CHAPTER XXXVI
FRAUDULENT ART OBJECTS
The detection of fraudulent antiques and curios and other bogus works of art has become a science. Phædrus, who lived and wrote in the time of Tiberius Cæsar, tells in his fiftieth fable of how his contemporaries carved the name of Praxiteles on their marbles and the name of Myron on everything they wrought in silver, in order that their productions might pass as masterpieces of those supreme Hellenic artists.
Though the Romans were an art-loving people, they openly connived at art-fraud, but for esthetic reasons, as we learn from Pliny. He tells us that in his time the coins of Rome were so clumsily modeled and so basely cast that several artists made new molds, treating the designs of the mint more carefully, and produced spurious coins which were eagerly sought in place of the inartistic legal tender.
Michelangelo, piqued at the extravagant attention paid the antiques (to the exclusion of interest in his early struggles for recognition), conceived the clever idea of doing an Eros in marble after his own design, burying the work in mud for some months, and then digging it up in the presence of certain noble collectors. These gentlemen went mad over its beauty, proclaiming it to be the greatest relic antiquity had left them. Michelangelo finally disclosed to them his own initials, which he had carved in a hidden fold of the wings, and was highly amused at the discomfiture of his companions. They, however, came to their senses and had the good grace to recognize the towering genius who stood laughing before them. Indeed, one of them became his foremost patron.
This was a harmless trick conceived for salutary purposes, and not at all to be classed with the exploits of Gambello, Bassiano, or Giovanni del Cavino, whose forgeries of Roman medals were particularly skilful, though not proof against modern scientific methods of uncovering frauds. No wonder one of the ancient writers declared that, “the very nerves and sinews of knowledge consist of believing nothing rashly.” This was especially true in the days of the Renaissance, when a study of the antique came so quickly into fashion, and in the train of it such efforts to collect ancient objects of art that some of the unscrupulous but skilful artists and artisans of the time could scarcely resist the temptations offered by the ease with which clever art-forgeries were palmed off upon the gullible, who paid enormous prices for them. We know how Andreini of old-time Florence forged Greek signatures to ancient unsigned intaglii and how Flavio Sirletti lent his skill to it with the aid of Pliny’s record of ancient sculptors. The collection of Prince Poniatowski, nephew of the last King of Poland, contained some three thousand fraudulent engraved gems! As all of these gems were very beautiful in themselves, and as nearly all of their subjects were original with their engravers, it is unfortunate that such excellent and exquisitely done work could not have stood forth on its own merits to cast fame and not shame on the cunning hands that produced them.
Some counterfeiting is too laborious for profit, but it is marvelous to see some of the things that emanated in the early days from the shameless fake-factories of Pietro Fondi and others at Venice and in Corfu. The Sienese, too, were skilful copyists of the various trecento, quattrocento, and cinquecento objects of art. Terra-cotta figurines and Greek and Etruscan vases have ever been subjects for the hand of the forger and fabricator of antiques.
Pottery and porcelain have always seemed to tempt art-forgers and imitators. The way of the collector of Chinese and other Oriental porcelains and pottery has been made especially difficult in consequence. Even Bernard Palissy is believed by some to have imitated the wares of Briot, and in turn imitations of these imitations were once acquired by a museum. In our own day Palissy’s own ware has been imitated by Lesnes, Barbizet, and M. Pall. Perhaps the London Jarman was the prince of fakers. He obtained undecorated Sèvres pieces from France and had a Quaker potter from Staffordshire, one Randall by name, add all sorts of delightful scenes. They were purchased by the royal family, who took the pieces on good faith as being Sèvres decorations.
European enamels and early ivories have not escaped attention at the forger’s hand. When Sir A. W. Franks was innocently attempting to arrange the purchase of the _Diptychion Leodiense_ for eight hundred pounds in England, he discovered that this object was nothing more than a clever combination of copies of two other panels of unquestioned authenticity.
And so things go merrily on, even in this day and generation. But your _true_ collector is one who studies the objects he collects and he is not likely to be easily deceived. Photography has stretched forward a helping hand and by means of enlarged photographic prints of a subject in dispute, the minute comparisons between authenticated and merely attributed works of a period may be studied. It was Juvenal who coined the name “_rara avis_”; and the impatient collector who would acquire a “rare bird” of art as it flies toward him from the horizon of opportunity must be sure he knows something of its “ornithology” before he rushes recklessly forth, perchance to put the salt of good money on some worthless tail.
There is told the story of a certain Bavarian collector who began to doubt the authenticity of a little statuette in his possession. Finally he sent for a noted authority on the subject, who tried to reassure him. As the collector did not seem convinced, the expert, as a last resort, made mention of a certain test that might, though with danger to the object, be applied. The collector insisted on the attempt, in the course of which the statuette was hopelessly defaced, though the accident confirmed the expert’s opinion. “Ah,” moaned the owner, “why did I let you touch it!” “Ingrate!” replied the other with grim humor. “Have you not now the satisfaction of knowing your fears to be groundless, and my own knowledge to be trustworthy? Look at the pieces--without doubt the statuette was genuine!”
BIBLIOGRAPHY
I. THE PLEASURES OF COLLECTING
_The Connoisseur._ By Frederick S. Robinson. New York. 1897.
_The A B C About Collecting._ By Sir James Yoxall, M. P. Philadelphia. n. d.
_First Steps in Collecting._ By Grace M. Vallois. London. n. d.
_Antiques and Curios in the Home._ By Grace M. Vallois. New York. n. d.
_By-Paths in Collecting._ By Virginia H. Robie. New York. 1912.
_The Lure of the Antique._ By Walter A. Dyer. New York. 1916.
II. COLLECTORS OF YESTERDAY
_The Lives of The Twelve Caesars._ By C. Suetonius Tranquillus. Bohn Edition. London. 1909.
_Horace Walpole._ By Austin Dobson. New York. 1893.
_The Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects._ By Giorgio Vasari. Translated by A. M. Hinds. London. n. d.
_The Connoisseur._ By Frederick S. Robinson. New York. 1897.
_Anecdotes of Painting in England._ By Horace Walpole. London. 1849.
III. AMERICAN TABLES
_Early American Craftsmen._ By Walter A. Dyer. New York. 1915.
_Old Furniture Book._ By N. Hudson Moore. New York. 1903.
_The Practical Book of Period Furniture._ By Harold Donaldson Eberlein and Abbot McClure. Philadelphia.
IV. TEA AND ANTIQUITY
_The Book of Tea._ By Okakura-Kakuzo. New York. 1919.
_The Gentleman and Cabinet-Makers’ Director._ By Thomas Chippendale. London. 1762.
_Tea Leaves._ By Francis S. Drake. Boston. 1884.
V. CUP-PLATES
_Old China Book._ By N. Hudson Moore. New York. 1903.
_Chats on Old Earthenware._ By Arthur Hayden. New York. 1909.
_The Earthenware Collector._ By G. Woolliscroft Rhead. New York. 1920.
_Staffordshire Pots and Potters._ By G. Woolliscroft Rhead and Frederick Alfred. London. 1906.
_The Art of the Old English Potter._ By L. M. Solon. London. 1883.
VI. CHINTZ
_Chats on Cottage and Farmhouse Furniture._ By Arthur Hayden. New York. n. d.
VII. PEWTER
_Pewter and the Amateur Collector._ By Edwards J. Gale. New York. 1909.
_Chats on Pewter._ By H. J. L. J. Massé, M. A.
VIII. SAMPLERS
_English Embroideries._ By A. F. Kendrick. London. n. d.
_Samplers and Tapestry Embroideries._ By Marcus B. Huish. London. 1900.
_The Lace Book._ By N. Hudson Moore. New York. 1904.
_History of English Secular Embroidery._ By M. Jourdain. London. 1910.
IX. WAX PORTRAITS
_Wax Portraits and Silhouettes._ By Ethel Stanwood Bolton. Boston. 1914.
X. HAND-WOVEN COVERLETS
_Quilts._ By Marie D. Webster. Garden City. 1915.
XI. CHAIRS
_Chats on Old Furniture._ By Arthur Hayden. London. 1905.
_The Furniture of our Forefathers._ By Esther Singleton. New York. 1900.
_The Practical Book of Period Furniture._ By Harold Donaldsen Eberlein and Abbot McClure. Philadelphia.
_Decorative Styles and Periods._ By Helen Churchill Candee. New York. 1906.
_Chats on Cottage and Farmhouse Furniture._ By Arthur Hayden. New York. n. d.
_Antique Furniture._ By Fred W. Burgess. New York. 1915.
XII. ENGLISH DRINKING-GLASSES
_The Glass Collector._ By Maciver Percival.
_Early English Glass._ By Daisy Wilmer. 1910.
_Glass._ By Edward Dillon. London. 1907.
_Collecting Old Glass._ By Sir James Yoxall. London. 1916.
_Old English Glasses._ By Albert Hartshorne, F. S. A. London. 1897.
_English Table Glass._ By Percy Bate. London. n. d.
XIII. STUART EMBROIDERIES
_English Embroideries._ By A. F. Kendrick. London. n. d.
_History of English Secular Embroideries._ M. Jourdain. London. 1910.
XIV. DELFT
_The Earthenware Collector._ By G. Woolliscroft Rhead. New York. 1920.
_A B C of Collecting Old Continental Pottery._ By J. F. Blacker. Philadelphia. n. d.
_Dutch Pottery and Porcelain._ By W. Pitcairn Knowles. London. n. d.
_Delftware: Dutch and English._ By N. Hudson Moore. New York. 1908.
XV. EARLY DESK FURNITURE
_Old Furniture Book._ By N. Hudson Moore. New York. 1903.
_Chats on Old Furniture._ By Arthur Hayden. London. 1905.
_Antique Furniture._ By Fred. W. Burgess. New York. 1915.
XVI. CHELSEA
_Chelsea and Chelsea-Derby China._ By Egan Mew. London. n. d.
_Bow, Chelsea, and Derby Porcelain._ By William Bemrose, F. S. A. London, 1898.
_Porcelain: a Sketch of its Nature, Art and Manufacture._ By William Burton, F. C. S. London. 1906.
_English Porcelain Made During the Eighteenth Century._ By Sir Arthur Herbert Church. London. 1904.
_Chats on English China._ By Arthur Hayden. New York. n. d.
_The China Collector._ By H. William Lewer, F. S. A. New York. n. d.
XVII. WEDGWOOD
_Chats on Old Earthenware._ By Arthur Hayden. New York. 1909.
_The Earthenware Collector._ By G. Woolliscroft Rhead. New York. 1920.
_The Ceramic Gallery._ By William Chaffers. London. 1907.
_Josiah Wedgwood, Master Potter._ By A. H. Church, F. R. S. London. 1894.
_The Wedgwoods._ By Llewellyn Jewitt, F. S. A. London. 1865.
_The Life of Josiah Wedgwood._ By Eliza Meteyard. London. 1865.
_A Catalogue of Plaques, Medallions, Vases, Figures, etc., in Coloured Jasper and Basalte, produced by Josiah Wedgwood, F. R. S._ By Arthur Sanderson. London. 1901.
_The Art of the Old English Potter._ By L. M. Solon. London. 1883.
_Staffordshire Pottery and Its History._ By Josiah C. Wedgwood. London. n. d.
XVIII. SAVING THE PIECES
_Glues and Cements._ By H. A. S. Cassal.
_The Barberini Vase._ Tiffany & Co. New York. 1904.
XIX. LOUNGING FURNITURE
_Old Furniture Book._ By N. Hudson Moore. New York. 1903.
_Chats on Old Furniture._ By Arthur Hayden. London. 1905.
_The Practical Book of Period Furniture._ By Harold Donaldson Eberlein and Abbot McClure. Philadelphia.
_Decorative Styles and Periods._ By Helen Churchill Candee. New York. 1906.
_The Furniture of Our Forefathers._ By Esther Singleton. New York. 1900.
_Antique Furniture._ By Fred W. Burgess. New York. 1915.
XX. SHEFFIELD PLATE
_Sheffield Plate._ By Bertie Wyllie. London. n. d.
_Sheffield Plate._ By H. N. Veith. London. 1908.
_Old Sheffield Plate._ By Julia W. Torrey. Boston. 1918.
_The History of Old Sheffield Plate._ By Frederick Bradbury. London. 1912.
XXI. STRAW MARQUETERIE
_Rariora._ By John Eliot Hodgkin, F. S. A. London. 1900.
_Chats on Military Curios._ By Stanley C. Johnson, M. A., D. Sc., F. R. E. S. New York. n. d.
XXII. CONSOLES
_Decorative Styles and Periods._ By Helen Churchill Candee. New York. 1906.
_Chats on Old Furniture._ By Arthur Hayden. London. 1905.
_A History of Furniture._ By Albert Jacquemart. Translated by Mrs. Bury Palliser. London.
XXIII. SÈVRES PORCELAIN
_Pottery and Porcelain._ By Frederick Litchfield. London. 1880.
_Porcelain, Oriental, Continental and British._ By R. L. Hobson, B. A. New York. 1906.
_The New Chaffers._ By William Chaffers. London. 1912.
_History of the Ceramic Art._ By Albert Jacquemart. Translated by Mrs. Bury Palliser. London. 1873.
_Royal Sèvres._ By Egan Mew. London. n. d.
_French Pottery and Porcelain._ By Henri Frantz. London. 1906.
XXIV. EUROPEAN ENAMELS
_Enamels._ By Mrs. Nelson Dawson. London. 1906.
_Jewellery._ By Cyril Davenport. London. 1905.
_Art of Enamelling on Metals._ By H. Cunynghame. London. 1906.
_Art of Enamelling on Metals._ By A. Fisher. London. 1906.
_Chats on Old Jewellery and Trinkets._ By MacIver Percival.
_Handbook of the Benjamin Altman Collection._ Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. 1915.
XXV. THE ROMANCE OF A POTTER: BERNARD PALISSY
_A History of Old French Faïence._ By L. H. Solon. London. 1903.
_Œuvres Complètes._ By Bernard Palissy. Paris. 1880.
_Bernard Palissy._ By Philippe Burty. Paris. 1886.
_Palissy the Potter._ By Henry Morley. London. 1852.
_Monographie l’Œuvre de Bernard Palissy._ By MM. C. Delange and C. Borneau. Paris.
_French Pottery and Porcelain._ By Henri Frantz. London. 1906.
XXVI. ITALIAN MAIOLICA
_A History and Description of Italian Maiolica._ By M. L. Solon. London. 1907.
_Maiolica._ By C. Drury E. Fortnum, F. S. A. London. 1892.
_Maiolica._ By C. Drury E. Fortnum, F. S. A. Oxford. 1896.
_A B C of Collecting Old Continental Pottery._ By J. F. Blacker. Philadelphia. n. d.
_Maiolica._ By L. H. Solon. London.
XXVII. GLASS OF A THOUSAND FLOWERS
_Glass._ By Edward Dillon, M. A. London. 1907.
_Glass in the Old World._ By M. A. Wallace-Dunlop. London. 1882.
XXVIII. ANTIQUES OF PERSIA AND OF INDIA
_The Arts & Crafts of India & Ceylon._ By Ananda K. Coomaraswamy.
_A B C of Collecting Old Continental Pottery._ By J. F. Blacker. Philadelphia. n. d.
_Chats on Old Copper and Brass._ By Fred W. Burgess. New York. n. d.
_The Industrial Arts of India._ By Sir George C. Molesworth. London. 1880.
_Persian Art._ By Major R. Murdock Smith, R. E. London.
_Indian Painting._ By Percy Brown. London. n. d.
_A Catalogue of the Collection of Persian Manuscripts.... Presented to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, by Alexander Smith Cochran._ By A. V. Williams Jackson and Abraham Yohannan. New York. 1914.
_Miniature Painting and Painters of Persia, India and Turkey._ By F. R. Martin. London. 1912.
_A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon._ Oxford. 1911.
_Porcelain, Oriental, Continental and British._ By R. L. Hobson, B. A. New York. 1906.
XXIX. CHINESE PORCELAINS
_Chinese Art._ By Stephen W. Bushell, C. M. G., B. Sc., M. D. London. 1914.
_Chinese Porcelain._ By W. G. Gulland. London. 1911.
_Porcelain, Oriental, Continental and British._ By R. L. Hobson, B. A. New York. 1906.
_Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain. Being a Translation of the T’ao Shuo._ By Stephen W. Bushell, C. M. G., B. Sc., M. D. Oxford. 1910.
_Handbook of the Benjamin Altman Collection._ Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. 1915.
_Catalogue of The Morgan Collection of Chinese Porcelains._ By Stephen W. Bushell and William M. Laffan. New York. 1909.
_Chats on Oriental China._ By J. F. Blacker. New York. 1908.
XXX. CHINESE AND JAPANESE LACQUER
_Chinese Art._ By Stephen W. Bushell, C. M. G., B. Sc., M. D. London. 1910.
_Japan and Its Art._ By Marcus B. Huish, LL. B. London. 1892.
_The Arts of Japan._ By Edward Dillon. Chicago. 1911.
_L’Art Japonais._ L. Gonse. Paris. 1883.
_Handbook of the Benjamin Altman Collection._ Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. 1915.
_Le Japon Illustré._ By Félicien Challaye. Paris. n. d.
XXXI. CHINESE SNUFF-BOTTLES
_Chinese Art._ By Stephen W. Bushell, C. M. G., B. Sc., M. D. London. 1910.
_Chinese Art Motives Interpreted._ By Winifred Reed Tredwell. New York. 1915.
_Handbook of the Benjamin Altman Collection._ Metropolitan Museum of Art. New York. 1915.
XXXII. CLOISONNÉ ENAMELS OF CHINA AND JAPAN
_Enamels._ By Mrs. Nelson Dawson. London. 1906.
_The Arts of Japan._ By Edward Dillon. Chicago. 1911.
_Japan and Its Art._ By Marcus B. Huish, LL. B. London. 1912.
_Chinese Art._ By Stephen W. Bushell, C. M. C., B. Sc., M. D. London. 1910.
_Japanese Enamels._ By James Lord Bowes. London. 1886.
_Notes on Shippo._ By James Lord Bowes. London. 1895.
_Arts and Crafts of Old Japan._ By Stewart Dick. Chicago. 1905.
_From Sea to Sea._ By Rudyard Kipling. London. 1899.
_Le Japon Illustré._ By Félicien Challaye. Paris. n. d.
XXXIII. JAPANESE SWORD-GUARDS
_The Arts of Japan._ By Edward Dillon. Chicago. 1911.
_Japan and Its Art._ By Marcus B. Huish, LL.B. London. 1912.
_Japanese Art Motives._ By Maude Rex Allen. Chicago. 1917.
_Japanese Sword-Mounts._ By Henri L. Joly. London. 1910.
_Japanese Sword-Guards._ By Kakuya Okabe. Boston. 1908.
_Japanese Sword-Fittings._ By Henri L. Joly. London. 1912.
_Japanese Marks and Seals._ By James L. Bowes. London. 1882.
_Legend in Japanese Art._ By Henri L. Joly. London and New York. 1908.
_Le Japon Illustré._ By Félicien Challaye. Paris. n. d.
XXXIV. MEDALLIC ART
_Portrait Medals of Italian Artists of the Renaissance._ By G. F. Hill. London. 1912.
_Select Italian Medals of the Renaissance in the British Museum._ London. 1915.
_Pisanello._ By G. F. Hill. London. 1905.
_Biographical Dictionary of Medallists, Coin-, Gem-, and Seal-Engravers, etc., Ancient and Modern._ By L. Forrer. London. 1902.
_Coins and Medals; Their Place in History._ By the Authorities of the British Museum Official Catalogues. Edited by Stanley Lane-Poole. London. 1894.
_Coins, Medals and Seals._ By W. C. Prime. New York. 1861.
_The Art of the Medal._ By Victor D. Brenner. New York. 1910.
_Catalogue of the International Exhibition of Contemporary Medals._ American Numismatic Society. New York. 1911.
XXXV. ENGRAVED GEMS
_Intaglio Engraving._ By Edward Renton. London. 1896.
_Greek Art._ By H. B. Walters. London. 1903.
_Engraved Gems._ By Duffield Osborne. New York. 1912.
XXXVI. FRAUDULENT ART OBJECTS
_Trucs et Truqueurs._ By Paul Eudel. Paris, n. d.
_The Connoisseur._ By Frederick S. Robinson. New York. 1897.
_L’art de reconnaître les fraudes._ By Émile Bayard. Paris. 1914.
The following magazines devote pages monthly to articles of especial interest to collectors:
House & Garden. New York. Arts & Decoration. New York. The House Beautiful. Boston. The Connoisseur. London. The Burlington Magazine. London.
INDEX
A
Abacænum, site of, 279
Abaquesne, 203
Abbas the Great, Shah of Persia, 234
Abondio, Antonio, 70
Adam, Robert, 168
Adam, the brothers, 138
Africanus, glass-worker, 220
Agathopus, gem-engraver, 291
Albi, Council of, 59
Aldus Manutius, 282
Alexander the Great, 291
Amenophis, King of Egypt, 218
Ancona, Italy, 153
Andrieni, art-forger, 301
Angelini, 129
Anne, Queen of England, 118
Apollonides, gem-engraver, 291
Ashberry metal, 58
Ashworth, 149
Aspasios, gem-engraver, 291
Athenion, gem-engraver, 291
auctions, art, 11, 12, 13, 98, 118, 120
Avignon, 200
B
Baccarat, France, 226
Bacon, John, 129
Barber, Edwin Atlee, 225
Barberini Vase, 130
Barbosa, Odoardo, 44
Bartolozzi, F., 131
basse taille enamels, 181
Bassiano, art-forger, 300
Bastille, 208
Beauclerk, Lady Diana, 129
Beaufort, Duke of, 168
Belli, Valerio, medallist, 283
Benoit, Antonio, 70, 71
Bernardi, medallist, 283
Bibliography, 305
Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris, 14, 182, 199
Birdwood, 232
Boethos, gem-engraver, 291
Bolsover, Thomas, 146, 147, 148
bombé front, 112
bookcase, Charles Lamb’s, 27; bureau, 107
Boston Tea-Party, 30, 32
Botticelli, Sandro, 108
Boulton, 149
Bow, England, 46
Bragg, gem-engraver, 296
Brenner, Victor D., 284
Brinkley, Captain, 267
Bristol glass-works, 87
Britannia metal, 55, 58
Brogniart, 171
Brougham, Lord, 3
Bunsai, 252
Burch, gem-engraver, 296
bureau, 107, 111; -bookcase, 107
Burnet, Bishop, 31
Bushell, Dr. S. W., 239, 242
C
cabriole legs, 21, 137
Cadman, Roberts &, 150
Carlyle’s table, Thomas, 27
Camberwell, England, 31
cameo gem-engraving, 237
Canton, 250, 257
Castel Durante, 216
Cavino, Giovanni del, 300
Caylus, Comte de, 15
Cellini, Benvenuto, 191, 201, 273, 282, 295
Cesati, medallist, 283
Ceylon, antiques of, 232
Chaffers, William, 211
chairs, 77-83; Windsor, 78
Champlevé enamel, 179
Chang Ying-wen, Chinese art-critic, 249
Charles I of England, 15; II of England, 34, 105
Charlotte, Queen of England, 118
Chelsea ware, 115-118, 124
Ch’ien Lung, Emperor of China, 243
china-mending, 130
Chinese porcelains, 238-245
Chinese Taste, 48
chintz, 42-50, 137
Chippendale, Thomas, 30; chairs, genuine, 82
Cipriani, 131
Cliffords Inn, Pewter Exhibition, 52
Chosroes, jeweled cup of, 182
cloisonné enamels, 179, 262, 267; Chinese, 262; Japanese, 262; relief, 179
Clouet, François, 70
Cluny, Musée de, 196
cup-plates, 36-41
Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 232, 236
Colin, 189
Constantine the Great, 293
Corniole, Giovanni della, 295
Consoles, 164; English, 166; American, 166
cotton-printing, 48
cottons, printed, 137
couch, 135
Court, Jean, 188
Courtoys, 188
coverlets, hand-woven, 74-76
Cowper, 134
Crown of St. Stephen, 182
Cumberland County, New Jersey “Tea-Parties,” 30
Cumberland, Duke of, 118
D
Dalmazzioni, 129
Dante, 211
Dartmoor, England, 163
Davaere, 129
Davenport ware, blue, 41
day-bed, 135
Della Robbia, Luca, 201, 211
Delft, English, 105; Dutch, 98-105; Lambeth, 103; modern, 102
Derby, 120
Deruta, Italy, maiolica of, 214
desk furniture, early, 106-114
De Tabley, Lord, 64
De Thou, 15
Devonshire, Duke of, 296
Dexamenos, gem-engraver, 291
diamond, 260
Didier, Martin, 188
Dioskourides, gem-engraver, 291
Dobson, Austin, 16
Dōnin, Hirata, Japanese armorer, 275
Drake, Francis S., 32
Dresden porcelain, influence of, 122
Drinking-glasses, English, 84-93
Dupré, Guillaume, 70
Du Simitière, 49
E
East India Company, 34
Écouen, Château de, 207
Edenton Tea-Party, 30
Edward I of England, 59
Eley, 70
Eliot’s chair, George, 27
Elizabeth, Queen, 296
Elkington, Messrs, 150
Ellis, 149
Embroideries, petit point, 95; Stuart, 94-97; Opus Anglicanum, 96
Empire Style, American, 140; English, 140
enamelers, Byzantine, 186, 263; Celtic, 264; Chinese, 262; Japanese, 187, 268; Lombardic, 187
enamels, brass taille, 181; champlevé, 179, 264; Chinese, 262; cloisonné, 178; encrusted, 182; Gothic, 187; Greek, 263; grisaille, 188; Indian, 264; Japanese, 267; Limoges, 264; painted, 264; plique à jour, 182; relief cloisonné, 179; repoussé, 180, 264; Russian, 182; Venetian, 183
Epitynchanos, gem-engraver, 291
escritoires, 107
Evans, Arthur, 288
Evelyn’s Diary, 84
F
Federigo, Duke of Urbino, 215
Ferrara, 215
Flanagan, John, 284
Flaxman, John, 129
Fondi, Pietro, art-forger, 301
Fontana, Annibale, 283; Orazio, 216
Fontenay, Julien de, gem-engraver, 295
Fortnum, C. D. E., 212, 214, 215
France, Anatole, 3, 198
Francia, Francesco, 281, 282
Francis I of France, 295
François, Réné, 223
Franklin, Allegory of, 49
Franks, Sir A. W., 302
Fraser, James Earle, 284
fraudulent art, 299
Frederick II of Prussia, 118
fuchi, 273
Fuchow, 250
furniture, early desk, 106-114; lounging, 134-145
Fushimi, Japanese armorer, 274
G
Gambello, art-forger, 300
Gammer Gurton’s Needle, 62
gems, archaic Greek, 288; Cretan, 288; cameo, 237; culminating Greek period, 293; early period, 293; engraved, 286-298; Etruscan, 293; fraudulent, 301; intaglio, 287, 296, 301; Poniatowski, 292, 301; prehistoric, 293; Roman, 293; transitional Greek period, 289
George II of England, 118; III of England, 296
Ghirlandaio, 108
Giorgio, Maestro, 215
Girard, Stephen, 144
glass, American, 224; carved, 258; Chinese, 257; flint, discovery of, 85; mending, 130; millefiore, 88, 218-226; Roman, 220; Venetian, 221, 222, 223
glasses, English-drinking-, 84-93; Leckie Collection of, 82; Jacobite, 90; Williamite, 92
glyptic art, Greek, 292
gomroon, 117
Gonse, Louis, 268
Gosset, Isaac, 70
Goto Yujo, Japanese armorer, 274
Greatback, William, 129
Green, W., & Co., 151
Greenwich Tea-Party, 30
Grew, gem-engraver, 296
Grolier, Jean, 15
Greenland Valleyfield, England, 163
grisaille enamels, 188
Gubbio, Italy, maiolica of, 214, 215
Guidobaldo I, Duke of Urbino, 212
H
Hackwood, William, 129
haircloth for sofas, introduction of, 82
Hall & Sons, John, 38
Hamilton, Sir William, 130
Hancock, Joseph, 148
Hardy, Casper, 70
Harte, Dr. Richard H., 71
Havell, 232
Hawksley, 149
hawthorn jars, Chinese, 243
Helbot, 173
Henry III of France, 208; IV of France, 209
Hepplewhite, George, 30, 82, 138
Herakleides, gem-engraver, 291
Hedodotus, 219
Herophilos, gem-engraver, 291
Hirschvogels, the, 203
Hodgkin, Dr. John Eliot, 156, 161
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 32
Hsūan Tê, Emperor of China, 249
Howell, Frederick H., 34
Hung Wu, Emperor of China, 248
Hunt’s Spectacles, Leigh, 29
Hyllos, gem-engraver, 291
I
Incarville, Père d’, 249
India, antiques of, 227-237; enamellers of, 264
intaglio gem-engraving, 287, 296, 301
Island Stones, 289
Iyebori, 274
J
Japanese straw marqueterie, 157
Jarman, art-forger, 302
Johnson, Dr. Samuel, 120, 220
Jones, R., 43
Josephine, Empress of France, 292
Julius II, Pope, 281
K
Kaufmann, Angelica, 141
Kipling, Rudyard, 267
Kyōto, 268, 271
K’ang Hsi, Emperor of China, 242
kashira, 273
Kiuhaka, Koma, 252
Kojiri, 273
Knowles, 99
Kinai, Japanese armorer, 275
Kaneiye, Japanese armorer, 273
Kokatana, 272
Korin, 252
kozuka, 272
kogai, 272
kurikata, 273
Koyetsu, Honnami, 252
L
lacquer, Chinese, 246-252; composition, 247; Japanese, 246, 251
Lamartine, 198
Lamb’s bookcase, Charles, 27
La Rochelle, 208
Laudin, Jean, 188, 189
Leader, Tudor &, 149
Leckie Collection of glass, 86
Leoni, Leone, 70
Limoges enamels, 183, 187-189
Limousin, Jean, 189; Léonard, 189
Li Shi-chin, Chinese physician, 256
Lister, Dr. Martin, 116
Liverpool, England, 163
Lounging furniture, 134-145
love-seat, 135
M
MacMonnies, Frederick, 284
mahogany, 22, 117
maiolica, Italian, 102, 210-217
Majorca, Island of, 211
Manship, Paul, 284
Marchant, gem-engraver, 296
Marie Antoinette, 246
Mariette, Pierre Jean, 15
“Marius the Epicurean,” 27
marks, Sheffield Plate, 151; on Chelsea, 123; on Chinese porcelains, 244; on Derby-Chelsea, 123; on Italian maiolica, 211; pewter, 59; Sèvres, 170, 171, 172, 174, 175, 176
Marlborough, 296
Martin, 232
Marqueterie, Straw, 153
Mayenne, Duc de, 208
Massé, Welch, 52
Mazarin, Cardinal, 15
medallic art, 278-285
medals, 278-285; care of, 284; cast, 283; struck, 283
Medici, Catherine de’, 208; Lorenzo de’, 14; Piero de’, 14
mending glass, pottery and porcelain, 130
menuki, 273
Michelangelo, 299
Micheletto, gem-engraver, 295
millefiore glass, 88
Mitsutsune, Japanese armorer, 273
Montmorency, Constable de, 202
Morris, William, 46
Mountstephen, George, 70
Mundy, Ethel Frances, 72
Murano, Italy, 222
Museums, British, 45, 281; Cluny, 196; Dresden, 207; Louvre, 196, 246; Metropolitan 126, 196; Nazionale, 282; Pennsylvania, 224; Sèvres, 196; Victoria and Albert, 196, 266; Wallace, 196
Mycenæ, 288
Mykon, gem-engraver, 291
N
Nîmes, 200; Council of, 59
nanakoji, 274
Nassaro, Matteo, gem-engraver, 295
Natsuo, Kano, Japanese armorer, 276
Nero, 12, 220
Nikandrus, gem-engraver, 291
Nobuiye, Miochin, Japanese armorer, 274
“Nollekens, Life of,” 120
Norman Cross, England, 160, 162
Nuremberg, 203
O
Ognissanti, Church of the, 108
Okakura-Kakuzo, 239
Old Ford, England, 46
Onesus, gem-engraver, 291
Opus Anglicanum, 96
Orange, William of, 99
Osaka, Japan, 272, 275
P
Pacetti, 129
Palissy, Bernard, 191-209, 302; Mathurin, 208; Nicolas, 208
Palissy ware, imitations of, 302
Paléologue, M., 250
Palazzo Venezia, Rome, 281
Pamphilos, gem-engraver, 291
paper-weights, glass, 226
Paracelsus, 199
Passeri, 213
Pastonino, medallist, 70, 284
Pater, Walter, 27
Paul II, Pope, 281
Pegge, Mr., of Beauchief, 147
Pepys’s Diary, Samuel, 38
Pénicaud, Jean, 188, 189
Penn’s Treaty With the Indians, William, 49
Pennsylvania Dutch, 22
Peterborough, 162
Percy, S., 70, 71
Persia, antiques of, 227-237
Pesaro, Italy, 213
petit point embroideries, 95
Petrarch, Francesco, 9, 10
Petronius, 12, 220
pewter, 51-52; care of, 60; composition of, 55; exhibition at Cliffords Inn, 52; marks, 59
Pewterers’ Company, London, 53; French, 53
Phyfe, Duncan, 24, 25
Phædrus, 299
Philadelphia Tea-Party, 30
Philostratus, 185
Pisano, medallist, 283
Pliny, 69, 218, 297, 299; the Younger, 9, 11, 12
plique à jour enamels, 263
Polycrates, 290
Pompadour, Madame de, 15, 246
Ponset, 189
Poniatowski gems, 292, 301
Pope, Alexander, 29
porcelain, Chelsea, 170; Chinese, 48, 235, 238-245; Derby, 170; Dresden, 170; hard, 173; imitation Sèvres, 302; influence of Sèvres, 122; mending, 130; Sèvres, 170-177; Vincennes, 117; Worcester, 170
Portables, 167
Portland, Duchess of, 131; Duke of, 131; Vase, 130
Pottery, mending, 230; Persian, 234
Prisoners of War, 160
Proculus of Perinthus, 222
Protarchos, gem-engraver, 291
Q
Queen Anne, 118
R
Raphael, 212
Raphael ware, 212
“Rariora,” 156
Ravenna, Holy, 215
Raymond, Pierre, 189
Renan, 10
Repoussé enamels, 180; oriental, 181
Richmond-on-Thames, 46
Rentons, gem-engravers, 296
rhus vernicifera, 247
Rimini, Italy, 215
Robbia, Luca della, 201, 211
Roberts & Cadman, 150
Roty, 283
Roubillac, 129
Rouen, France, 203
Ruow, Peter, 70, 71
Russian enamel, 182
S
sageo, 273
Saint Cloud faïence, 117
Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 280, 284
Saintonge, France, 200
San Miniato, Florence, 154
Samplers, 61-67
Scarabs, Egyptian, 288
secretaires, 107
settee, 135
Sèvres porcelain, 170-177; imitation, 302; influence on Chelsea, 122
Shakespeare, William, 67
Sheffield Plate, 146-152; imitation, 150; modern, 151
Sheraton, 167
Sheraton, Thomas, 139
Smith, Joachim, 70
Smith, Vincent, 232
snuff-bottles, 253
sofas, 135; introduction of haircloth for, 82
Solon, gem-engraver, 291
Soleyman, Arab chronicler, 239
spectacles, Leigh Hunt’s, 29
Sprimont, Nicholas, 119
St. Bartholomew’s Eve, Massacre of, 208
St. Louis, Alsace-Lorraine, 226
St. Stephen, Crown of, 182
Stapleton, England, 163
Stothard, Thomas, 129
Stevenson & Williams, Ralph, 39
Still, John, 62
Straw Marqueterie, 153-163; Japanese, 157; Italian, 161; French, 162
Strawberry Hill, 7, 16, 98, 120
Stuart embroideries, 94-97
Stubbs, George, 129
Subbs, Joseph, 39
Stubbe’s “Anatomy of Abuses,” 61
Suetonius, 13
sword-guards, Japanese, 270-277; styles of, 276
Symbolism, Chinese, 260
T
Tables, American, 18-25
tambour-top, 11
Tassie, James, 127, 129
Tate, Nahum, 33
Taylor, John, 65
tea and antiquity, 26-35
“Tea-Leaves,” 32
Templetown, Lady, 129
textiles, Persian, 233
Thi, Queen of Egypt, 219
Thackeray, William M., 6
Theodorus, 290
Thomas, Isaiah, 31
Thornhill, Sir James, 120; tiles, Persian, 236
Tōkyō, 268, 271
Toutin, 189
Tsao Ch’ao, 248
tsuba, 270-277; styles of, 276
Tsunekechi, Kaji, 268
Tu, Chinese poet, 239
Tudor & Leader, 149
Tuileries, 14; Gardens of the, 208
U
Umetada, Japanese armorer, 274
Urbino, Italy, 213, 215
V
Vasari, Giorgio, 72, 279, 295
Vase, Barberini, 130; Portland, 58
Venetian enamels, 183
Venice, St. Mark’s, 180
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 159, 182
Vigier (Jean Court), 188
Vincennes, soft porcelain of, 117
Vinci, Leonardo da, 201
Voltaire, 15
W
wakizashi, 273
Wallace-Dunlop, M. A., 221
Waller, 31
walnut, 82
Walpole, Horace, 7, 16, 98, 115, 116, 119, 122
Walters, Dr., 289
Walton, Isaac, 3
Washington, George, 71, 72; allegory of, 49; apotheosis of, 49; Trumbull’s portrait of, 49
Watkins, 118
wax portraits, 68-73
Webber, 129
Wedgwood, Josiah, 125, 126, 131
Wedgwood ware, 8, 125-129; designers, 129; marks, 129; medallions, 127
Weigall, gem-engraver, 296
willow-pattern, 40
Wilson, Joseph, 147
Wilson, 149
woodblock printing, chintz, 45
Wright, 150
Wright, Joseph, 71, 72; Patience, 71, 72
Wu Tao-tzu, Chinese painter, 253
Y
Yamakichi, Iranken, Japanese armorer, 274
Yokohama, 268
Yoxall, Sir James, 3
Yung Cheng, Emperor of China, 241