supposedly a tooth, of a cervuline, “probably belonging to the genus _Cervus_.” That _C. canadensis_ might have lived in that region during some part of the Pleistocene is not at all improbable; that it lived there during the time that _Megatherium_ existed we have not at present sufficient evidence.

FLORIDA.

(Map 23.)

1. _Alafia River, Hillsboro County._—From the late Professor F. W. Putnam the writer learned that he had obtained from Alafia River some part of the elk. The present writer has not seen the specimen.

TENNESSEE.

(Figure 23.)

_Whitesburg, Hamblen County._—In a collection of fossil vertebrates secured at Whitesburg and described by the writer in 1920 are some fragments of teeth which were referred to _Cervus canadensis_ (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 92). A list of the species is presented on page 395.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 23.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In his report of 1831 on Bigbone Lick, William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 207) stated that he had found remains of _Cervus canadensis_; but he did not appear to be wholly certain of this. Shaler was likewise in doubt regarding the presence of the elk (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, vol. III, n. s., p. 197). Other authors have mentioned the elk as occurring here, but not in a convincing way. Nevertheless, it is not at all improbable that this species was represented here. The geology of this locality is considered on pages 401 to 404 and a list of the species is presented.

2. _Bluelick Springs, Nicholas County._—In the collection of fossil vertebrates secured by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter, living near Bluelick Springs, were teeth, some bones, and fragments of antlers. This collection had been secured in an attempt to clean out and restore the failing springs. Whether or not these remains date back to the Pleistocene is uncertain. They are reported to have been found above the bones of the mastodon.

FINDS OF RANGIFER IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

GRINNELL LAND.

_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. 488), Fielden published a paper on the post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell Land and north Greenland. In 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566), Fielden and De Rance presented a report on the same subject.

At a station in latitude 82° 30′ N., in beds at an elevation of 400 feet, there were secured meager remains of _Ovibos moschatus_ and _Phoca hispida_. At another station, in latitude 82° 25′, there were obtained remains of _Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. The invertebrate fauna was found to be identical with that now existing there. In case the beds are Pleistocene they are probably those of a late stage.

ONTARIO.

(Map 24.)

1. _Toronto, York County._—In 1899 (Ottawa Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 195), Coleman stated that horns of the caribou were common in the Carleton Bar, just west of Toronto. This bar belonged to the Iroquois beach. In the same bar near York, east of Toronto, mammoth teeth had been found. In 1904 (Jour. Geol., vol. XV, p. 366), the same writer states that antlers are very common at Toronto Junction. This is probably the same locality as that spoken of as Carleton Bar.

In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, pp. 290, 298), Coleman wrote that a shed horn of a caribou had been found at Taylor’s brickyard. This is nearly a mile north of the Gerard street bridge in Toronto (Amer. Geologist, vol. XIII, p. 87). It was in a blue peaty clay, in which were found also unios and wood. This clay is about 4 feet 6 inches thick and near the top of the warm-climate beds. Notwithstanding the presence of the antler of a caribou, the stratum is assigned by Coleman to the warm-climate beds, because of the character of the vegetation. At present the caribou is not known to come nearer than 150 or 200 miles to Toronto.

VERMONT.

(Map 24.)

1. _Woodbury, Washington County._—In 1910 (Rep. Geol. Surv. Vermont, p. 7), Professor G. H. Perkins stated that there are in the State Cabinet at Burlington a fully developed antler and a part of the upper jaw, with five molars, of _Rangifer caribou_ found at Woodbury in a peat-bog at a depth of 7 feet. Probably the animal lived at about the close of the Pleistocene epoch. The species has not been known in the State since historical times.

CONNECTICUT.

(Map 24.)

1. _New Haven, New Haven County._—In 1875 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. X), Professor J. D. Dana gave an account of the finding of a humerus and a tibia of a reindeer in the Quinnipiac Valley, near New Haven. The humerus was discovered in a bed of clay at a depth of 11 feet; the tibia at a depth of 7 feet. The two bones belonged to different individuals. Marsh, as quoted by Dana, thought that the tibia resembled more closely that of _Rangifer tarandus_ of Europe than it did that of _R. caribou_, but that the humerus was more similar to that of the caribou. Dana concluded that the clays had been laid down after the glacier had retreated from the valley, but while it was yet near enough to send down ice-floes. Woodworth (17th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 1, p. 978) was inclined to refer the clays to some pre-Wisconsin time.

NEW YORK.

(Map 24.)

1. _Ossining, Westchester County._—In 1859, Dr. Joseph Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI, p. 194) read a letter from Dr. G. J. Fisher, of Ossining (then Sing Sing), in which was reported the finding of an antler of a reindeer in that vicinity, in excavating a peat-bed, 6 feet from the surface. The peat-bed had an area of about an acre, was surrounded by high ground, and looked as if it had been the site of an ancient lake. It is to be regretted that the situation of the place was not more accurately given.

Woodworth (Bull. 84, New York State Mus., 1905, p. 187) remarked that he did not know the circumstances under which the reindeer remains had been found; but its occurrence there was consonant with his views of the non-submergence of the lower Hudson valley. On the other hand, there appears to be no good reason why the caribou might not have occupied that region step by step as the glacier retired, and have remained there long enough for its bones to become buried in mucks overlying the deposits laid down in the Hudson while it was at sea-level.

2. _Racket River, St. Lawrence County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 377), Leidy mentioned the occurrence of caribou (“_Cervus tarandus_”) remains at Racket River, basing his statement on a remark of S. L. Mitchill (Cat. Organ. Remains, 1826, p. 26). On the same page Leidy referred to Mitchill’s skull of the elk found at Racket River, and to De Kay’s figure of it. In De Kay’s description (Zool. N. Y. Mamm., p. 120) of the skull he stated that it bore a label in Mitchill’s handwriting purporting that the skull belonged to the reindeer. It looks, therefore, very much as if the crediting of the caribou to this locality is due to an error of identification on the part of Mitchill; on the other hand, it is barely possible that Mitchill had remains of both animals from the locality.

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 24.)

1. _Vincentown, Burlington County._—In 1869 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 377, plate XXVIII, fig. 9), Leidy described and figured a part of an antler of a reindeer found at Vincentown. It was discovered 4 feet from the surface in soil overlying greensand. According to Lewis and Kümmel’s geological map, the region about Vincentown is occupied by Cape May deposits resting on Manasquan marl, of Cretaceous age. It may be supposed, therefore, that this reindeer was in that region during the prevalence of the Wisconsin glacial stage (Geol. Surv. New Jersey, vol. VIII, p. 183). This antler is peculiar in having no brow-tine, in having the bez-tine placed at an unusual height, 6 inches above the base, and in having no tine arise from the rear of the shaft up to a height of about 2 feet from the base. Where the last-mentioned tine might be expected is simply a sharp ridge. Leidy thought that the antler resembled more closely that of the barren-ground reindeer than that of the woodland reindeer. It may, however, belong to a distinct but as yet unnamed species.

2. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1884 (17th Ann. Rep. Peabody Mus., Harvard Univ., for 1883, p. 372), Professor F. W. Putnam reported as follows on a fragment of antler of _Rangifer_ found at Trenton by Dr. C. C. Abbott: “A piece of worked antler, probably a handle to a stone knife, from the gravel in the railroad cut where the human tooth (No. 27798) was found. Collected and presented by Dr. C. C. Abbott.”

This specimen is mentioned by Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Mamm. of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1903, p. 241) as belonging to _Rangifer grœnlandicus_. From Dr. C. C. Willoughby, director of Peabody Museum, the writer learns that this part of an antler is yet in that museum. He writes that it has been a handle for apparently a steel knife and that he sees nothing whatever about the specimen to indicate a prehistoric origin. It may, he thinks, have been washed out of some recent Indian grave. In a personal letter to Mr. S. N. Rhoads, Professor Putnam wrote that the fragment had been identified by Dr. J. A. Allen as belonging to _Rangifer_. In 1883 (Jour. Franklin Inst., vol. CXV, pp. 366, 374), H. C. Lewis stated on the authority of Dr. C. C. Abbott that remains of _Rangifer_ had been discovered in the Trenton gravels.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 24.)

1. _Stroudsburg, Monroe County._—In Crystal Hill (Hartman’s) Cave, near Stroudsburg, there was found, many years ago, bones and teeth of what Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1880, p. 347) called _Rangifer caribou_. In 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 5) the remains are spoken of as fragments of jaws and teeth.

2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—In his earliest mention of remains found in Durham Cave, near Riegelsville, Leidy included the woodland caribou (_Rangifer caribou_). In his list published in 1889 (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Pennsylvania for 1887, p. 18) this species is not included, but the writer does not know why it was not.

ILLINOIS.

(Map 24.)

1. _Alton, Madison County._—In the collection of fossils made in the region about Alton by William McAdams, a list of which will be given on page 339, is a single upper right molar, the first or second, which belongs to this genus. The tooth has McAdams’s No. 11. To the base of the tooth a mass of very hard matrix adheres and a part of the grinding-surface is covered by the same material. The tooth is likewise somewhat shattered. The length of the tooth is 19 mm., the width across the anterior lobe 13.5 mm.

From the materials at hand it is not possible to determine to what species the tooth belonged. It is referred provisionally to _Rangifer muscatinensis_. This tooth differs from other _Rangifer_ teeth observed in having the front of the protocone, at its base, less fully rounded out, and in that the mesostyle, on the inner face of the tooth, widens more extensively as it approaches the base than in any other species observed. Nevertheless, the width of the mesostyle varies in species and individuals.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 24.)

1. _Menomonie, Dunn County._—From Professor S. Weidman, of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, the writer received a part of an antler of a female or a young individual of some species of _Rangifer_. Professor Weidman sends the information that this was obtained in a sand formation just below the clays worked at Menomonie for brick. He regards the brick-clays as being of Sangamon interglacial age. He states, too, that a part of a leg-bone believed to belong to a mastodon had been found in the clays; also bones of a fish, which have been identified by Dr. Hussakof as the Mackinaw trout, _Cristivomer namaycush_ (Jour. Geology, vol XXIV, pp. 685–689, figs. 1, 2).

Probably the caribou represented by this specimen lived in that region at the beginning or at the close of some one of the glacial stages, when the climate was yet severe. The supposed mastodon bone may have belonged to _Elephas primigenius_. It is described on page 111.

At a later time Dr. Weidman sent the writer a large part of the beam of an antler of a caribou which likewise had been found in the lacustrine clay at Menomonie. It was met with in the red clay, near the top of the lacustrine clay bed.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 24.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—The presence of reindeer bones at this place appears first to have been mentioned by William Cooper (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, p. 207). He wrote that “antlers, jaws, and other remains of _Cervus canadensis_, _C. virginianus_, _C. alces_, and perhaps _C. tarandus_ are not very rare.” Shaler (Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. XIII, 1871, p. 167; Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, p. 197) reported that antlers of the caribou had been found by him here. A list of the species found at Bigbone Lick will be given on page 403.

FINDS OF MUSK-OXEN IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

GRINNELL LAND.

_Dumbbell Harbor._—In 1877 (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. XX, p. 488), H. W. Fielden presented a paper on the post-Tertiary beds of Grinnell Land and north Greenland. He reported the discovery of a bone and a tooth of _Ovibos moschatus_ and a bone of _Phoca hispida_ in deposits at an elevation of 400 feet. This was in latitude 82° 30′ N. At another station, in latitude 82° 25′, Fielden procured fossil remains of _Rangifer tarandus_, _Ovibos moschatus_, and _Phoca barbata_. A report to the same effect was presented by Fielden and De Rance in 1878 (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. XXXIV, p. 566).

NEW JERSEY.

(Map 25.)

1. _Trenton, Mercer County._—In 1900 (Ann. Rep. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. for 1899, p. 16), Professor F. W. Putnam stated that Mr. Ernest Volk, of Trenton, had found in the Trenton gravels a part of the scapula of a musk-ox, now at the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The part present is that bearing the glenoid cavity. This report is reprinted on pages 248 to 249 of Volk’s “Archæology of the Delaware Valley” (Papers Peabody Mus., vol. V). On page 111 of this work, Mr. Volk gives an account of the discovery of the bone, and illustrates it by plates LXXXVI and LXXXVII. The bone was identified by Putnam, Matthew, Allen, Boas, Lambe, True, and Lucas. Inasmuch as the comparison must have been made with the scapulas of _Ovibos moschatus_, the fossil probably belonged to this species.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 25.)

1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In 1872 (Contrib. Ext. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 255, plate XXVIII, fig. 8), Leidy briefly described and figured a molar tooth which he referred to _Bison latifrons_. It had been found along the bank of Susquehanna River at Pittston, associated with the mastodon and a horse. Dr. J. A. Allen (Amer. Bisons, 1876, p. 12) expressed the opinion that the tooth belonged to some species of _Ovibos_. The present writer agrees that the tooth is not that of _Bison_. It seems to agree more nearly with teeth of _Symbos cavifrons_; but it differs from the teeth of that species in some respects. The writer has examined this tooth at the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. It is worn almost to the roots and is 34 mm. long and 32 mm. thick at the base of the hinder lobe. It agrees in form more closely with the first molar of both _Ovibos_ and _Symbos_; but it is much larger than the same tooth in _Ovibos moschatus_ and somewhat larger than that of _Symbos cavifrons_. The inner face of the anterior lobe is much more rounded than in _Symbos_, and the inner face of the hinder lobe forms an angle with the hinder face, instead of rounding into it, as it does in _Symbos cavifrons_. The teeth appear to have been packed together more closely, on the lingual side, than in _Bison_, _Symbos_, and _Ovibos_. The tooth is probably worthy of being given a new name.

Mr. S. W. Rhoads has examined this tooth and concluded that it belonged to _Bison bison_. To this view it seems sufficient to say that in _Bison_ teeth the outer face of each of the lobes is very convex and column-like, while the parastyle and especially the mesostyle are relatively small. In the Pittston tooth the mesostyle stands out beyond the outer face of the hinder lobe, and the latter is nearly flat; this is also the condition in _Symbos_. The writer will say further that the accessory column is not always present in teeth of _Symbos_.

2. _Riegelsville, Bucks County._—Mr. Rhoads, as cited above, on pages 246 to 248, described a part of a horn-core of a bovine animal to which he applied the name _Bison appalachicolus_. Later (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1897, p. 492) he concluded that the horn-core had belonged to an animal of the genus _Ovibos_; and accordingly it bears the name _O. appalachicolus_. Leidy had in 1889 called attention to a collection of bones made in Durham Cave, near Riegelsville (Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv., Pennsylvania, for 1887, pp. 18–19). He recorded 20 species, all of which lived there or at most, not far away, when the country was discovered. These may have all entered the cave at a later period, but the musk-ox may have antedated the others. A list of these fossils is presented on page 311.

OHIO.

(Map 25.)

1. _Urbana, Champaign County._—At Urbana, Ohio, in the possession of Mr. Charles McDarg, the writer has seen a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ which had been found on the farm of Ed. Jennings, while a ditch was being dug. It was buried in mud at a depth of 10 feet. This region is covered by the Wisconsin drift, and the animal must have lived not long after the ice had withdrawn from the neighborhood.

2. _Youngstown, Mahoning County._—In the geological collection of the Ohio State University is a part of a skull of _Ovibos moschatus_ secured at Youngstown. The specimen shows the base of the skull and the forehead. Between the bases of the horns is a narrow channel, characteristic of _Ovibos_. The specimen shows the effects of abrasion, the horn-cores being worn down to their bases. The specimen is said to have been found in gravel at a depth of 60 feet. It appears to have been presented in 1890 by H. McGinnis. It is probable that this skull was found along Mahoning River, but the elevation was, unfortunately, not given. The probability is that the deposits inclosing the fossil were laid down during the Wisconsin stage.

According to Leverett (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., XLI, p. 149), the old trough of Beaver River was filled with gravel during the Wisconsin glacial stage, and this filling is now in process of excavation. The same is probably true of its tributary, the Mahoning. If the skull was buried in this gravel its age is thereby determined.

3. _Trumbull County._—In 1853 (Smith. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3, p. 16), Leidy stated that he had received, for inspection, from Professor Samuel St. John, of Hudson, Ohio, a fragment of a skull, with one horn-core attached, which had been found in Trumbull County. No further details were given as to the locality or of the geological conditions. The skull appeared to be much water-worn. It belongs to _Symbos cavifrons_. Trumbull County is wholly occupied by Wisconsin drift. The animal is, then, probably to be credited to the Late Wisconsin. It is possible, however, that this skull was found in an older deposit exposed in the valley of some stream.

MICHIGAN.

(Map 25.)

Up to the present time it appears that remains of musk-oxen have been found in Michigan in only two localities, Manchester, Washtenaw County, and near Moorland, in Muskegon County. These remains belonged to two different genera, _Symbos_ and _Boötherium_.

1. _Manchester, Washtenaw County._—In No. 13 of the Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, pages 1–3, plates I, II, issued by the University of Michigan, November 12, 1915, Dr. E. C. Case reported the finding of a fine skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ at a place near Manchester. This was given by Case as being about 3 miles northeast of Manchester, but Mr. Schlicht, owner of the farm, has sent the writer a description and plat of the section which show that the spot is situated about 0.5 mile northwest of the town. It is near the center of the northwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 1, township 4 south, range 3 east. A drain was being made in a swampy tract and the skull was found at a depth of 4 feet, lying on a bed of clay. This was covered by a black muck filled with plant remains and interrupted by a few thin layers of fine gravel.

The skull was in fine condition, but lacked the lower jaw. The spade of a workman struck the nose and injured the bones so that some parts were lost. The teeth were almost perfectly preserved.

The locality which furnished this skull is in the valley of the Raisin River. According to Leverett’s glacial map of Michigan (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., LIII, plate VII), this valley crosses, at this point, the northern end of the Fort Wayne moraine. It is not improbable that this musk-ox lived when the foot of the ice-sheet was not far removed. Even in case the skull had gotten into a drainage channel it could not, because of its fine state of preservation, have been moved far from where the animal died. The circumstances appear to indicate that the skull had been left on the clayey bottom of a shallow pond of a tundra and become covered by the muck of a milder epoch.

2. _Moorland, Muskegon County._—In 1908 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXXIV, p. 683, plate LXXIX), J. W. Gidley described, as belonging to a new species, _Boötherium sargenti_, a skull of a musk-ox found on the farm of Mr. Charles McKay, reported to be near Grand Rapids. Further inquiry showed that the farm is located near Moorland, in the northeast quarter of section 16, township 10 north, range 14 west. The skull was found in a marsh at a depth of 2 or 3 feet and lying beneath the pelvis of a mastodon. It and the mastodon are now preserved in the Kent Scientific Museum, at Grand Rapids, Michigan.

In 1915 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XLVIII, p. 525, plate XXXI), the writer redescribed the specimen. Dr. J. A. Allen, in 1913 (Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, pp. 214, 215), referred to this skull and concluded that it had belonged to the female of _Symbos cavifrons_. The writer does not accept this opinion. He has examined more than 25 skulls of _S. cavifrons_, some of which must have been females. In none did the rough surfaces for the horns fail to meet at the midline as it does fail in the Moorland specimen.

The Moorland marsh is surrounded by what Leverett has called the Lake Border moraines. It is probable that this musk-ox existed there after, but not long after, the ice had withdrawn into Lake Michigan. From what is known about the habits of musk-oxen in general, we must conclude that the climate was yet cold.

The fact that the mastodon remains were so closely associated with the musk-ox skull does not prove that the animals lived there together. Near Alma, in Gratiot County, the late Charles A. Davis found mastodon bones in a peat-bog within a few inches of the surface. If by chance the pelvis of a modern horse or cow had fallen on that spot, it might easily have been pressed down into contact with those bones.

INDIANA.

(Map 25.)

1. _Wailesboro, Bartholomew County._—In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a portion of a skull of a musk-ox which the writer identifies as _Symbos cavifrons_. It is labeled as found along the East Fork of White River, in 1904, near Wailesboro, Bartholomew County, Indiana. This locality is about 45 miles east of south of Indianapolis. The skull is reported to have been washed out of a bank composed of alluvium which overlies from 10 to 20 feet of glacial gravel. It is also said that out of the same gravel a tooth of _Elephas primigenius_ had been secured. It seems to be implied that the musk-ox skull came from the gravel; but the record is not clear. It was presented to the museum in New York by Dr. J. J. Edwards, of Columbus, Indiana. He is said to have been interested to some extent in collecting palæontological materials. It is likely that he depended on others for his knowledge of the origin of the skull.

The specimen presents the brain-case to the rear of the orbits, including the basioccipital bone and the bases of the horn-cores. It has been rolled somewhat and many ridges and processes have been eroded off. Measurements were given by the writer in his paper on the “Pleistocene Period in Indiana and its Vertebrata” (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, pp. 638–639). Dr. J. A. Allen (Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. 201) has examined this skull and concluded that it is not specifically determinable, but the writer, after re-examining the specimen, sees no reason for changing his original conclusion.

This skull was found within the area of Illinoian drift; but the border of the Wisconsin forms the high ground just east of the river. According to Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana (Monogr. LII, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate VI), the valley of the river is filled with sands and gravels resulting from glacial drainage, and this came mostly, if not all, from the Wisconsin ice. Most probably the animal which possessed this skull lived there at some time when the Wisconsin glacial ice was not far away.

2. _Richmond, Wayne County._—In the collection at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, is the brain-case of a skull identified as that of _Ovibos moschatus_. This fragment was described and figured by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 641, plate IX, fig. 2). The skull was unearthed by some workmen in the vicinity of Richmond and put into the hands of Professor D. W. Dennis, who loaned it to the writer. It is referred to _Ovibos moschatus_, the species now existing in the Arctic region of North America. Possibly if we had more complete remains specific differences might be found.

This animal probably lived in the region about Richmond at a time when the Wisconsin moraine was yet lingering in Indiana and when the climate was yet severe.

3. _Randolph County._—In the collection belonging to Earlham College is the rear portion of the skull of a musk-ox, identified as belonging to _Symbos cavifrons_. At what place in Randolph County it was found is not known. It had been somewhat eroded and injured. Measurements approximately correct were given by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 638). We may suppose that the animal lived in that region at some time during the last half of the Wisconsin stage.

4. _Beaver Lake, Newton County._—In 1870, F. H. Bradley (Geol. Surv. Illinois, vol. IV, p. 229), reported that upon the bottom of Beaver Lake, just east of the State line, since the lake had been partially drained, skeletons of _Mastodon_ and _Boötherium_ had been found by Dr. H. M. Keyzer, of Momence, Illinois, and others. Unfortunately, we do not know what became of these valuable materials. Probably the “_Boötherium_” was the animal now known as _Symbos cavifrons_, inasmuch as it is far more abundant than any other species of musk-ox. If any parts of the skeleton of this musk-ox were really found the loss is great, inasmuch as very few bones have ever been discovered.

The time when the mastodon and the musk-ox lived about Beaver Lake must have been after the withdrawal of the Wisconsin glacial sheet beyond that region. For remarks on this locality see page 96. The name Beaver Lake has disappeared from the maps, but it was in township 30 north, range 9 west.

5. _Hebron, Porter County._—In the American Museum of Natural History is a nearly complete skull of the musk-ox known as _Symbos cavifrons_, collected about 6 miles east of Hebron. It was found by workmen while making excavations for a railroad bridge. The exact location is given as section 16, township 33 north, range 6 west, in the marshy lands just north of Kankakee River. The depth was about 7 feet and the deposit was described as a mixture of sand and clay. Doubtless the animal died near the spot where its skull was found, inasmuch as this had undergone little injury.

This skull was described and figured by the writer in 1912 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, pp. 635–638, figs. 49, 50) and in 1914 (Iowa Geol. Surv., vol. XXIII, pp. 299–302, figs. 98, 99); also by Dr. J. A. Allen (Mem. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. 214, plates XVII, XVIII).

On Leverett’s glacial map of Indiana this region is represented as being occupied by sand and gravel deposits resulting from glacial drainage. The musk-ox must have lived after the foot of the glacier had withdrawn nearly to the end of Lake Michigan.

ILLINOIS.

(Map 25.)

1. _Bondville, Champaign County._—In the collection of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, is the rear portion of the skull with the horn-cores of a specimen of _Symbos cavifrons_. It is reported as found on the farm of John Busey, southwest of Champaign and 4 miles from Bondville. Professor S. A. Forbes informed the writer that the locality is in section 31, township 19 north, range 8 east. No details are known regarding the conditions under which the skull was found. The region is occupied by the Champaign moraine and it was after the retirement of the ice from this moraine that the animal lived. It may, however, have been not long after that time.

2. _Manito, Mason County._—Mr. John Wiedmer, of St. Louis, presented to the U. S. National Museum (No. 7800) the rear half of the skull of a specimen of _Symbos cavifrons_ found near Manito, at a depth of 5 feet, by workmen who were cutting out peat. A tooth of a mastodon, _Mammut americanum_, sent with the skull, is said to have been embedded in the upper part of the sand which underlies the peat. The skull was reported as found at about the same depth, but it was quite certainly not in the sand.

The exact location of the skull was in section 22, township 23 north, range 6 east, within the area of the Illinoian drift-sheet, but the Wisconsin drift is not far away. The valley of the Illinois River in this county is mapped by Leverett as occupied by sands and gravels of Wisconsin age. Probably the animal lived when the Wisconsin ice-sheet was not far distant.

The skull described apparently belonged to a rather small, perhaps not fully grown individual. For purposes of comparison with other skulls, as the one found at St. Louis, Missouri, and the one found at Hebron, Indiana (p. 252), the following measurements have been taken of this skull:

_mm._ From tip to tip of horn-cores 437 Height of rear of skull from bottom of condyles 168 Width across the mastoid region 183 Width between hinder ends of temporal fossæ 117 Width at space between bases of horn-cores and orbits 127 Width at the rear border of orbits 231 Length of rough surface of forehead, at midline 200 Fore-and-aft width of base of horn-core 98 Vertical thickness of base of horn-core 78 From front of foramen magnum to rear of nasal bones 260

The exostosis between the bases of the horn-cores is longitudinally deeply excavated, the excavation being 50 mm. wide and 27 mm. deep. The tips of the horn-cores come forward only even with the rear border of the orbits. In some other cases the horn-cores come forward to the front, or even in advance of the front border of the orbits. It is possible that this Manito skull was that of a cow.

3. _Alton, Madison County._—In a collection of fossil mammals made at Alton by William McAdams and now in the U. S. National Museum is a single tooth, a lower left second molar, referred with some doubt to _Symbos promptus_. The crown is 34 mm. long and 25 mm. wide at the base. The tooth has been described briefly by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 115). A list of the species accompanying it will be found on page 339.

WEST VIRGINIA.

(Map 25.)

1. _Mahan, Brooke County._—In 1902 (Science, n. s., vol. XVI, pp. 707–709, fig.), J. B. Hatcher reported the finding of a part of a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ at a point in Brooke County, somewhat over a mile below Steubenville, Ohio. The locality is further defined as being the sand-pit of the Steubenville Sand Company, on the Thomas Mahan farm, on the east side of the Wheeling branch of the “Panhandle” Railroad. The details regarding the locality were furnished by Mr. Sam Huston. The sand-pit was located in the glacial terrace which rises about 70 feet above low-water mark and from about 35 to 40 feet above high-water. The river has never been known to rise as high as to the spot where the skull was found. It had doubtless been brought down by the waters which built up the terrace. These waters probably came from the Wisconsin ice-sheet. The skull is now in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburgh.

The interesting geology of this region is described on page 355.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 25.)

1. _Natchez._—The first notice of the occurrence of any species of the Ovibovinæ at Natchez seems to be the inclusion of _Symbos (Boötherium) cavifrons_ in Leidy’s list of fossil Mammalia found in the State of Mississippi (Wailles’s Rep. Agric. Geol. Mississippi, 1854, p. 269), but the locality is not mentioned. The occurrence of the species in the State was not mentioned by Leidy in 1853 in his “Memoir on Extinct Species of Fossil Ox” (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3). Leidy’s list mentioned above was quoted by Hilgard in 1860 (Agric. Geol. Mississippi, p. 196). In neither place was any statement made regarding the part preserved. In his “Memoir on the Extinct Sloth Tribe of North America,” published in 1855 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 6), Leidy stated that _Boötherium_ had been found at Natchez. Five years later (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1870, p. 73) Leidy reported that an isolated tooth, a last lower molar not yet protruded from the jaw, had been received from Natchez and was preserved in the museum of the Philadelphia Academy. On comparison with a last molar in a jaw of a supposed _Ovibos cavifrons_ received at the Smithsonian Institution and found near Woodbine, Iowa, Leidy concluded that the Natchez tooth belonged to the same species. Probably he had already based on this tooth the announcement of the presence of this species at Natchez. At least, the writer knows of no other parts of _Symbos cavifrons_ found at Natchez, and he has seen neither the tooth from Natchez nor the jaw from Woodbine, Iowa.

Leidy stated that the tooth in question had a height of 2.25 inches, a length antero-posteriorly of 2 inches.

KENTUCKY.

(Map 25.)

1. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—In his account of Bigbone Lick and the collections made there (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 158–174, 205–217), William Cooper included in his list of species both _Bos bombifrons_ (_Boötherium bombifrons_) and _Bos pallasii_ (_Symbos cavifrons_). Already in 1818 Wistar (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser. 2, vol. I, p. 379, plate XI, figs. 10, 11) had described, without systematic name, the skull which later was made the type of _Bos bombifrons_ by Harlan (Fauna Amer., p. 271). This skull was a part of the collection made at Bigbone Lick by Governor William Clark for President Thomas Jefferson. In the account presented by Cooper (p. 173) he stated that in the Finnell (sometimes spelled Phinnell) collection, made in 1830, he had found a second head of the species, but what became of it is not known. Harlan, as cited (p. 272), stated that in the collection of fossils made at Bigbone Lick by Major Long were teeth which probably belonged to the musk-ox. They differed little from those of the bison, but were thicker at the crown, more deeply grooved at the sides, and altogether more robust. In 1870 (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 97), Dr. Leidy mentioned that in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, in Cambridge, he had seen a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ which Professor Shaler had collected at Bigbone Lick. The present writer has seen this skull. A list of the species found at this locality is recorded on page 403.

2. _Bluelick Springs?, Nicholas County._—In the collection at Yale University is the hinder part of a skull of _Symbos cavifrons_, bought in 1876 from Henry Ward, Rochester, and labeled as found in the Bluelick region. The locality is not more definitely known.

3. _Winchester, Clark County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a part of the rear of the skull of _Symbos cavifrons_ labeled as found at Winchester. It is credited to J. W. Fitch. It shows well the condyles, some of the base of the skull, and the base of the right horn-core.

Besides the remains above described a part of a cranium of _Symbos cavifrons_ from Kentucky is preserved in the Boston Society of Natural History. Leidy (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. 3, p. 16) stated that it had been found in the alluvium of Kentucky River.

FINDS OF EXTINCT BISONS IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 26.)

1. _Toronto, York County._—Through the kindness of Professor B. A. Bensley, of the University of Toronto, the writer has had the opportunity to examine a malar bone of a bison found in the Don interglacial beds at Toronto. It is slightly water-worn and the edges are somewhat injured. The bone has been compared with the corresponding one of a large specimen of _Bison bison_, No. 22374 of the U. S. National Museum, and with a complete skull of _Bison alleni_ from Alaska. The Toronto bone is about one-third larger than that of the _Bison bison_ and about one-tenth larger than that of _B. alleni_. The projecting outer plate, immediately below the orbit, narrows little if any from behind forward, while in both the other species referred to it becomes much narrower toward the front. The bone quite certainly belonged to an extinct species, but without the horn-cores it is impossible to determine to which one.

In 1901 (Jour. Geol., vol. IX, p. 301), Coleman stated that a large atlas vertebra of a bison which he thought might belong to _B. americanus_ had been found in interglacial beds in Toronto. It is more probable, however, that it belonged to one of the extinct species. It is uncertain whether the deposits belonged to the Don series or the Scarboro.

The geology of this region is treated on pages 281 to 283.

PENNSYLVANIA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Pittston, Luzerne County._—In 1873 (Contrib. Ext. Fauna West. Terrs., p. 255, plate XXVIII, fig. 8), Leidy described and figured a tooth as that of _Bison latifrons_. This has been referred here to an undetermined species of _Symbos_. In a paper on the distribution of the American bison in Pennsylvania, Mr. S. N. Rhoads (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, p. 245) concluded that this tooth belonged to the existing bison. He stated also that the Academy had two other teeth, lower molars, from the same place, which Leidy had labeled as “_Bison americanus_” and regarded as more recent than the figured tooth. Rhoads thought the identification correct, but that they belonged to the same individual as did the tooth figured by Leidy. The writer has not seen these lower teeth and admits them here only provisionally. They were found along Susquehanna River, in association with remains of _Mammut americanum_ and _Equus complicatus?_ (“_E. major_”). If any of the bovine teeth belong to Bison the species belonged to early or middle Pleistocene and is now extinct.

2. _Port Kennedy, Montgomery County._—The presence of Bison in the famous cave at this place was announced by Wheatley in 1871 (Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 3, vol. I, p. 384). Cope, in his account of 1899 (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. XI), does not mention the genus; but Mercer, on page 280 of the same volume, credits Wheatley with having found remains of three individuals of one undetermined species. He used the generic name _Bos_.

A description of the Port Kennedy Cave and its contents and remarks on the geological age of the fossils will be given on pages 311 to 320.

OHIO.

(Map 26.)

1. _Fincastle, Brown County._—In 1887 (Jour. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. X, p. 20), Horace P. Smith, curator of the society, described a fine pair of horn-cores of _Bison latifrons_ found in Brown County and which had come into the possession of the society. They were discovered at a depth of 18 feet, in making excavations for the piers of a bridge across Brush Creek. Inasmuch as nearly the whole of the course of this stream is in Adams County, the locality must have been in the northeastern corner of Brown County, near Fincastle, where the creek has its source, and within the area of the Illinoian drift. Smith thought that the horn-cores were in the drift; but, if so, the overlying materials must have been washed down over them after their burial. It is improbable that they were ever beneath or in the glacier. The animal probably lived during the Sangamon interglacial stage; quite certainly before the Wisconsin.

2. _North Fairfield, Huron County._—In the Norwalk Museum, at Norwalk, are some skull-bones of a bison found at some point not known to the writer, about 7 miles from North Fairfield, while search was being made for bones of the megalonyx which belongs partly to the museum at Norwalk, partly to the Niver family at North Fairfield. These bison bones served as the type of _Bison sylvestris_, described by the writer in 1915 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. XLVIII, p. 515, plate XXX). This is the only species of extinct bison known that lived after the close of the Wisconsin stage.

INDIANA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Evansville, Vanderburg County._—Many years ago Dr. Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, pp. 199–200) described a collection of mammalian remains made on the banks of Ohio River at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, a short distance below Evansville. Among these materials was a fragment of a cervical vertebra of a species of _Bison_, which Leidy identified with doubt as _Bison americanus_, the existing bison, now known as _Bison bison_. It would be impossible to determine to which of our several species of the genus _Bison_ this bone belonged; but it probably did not belong to B. bison. This species is not known from times preceding the Wisconsin drift and the bone-bed at Pigeon Creek is undoubtedly older. On page 32 is a discussion of the probable age of the bone-bed. It may be as old as the Aftonian stage, but more probably it belonged to the Sangamon.

The other species found at the locality named are _Megalonyx jeffersonii_, the Virginia deer, the extinct horse known as _Equus complicatus_, _Tapirus haysii_, and the extinct wolf _Ænocyon dirus_. At Bigbone Lick, midway between Louisville and Cincinnati, on the Kentucky side, have been found two extinct species of _Bison_, _B. antiquus_ and _B. latifrons_. At the same place has been found _Equus complicatus_. The beds there overlie the Illinoian drift and belong, in part at least, to the Sangamon.

Under this number may be included mention of a bone of a species of Bison which Cope reported in 1878 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XII, p. 189) from Vanderburg County. Cope stated that John Collett, then State geologist of Indiana, had discovered in a late Pleistocene deposit a number of fossils. One of these was the ulno-radius of a _Bos_ (now to be referred to _Bison_); another was a part of the mandible of the deer _Odocoileus dolichopsis_. In 1884 (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol XIV, p. 22), Cope and Workman, inaccurately quoting Cope’s original description of the deer _Odocoileus dolichopsis_, state that this deer and the bison bones were found in Harrison County.

By consulting the Patoka Folio, No. 105, of the U. S. Geological Survey, it will be seen that the northern part of Vanderburg County, four townships, Nos. 4 and 5 south, ranges 10 and 11 west, are included. The two northern townships are largely occupied by lacustrine deposits which the geologists Fuller and Clapp regarded as having been laid down in lakes produced by the damming of the drainage by the Illinoian ice-sheet. Farther south, along the streams emptying into Pigeon Creek, are wide areas which are covered by “fine silts, mainly of pre-Wisconsin age, but including some of more recent age.” Whether or not the bison bone and the jaw of _Odocoileus dolichopsis_ were found in any of these deposits we are unfortunately left in the dark. It is most probable that the bison and the deer lived there after the Illinoian stage and before the Wisconsin.

2. _Vincennes, Knox County._—In the geological collection of Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana, is preserved the greater part of the skull of a bison which belonged to the species known as _Bison antiquus_. This skull was first described and figured by Mr. W. G. Middleton and Professor Joseph Moore (Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. for 1899, pp. 178–181, with a plate); afterwards by the writer (Geol. Surv. Indiana, vol. XXXVI, p. 651, figs. 50, 51).

This fine skull is said to have been found in 1896 by a Mr. Brower, a few miles from Vincennes, in a ditch, at a depth of 6 feet. Beyond this the writer has not been able to learn. It would be of value to know exactly where this place was, for then some conclusion might be reached as to the geological age of the animal. The greater part of the county is occupied by drift of Illinoian age, which appears in some places to have on it some loess, and doubtless its surface has been much modified since the materials were laid down. Even in this area there may be some deposits of later times, interglacial and glacial.

According to Leverett’s glacial map of the region, there are along Wabash River sand and gravel terraces of Wisconsin age; while along White River there are said to be alluvial terraces older than Wisconsin.

At present one can arrive at a conclusion only from general knowledge. The writer knows of no extinct bison (except one rather peculiar species) which lived after the Wisconsin glacial stage. It appears most probable that the skull at Earlham College came from some interglacial deposits laid down about the middle of the Pleistocene, most likely during the Sangamon stage.

The writer has been informed that another skull of a buffalo was for years on exhibition in a business house conducted by Mr. T. L. Cheney, but it seems to have disappeared. Mr. J. Gimble, of Vincennes, informs the writer that it was found in the bed of Wabash River, near St. Francisville, Illinois, about 10 miles below Vincennes.

ILLINOIS.

(Map 26.)

1. _Alton, Madison County._—In the U. S. National Museum are four teeth of an undetermined species of _Bison_ found somewhere in the vicinity of Alton. They are part of a collection made many years ago by Mr. William McAdams, and afterwards passed into the hands of Professor O. C. Marsh, then vertebrate palæontologist of the U. S. Geological Survey. It now belongs to the U. S. National Museum. Nearly all of these fossils were originally inclosed, wholly or partially, in nodules of fine sand, cemented together with carbonate of calcium. Where the teeth are exposed to view they are shown in a beautifully white condition; but the remaining matrix is so hard and adheres so strongly that it is practically impossible to remove it without greatly damaging the teeth. A list of the species found at Alton will be given on page 339; also a discussion of their geologic age.

The bison teeth consist of four upper molars and the hinder half or more of the left hindermost molar. They were described by the writer (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, p. 115). They are somewhat larger than any belonging to the existing buffalo measured. They are larger, too, than those of the commonest extinct species, _B. occidentalis_. It is impossible to say at present to which extinct species they belonged. One naturally thinks of _Bison latifrons_, the bearer of the immense horns, but teeth have not yet been found associated with the horn-cores of that species.

WISCONSIN.

(Map 26.)

1. _Coon Valley, Vernon County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a well-fossilized tooth of a species of bison which was sent, in 1899, by Rev. P. Moe, of Coon Valley. This tooth has been regarded as belonging to _Bison bison_, but its fossilization seems to indicate that it antedates the time of this species. It was found in section 26, township 14 north, range 6 west. This would be between the towns of Coon Valley and Chaseburg. This locality lies within the “driftless area,” and it would probably be difficult for the geologist, even on the ground, to determine the age of the deposit, especially as no details were furnished regarding the depth at which the tooth was found or the nature of the inclosing materials.

MARYLAND.

(Map 26.)

1. _Chesapeake Beach, Calvert County._—Mr. William Palmer, of the U. S. National Museum, collected at this place, in 1912, a fragment of a lower last molar which apparently belonged to some species of _Bison_. A few other remains have later been secured.

VIRGINIA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Saltville, Smyth County._—In the U. S. National Museum is an upper second molar of a species of _Bison_, found at Saltville. It was sent in 1904 by Mr. H. D. Mount, of Saltville, with remains of _Elephas primigenius_ and _Mammut americanum_. It is understood that all were found in excavating for the water reservoir of the town. The bison tooth is little worn, the height being still 46 mm. At the summit the crown is 34 mm. long, at the base 23 mm. long and 29 mm. wide. It resembles closely that of _Bison bison_, but is slightly larger than the same tooth in a large specimen of the existing species. The base of the skull is present, with the occipital condyles. The latter are slightly larger than in the specimen of _B. bison_ just mentioned. The species can not be determined, but it probably was not _B. bison_. A list of the associated species found at this locality is presented on page 352.

2. _Ivanhoe, Wythe County._—In 1869 (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XI, p. 176), Professor Cope stated that he had found molar teeth of a bison which he identified with doubt as _Bison antiquus_. The animal may quite as well have belonged to any one of four or five other extinct species.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Charleston, Charleston County._—In 1860, Leidy (Holmes’s Post-Pl. Foss. South Carolina, p. 110, plate XVII, figs. 15, 16) described briefly and figured a tooth of a bovine animal found in the Pleistocene of Ashley River. This he suspected belonged to _Bison latifrons_, but he added that it presented nothing to distinguish it from that of the existing bison. Numerous teeth resembling those of the domestic ox and the bison have been found on Ashley River and have been regarded as those of the domestic animal. (See letter of Agassiz to Professor F. S. Holmes in the Introduction to Holmes’s work cited above.) While the teeth of our cattle may have been picked up along the shores of Ashley River, it is highly probable that the great majority of similar teeth belonged to some extinct species of _Bison_. Probably only the discovery of horn-cores will lead to the determination of the species. Leidy probably used the name _Bison latifrons_ in a very wide sense. In the collection at Amherst College the writer has seen an upper molar of a bison, apparently the second molar, which is 38 mm. long on the outer face. This length is too great for B. bison and the tooth probably belongs to _B. latifrons_. It was probably found in the region about Charleston.

In the Charleston Museum the writer has seen an anterior cannon-bone of _Bison_ which had quite certainly been found somewhere about Charleston. The following measurements were secured, and corresponding measurements of _B. bison_ are added for comparison:

_Measurements of anterior cannon-bones of bisons, in millimeters._

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐ │ │Fossil bison.│ B. bison. │ ├─────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │Length along the outer border │ 242│ 206│ │Width of upper articular surface │ 90│ │ │Side-to-side diameter at middle of length│ 64│ 52│ │Fore-and-aft diameter at middle of length│ 39│ 33│ │Width of lower articular surface │ 96│ 91│ └─────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘

Other measurements may be found in J. A. Allen’s work, “The American Bisons,” page 45. Apparently the bison which possessed the bone described above had a height about one-eighth greater than the large individual of the existing bison compared with it. Fossil remains found elsewhere show that at least one large species of _Bison_ formerly inhabited this country. _B. latifrons_ was a species with very large horns, and its body may also have been larger than that of the existing bison. To this species may have belonged the large cannon-bone described above.

GEORGIA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Brunswick, Glynn County._—Remains of an undetermined species of Bison were found at the time of excavating the Brunswick Canal, south of Darien, in 1838–39. In a communication to the Academy of Natural Sciences (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. I, pp. 216–217), Mr. J. Hamilton Couper gave an account of the geology of the locality and mentioned the fact that remains of _Megatherium_, _Elephas primigenius_, _Mastodon giganteus_, _Hippopotamus_, horse, _Bos_, and _Sus americana_ had been secured. As was later determined by Owen (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1848, p. 93), the supposed hippopotamus incisor was a lower tusk of a mastodon. _Sus americana_ was referred by Owen to his genus _Harlanus_; but was afterwards found to belong to _Bison_. Owen (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., ser. 2, vol. I, p. 20, plate VI) described and furnished an excellent figure of the jaw. The jaw is now in the collection of the Academy of Sciences at Philadelphia. Measurements show that it is larger than the jaw of _Bison bison_, corresponding well with the other bones of _Bison_ found at the same place. Leidy regarded it as belonging to _B. latifrons_; but he used this name in a very wide sense. In the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia is a part of the right ramus of the lower jaw labeled “_Bison latifrons_, Darien canal, Ga.” The teeth are badly worn. The jaw itself is larger than that of _Bison bison_. The following measurements were taken:

_Measurements of bison jaws, in millimeters._

┌────────────────────────────────────────┬─────────────┬─────────────┐ │ │B. latifrons.│ B. bison. │ ├────────────────────────────────────────┼─────────────┼─────────────┤ │Height of jaw just behind third molar │91 │83 │ │Thickness of jaw just behind third molar│36 │32.5 │ │Height of jaw in front of third molar │63 │52 │ │Thickness of jaw in front of third molar│31 │29 │ └────────────────────────────────────────┴─────────────┴─────────────┘

The jaw has the appearance of being much more massive than that of _B. bison_.

In his work on the “Extinct Species of American Ox” (Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, p. 11), Leidy stated that Couper had presented to the Academy in Philadelphia a tibia and a part of a humerus of _Bison_, which bones he reported were larger than those of the existing American bison, and he referred them to the species _Bison latifrons_. The tibia was 456 mm. long and 87 mm. wide at the lower end; in a large _Bison bison_ in the U. S. National Museum the tibia is 412 mm. long and 78 mm. wide below.

Couper presented to the Boston Society of Natural History an atlas and a metatarsus from the same locality. The atlas had a width of 247 mm.; that of the existing bison just referred to is 220 mm. wide. The metatarsal is said to have been 272 mm. long; that of the living bison mentioned is 255 mm. A front cannon-bone at Harvard is 256 mm. long. In a collection determined by J. W. Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436) some bison remains, probably a tooth or teeth, were referred with doubt to _Bison bison_. It is far more probable that they belonged to an extinct species, and that _B. latifrons_.

2. _Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Chatham County._—On page 29 of Joseph Habersham’s Memorandum, forming a part of William B. Hodgson’s “Memoir on the Megatherium,” published in 1846, a portion of the humerus of a _Bos_ is listed among the fossils found at Skidaway Island. This bone is to be assigned to an undetermined species of _Bison_. The width across the condyles is given as 4.5 inches, which is not greater than in _B. bison_; but it is not probable that it was this species. Lyell (Second Visit, etc., ed. 3, vol. I, p. 348) includes “a species of the ox-tribe” among the fossils found at this locality.

For further remarks on the species of vertebrates found at Brunswick, the reader may consult page 371, where also the geology of the locality is discussed.

FLORIDA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Wade, Alachua County._—In the collection of the Florida Geological Survey is an upper left last molar of _Bison_, found in the Buttgenbach river mine, in Santa Fe River, 6 miles north from Wade. Although this tooth was found in a phosphate mine, it certainly belongs to Pleistocene time. The tooth is but little worn and is well fossilized. Its height is 45 mm., the length on the outer face 30 mm., the length at the middle of the width 27 mm., the width at the base of the first lobe 24 mm.

There is another tooth in the collection, apparently the second upper molar of the left side, from the same place and fossilized in the same way. For a list of the species found at this locality and the writer’s view regarding their geological age, the reader is referred to page 376.

2. _Pablo Beach, Duval County._—In the collection just mentioned there are, from near Pablo Beach, three bones which apparently belonged to some extinct species of _Bison_. No. 4444 is the left fibular bone; No. 4443 the left third cuneiform of the hinder foot; and No. 4442, a first phalange of a hinder foot. These were found along the Inland Waterway Canal, about 20 miles north of St. Augustine. The locality appears to be about 5 miles south of Pablo Beach. At the same place have been found _Mammut americanum_, _Elephas columbi_, and remains of a species of _Odocoileus_.

3. _Ocala, Marion County._—Sellards (op. cit., p. 103) reported remains of an undetermined species of _Bison_ found in a fissure in limestone rock near Ocala.

4. _Dunnellon?, Marion County._—Sellards (op. cit., p. 104) presented a list of Pleistocene vertebrates, found in or along Withlacoochee River, but the exact localities are not given. Among these is an undetermined species of _Bison_. Lucas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXI, 1898, p. 767) stated that there is in the U. S. National Museum an imperfect skull of _Bison latifrons_, obtained from Withlacoochee River. The writer has not seen this skull. On page 376 the other species found here are listed and their geological age discussed.

5. _Tampa, Manatee County._—In the Jarman collection, now in Vanderbilt University, and made in the region about Tampa, is a right lower third molar of _Bison_. It is well fossilized, but structurally does not appear to differ from a tooth of the existing American bison. It belonged, however, quite certainly to an extinct species. In the American Museum of Natural History, New York, is a well-worn lower left last molar of a bison, dredged up in Alafia River. With it were a mastodon tooth, teeth of two or three extinct horses, and various extinct tortoises. The reader is referred to page 379.

6. _Palmetto, Manatee County._—Mr. Ernest Leitzel, of Palmetto, sent from that place to the U. S. National Museum some teeth for determination. Teeth of the horses are described on page 379. With these was a part of a lower right molar, possibly the last molar, of _Bison_.

From Palma Sola, on the south side of Manatee River and about 10 miles below Palmetto, there has been sent to the U. S. National Museum, by Mr. Charles T. Earle, the distal end of a metacarpal bone. This has a width of 93 mm. It may have belonged to _Bison latifrons_. With it came teeth of _Equus complicatus_, _E. littoralis_, and _E. leidyi_, a part of an antler of a deer (_Odocoileus_), a part of a beak of a platanistid porpoise, and a tooth of _Elephas columbi_. Probably the porpoise and teeth of sharks came from Miocene deposits somewhere in the neighborhood.

7. _Grove City, Charlotte County._—Leidy, in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 12), stated that Mr. Joseph Willcox had found, on Rocky Creek, 30 miles north of Sarasota Bay, some remains of the great extinct _Bison latifrons_. Sellards (8th Rep., pp. 103, 112) learned that the locality was really Stump Pass, near Grove City. The horn-core was lost by accident, but Leidy speaks of it as being huge. With it was the proximal part of a radius whose upper end measured transversely 1.4 times that of an existing bison.

In a letter to the author, Mr. Willcox writes that, as nearly as he can recollect, the diameter of the horn-core was about 5 or 6 inches.

8. _Vero, St. Lucie County._—Sellards (8th Rep., Florida Geol. Surv., p. 150) stated that an extinct bison is represented in the collection of the Florida Geological Survey by a number of teeth, the distal end of a humerus, and some foot-bones. They were supposed to have been derived from stratum No. 2.

When in Vero in 1916, the writer secured a much-worn upper left premolar 3 of _Bison_ from the base of the muck layer No. 3. It is in some respects different from the corresponding tooth of the existing bison. For lists of the species found at Vero and for a discussion of the geological age the reader may consult pages 381 to 383.

9. _Arcadia, De Soto County._—In the U. S. National Museum are some teeth of _Bison_, obtained at or near Arcadia, on Peace Creek. In general, these resemble closely the corresponding teeth of _B. bison_. Leidy (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, p. 22) mentioned a tooth and a first phalanx of _Bison_ from Peace Creek. These are probably in the collection of the Wagner Free Institute.

In the U. S. National Museum (No. 1989) is a hinder cannon-bone from Arcadia. It resembles the corresponding bone in _B. bison_, but doubtless belonged to a species now extinct. Lucas (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. XXI, p. 767) referred the teeth and the metacarpal to _B. latifrons_.

In the same museum is a calcaneum labeled as collected on Peace Creek by J. F. Le Barron. The reader may consult page 381 for further information.

10. _Labelle, Lee County._—Remains of _Bison_ apparently have been found at Labelle, or near there. Leidy, in Dall’s report (Bull. No. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., p. 129) referred this to _B. latifrons_. The bison, _Elephas columbi_, _Equus fraternus_, and a mylodon were supposed to have been buried in Pliocene deposits, but this opinion appears to be erroneous. Sellards (8th Rep., p. 102) has shown that the elephant and probably the horse were in Pleistocene marls. As shown on page 384, the elephant is _Elephas imperator_.

11. _Palm Beach, Palm Beach County._—In his eighth report, Sellards (p. 105) stated that a femur of an undetermined species of _Bison_ was found near this place, in the Palm Beach Drainage Canal. In the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, at Harvard University, are a front cannon-bone, lacking the epiphyses, and the proximal end of a humerus. The size of these indicates that they belong to _B. latifrons_. The glenoid cavity measures 80 mm. by 60 mm. The neck of the humerus is 100 mm. wide.

ALABAMA.

(Map 26.)

1. _Newbern, Hale County._—In August 1914, there was received at the U. S. National Museum, from Mr. J. W. White, of Newbern, a lower right last molar of a species of bison reported found in a creek, and an incisor tooth of a horse, which appear to be fossilized. The bison tooth had just begun to wear. The fore-and-aft length of the crown is 37 mm. The locality is somewhat outside of the range of _Bison bison_ as given by Allen on his map (“American Bisons, Living and Extinct”). The fossil may well belong to some extinct species and have lived in that region in middle Pleistocene times.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Map 26.)

1. _Natchez, Adams County._—In Dr. M. W. Dickeson’s account of a collection of bones and teeth made near Natchez (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1846, p. 106) he included remains of the genus _Bos_. To-day these would be referred to the genus _Bison_.

In 1854 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. V, art. III, p. 9, plate II, figs. 2–7), Leidy described and figured bovine teeth from Natchez, which he referred to _Bison latifrons_. Two of these teeth had been found, as Leidy stated, by M. W. Dickeson, in association with remains of _Mastodon (Mammut), Equus_, _Ursus_, _Cervus (Odocoileus)_, _Megalonyx_, and _Mylodon_. Three others had been presented by W. H. Huntington, who discovered them in association with remains of _Mammut americanum_, _Equus complicatus_, and _Felix atrox_. Three of the teeth were upper molars, the others, lower molars. Leidy gave the measurements of most of these. The following measurements are those of an upper second and an upper third molar:

_Measurements of bovine teeth, in millimeters._

┌────────────┬───────┬───────┬───────┐ │ Tooth. │Height.│Length.│Width. │ ├────────────┼───────┼───────┼───────┤ │Second molar│ 67│ 37.5│ 27│ │Third molar │ 75│ 42.5│ 29│ └────────────┴───────┴───────┴───────┘

These teeth are considerably larger than those of _Bison bison_ and _B. occidentalis_ (Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. XXIII, p. 320).

KENTUCKY.

(Map 26.)

1. _Woolper Creek?, Boone County._—The type of _Bison latifrons_ is usually regarded as having been found at Bigbone Lick, but Leidy (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. VII, p. 372) stated it had been found a dozen miles or more north of Bigbone Lick, in the bed of a creek that enters into the Ohio River. It seems probable that this creek is the one named above.

2. _Bigbone Lick, Boone County._—It was at this place that was found the horn-core and attached part of skull which forms the type of _Bison antiquus_. It was a part of the Jefferson collection and was described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VI, 1852, p. 117). Richard Lydekker (Cat. Foss. Mamm. Brit. Mus., pt. 2, p. 27) wrote that there is in that museum a fragment of a right mandible, probably belonging to _Bison latifrons_. However, the identification is hardly to be relied on. Shaler (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, n. s., vol. III, p. 197) reported the finding of bones of _Bison latifrons_, but it is doubtful in what sense he used this name; and he did not indicate how these bones differed from those of other bisons. He probably had in mind _B. antiquus_. Hence the presence of the species with the widely spread horns at Bigbone Lick is doubtful.

A list of the species of mammals collected at this place will be found on page 403.

FINDS OF BISON BISON IN THE PLEISTOCENE OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

ONTARIO.

(Map 27.)

1. _North Bay, Nipissing County._—In the U. S. National Museum is a horn-sheath, found at this place. It was sent by Dr. Charles E. Cook, of Lockport, New York, who himself saw it thrown out of a ditch, about 5 feet deep, which was being made from the shore of the lake. The horn was found at a distance of 600 feet from the lake and in front of the Hotel Queen’s. It certainly belongs to the existing species, _Bison bison_. Whether the presence of the horn at that spot is due to the former existence of the American buffalo there or to its introduction by man it is impossible to say at present.

MASSACHUSETTS.

(Map 27.)

1. _Orleans, Cape Cod._—In 1920 (Jour. Mamm., vol. I, pp. 161–164, figs. 1–3), Dr. G. M. Allen presented an account of the discovery of a maxilla containing the penultimate and the hindermost milk teeth of a calf of _Bison bison_, at Orleans, Cape Cod. This specimen had been collected about 20 years previously by Dr. A. W. Grabau and presented by him to the Boston Society of Natural History. The bone and teeth were found “wholly embedded in till about halfway up on a section of a glacial moraine, situated on Town Cove and about 70 or 80 feet high.” With the specimen were associated many fragments of the shells of the mollusk _Venus_. Dr. Allen suggested that this bison calf had either come to its end while wandering on the moraine or had more likely lived and died during the preceding Peoria interglacial stage. It might be questioned whether bones which had been buried and thereby become softened would have endured the rough treatment of a glacial mill.

NEW YORK.

(Map 27.)

1. _Albany, Albany County._—Dr. John M. Clarke, State geologist of New York, sent the writer some teeth of a species of _Bison_, probably _B. bison_, for which he gives the assurance that they were found somewhere in the vicinity of Albany, and in the “Albany clays.” These clays are supposed to belong to the Champlain stage. While this is somewhat further east than the bison has extended within historical times, it is entirely reasonable to suppose that at some time in the not distant past its range went to the Hudson. Indeed, Dr. G. M. Allen has recently shown (Jour. Mamm., vol. I, pp. 161–164) that at some time during the late Pleistocene a bison lived in the region of Cape Cod. The specimens sent by Dr. Clarke must have occupied eastern New York late in the Wisconsin stage.

2. _Syracuse, Onondaga County._—In 1890 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXIV, p. 953), Professor Lucien Underwood reported the discovery of a skull of a bison in Syracuse, while a sewer was being excavated. Underwood stated that it was found at a depth of 10 feet, in a black muck. Professor E. D. Cope identified the skull as that of _Bison bison_. The present writer, in 1914, examined the skull at Syracuse University. He also talked with Mr. John Cunningham, who bought the skull from the finder, a laborer, paying him one dollar. Mr. Cunningham stated that he went to the spot and measured the depth from the surface, and found it to be 17 feet. Above the muck that inclosed the skull was what he regarded as clay. Dr. Burnett Smith has examined the deposits in a cellar dug within a few rods of the spot where the skull was found. The upper 7 or 8 feet was a mixture of shells and clay, and had been used to make a kind of cement. This discovery appears to make it certain that the bison lived in New York shortly after the Wisconsin ice had retired from the Finger Lake region.

3. _Jamestown, Chautauqua County._—In the American Journal of Science,