Chapter 19

FIRST AID TO THE INJURED

In the army, as in civilian life, you are very often your brother's keeper, as well as your own. Doctors cannot accompany a scout, a patrol, or the firing line. They are seldom present when a man falls overboard. When a soldier on the firing line is wounded, he may remain for several hours where he falls. He, or his comrade, bandages the wound. Suppose you are wounded, bitten by a snake, etc., what would you do? You may have to give a practical answer to these questions at some time during your life.

This chapter tells you what to do and what not to do in case of the most frequent disabling accidents that may befall a soldier or a civilian. Ask your mother, father, older brothers, and sisters to read it. Part of it is for them.

FIRST-AID PACKET

Each soldier carries on his belt a first-aid packet. This packet contains two perfectly pure bandages and a couple of safety pins. It should be air tight. Examine yours every week and if the seal is defective, ask your captain for a new packet.

CAUTIONS

1. Act quickly but quietly. Be calm and quiet. Don't lose your head.

2. Make the injured party sit or lie down.

3. See the injury clearly before treating it. Send for a doctor if the wound is serious.

4. Do not remove more clothing than is necessary to examine the injury. Always rip, or, if you cannot rip, cut the clothes from the injured part. Don't pull the clothes off.

5. Give alcoholic stimulants cautiously and slowly, and only when the patient feels weak or drowsy. Hot coffee or tea will often suffice when obtainable.

6. Keep from the patient all persons not actually needed to assist you.

7. Do not touch a wound with your fingers. If the wound is dirty, remove the dirt as well as possible, with the first-aid bandage.

8. Don't pour into the wound any water from your canteen for the purpose of washing it out or washing the blood from around the wound. Water often contains germs and the skin around the wound may be dirty. If water is poured into the wound it carries or washes into the same these germs and dirt, and the wound will become infected.

9. Heat and moisture increases the activity of the germ of infection. Therefore keep the wound cool and dry.

10. If the blood is scarlet in color and appears in spurts, send at once for a doctor and then take the necessary measures (apply a tourniquet) to stop the flow of blood.

11. If the patient loses consciousness, it will probably be because insufficient blood is reaching the brain. Lower your patient's head and give all your attention to stopping the bleeding.

BULLET WOUND

If you receive a bullet wound, don't get excited or lose your head. A bullet wound in the muscle or soft parts of the body causes little pain and, if properly dressed, heals in about two to three weeks. Protect the openings where the bullet entered and came out with the bandages found in the first-aid packet. Don't touch the wound with your fingers. Remove sufficient clothing to see the wounds. Then, and not before, open the first-aid packet and carefully unfold (open) the compress (pad found in the middle of each bandage) and place it over the wound and wrap the ends of the bandage fairly tight around the limb and fasten with the safety pin. If one compress is not large enough to cover the entire wound, use the second bandage. This bandaging will stop ordinary bleeding. Such a dressing may be all that is needed for several days. It is better to leave a wound undressed than to dress it carelessly or ignorantly, so that the dressing must be removed.

STOPPING BLEEDING

If the blood is dark blue and the stream is continuous, a vein has been punctured which, in itself, is not ordinarily dangerous. The bandaging of such a wound will usually stop the flow of blood. Bandage firmly. Remember all wounds bleed a little, but that, as a rule, this bleeding will stop in a few minutes if the patient remains quiet.

If the blood is bright red and appears in spurts, an artery has been punctured, and the flow of blood must be stopped or the patient will bleed to death. To do this, apply a pressure to the artery at some point between the wound and the heart. Press the artery against the bone. This can usually be done for a short time with the fingers. However it will usually he necessary to use an improvised tourniquet. Tie the bandage of the first-aid packet around the limb so that the compress (pad) will press the artery against the bone. Slip under the compress and over the artery a small stone. Pass a stick under the bandage and turn the stick around slowly until the slack is taken up and the bleeding stops. Then tie the stick as shown in the illustration.

After the tourniquet has been in place for an hour, loosen it and if no blood flows allow it to remain loose. If it again bleeds tighten it quickly and loosen again at the end of an hour.

The following illustrations, show the usual places where tourniquets are applied or where pressure can be applied to the arteries with the thumb:

BROKEN BONE (FRACTURE)

The next injury you must know is a broken bone. You will usually know when an arm or leg is broken by the way the arm or leg is held, for the wounded man loses control over the limb. Suppose your comrade breaks his leg or arm. What would you do? Straighten the limb gently, pulling upon the end of it quietly and firmly so that the two ends of the broken bone will not overlap. Next, retain the limb in its straightened position by such splints and other material as the boot of a carbine, a piece of board, a piece of tin gutter. Pad the material you use. Tie it to the broken limb as shown in the following illustrations. Never place a bandage over the fracture. See Illustration.

DROWNING

Being under water for over four or five minutes is generally fatal, but, unless you know the body has been submerged a long time, make an attempt to restore life. Don't get disheartened and give up, if you see no signs of life after a few minutes' work. Work on the body for at least an hour.

Your comrade's lifeless body has just been pulled out of the water. What do you do? You are alone.

1. Don't waste time in removing his clothes.

2. Reach your finger in his mouth and straighten out his tongue.

3. Lay him on his stomach; then straddle him; reach both arms under his stomach; raise his hips two feet from the ground and jostle him. This drains the water from the stomach and lungs.

4. Lay him on his stomach; turn his head to one side so his nose and mouth do not touch the ground; extend his arms beyond his head (see illustration); locate his lowest (12th) rib; place hand, finger, and thumb closed (see illustration) on body so that the little finger curls over the 12th rib; hold your arms and wrists straight and lean forward slowly so the weight of the upper part of your body will be brought to bear gradually upon your comrade's ribs (see illustration); let this pressure continue for about three seconds; then remove it suddenly by removing the hands. Apply this pressure at the rate of from 12 to 15 times a minute.

5. Do not attempt to give him any kind of liquids while he is unconscious.

6. Apply warm blankets as soon as possible.

7. Never say "He is dead"--Work on his body for at least an hour.

SUNSTROKE--(THE SKIN IS HOT)

A sunstroke is accompanied by the following symptoms: headache, dizziness, sense of oppression, nausea, colored vision, and often the patient becomes insensible. The muscles are relaxed, face flushed, skin hot, pulse rapid, and the temperature rises. The breathing is labored.

Treatment: Reduce the temperature as rapidly as possible, with ice or cold water; get the patient in the shade. Loosen clothing.

HEAT EXHAUSTION--(THE SKIN IS COOL)

Symptoms: Nausea, a staggering gait, pulse is weak, and the patient may quickly become unconscious. The skin is cool. This condition is dangerous.

Treatment: Rub the limbs vigorously. Give stimulants; apply heat.

BURNS

Do not pull the clothing from the burnt part, but rip or cut it off. Do not break the blisters or prick them even if large.

Treatment: Protect it quickly with a mixture of equal parts of linseed or olive oil and water.

FREEZING AND FROSTBITE

Symptom: The part frozen appears white or bluish and is cold.

Treatment: Raise the temperature of the frozen member slowly by rubbing it with snow or ice and water, in a cool place. Don't go near a fire.

FAINTING

Symptom: Loss of consciousness. It is usually the result of severe bleeding or exhaustion from fatigue. This condition is rarely dangerous.

Treatment: Lay the patient on his back, head a little lower than rest of body, arms by side, feet extended. Rub the limbs. Sprinkle water on the face and give stimulants if necessary.

POISONING

Treatment: Send for a doctor at once. Empty the stomach and bowels. Give two tablespoons full of mustard and warm water or a tablespoon full of salt in a glass of water to produce vomiting. Then give a purgative. Tickle throat with finger or feather in case mustard or salt are not procurable. After the poison has been evacuated, give stimulants and apply heat and rubbing externally.

SNAKE BITE

In snake bites the poison acts quickly.

Treatment: Apply a tourniquet between the wound and the heart so as to stop the circulation and prevent the system from absorbing the poison. Get out your knife and make a couple of cross cuts through the wound so it will bleed freely. Then suck the poison from the wound and spit the poison out. If your lips are lacerated there is danger in this method but it is your duty to take this chance in order to save your comrade's life. After sucking out the wound, heat your knife and burn it out.

STOMACH WOUNDS

Send for a doctor. Lie perfectly quiet. Don't lose your head and don't attempt to crawl to help or to stir around. Place a clean piece of cloth over the wound and keep it constantly wet with a solution of salt water. If the wound is in the stomach, it is better to lie perfectly quiet on the battle field for a day or two until found than to crawl to assistance.

CHAFING

Treatment: Keep parts dry, use talcum powders and keep parts separated by a layer of absorbent cotton.

EXTINGUISHING BURNING CLOTHES

Treatment: Lie down on the floor and roll up as tightly as possible in a rug blanket, etc., leaving only the head out. If nothing can be obtained in which to wrap yourself, lie down and roll over slowly and at the same time beat out the fire with your hands. Flames shoot upward. In order to get them away from the head, lie down. Don't run, it only fans the flames.

If another person's clothing catches fire, throw him to the ground and smother the fire as just described.

GAS

Most of the gas used on the battlefield today is deadly. When a gas shell explodes there are two kinds of men: Quick men and Dead men. The quick men put on their gas masks, which contain chemicals that neutralize the poisonous air.

Treatment: When a man is slightly gassed don't allow him to move around or to remove his mask. Have him lie down and rest. Loosen his clothes around his neck and chest so he can breathe freely. Keep him warm. When the gas has been removed from the trench, take off his mask and give spirits of ammonia.

APPENDIX

TABLES OF ORGANIZATION

(For Reference Only)

INFANTRY COMPANY

Commissioned Officers

Captain. 1 1st Lieutenant. 1 2nd Lieutenant. 1 -- Total 3

Enlisted Strength

1st Sergeant. 1 Mess Sergeant. 1 Supply Sergeant. 1 Sergeants. 8 Corporals. 17 Cooks. 3 Buglers. 2 Mechanics. 2 Privates, 1st class. 28 Privates. 87 --- Total 150

INFANTRY BATTALION

Four companies of infantry. (There are three battalions in a regiment of infantry.)

INFANTRY DRILL REGULATIONS, 1911

FOR USE WITH THE

UNITED STATES RIFLE, MODEL, 1917 (ENFIELD)

For troops armed with the United States rifle, Model 1917 (Enfield), the alternative paragraphs published herewith will govern.

By order of the Security of War:

HUGH L. SCOTT, Major General, Chief of Staff.

Official: H. P. McCAIN, The Adjutant General.

The following rules govern the carrying of the piece

First. The piece is not carried with cartridges in either the chamber or the magazine except when specially odered. When so loaded, or supposed to be loaded, it is habitually carried locked; that is, with the safety lock turned to the "Safe." At all other times it is carried unlocked, with the trigger pulled.

Second. Whenever troops are formed under arms, pieces are immediately inspected at the commands: 1. INSPECTION, 2. ARMS, 3. ORDER (Right shoulder, port), 4. ARMS.

A similar inspection is made immediately before dismissal.

If cartridges are found in the chamber or magazine they are removed and placed in the belt.

Third. The bayonet is not fixed except in bayonet exercise, on guard, or for combat.

Fourth. Fall in is executed with the piece at order arms. Fall out, rest, and at ease are executed as without arms. On resuming attention the position of order arms is taken.

Fifth. If at the order, unless otherwise prescribed, the piece is brought to the right shoulder at the command MARCH, the three motions corresponding with the first three steps. Movements may be executed at the trail by prefacing the preparatory command with the words at trail; as 1. AT TRAIL, FORWARD, 2. MARCH. The trail is taken at the command MARCH.

When the facings, alignments, open and close ranks, taking interval or distance, and assemblings are executed from the order, raise the piece to the trail while in motion and resume the order on halting.

Sixth. The piece is brought to the order on halting. The execution of the order begins when the halt is completed.

Seventh. A disengaged hand in double time is held as when without arms.

Being at order arms: 1. UNFIX, 2. BAYONET.

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Execute parade rest; grasp the handle of the bayonet firmly with the right hand, pressing the spring with the forefinger of the left hand; raise the bayonet until the handle is about 12 inches above the muzzle of the piece; drop the point to the left, back of the hand toward the body, and, glancing at the scabbard, return the bayonet, the blade passing between the left arm and the body; regrasp the piece with the right hand and resume the order.

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the haversack: Take the bayonet from the rifle with the left hand and return it to the scabbard in the most convenient manner.

If marching or lying down, the bayonet is fixed and unfixed in the most expeditious and convenient manner and the piece returned to the original position.

Fix and unfix bayonet are executed with promptness and regularity, but not in cadence.

Being at inspection arms; 1. ORDER (Right shoulder, port), 2. ARMS.

At the preparatory command press the follower down with the fingers of the left hand, then push the bolt forward just enough to engage the follower, raise the fingers of the left hand, push the bolt forward, turn the handle down, pull the trigger, and resume port arms. At the command ARMS, complete the movement ordered.

TO LOAD

Being in line or skirmish line at halt: 1. WITH DUMMY (Blank or ball) CARTRIDGES, 2. LOAD.

At the command load each front rank man or skirmisher faces half right and carries the right foot to the right, about 1 foot, to such position as will insure the greatest firmness and steadiness of the body; raises or lowers the piece and drops it into the left hand at the balance, left thumb extended along the stock and the muzzle at the height of the breast. With the right hand he turns and draws the bolt back, takes a loaded clip and inserts the ends in the clip slots, places the thumb on the powder space of the top cartridge, the fingers extending around the piece and tips resting on the magazine floor plate; forces the cartridges into the magazine by pressing down with the thumb; without removing the clip, thrusts the bolt home, turning down the handle; turns the safety lock to the "Safe" and carries the hand to the small of the stock. Each rear rank man moves to the right front, takes a similar position opposite the interval to the right of his front rank man, muzzle of the piece extending beyond the front rank, and loads.

A skirmish line may load while moving, the pieces being held as nearly as practicable in the position of load.

If kneeling or sitting, the position of the piece is similar; if kneeling, the left forearm rests on the left thigh; if sitting, the elbows are supported by the knees. If lying down, the left hand steadies and supports the piece at the balance, the toe of the butt resting on the ground, the muzzle off the ground.

For reference, these positions (standing, kneeling, and lying down) are designated as that of load.

For purposes of simulated firing, 1. SIMULATE, 2. LOAD, raise the bolt handle as in the preceding paragraph, draw the bolt back until the cocking piece engages, then close the bole, and turn the bolt handle down.

The recruits are first taught to simulate loading and firing; after a few lessons dummy cartridges are used. Later blank cartridges may be used.

TO UNLOAD

Unload: Take the position of load, turn the safety lock up and move the bolt alternately backward and forward until all the cartridges are ejected. After the last cartridge is ejected the chamber is closed by pressing the follower down with the fingers of the left hand, to engage it under the bolt, and then thrusting the bolt home. The trigger is pulled. The cartridges are then picked up, cleaned, and returned to the belt and the piece is brought to the order.

To continue the firing: 1. AIM, 2. SQUAD, 3. FIRE.

Each command is executed as previously explained. Load is executed by drawing back and thrusting home the bolt with the right hand, leaving the safety lock at the "Ready."

Cease firing: Firing stops; pieces are loaded and locked; the sights are laid down and the piece is brought to the order. Cease firing is used for long pauses to prepare for changes of position or to steady the men.

COMPANY INSPECTION

Being in line at a halt: 1. OPEN RANKS, 2. MARCH.

At the command march the front rank executes right dress; the rear rank and the file closers march backward 4 steps, halt, and execute right dress; the lieutenants pass around their respective flanks and take post, facing to the front, 3 paces in front of the center of their respective platoons. The captain aligns the front rank, rear rank, and file closers, takes post 3 paces in front of the right guide, facing to the left, and commands:

3. FRONT, 4. PREPARE FOR INSPECTION.

At the second command the lieutenants carry saber; the captain returns saber and inspects them, after which they face about, order saber, and stand at ease; upon the completion of the inspection they carry saber, face about, and order saber. The captain may direct the lieutenants to accompany or assist hint, in which case they return saber and, at the close of the inspection, resume their posts in front of the company, draw and carry saber.

Having inspected the lieutenants, the captain proceeds to the right of the company. Each man, as the captain approaches him, executes inspection arms.

The captain takes the piece, grasping it with his right hand just below the lower band, the man dropping his hands; the captain inspects the piece, and, with the hand and piece in the same position as in receiving it, handsit back to the man, who takes it with the left hand at the balance and executes order arms.

As the captain returns the piece the next man executes inspection arms, and so on through the company.

Should the piece be inspected without handling, each man executes order arms as soon as the captain passes to the next man.

The inspection is from right to left in front, and from left to right in rear of each rank and of the line of file closers.

When approached by the captain the first sergeant executes inspection saber. Enlisted men armed with the pistol execute inspection pistol by drawing the pistol from the holster and holding it diagonally across the body, barrel up, and 6 inches in front of the neck, muzzle pointing up and to the left. The pistol is returned to the holster as soon as the captain passes.

Upon completion of the inspection the captain takes post facing to the left in front of the right guide and on line with the lieutenants and commands: 1. CLOSE RANKS, 2. MARCH.

At the command march the lieutenants resume their posts in line; the rear rank closes to 40 inches, each man covering his file leader; the file closers close to 2 paces from the rear rank.

INFORMATION FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES ARMED WITH RIFLES, MODEL 1898.

War Department, Office of the Chief of Staff, Washington, December 2, 1911.

The Infantry Drill Regulations, 1911, have been prepared for the use of troops armed with the United States magazine rifle, model 1903. For the guidance of organizations armed with the United States magazine rifle, model 1898, the following alternative paragraphs are published and will be considered as substitute paragraphs for the corresponding paragraphs in the text.

By order of the Secretary of War:

Leonard Wood, Major General, Chief of Staff.

RULES GOVERNING THE CARRYING OF THE PIECE.

Third. The cut-off is kept turned down, except when using the magazine.

Being at order arms: 1. Unfix, BAYONET.

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the belt: Take the position of parade rest, grasp the handle of the bayonet firmly with the right hand, press the spring with the forefinger of the left hand, raise the bayonet until the handle is about 6 inches above the muzzle of the piece, drop the point to the left, back of hand toward the body, and, glancing at the scabbard, return the bayonet, the blade passing between the left arm and body; regrasp the piece with the right hand and resume the order.

If the bayonet scabbard is carried on the haversack: Take the bayonet from the rifle with the left hand and return it to the scabbard in the most convenient manner.

If marching or lying down, the bayonet is fixed and unfixed in the most expeditious and convenient manner and the piece returned to the original position.

Fix and unfix bayonet are executed with promptness and regularity, but not in cadence.

Being at order arms: 1. Inspection, 2. ARMS.

At the second command, take the position of port arms (TWO). With the right hand open the magazine gate, turn the bolt handle up, draw the bolt back and glance at the magazine and chamber. Having found them empty, or having emptied them, raise the head and eyes to the front.

Being at inspection arms: 1. Order (Right shoulder, port), 2. ARMS.

At the preparatory command, push the bolt forward, turn the handle down, close the magazine gate, pull the trigger, and resume port arms. At the command arms, complete the movement ordered.

Pieces being loaded and in the position of load, to execute other movements with the pieces loaded: 1. Lock, 2. PIECES.

At the command Pieces turn the safety lock fully to the right.

The safety lock is said to be at the "ready" when turned to the left, and at the "safe" when turned to the right.

The cut-off is said to be "on" when turned up and "off" when turned down.

Being in line or skirmish line at halt: 1. With dummy (blank or ball) cartridges, 2. LOAD.

At the command load each front-rank man or skirmisher faces half right and carries the right foot to the right, about one foot, to such position as will insure the greatest firmness and steadiness of the body; raises or lowers the piece and drops it into the left hand at the balance, left thumb extended along the stock, muzzle at the height of the breast. With the right hand he turns and draws the bolt back, takes a cartridge between the thumb and first two fingers and places it in the receiver; places palm of the hand against the back of the bolt handle; thrusts the bolt home with a quick motion, turning down the handle, and carries the hand to the small of the stock. Each rear-rank man moves to the right front, takes a similar position opposite the interval to the right of his front-rank man, muzzle of the piece extending beyond the front rank, and loads.

A skirmish line may load while moving, the pieces being held as nearly as practicable in the position of load.

If kneeling or sitting the position of the piece is similar; if kneeling the left forearm rests on the left thigh; if sitting the elbows are supported by the knees. If lying down the left hand steadies and supports the piece at the balance, the toe of the butt resting on the ground, the muzzle off the ground.

For reference, these positions (standing, kneeling, and lying down) are designated as that of load.

FILL MAGAZINE.

Take the position of load, if not already there, open the gate of the magazine with the right thumb, take five cartridges from the box or belt, and place them, with the bullets to the front, in the magazine, turning the barrel slightly to the left to facilitate the insertion of the cartridges; close the gate and carry the right hand to the small of the stock.

To load from the magazine the command From magazine will be given preceding that of LOAD; the cut-off will be turned up on coming to the position of load.

To resume loading from the belt the command From belt will be given preceding the command LOAD; the cut-off will be turned down on coming to the position of load.

The commands from magazine and from belt, indicating the change in the manner of loading, will not be repeated in subsequent commands.

The words from belt apply to cartridge box as well as belt.

In loading from the magazine care should be taken to push the bolt fully forward and turn the handle down before drawing the bolt back, as otherwise the extractor will not catch the cartridge in the chamber, and jamming will occur with the cartridge following.

To fire from the magazine, the command MAGAZINE FIRE may be given at any time. The cut-off is turned up and an increased rate of fire is executed. After the magazine is exhausted the cut-off is turned down and the firing continued, loading from the belt.

Magazine fire is employed only when, in the opinion of the platoon leader or company commander, the maximum rate of fire becomes necessary.

UNLOAD.

All take the position of load, turn the cut-off up, if not already there, turn the safety lock to the left, and alternately open and close the chamber until all the cartridges are ejected. After the last cartridge is ejected the chamber is closed and the trigger pulled. The cartridges are then picked up, cleaned, and returned to the box or belt, and the piece brought to the order.

CLIP FIRE.

Turn the cut-off up: fire at will (reloading from the magazine) until the cartridges in the piece are exhausted; turn the cut-off down; fill magazine; reload and take the position of suspend firing.

CEASE FIRING.

Firing stops; pieces not already there are brought to the position of load, the cut-off turned down if firing from magazine, the cartridge is drawn or the empty shell is ejected, the trigger is pulled, sights are laid down, and the piece is brought to the order.

Cease firing is used for long pauses to prepare for changes of position or to steady the men.

INDEX

About face, 34

Advance, company, 121, 122 during attack, 148, 245, 246 methods of, 126-129 rear guard during, 231 under cover, 245

Advance cavalry, 226

Advance guard, 142, 221 communication with, 228, 229 distance from main body of, 224 distribution of, 226 duties of, 143, 223, 224 strength of, 224 supports to, 226, 227

Age limits for reserve officers, 169, 170

Aiming rifle, 277

Air planes, military value of, 213

Alignments, 66, 67 in company movements, 88, 106, 112 in skirmish drill, 119

Ammunition, 191 data on U. S. Army, 285, 286

Appointments to officers' reserve corps, 169, 170, 175, 176

Arm signals, 302-308

Arms, manual of, 40-62

Arms of the service, cooeperation of, 182

Army departments, 178, 323, 324

Army organization tables, 321-324

Army slang, 19, 20

Articles of War, 179

Artillery, 183, 232, 322, 323 organization of, 322, 323

Assembling, position of guides and file-closers in, 111

Assembly of company, 88, 120, 125 of platoons, 120, 121 of squad, 75

At ease, 32, 33 march, 106

Attack, advantages of, 145, 242, 243 deployment for, 244 enveloping, 243, 244 fire superiority in, 148, 207, 246 frontal, 243 initiative in, 145, 206 night, 185, 186 patrols in, 244, 252 plan of, 147 progress of, 147, 148, 149, 207, 246, 247 rules for, 208, 209 turning movement in, 243, 244

Attention, 29 from route step, 106 under arms, 40

Back step, 37

Backward march, 37

Bandaging, first-aid, 310-313

Barbwire, use of, 151, 186

Base squad in extended order drills, 112-119

Battle-field conditions, 130, 131, 207

Bayonet, 283 importance of, 190

Bed-making on practice marches, 161

Billeting, 215

Bivouac, 215

Blanket roll, 167, 168

Bleeding, treatment for, 311-313

Blisters, treatment for, 163

Bombs, 184, 185

Broken bone, treatment for, 313, 314

Bullet wound, treatment for, 311

Burning clothes, extinguishing, 319, 320

Burns, treatment for, 317

Camp, arrival at, 11-13 conduct in, 13-15 equipment in, 11 inspection of, 296 guard duty in, 192-194 habits in, 15, 16, 17 security in, 137-139 mail regulations in, 10 sanitation, 164, 165

Camping ground, selection of, 215, 216

Camping on practice marches, 161, 292

Camps, Federal training, 10

Cantonment, 213

Captain, responsibility of, 110, 133

Cavalry, 183, 184 advance, 226, 212 ammunition for, 191

Cavalry division, composition of, 211 squadron, organization of, 323 troop organization of, 321, 322

Chafing, treatment for, 319

Change step, 39

Charge during attack, 247

Clip fire, 211

Close order drills, 63, 88

Clothing, 11

Coast artillery, 178

Colors, saluting, 195

Column, diminishing front of, 108, 109 of platoons, change of direction for, 102, 103 formation from column of squads, 105, 106 from line of, 100-102 of route, 106 of squads, change of direction for, 94, 103 formation from line of, 93, 94, 102, 103

Combat patrols, 244, 252 train, 191

Commands, 28 in company skirmish drill, 114 to company, 86, 96-100

Communicating trenches, 188

Company, advance of, 121-129 alignment in, 88, 106, 112 assembly of, 88, 120 dismissing the, 111, 112 dressing, 92, 97, 99, 112 facing, 105 file closers in, 108 file formation in, 108, 109 formation into columns, 100-102 front into line, 99, 100, 106 guide in, 106, 107, 108 in line, from line of platoons, 105, 106 inspection arms in, 88, 89 march at ease, 106 to rear, 105 movement on fixed pivot in, 89-93 on moving pivot in, 93-96 intervals in, 93 platoons in, 110 position of men in, 87 roll call in, 87 route step, 106 skirmish drills in, 114-120 squads in, 86

Conduct, rules of, 13-15

Cooeperation of arms of the service, 182

Corporals, duties on firing line of, 134, 135 in company movement, 96, 97, 99, 100 in skirmish drill, 77, 78, 115-117

Cossack posts, 141, 235

Counter attack, 248, 253

Counting off, 64, 86

Cover, advance under, 245 detachments, duties of, 221, 222 strength of, 223 trenches, 188

Day patrol, 236, 237

Defense, advantages of, 150, 249 fire superiority in, 252 orders for, 251 passive and active, 149, 247, 248 position for, 130, 249, 250 preparations for, 150-152, 250-252 use of obstacles in, 186 Deflection in rifle drill, 263, 267, 268

Deployment for attack, 244 rules for, 118-120

Diminishing the front of column of squads, 108, 109

Discipline, value of, 17, 63, 216, 217

Distances, taking, 64, 111

Division commander, 212

Divisional cavalry, 211

Double time march, 36

Dress, 17, 18

Drills, close order, 63, 88 extended order, 112 rifle, 261-269 value of, 17, 63, 180

Drowning, treatment for, 314-316

Duties of advance and rear guards, 143 of captain in battle, 133 of corporals in battle, 134, 135 of platoon leaders in battle, 134 of reserve officers, 171

Elevation, in rifle drill, 263, 268, 269

Emergency ration, 192

Equipment for first-aid, 309 inspection of, 295, 296 on arrival at camp, 11 on practice marches, 166-168

Estimating distance, 286-291

Estimating the situation, 146, 203, 204

Examination to enter Officers' Reserve Corps, 170, 172

Exercises, preparatory, 23, 27

Extended order drills, 112

Eyes front, 33 right, 33

Facing, company, 105 on skirmish line, 190

Facings, 34

Fainting, treatment for, 318

Fall in, 33

Fall out, 32

Feet, care of the, 14, 162

Federal training camps, 10

Field artillery, organization of, 322, 323 exercises, 127 orders, 147, 196-199, 204-206 ration, 192 train, 191

File, in squad, 63 formation from column, 108, 109

File-closer, sergeant as, 111 in close order, 88 position in column of, 102, 107 position in company of, 92, 108 position in company facing of, 105 regulation of intervals by, 111

Filipino ration, 192

Fire attack, 127-129, 246 at will, 211 control, 134 direction, 132-134 discipline, 135 kinds of, 211 superiority in attack, 246 in defense, 252 trenches, 188

Firing, conditions for effective, 131, 132, 134, 207 positions for, 271-275 line, advance of, 148, 245, 246 practice, advice on, 271-282

First-aid packet, 309

Fix bayonet, from order, 58

Flag signals, 299-301

Flank guard, 221 march, 38

Following corporal, 77, 78, 115, 116, 117, 119

Forward march, 35

Fracture, treatment for, 313, 314

Freezing and frost-bite, treatment for, 317, 318

Gallery practice, 155, 270, 328

Garrison ration, 192

Guard duty, 192-194

Guide, distance regulation by, 92, 111 duties of, 106, 107 in column formation, 107 in company assembly, 88, 111 in company facing, 105 in company pivot movements, 91-94, 101 in line or column formation, 101, 106 in skirmish drill, 114-116 in squad movements, 107, 108 of deployed line, 107

Guides, execution of manual arms by, 111 officers as, 106, 110, 111

Habits, 15, 16, 17

Half step march, 36, 37

Halt, 38 during practice marches, 160 in company movement, 97, 99

Hand grenades, 184, 185 salute, 31, 32

Hardships of practice marches, 159

Hasty cover trenches, 188

Heat exhaustion, treatment for, 317

Independent cavalry, 212

Infantry, 182 ammunition for, 191 battalion, organization of, 323 company, organization of, 321 division, composition of, 211

Information concerning enemy, 146, 207, 209, 210, 254

Initiative, value of, 145, 206

Injuries, first-aid treatment for, 310, 311

Inspection arms, from order, 59 in company, 88, 89

Inspection of camp equipment, 296 of outpost, 239, 240 of patrol, 256

Instruction to officers, 172, 173, 176

Intelligence Section, 210

Intervals, in company movements, 93 in skirmish line, 78, 79 in squad, 63, 65, 79, 80 taking, 111

Intrenchments, 187, 251

Kneeling, 80, 81 position for firing, 273

Left shoulder arms, from port, 51, 53

Lieutenant, appointment from Officers' Reserve of, 176 assignments of, 110

Light artillery battalion, organization of, 323

Line formation to front, from column, company, 99, 100 to right, from column, company, 96-9

Line of observation, 140, 236 of out guards, 140 of platoons, from column of squads, 103 from line, 103, 104 of resistance, 140 of reserves, 138, 140

List of Reserve officers, 176, 177

Loading and firing in squad, 81, 82, 83

Lying down, 80

Machine guns, 184, 229, 232

Mail, in camp, 10

Manoeuver maps, 190

Manual of arms, 40, 62

Maps, military use of, 189, 190, 210

March to rear, company, 105

Marches, conditions for successful, 213-215

Marches, practice, 159 see also, Practice marches

Marching rules, 160

Marchings, 35-39 in squad, 68, 77

Mark time, 36

Meeting engagements, 186, 187

Military correspondence, 180-182 information, collection of, 146, 207, 209, 210, 213, 254 maps, 189, 190, 210

Military problems, 199-202 training in colleges, 173-176

Mission, 146

Mobile Army, 177, 178

Movements in column, in company, 102-105 in line, in company, 96-100 on pivot, in company, 89-96

Musicians, position in column of, 111

Napoleon as military leader, 199, 201, 206

Nervousness in firing, 153, 157

Night operations, 185, 186 patrol, 236

Non commissioned officers, 106, 110, 111, 179

Observation, line of, 140, 236

Oblique march, 76, 77

Obstacles, removal of, for defense, 151 use of, in defense, 186

Officers, advice to, 216-218 grades and commands of, 179

Officers' Reserve Corps, see also Reserve officers,

Officers' Reserve Corps, eligibility for, 169-172, 175, 176 pay in, 171, 174, 176 purpose of, 169 sections of, 72, 173

Order arms, from inspection, 59 from port, 45 from present, 45 from right shoulder, 50 from trail, 55

Out guards, precautions for, 240 line of, 140, 234, 235 posting of, 240

Outpost, composition of, 232 distance from main body of, 233 distribution of troops of, 232-237 formation of, 138, 237-240 importance of, 187, 221 inspection of, 239, 240 placing of, 138, 141, 234, 239 relieving the, 241 strength of, 140, 231 supports to, 138, 140, 234 orders, 238 reserves, 234 sentinels, 235, 236, 237, 239 sketches, 190

Outposts, inter-communication between, 237

Packs on practice marches, 162, 167

Parade rest, 30 from order, 54

Patrol, 228, 229 combat, 244, 252 duties of, 237, 240, 254 formation for, 257, 258 instructions to, 255, 256 meeting enemy, 258, 259 posting of, 240 preparation for, 256, 257 return of, 259 strength of, 255 cautions, 258, 259 commander of, 255

Pay in Officers' Reserve Corps, 171, 174, 176

Picket sentinel, 240

Pickets, 141, 235 posting of, 240

Platoon columns, advance by, 122, 124 leaders, duties on firing line of, 134

Platoons, assembly of, 120, 121 commands to, 96-100 squads in, 110

Poisoning, treatment for, 318

Port arms, from left shoulder, 54 from order, 43, 44 from present, 45 from right shoulder, 50

Positions for rifle practice, 271-275

Practice marches, camping on, 161, 164, 165, 292 care of feet on, 162-164 equipment for, 166-168 hardships of, 159, 160 value of, 159 water drinking on, 162

Present arms, from order, 41, 42 from port, 45 from right shoulder, 51

Prone position for firing, 274, 275

Property for Reserve officers, 192

Quick time march, 36

Range finders, 151, 289, 290, 291

Rapid fire practice, 157, 158, 279, 280, 328, 329 target, 267

Ration, 191, 192

Reading list for Reserve officers, 195, 196

Rear, march to the, 39

Rear guard, 142, 221 composition of, 229, 230 distance from main force of, 230 distribution of, 230 duties of, 143, 229 strength of, 229 of advancing force, 231

Reconnaissance, 228, 229, 254, 213

Reconnoitering patrols, duties of, 210, 254

Relations between officers and men, 216-218

Reserve officers, see also Officers' Reserve Corps

Reserve officers, active service of, 171 appointment of, 169, 170, 172, 175, 176 department report on, 176, 177 instruction to, 172, 173-175 pay of, 171, 174, 176 promotion of, 171 property of, 192 reading list for, 195, 196 Training Camps, 173-175

Reserve ration, 192

Reserves, during advance, 142 line of, 138, 140 placing of, 239 to support party, 227, 228

Resistance, line of, 140

Rests, 32, 33, 54 during marches, 160, 161

Rifle, care of, 20, 282 control of, 135 data on U. S. Army, 283-285 drills, 261-269 holding, 270, 271 knowledge of, 153, 154 nomenclature of, 261 recoil of, 156, 157 rules for carrying, 60-62 salute, from order, 57 from right shoulder, 55, 56 from trail, 57 sights, 154-156, 261-264 sling of, 276 practice, 271-282

Right dress, 66, 67 face, 34 step march, 37 turn in company movement, 97, 99

Right shoulder arms, from order, 46-49 from port, 50 from present, 51

Road sketches, 190

Roll call in company, 89

Route step, company, 106

Salutes, 31, 32, 56

Saluting, 18, 19, 194, 195 at retreat, 194, 195 colors, 195

Security, during advance, 141 in camp, 137-139 on march, 221-223

Semaphore signals, 301

Sentinel posts, 235, 236

Sentinels, duties of, 193, 194 posting of, 240

Sentry squads, 141, 235

Sergeants in company movements, 88, 89, 111

Shelter, for troops on march, 215 tents, 292

Shoes, walking, 16, 21, 22, 164

Shot, calling, 278

Side step, 37

Sighting, 261-264, 278, 279

Signal Corps code, 299-301

Signals, arm, 302-308 flag, 299-301 general service code for, 297, 298 semaphore, 301

Sitting position for firing, 271, 272

Skirmish drill, base squad in, 112-119 guide in, 114-116 in squad, 78-83 line, advance of, 126, 127 from column, 116-118 from company line, 114-116 on oblique, 120 to the flank, 120 to the rear, 120

Skirmishes in advance, 124

Slow fire practice, 270, 271, 328, 329 targets, 266

Small pox inoculation, 11

Snake bite, treatment for, 318, 319

Squad, alignment of, 66, 67 formation of, 64 assembly of, 75 deploy of, 63 dismissal of, 59, 60 distance in, 64 halt, 69 number of men in, 110 right, 68 right about, 70 right turn, 71, 72 skirmish drill in, 78-83 blanket roll, 168 columns, 124 file, 63 intervals, 63, 65, 79, 80 leaders in company movements, 88 marchings, 68-77

Squads, in column movements, 102-105 in company, 86 commands to, 96-100

Stack arms, 84

Steps, 35-39

Stomach wounds, treatment for, 319

Strategical maps, 190 reconnaissance, 213

Strategy, 212

Sunstroke, treatment for, 317

Supports, posting of, 239 during advance, 142 in attack, 149 to advance guard, 226, 227 to outposts, 138, 140, 234

Surplus kit bag, 167

Tactical reconnaissance, 213

Tactics, 212

Take arms, 85

Taking intervals and distances, 111

Target practice, 156, 157, 328, 329

Team work in firing, 133

Tent pitching, 161, 293, 294

Tents, shelter, 292

Term of service for Reserve officers, 170, 171, 175

Tourniquet, use of, 312, 313, 318

Trail arms, from order, 55

Training camps, Federal, 10 Corps for officers, 173-175

Transportation, 191

Travel ration, 192

Trenches, 151, 187-189, 251 occupation of, 251, 252

Trigger squeeze, 277, 278

Turn on fixed pivot from line, company, 89-93 on moving pivot to change direction, company, 93-96

Turning movement in attack, 243, 244

Typhoid inoculation, 10, 11

Unfix bayonet, from order, 58

Uniforms, 17, 18

U. S. Army, ammunition, data on, 285, 286 organization tables for, 321-323 rifle, data on, 283-285 land forces, 177, 178 military departments, 9, 10, 180, 181, 323, 324, 325

Volley fire, 211

Walking, importance of, 21, 22

War strength tables, 326, 327

Water drinking on practice marches, 162

War game maps, 190

Whistle signals, 121

Windage, 267, 269

Withdrawal from action, 187, 253

Wounds, first-aid treatment for, 310, 311, 319

FOOTNOTES

[1] These exercises are selected from those commonly given by Major H. J. Koehler, United States Army.

[2] The line of supports and the line of resistance need not necessarily be the same.

[3] Some government publications can be obtained at no cost from the Superintendent of Public Documents, Washington, D. C.

TRANSCRIBER NOTES

[A] Changed "familar" to "familiar".

[B] Changed "gage" to "guage".

[C] Changed "give" to "given".

End of Project Gutenberg's The Plattsburg Manual, by O.O. Ellis and E.B. Garey