Part 5

211b. Ovaries 4 or 5, in the center of the flower =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

212a. Stamens with good anthers 5 --213.

212b. Stamens 6 to 10 --217.

212c. Stamens more than 10 --222.

213a. Flowers solitary, terminating the stem 12b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

213b. Flowers axillary, solitary or in small clusters --214.

213c. Flowers several, in loose irregular terminal clusters; leaves simple =LINACEAE=, p. 63.

213d. Flowers in slender spike-like racemes; leaves compound 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55.

213e. Flowers in panicles 20a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

213f. Flowers in umbels --216.

214a. Leaves compound 25b, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60.

214b. Leaves simple --215.

215a. Flowers blue or yellow, erect or spreading =LINACEAE=, p. 63.

215b. Flowers greenish, nodding 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

216a. Flowers pink or purple =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

216b. Flowers yellow or white =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

217a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets --218.

217b. Leaves pinnately compound --219.

217c. Leaves deeply palmately lobed =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

217d. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --220.

218a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

218b. Leaflets taper-pointed; flowers white or pink 73, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

219a. Leaflets entire 24, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 60.

219b. Leaflets toothed 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55.

220a. Prostrate plants, with thick, fleshy, entire leaves 3, in =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

220b. Bushy branched plants, with small gray leaves concealing the stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

220c. Erect or spreading plants --221.

221a. Ovary 1, style 1 4a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

221b. Ovary with 2 distinct styles =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

221c. Ovaries 5; styles 5 =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

222a. Stamens united by their filaments into a tube =MALVACEAE=, p. 72.

222b. Stamens separate from each other --223.

223a. Leaves with stipules; ovaries more than 1 =ROSACEAE=, p. 51.

223b. Leaves without stipules --224.

224a. Leaves toothed, deeply lobed, or compound =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

224b. Leaves entire --225.

225a. Ovaries numerous =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

225b. Ovary 1 --226.

226a. Sepals 2 =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

226b. Sepals 3 or 5 =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

--227--

227a. Leaves entire =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

227b. Leaves lobed, divided, dissected, or compound --228.

228a. Flowers in slender racemes =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48.

228b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in slender racemes --229.

229a. Stamens 6 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

229b. Stamens numerous =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

[1] In most flowers the corolla is the conspicuous portion of the perianth, and is composed of united or separate petals, as the case may be. In some flowers the corolla is absent, and the calyx is the conspicuous portion.

THE PLANTS OF MICHIGAN

PINACEAE, the Pine Family

Trees or shrubs, usually evergreen, with needle-like or scale-like leaves; fruit a cone or berry.

1a. Leaves in clusters of 2-5 --2.

1b. Leaves mostly in clusters of 10 or more, on short lateral wart-like branches, deciduous each autumn =Tamarack, Larix laricina.=

1c. Leaves not in clusters --4.

2a. Leaves in clusters of 5 =White Pine, Pinus strobus.=

2b. Leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 --3.

3a. Leaves 8-15 cm. long =Norway Pine, Pinus resinosa.=

3b. Leaves 2-4 cm. long =Jack Pine, Pinus banksiana.=

4a. Leaves alternate or scattered --5.

4b. Leaves opposite or whorled --8.

5a. Leaves four-sided --6.

5b. Leaves flattened --7.

6a. Leaves 6-12 mm. long =Black Spruce, Picea mariana.=

6b. Leaves 15-25 mm. long =White Spruce, Picea canadensis.=

7a. Leaves short-stalked, 15 mm. long or less =Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis.=

7b. Leaves sessile, 15-30 mm. long =Balsam, Abies balsamea.=

8a. Leafy twigs soft and flattened =White Cedar, Thuja occidentalis.=

8b. Leafy twigs not distinctly flattened --9.

9a. Leaves opposite --10.

9b. Leaves in whorls of three --11.

10a. Erect shrub or tree =Red Cedar, Juniperus virginiana.=

10b. Prostrate or spreading shrub =Creeping Cedar, Juniperus horizontalis.=

11a. Erect shrub or small tree =Juniper, Juniperus communis.=

11b. Spreading or ascending shrub, growing in dense mats =Low Juniper, Juniperus communis var. depressa.=

TAXACEAE, the Yew Family

Shrubs, with needle-like evergreen leaves; fruit red and berry-like.

One species in Michigan; straggling shrub 1-3 m. high =Ground Hemlock, Taxus canadensis.=

TYPHACEAE, the Cat-tail Family

Erect plants 1-2 m. high, with linear leaves and terminal spikes of brown flowers, appearing in summer.

1a. Staminate and pistillate portions of the flower-spike contiguous, the latter 2.5 cm. in diameter =Common Cat-tail, Typha latifolia.=

1b. Staminate and pistillate portions of the spike separated, the latter 2 cm. or less in diameter =Narrow-leaved Cat-tail, Typha angustifolia.=

SPARGANIACEAE, the Bur-reed Family

Marsh plants with linear leaves and spherical heads of inconspicuous greenish flowers, appearing in summer.

About 5 species occur in Michigan, of which the commonest is =Bur-reed, Sparganium eurycarpum.=

NAJADACEAE, the Pondweed Family

Aquatic plants with submerged or floating leaves and inconspicuous flowers in summer.

1a. Leaves opposite or whorled --2.

1b. Leaves alternate --2c.

2a. Leaves thread-like, 3-8 cm. long =Horned Pondweed, Zannichellia palustris.=

2b. Leaves linear, toothed, abruptly dilated at the base, 3 cm. long or less (Naiad) --3.

2c. Leaves entire, not abruptly dilated at base [2]=Pondweed, Potamogeton spp.=

3a. Leaves about 2 mm. wide, sharply and coarsely toothed =Naiad, Naias marina.=

3b. Leaves very narrowly linear, with numerous minute teeth =Naiad, Naias flexilis.=

[2] About 30 species of Potamogeton occur in Michigan, among which the most conspicuous is Potamogeton natans, with elliptical floating leaves. For the identification of the species the Manual must be used.

JUNCAGINACEAE, the Arrow Grass Family

Marsh plants, with linear cylindrical leaves and inconspicuous flowers in spikes or racemes, appearing in early summer.

1a. Leaves all basal; flowers numerous in a spike-like raceme (Arrow Grass) --2.

1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers in a loose bracted raceme (1-3 dm. high). =Scheuchzeria, Scheuchzeria palustris.=

2a. Fruit (usually to be seen at the base of the raceme) ovoid or oblong, rounded at the base =Arrow Grass, Triglochin maritima.=

2b. Fruit linear, narrowed at the base (1-5 dm. high) =Arrow Grass, Triglochin palustris.=

ALISMACEAE, the Water Plantain Family

Marsh plants, with scape-like stems; flowers with 3 green sepals, 3 white petals, 6 or more stamens, and several separate pistils.

1a. Ovaries in a ring; flowers in panicles (2-8 dm. high, summer) =Water Plantain, Alisma Plantago-aquatica.=

1b. Ovaries in a head; flowers in racemes or umbels --2.

2a. Flowers all perfect, in a single umbel of 2-8 flowers; stamens 9 (leaves lanceolate; 15 cm. high or less; summer) =Dwarf Water Plantain, Echinodorus tenellus.=

2b. Flowers in a raceme of 3-flowered whorls, the lower pistillate, the upper staminate; stamens usually more than nine (1-10 dm. high, summer) (Arrow-head) --3.

3a. Leaves ovate to linear, not sagittate at base --4.

3b. Leaves broad or narrow, sagittate at base --5.

4a. Pistillate (basal) flowers sessile or nearly so (2-8 dm. high, summer) =Arrow-head, Sagittaria heterophylla.=

4b. Pistillate flowers with obvious pedicels =Arrow-head, Sagittaria graminea.=

5a. Basal lobes of the leaf conspicuous, triangular, almost or quite as long as the terminal portion --6.

5b. Basal lobes small, short, linear --4b.

6a. Beak of the achene very short and erect; rare species =Arrow-head, Sagittaria arifolia.=

6b. Beak of the achene sharp, incurved at right angles to the body; common species =Arrow-head, Sagittaria latifolia.=

HYDROCHARITACEAE, the Frog's Bit Family

Submerged aquatics, with inconspicuous flowers in summer.

1a. Leaves all from the base, 2 dm. long or more =Eel Grass, Vallisneria spiralis.=

1b. Leaves on the stem, 2 cm. long or less =Water-weed, Elodea canadensis.=

GRAMINEAE, the Grass Family

Grasses, with linear or narrow sheathing leaves, and very small flowers without perianth in the axils of chaffy bracts, appearing in late spring and summer.

Of the large number (over 150) of grasses in Michigan, only the commonest are included here, and the student is referred to the Manuals for a full treatment of them.

Their classification depends chiefly upon the structure and arrangement of the spikelets. These consist typically of a short axis, the rachilla, almost or quite concealed by several chaffy bracts. The two lower bracts are termed glumes, and have no flowers in their axils. Above the glumes are two or more other bracts, the lemmas. In the axil of each lemma, and usually concealed by it, is a smaller bract, the palea, and between the lemma and the palea is a single flower. The number of flowers in a spikelet is therefore normally equal to the number of lemmas. The spikelets are grouped in racemes, spikes, or panicles of various size.

1a. Spikelets one-flowered --2.

1b. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers --24.

2a. Spikelets grouped into dense solitary cylindrical spikes --3.

2b. Spikelets arranged in panicles or in panicled spikes --8.

3a. Spikelets without awns or bristles, or with short awns not more than 3 mm. long --4.

3b. Spikelets with awns 2-5 cm. long, terminating the bracts =Squirrel-tail, Hordeum jubatum.=

3c. Bracts of the spikelet without terminal awns, but the spikelets with one or more long bristles arising from their base --6.

4a. Spike-like panicle thickened in the middle, more than 1 cm. thick =Beach Grass, Ammophila arenaria.=

4b. Spike little or not at all thickened in the middle, less than 1 cm. thick --5.

5a. Lower bracts awned; stem erect, unbranched =Timothy, Phleum pratense.=

5b. Lower scales unawned; stem branched at the base =Floating Foxtail, Alopecurus geniculatus.=

6a. Bristles 5 or more at the base of each spikelet =Yellow Foxtail, Setaria glauca.=

6b. Bristles 1-3 at the base of each spikelet --7.

7a. Spikelets about 2 mm. long; bristles not much longer, green =Green Foxtail, Setaria viridis.=

7b. Spikelets about 3 mm. long; bristles much longer, usually purple =Millet, Setaria italica.=

8a. Spikelets numerous, in long slender symmetrical spikes --9.

8b. Spikelets in panicles, racemes, or loose spikes --13.

9a. Spikelets without awns; plants 8 dm. high or less (Crab Grass) --10.

9b. Spikelets with awns; plants 12 dm. high or more --12.

10a. Leaf-sheaths all glabrous. =Crab Grass, Digitaria humifusa.=

10b. Lower leaf-sheaths hairy --11.

11a. Axis of the spike flat, with wing-like margins =Crab Grass, Digitaria sanguinalis.=

11b. Axis of the spike slender, without winged margins =Crab Grass, Digitaria filiformis.=

12a. Spikes numerous, appressed to the axis of the panicle; tall marsh grass =Slough Grass, Spartina michauxiana.=

12b. Spikes 2-6, widely divergent; plant of dry ground =Blue-joint, Andropogon furcatus.=

13a. Spikelets subtended by an ovoid thorny involucre 3-8 mm. wide =Sand Bur, Cenchrus carolinianus.=

13b. Spikelets without a thorny involucre --14.

14a. Lower branches of the panicle spreading, bearing staminate flowers, the upper branches erect, with pistillate flowers; aquatic or marsh grass 2-4 m. high =Wild Rice, Zizania aquatica.=

14b. Panicle uniform throughout --15.

15a. Spikelets with awns 2 mm. or more long --16.

15b. Spikelets not awned, or with short inconspicuous awns --18.

16a. Spikelets in solitary raceme-like spikes; awn about 1 cm. long or more =Beard Grass, Andropogon scoparius.=

16b. Spikelets in branching clusters; awn less than 1 cm. long --17.

17a. Leaf-blade 4 mm. wide or narrower; panicle slender =Drop-seed, Muhlenbergia schreberi.=

17b. Leaf-blade 6 mm. wide or more; panicle stout and coarse =Barnyard Grass, Echinochloa crus-galli.=

18a. Spikelet plump and compact, its bracts closely folded about each other --19.

18b. Spikelet very flat, its two bracts closely folded together =Cut-grass, Leersia oryzoides.=

18c. Spikelet loose and open, somewhat flattened, its 3 bracts ascending or spreading and not closely folded about each other --20.

19a. Panicle about half as long as the entire plant; leaves copiously hairy =Witch Grass, Panicum capillare.=

19b. Panicle of smaller size =Panic-grasses, various species of Panicum.=

20a. Panicle strongly contracted or spike-like; plants of sand-dunes --4a.

20b. Panicle spreading or slightly contracted; axis of the spikelet beset with bristles; leaves 2 dm. long or more; marsh grass =Reed Grass, Calamagrostis canadensis.=

20c. Panicle spreading or somewhat contracted, but not spike-like; axis of the spikelet without bristles --21.

21a. Panicle-branches erect or ascending --22.

21b. Panicle-branches strongly spreading --23.

22a. The two outer scales of the spikelet one-fourth as long as the third scale, or sometimes one of them absent --17a.

22b. The glumes at least half as long as the lemma =Wood-grass, Muhlenbergia mexicana.=

23a. The chief lateral branches of the panicle dividing and bearing flowers below their middle =Red-top, Agrostis alba.=

23b. The chief branches of the panicle dividing only beyond the middle =Hair Grass, Agrostis hyemalis.=

24a. Spikelets arranged in two rows to form a definite spike --25.

24b. Spikelets in panicles, never in definite rows --29.

25a. Spikelets in a single row on one side of the axis, forming a one-sided spike =Yard Grass, Eleusine indica.=

25b. Spikelets alternating on opposite sides of the axis, forming a two-rowed spike --26.

26a. Spikelets in pairs at each joint, forming a dense spike (Wild Rye) --27.

26b. Spikelets single at each joint, forming a loose, open or interrupted spike --28.

27a. Glumes lanceolate =Wild Rye, Elymus canadensis.=

27b. Glumes narrowly subulate =Wild Rye, Elymus virginicus.=

28a. Spikelets with their edges toward the axis of the spike =Rye Grass, Lolium perenne.=

28b. Spikelets with their sides toward the axis of the spike =Quack Grass, Agropyron repens.=

29a. Glumes longer than the lemmas =Oats, Avena sativa.=

29b. Glumes shorter than the lemmas --30.

30a. Axis of the spikelet beset with conspicuous long hairs about equaling the lemmas; tall marsh grass 1-4 m. high =Reed, Phragmites communis.=

30b. Spikelets without conspicuous long hairs --31.

31a. Spikelets sessile or nearly so, forming crowded or spike-like panicles --32.

31b. Spikelets distinctly panicled --33.

32a. Spikelets in dense one-sided clusters at the ends of the panicle branches =Orchard Grass, Dactylis glomerata.=

32b. Spikelets in an erect spike-like cluster =Prairie June-grass, Koeleria cristata.=

33a. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 8 mm. long or more --34.

33b. Lemmas, exclusive of the awn when present, 6 mm. long or less --35.

34a. Awns on the lemmas 12 mm. long or more =Brome-grass, Bromus tectorum.=

34b. Awns on the lemmas 8 mm. long or less, or none =Cheat, Bromus secalinus.=

35a. Lemmas with 7 sharp conspicuous veins from base to apex =Manna Grass, Glyceria nervata.=

35b. Lemmas with 3-5 inconspicuous veins --36.

36a. Spikelets with 5 flowers or more --37.

36b. Spikelets with 2-4 (rarely 5) flowers --40.

37a. Stems tufted and decumbent at base (Love Grass) --38.

37b. Stems erect (Fescue Grass) --39.

38a. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide =Love Grass, Eragrostis pilosa.=

38b. Spikelets 3 mm. wide =Love Grass, Eragrostis megastachya.=

39a. Lemmas with conspicuous awns =Fescue Grass, Festuca octoflora.=

39b. Lemmas without awns =Fescue Grass, Festuca elatior.=

40a. Tufted annual grass =Spear Grass, Poa annua.=

40b. Perennials, with erect flowering stems --41.

41a. Stems round =Blue Grass, Poa pratensis.=

41b. Stems strongly flattened =Canadian Blue Grass, Poa compressa.=

CYPERACEAE, the Sedge Family

Grass-like or rush-like plants, with linear leaves or leafless, and inconspicuous flowers in small chaffy spikes.

Over 200 species occur in Michigan, of which only the commonest are included here. For the remaining species the Manuals should be consulted.

1a. Spikes all alike --2.

1b. The uppermost spike or spikes wholly staminate, the lower one or more pistillate; ovary and achene surrounded by a sac, the perigynium. Mature fruit is necessary for satisfactory identification (Sedge) --12.

2a. Stems leafless, bearing one or more spikes at or near the top --3.

2b. Stems leafy --6.

3a. Spike one, terminal and erect (Spike Rush) --4.

3b. Spikes usually more than one, lateral and spreading --5.

4a. Annual, with fibrous roots =Spike Rush, Eleocharis obtusa.=

4b. Perennial, with a running rootstock =Spike Rush, Eleocharis palustris.=

5a. Stem round =Bulrush, Scirpus validus.=

5b. Stem 3-cornered =Three-square, Scirpus americanus.=

6a. Spikes axillary along the side of the stem =Dulichium, Dulichium, arundinaceum.=

6b. Spikes terminal --7.

7a. Spikes subtended by long conspicuous leaves which greatly exceed the flower clusters --8.

7b. Spikes not conspicuously exceeded by the bract-like leaves --10.

8a. Spikes in a dense head-like cluster, white-woolly at maturity =Cotton Grass, Eriophorum virginicum.=

8b. Spikes not in dense heads, nor white-woolly at maturity --9.

9a. Perennial by a creeping rootstock =Nut Grass, Cyperus esculentus.=

9b. Perennial by hard basal corms =Cyperus, Cyperus strigosus.=

10a. Bracts of the spike chestnut-brown =Twig Rush, Cladium mariscoides.=

10b. Bracts of the spike green or straw-color (Sedge) --11.

11a. Spikes 3-8, separate =Sedge, Carex straminea.=

11b. Spikes very numerous and densely crowded =Sedge, Carex vulpinoidea.=

12a. Achenes flattened =Sedge, Carex crinita.=

12b. Achenes 3-angled --13.

13a. Perigynium tipped with a sharp straight 2-toothed beak --14.

13b. Perigynium with a short soft beak --17.

14a. Perigynium thin and papery, loosely enclosing the achene --15.

14b. Perigynium firm, closely enclosing the achene --16.

15a. Perigynium less than 1 cm. long =Sedge, Carex hystericina.=

15b. Perigynium more than 1 cm. long =Sedge, Carex lupulina.=

16a. Perigynium smooth =Sedge, Carex riparia.=

16b. Perigynium hairy =Sedge, Carex filiformis.=

17a. Beak of the perigynium bent abruptly to one side =Sedge, Carex laxiflora.=

17b. Beak of the perigynium straight =Sedge, Carex pennsylvanica.=

ARACEAE, the Arum Family

Individual flowers small, but crowded on a fleshy spadix to form a conspicuous spike, usually surrounded by a green or colored spathe.

1a. Leaves compound --2.

1b. Leaves simple --3.

2a. Leaflets 3, spathe pale green or purple (3-6 dm. high; spring) =Indian Turnip, Arisaema triphyllum.=

2b. Leaflets 7-11; spathe green; spadix long and slender (3-8 dm. high; late spring) =Dragon Root, Arisaema dracontium.=

3a. Leaves linear, sword-shape; spathe none (5-15 dm. high; early summer) =Sweet Flag, Acorus calamus.=

3b. Leaves broader than linear; spathe present --4.

4a. Flower clusters partly underground, appearing in earliest spring =Skunk Cabbage, Symplocarpus foetidus.=

4b. Flower clusters peduncled, in early summer --5.

5a. Leaves broadly ovate-cordate; spathe white =Water Arum, Calla palustris.=

5b. Leaves more or less sagittate; spathe green =Arrow Arum, Peltandra virginica.=

LEMNACEAE, the Duckweed Family

Minute leafless plants floating on quiet water; flowers exceedingly small and seldom seen.

1a. Plant thick, ovoid, less than 2 mm. long; roots none. Two species are reported from Michigan =Wolffia spp.=

1b. Plant flattened, with short roots --2.

2a. Roots several from each rounded plant =Duckweed, Spirodela polyrhiza.=

2b. Root single from each rounded plant =Duckweed, Lemna spp.=

Three species are reported from Michigan, of which the commonest is Lemna minor.

ERIOCAULACEAE, the Pipewort Family

Bog or marsh herbs, with small flowers in heads terminating long slender scapes.