Part 8

8b. Stem diffuse or ascending, freely branched =Orache, Atriplex patula.=

9a. Flowers in small heads, in the axils or in terminal spikes; leaves sinuately toothed or nearly entire =Strawberry Blite, Chenopodium capitatum.=

9b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves sharply toothed (Goosefoot) --10.

10a. Panicles short, not as long as the subtending leaves =Goosefoot, Chenopodium murale.=

10b. Panicles long, exceeding the subtending leaves --11.

11a. Calyx green =Goosefoot, Chenopodium urbicum.=

11b. Calyx red =Goosefoot, Chenopodium rubrum.=

12a. Foliage glandular and strongly aromatic --13.

12b. Foliage not glandular nor aromatic; sometimes ill-scented --15.

13a. Flowers in large loose open spreading panicles; leaves deeply pinnatifid =Jerusalem Oak, Chenopodium botrys.=

13b. Flowers clustered in slender axillary or terminal spikes --14.

14a. Spikes dense, leafy =Mexican Tea, Chenopodium ambrosioides.=

14b. Spikes open, nearly leafless =Wormseed, Chenopodium ambrosioides var. anthelminticum.=

15a. Stem erect, 5-20 dm. tall; leaves frequently white-mealy =Lamb's Quarters, Chenopodium album.=

15b. Stem prostrate or ascending, succulent; leaves glaucous-white beneath =Goosefoot, Chenopodium glaucum.=

15c. Stem widely and diffusely branched; leaves green, soon deciduous =Cycloloma, Cycloloma atriplicifolium.=

AMARANTHACEAE, the Amaranth Family

Herbs, with alternate leaves, and inconspicuous greenish or reddish flowers without petals, which are axillary or in dense clusters, blooming in summer.

1a. Flower-clusters axillary --2.

1b. Flower-clusters in terminal spikes or panicles, sometimes also axillary --3.

2a. Plant prostrate or decumbent; seed about 1.5 mm. broad =Pigweed, Amaranthus blitoides.=

2b. Plant erect or ascending, widely branched; seeds about 1 mm. broad (3-10 dm. high) =Tumble Weed, Amaranthus graecizans.=

3a. Principal leaves with a pair of spines at their base =Thorny Amaranth, Amaranthus spinosus.=

3b. Spines none at the base of the leaves --4.

4a. Weedy plants of cultivated or waste ground; flowers monoecious or polygamous; pistillate flowers with a calyx (Pigweed) --5.

4b. Plants of swamps or stream-banks; flowers dioecious; pistillate flowers without calyx (Water Hemp) --7.

5a. Spikes short, 1-8 cm. long, crowded in dense ovoid panicles; the terminal spike not conspicuously elongated beyond the appressed or ascending lower ones =Pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus.=

5b. Spikes slender, 1-12 cm. long; the terminal spike greatly exceeding the short inconspicuous divergent lower ones --6.

6a. Bracts subulate, sharply awned =Pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus.=

6b. Bracts merely acuminate =Pigweed, Amaranthus paniculatus.=

7a. Flowers in leafy spikes, or the lower in separate clusters =Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata.=

7b. Flowers in separate distinct clusters =Water Hemp, Acnida tuberculata var. subnuda.=

PHYTOLACCACEAE, the Pokeweed Family

Herbs with alternate entire leaves, small flowers without petals, and a many-celled ovary.

One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with numerous racemes of whitish flowers, in late summer, followed by dark-purple berries =Pokeweed, Phytolacca decandra.=

NYCTAGINACEAE, the Four-o'Clock Family

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves and flowers in small clusters surrounded by a broad open calyx-like involucre; the true calyx colored like a corolla; petals none (4-8 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer).

1a. Leaves lanceolate or narrower, sessile =Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus hirsutus.=

1b. Leaves ovate, petioled =Umbrella-wort, Oxybaphus nyctagineus.=

ILLECEBRACEAE, the Knotwort Family

Herbs, with opposite entire leaves, and minute flowers without petals. (Prostrate spreading or freely branched plants, 3 dm. high or less; flowers in summer.)

1a. Stipules none; leaves slightly connate at base, subulate =Knawel, Scleranthus annuus.=

1b. Stipules present, but small; leaves elliptical or oval (Forked Chickweed) --2.

2a. Stems pubescent; internodes seldom more than 1 cm. long =Forked Chickweed, Anychia polygonoides.=

2b. Stems smooth; internodes about 2 cm. long =Forked Chickweed, Anychia canadensis.=

AIZOACEAE, the Carpet-weed Family

Prostrate herbs, with whorled leaves and small whitish axillary flowers without petals, in summer.

One species in Michigan =Carpet-weed, Mollugo verticillata.=

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, the Pink Family

Herbs, with opposite or whorled entire leaves, and stems frequently swollen at the nodes. Sepals 4 or 5; petals separate, as many as the sepals, or rarely none; stamens twice as many as the petals in plants with conspicuous flowers, sometimes fewer in those with small flowers; ovary 1-celled, with the ovules on a central axis, and with 2-5 styles.

1a. Calyx spreading, of separate sepals; flowers 15 mm. wide or less; petals sometimes none --2.

1b. Calyx tubular, of united sepals; flowers in many species more than 15 mm. wide; petals always present --22.

2a. Stipules present --3.

2b. Stipules none --4.

3a. Leaves opposite; flowers pink (about 1 dm. high; summer) =Sand Spurrey, Spergularia rubra.=

3b. Leaves whorled; flowers white (1-5 dm. high; leaves linear; summer) =Spurrey, Spergula arvensis.=

4a. Leaves subulate or thread-like --5.

4b. Leaves linear to ovate --7.

5a. Leaves opposite (1 dm. high or less; flowers white, summer) =Pearlwort, Sagina procumbens.=

5b. Leaves fascicled in the axils --6.

6a. Styles 4 or 5 (1 dm. high; terminal white flowers 5 mm. wide, in summer) =Pearlwort, Sagina nodosa.=

6b. Styles 3 (1-4 dm. high; flowers white, nearly 1 cm. wide, summer) =Stitchwort, Arenaria stricta.=

7a. Petals entire (3 dm. high or less; flowers white, in summer) (Stitchwort) --8.

7b. Petals notched or 2-cleft at the end, or none --11.

8a. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less --9.

8b. Principal leaves 1.5 cm. long or more --10.

9a. Petals half as long as the sepals =Stitchwort, Arenaria leptoclados.=

9b. Petals almost as long as the sepals =Stitchwort, Arenaria serpyllifolia.=

10a. Leaves oblong-oval, obtuse. =Stitchwort, Arenaria lateriflora.=

10b. Leaves lanceolate, acute. =Stitchwort, Arenaria macrophylla.=

11a. Capsule splitting by valves at maturity; styles usually 3 (Chickweed) --12.

11b. Capsule opening by terminal teeth at maturity; styles usually 5 (tufted or matted plants, 1-5 dm. high; flowers white, in spring and summer) (Mouse-ear Chickweed) --18.

12a. Petals distinctly shorter than the sepals, or none --13.

12b. Petals as long as the sepals, or longer --15.

13a. Leaves ovate (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, all summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria media.=

13b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong (in water or wet places, 1-4 dm. high; flowers white, in summer) --14.

14a. Flowers in a leafy terminal branching cluster =Chickweed, Stellaria borealis.=

14b. Flowers in a lateral cluster with minute bracts =Chickweed, Stellaria uliginosa.=

15a. Flowers in clusters with leaf-like bracts, or axillary and solitary (in water or wet places; 1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria crassifolia.=

15b. Flowers in clusters with scale-like bracts --16.

16a. Leaves distinctly linear; cymes lateral; a common species in marshes (2-5 dm. high; flowers white, early summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria longifolia.=

16b. Leaves distinctly broadest near the base; flower-cluster terminal --17.

17a. Pedicels erect; clusters usually few-flowered; in extreme northern part of the state only (1-3 dm. high; flowers white, summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria longipes.=

17b. Pedicels spreading; clusters open, many-flowered (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, in summer) =Chickweed, Stellaria graminea.=

18a. Petals distinctly longer than the sepals --19.

18b. Petals as long as the sepals, or shorter than them --21.

19a. Flowers much less than 1 cm. wide =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium nutans.=

19b. Flowers more than 1 cm. wide --20.

20a. Stem-leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense.=

20b. Stem-leaves oblong =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium arvense var. oblongifolium.=

21a. Bracts green; pedicels short and inflorescence crowded =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium viscosum.=

21b. Bracts with transparent white margins; pedicels longer than the calyx and inflorescence open =Mouse-ear Chickweed, Cerastium vulgatum.=

22a. Styles 5 --23.

22b. Styles 3 (3-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) --25.

22c. Styles 2 --29.

23a. Calyx-teeth much longer than the calyx-tube (erect, 4-10 dm. high; flowers large, red, late summer) =Corn Cockle, Agrostemma githago.=

23b. Calyx-teeth shorter than the calyx-tube (4-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) --24.

24a. Flowers crimson =Mullein Pink, Lychnis coronaria.=

24b. Flowers white or pink =White Campion, Lychnis alba.=

25a. Flowers night-blooming, always wilted during the day =Catchfly, Silene noctiflora.=

25b. Flowers open during the day --26.

26a. Flowers 6 mm. wide or less, white or pink =Catchfly, Silene antirrhina.=

26b. Flowers 1-2 cm. wide, white to pink or purple --27.

26c. Flowers 2 cm. wide or more, crimson =Fire Pink, Silene virginica.=

27a. Principal leaves in whorls of 4 =Starry Campion, Silene stellata.=

27b. Leaves opposite --28.

28a. Calyx globular, much inflated or bladder-like =Bladder Campion, Silene latifolia.=

28b. Calyx club-shape, not inflated =Sweet William Catchfly, Silene armeria.=

29a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, 5 mm. wide or less (flowers pink or white, in summer) --30.

29b. Leaves lanceolate or ovate (flowers pink, white, or red, in summer) --32.

30a. Flowers in terminal clusters; leaves hairy (2-4 dm. high) =Deptford Pink, Dianthus armeria.=

30b. Flowers solitary at the ends of long pedicels --31.

31a. Flowers 3-4 mm. wide (1-2 dm. high) =Gypsophyll, Gypsophila muralis.=

31b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or more (1-5 dm. high) =Meadow Pink, Dianthus deltoides.=

32a. Flowers less than 1 cm. broad --33.

32b. Flowers more than 1 cm. broad --34.

33a. Flowers white, in large panicles (4-7 dm. high) =Baby's Breath, Gypsophila paniculata.=

33b. Flowers pale red, in loose clusters (4-10 dm. high) =Cowherb, Saponaria vaccaria.=

34a. Leaves with 3-5 prominent veins (4-7 dm. high) =Soapwort, Saponaria officinalis.=

34b. Leaves with one mid-vein (3-6 dm. high) =Sweet William, Dianthus barbatus.=

PORTULACACEAE, the Purslane Family

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and regular flowers with 2 sepals, 5 petals, and a 1-celled ovary with 2 or 3 styles.

1a. Leaves a single pair on each stem (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink, in racemes in early spring) (Spring Beauty) --2.

1b. Leaves numerous (prostrate or spreading; flowers in summer) --3.

2a. Leaves lance-ovate to oblong, not more than six times as long as wide =Spring Beauty, Claytonia caroliniana.=

2b. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, more than six times as long as wide =Spring Beauty, Claytonia virginica.=

3a. Flowers yellow, about 5 mm. wide =Purslane, Portulaca oleracea.=

3b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide =Portulaca, Portulaca grandiflora.=

CERATOPHYLLACEAE, the Hornwort Family

Submerged aquatics, with whorled, finely dissected leaves and inconspicuous flowers with neither calyx nor corolla.

One species in Michigan =Hornwort, Ceratophyllum demersum.=

NYMPHAEACEAE, the Water Lily Family

Aquatic plants, with usually large and floating leaves which are round or elliptical and palmately veined.

1a. Floating and emersed leaves centrally peltate --2.

1b. Leaves rounded but not peltate, with a deep sinus --3.

2a. Leaves round, 3 dm. in diameter or more; flowers very large, pale yellow =Lotus, Nelumbo lutea.=

2b. Leaves oval, 5-15 cm. long; flowers small, purple =Water Shield, Brasenia schreberi.=

3a. Flowers yellow (Pond Lily) --4.

3b. Flowers white or tinged with pink (Water Lily) --5.

4a. Leaves more than 1 dm. long =Pond Lily, Nymphaea advena.=

4b. Leaves less than 1 dm. long =Pond Lily, Nymphaea microphylla.=

5a. Flowers very fragrant; leaves purplish beneath =Water Lily, Castalia odorata.=

5b. Flowers not fragrant; leaves green beneath =Water Lily, Castalia tuberosa.=

RANUNCULACEAE, the Crowfoot Family

Herbs with alternate (rarely opposite) leaves, acrid watery juice, separate sepals and petals, numerous stamens, and several or many (rarely only 1) simple pistils. Petals present or absent, in the latter case the sepals are usually petal-like in appearance.

1a. Climbing plants with opposite leaves (flowers in late summer) (Virgin's Bower) --2.

1b. Aquatic plants with dissected submerged leaves (flowers in late spring and summer) (Water Crowfoot) --3.

1c. Terrestrial or mud plants, not agreeing with 1a or 1b --6.

2a. Flowers white, 2-3 cm. wide =Virgin's Bower, Clematis virginiana.=

2b. Flowers pink-purple, 5-8 cm. wide =Virgin's Bower, Clematis verticillaris.=

3a. Flowers white --4.

3b. Flowers yellow --5.

4a. Leaves rigid, not collapsing when removed from the water =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus circinatus.=

4b. Leaves soft, collapsing when removed from the water =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus aquatilis var. capillaceus.=

5a. Submerged leaves divided into hair-like segments =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius.=

5b. Submerged leaves palmately divided into linear lobes =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii.=

6a. Flowers blue, irregular, with one spur (4-8 dm. high, summer) =Larkspur, Delphinium ajacis.=

6b. The five petals each prolonged into a spur; flowers showy (4-8 dm. tall) (Columbine) --7.

6c. Flowers regular, without spurs --8.

7a. Spurs nearly straight; flowers scarlet and yellow (spring) =Wild Columbine, Aquilegia canadensis.=

7b. Spurs strongly incurved; flowers blue or white (spring, early summer) =Columbine, Aquilegia vulgaris.=

8a. Flowers yellow --9.

8b. Flowers of various colors, but never yellow --28.

9a. Petals none; sepals petal-like; leaves crenate or dentate (2-4 dm. high, flowers in early spring) =Cowslip, Caltha palustris.=

9b. Petals small; sepals petal-like; leaves deeply palmately lobed (4-6 dm. tall; flowers in late spring) =Globe-flower, Trollius laxus.=

9c. Petals yellow; sepals green or yellowish --10.

10a. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong, entire or with minute teeth (flowers 10-15 mm. wide, in summer) --11.

10b. Leaves broader, some or all of them lobed or divided, or cordate-ovate and not lobed --12.

11a. Stems ascending (4-8 dm. high), rooting at the lower joints; fruits pointed with a long slender beak =Spearwort, Ranunculus laxicaulis.=

11b. Stems prostrate and trailing, rooting at the joints; fruits tipped with a minute short beak =Spearwort, Ranunculus flammula var. reptans.=

12a. Basal leaves, or most of them, merely serrate or crenate, and not obviously lobed --13.

12b. All the leaves lobed or divided --16.

13a. Stem-leaves resembling the basal ones, and not lobed (1-2 dm. high; summer) =Sea-side Crowfoot, Ranunculus cymbalaria.=

13b. Stem-leaves deeply divided into oblong or linear segments --14.

14a. Flowers 1.5 cm. wide or more (1-3 dm. high; spring) =Buttercup, Ranunculus rhomboideus.=

14b. Flowers 1 cm. wide or less (2-5 dm. high; spring) --15.

15a. Foliage glabrous or minutely pubescent; basal leaves cordate =Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus abortivus.=

15b. Foliage villous; basal leaves barely cordate or not at all =Small-flowered Crowfoot, Ranunculus micranthus.=

16a. Stem erect or essentially so --17.

16b. Stem prostrate, creeping, or ascending. Early in spring stems may be found which appear almost erect. Common spring-flowering buttercups are all classified here --22.

17a. Flowers 2 cm. broad or larger (Buttercup) --18.

17b. Flowers 1 cm. broad or smaller --19.

18a. Terminal lobe of leaf stalked (2-5 dm. high, early summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus bulbosus.=

18b. Terminal lobe of leaf sessile (5-10 dm. high; all summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus acris.=

19a. Plant glabrous, succulent; stem hollow (1-5 dm. high; spring and summer) =Cursed Crowfoot, Ranunculus sceleratus.=

19b. Plant pubescent (Buttercup) --20.

20a. Fruits tipped with a prominent recurved beak; plant of shady woods (2-6 dm. high; flowers in late spring) =Buttercup, Ranunculus recurvatus.=

20b. Fruits tipped with a straight or slightly curved beak; plants of marshes or wet soil (3-6 dm. high; flowers in summer) --21.

21a. Fruits in a short-cylindric head on a conical receptacle =Buttercup, Ranunculus pennsylvanicus.=

21b. Fruits in a globose or short-ovoid head, on an obovoid receptacle =Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii.=

22a. Leaves dissected into numerous linear or narrowly wedge-shape divisions; plants growing in water or very wet places (late spring and summer) =Water Crowfoot, Ranunculus delphinifolius.=

22b. Leaves palmately lobed, the terminal division not definitely stalked --23.

22c. Leaves compound, some or all of the divisions on definite stalks (Buttercup) --24.

23a. Stem-leaves numerous (1-2 dm. tall; late spring and summer) =Crowfoot, Ranunculus purshii.=

23b. Stem-leaves one or none, the principal leaves all basal (about 1 dm. high; flowers in summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus lapponicus.=

24a. Style short, obviously curved --25.

24b. Style long and slender, straight or nearly so (common spring-flowering buttercups, 2-5 dm. high) --26.

25a. Stems creeping; flowers 2 cm. wide or more (spring) =Buttercup, Ranunculus repens.=

25b. Stems ascending; flowers 1.5 cm. wide or less (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Buttercup, Ranunculus macounii.=

26a. The two lateral divisions of the leaf sessile or nearly so =Buttercup, Ranunculus fascicularis.=

26b. The two lateral divisions of the leaf on long stalks --27.

27a. Roots fibrous; plants of wet soil =Buttercup, Ranunculus septentrionalis.=

27b. Roots thickened; plants of dry woods or thickets =Buttercup, Ranunculus hispidus.=

28a. Leaves dissected into numerous narrowly linear acute divisions (4-7 dm. high; flowers large, bluish, in summer) =Love-in-a-mist, Nigella damascena.=

28b. Leaves lobed or divided, but the divisions not separated by definite stalks --29.

28c. Leaves truly compound, all their divisions separated by distinct stalks --39.

29a. Leaves all basal, their lobes (usually 3) entire (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in earliest spring) (Hepatica) --30.

29b. Lobes of the leaf serrate or incised --31.

30a. Lobes of the leaf obtuse or rounded =Hepatica, Hepatica triloba.=

30b. Lobes of the leaf acute =Hepatica, Hepatica acutiloba.=

31a. Petals none; sepals 3, usually falling away as soon as the flower opens (2-4 dm. high; flowers greenish-white, in spring) =Golden Seal, Hydrastis canadensis.=

31b. Petals none; sepals petal-like, 4 or more (Anemone) --32.

31c. Petals present, but much smaller than the 5 petal-like sepals --38.

32a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so --33.

32b. Stem-leaves on definite petioles --35.

33a. Ovary tipped with a long slender hairy style; flowers bluish-purple (1-4 dm. high; early spring) =Pasque Flower, Anemone patens var. wolfgangiana.=

33b. Ovary with a short style, densely woolly; flowers red, greenish, or white (1-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) --34.

33c. Ovary tipped with a short style, glabrous or nearly so; flowers white (4-7 dm. high; late spring and early summer) =Anemone, Anemone canadensis.=

34a. Stem 1-flowered, sepals white =Anemone, Anemone parviflora.=

34b. Stem 3-flowered; sepals usually red =Anemone, Anemone multifida.=

35a. Achenes densely woolly; flowers appearing in summer --36.

35b. Achenes merely pubescent; stems 1-flowered; woodland species blooming in early spring (1-2 dm. high; flowers white) =Wood Anemone, Anemone quinquefolia.=

36a. Segments of the leaf broadly wedge-shape or ovate; flowers white (4-8 dm. high) --37.

36b. Segments of the leaf linear-oblong; flower red, greenish, or white; plants growing on the shores of the Great Lakes =Anemone, Anemone multifida.=

37a. Segments of the basal leaves wedge-lanceolate; head of fruit cylindric =Anemone, Anemone cylindrica.=

37b. Segments of the basal leaves ovate-lanceolate; head of fruit ovoid or oblong =Anemone, Anemone virginiana.=

38a. Stem-leaves present --9b.