Part 4

85b. Petals conspicuously fringed 23b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 51.

86a. Ovary 1 --87.

86b. Ovaries 2, surrounded and concealed by other organs =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90.

86c. Ovaries 4-5 2b, in =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

87a. Leaves dotted with translucent dots (easily seen when the leaf is held to the light) =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 73.

87b. Leaves not dotted with translucent dots --88.

88a. Leaves only 1-3 mm. long, closely appressed and concealing the stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

88b. Leaves larger, not concealing the stem --89.

89a. Style 1 or none --90.

89b. Styles 2 to 7 --94.

90a. Stamens 5 --91.

90b. Stamens 10 --92.

90c. Stamens neither 5 nor 10 --93.

91a. Flowers blue, sessile in terminal spikes with leaf-like bracts =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

91b. Flowers not in terminal bracted spikes =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

92a. Leaves entire =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

92b. Leaves toothed or crenate =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

93a. Flowers irregular; petals 3 =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

93b. Flowers regular; petals 5 or more =LYTHRACEAE=, p. 77.

94a. Sepals 2, partly attached to the ovary =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

94b. Sepals 5, free from the ovary --95.

95a. Stamens 5 --96.

95b. Stamens not 5 =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31.

96a. Flowers blue or yellow =LINACEAE=, p. 63.

96b. Flowers white or pinkish =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31.

--97--

97a. Perianth with but one circle of floral leaves --98.

97b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --101.

98a. Flowers small, in dense heads subtended by conspicuous bracts --99.

98b. Flowers 2-5, in a colored spreading 5-lobed involucre =NYCTAGINACEAE=, p. 31.

98c. Flowers in various sorts of clusters or solitary, but never in heads with a conspicuous involucre --100.

99a. Bracts 4, white and conspicuous; stem not thorny 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

99b. Bracts green; stem thorny =DIPSACACEAE=, p. 112.

100a. Stamens 3 =VALERIANACEAE=, p. 111.

100b. Stamens 4 or 5 =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108.

101a. Anthers more numerous than the lobes of the corolla --102.

101b. Anthers just as many as the lobes of the corolla --103.

101c. Anthers fewer than the lobes of the corolla --110.

102a. Leaves simple =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

102b. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

102c. Leaves finely dissected; stems climbing 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

103a. Ovaries 2 --104.

103b. Ovary 1, but very deeply 4-lobed, with a single style =LABIATAE=, p. 95.

103c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed --105.

104a. Stamens united, surrounding and more or less concealing the ovaries, and not resembling ordinary stamens =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90.

104b. Stamens separate, of ordinary structure =APOCYNACEAE=, p. 90.

105a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the apex of the pedicel --106.

105b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower --107.

106a. Corolla 3-4-lobed =RUBIACEAE=, p. 108.

106b. Corolla 5-lobed 3b, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109.

107a. Leaves toothed or deeply cut =VERBENACEAE=, p. 99.

107b. Leaves entire --108.

108a. A stamen in front of the middle of each petal =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

108b. Stamens located between the petals or lobes of the corolla, or else so far down in the tubular corolla that their position is not easily ascertained --109.

109a. Corolla salver-form, with a very slender tube, and abruptly spreading lobes =POLEMONIACEAE=, p. 92.

109b. Corolla salver-form, with a wide tube and fringed blue petals =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

109c. Corolla rotate, funnel-form, or bell-shape =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

110a. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, appearing like 4 separate ovaries; style 1 =LABIATAE=, p. 95.

110b. Ovary not 4-lobed --111.

111a. Stamens 2 --112.

111b. Stamens 3 =VALERIANACEAE=, p. 111.

111c. Stamens 4 --113.

112a. Flowers in dense heads 1a, in =ACANTHACEAE=, p. 107.

112b. Flowers solitary or in loose clusters =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

113a. Corolla distinctly 2-lipped and irregular --114.

113b. Corolla not distinctly 2-lipped, its 5 lobes all alike or nearly so --115.

114a. Calyx 2-lipped; the upper lip with 3 awl-shape teeth, the lower with 2 short teeth; flowers in slender terminal spikes =PHRYMACEAE=, p. 107.

114b. Calyx not obviously 2-lipped, its teeth equal or nearly so =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

115a. Flowers sessile or nearly so, in spikes --116.

115b. Flowers in nodding pairs at the top of a slender stalk 3a, in =CAPRIFOLIACEAE=, p. 109.

115c. Flowers solitary or in clusters; not in spikes or nodding pairs --117.

116a. Corolla not over 1 cm. long =VERBENACEAE=, p. 99.

116b. Corolla 1.5 cm. long or more =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

117a. Calyx-lobes 15-25 mm. long; flowers blue, 3-5 cm. long; calyx without an obvious tube 2, in =ACANTHACEAE=, p. 107.

117b. Calyx-lobes united below into an obvious calyx-tube =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

--118--

118a. Leaves deeply lobed, compound, or dissected --119.

118b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --129.

119a. Leaves once-pinnately compound or lobed --120.

119b. Leaves once-palmately compound or lobed --124.

119c. Leaves dissected or 2-3 times compound --125.

120a. Leaves merely lobed --121.

120b. Leaves actually compound --123.

121a. Flowers axillary; marsh or swamp plants =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

121b. Flowers in terminal clusters --122.

122a. Stamens 2-6; taste mustard-like 52b, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

122b. Stamens 10 or more =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48.

123a. Leaflets entire =LIMNANTHACEAE=, p. 68.

123b. Leaflets serrate 70a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

124a. Flowers solitary 31a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 38.

124b. Flowers in dense terminal umbels or heads =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

124c. Flowers in terminal racemes 2a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

124d. Flowers in axillary spikes or panicles 9b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

125a. Leaves merely dissected, not truly compound with distinct leaflets --126.

125b. Leaves truly compound, with distinct petiolate leaflets --127.

126a. Flowers in axillary clusters =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28.

126b. Flowers in terminal clusters =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

127a. Stamens 5; flowers in umbels --128.

127b. Stamens 6; flowers in small clusters 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

127c. Stamens many; flowers in racemes or panicles =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

128a. Styles 5 =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

128b. Styles 2 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

129a. Flowers in dense cottony heads; plants more or less white-woolly 79, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 120.

129b. Pistillate flowers in an ovoid spiny involucre, ripening into a bur 3a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

129c. Flowers minute, subtended by palmately cleft axillary bracts 1a, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

129d. Plants without any of the preceding characters --130.

130a. Plants with milky or colored juice 10, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 67.

130b. Plants with tendrils, at least on the upper leaves 4a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11.

130c. Plants of nettle-like character, with stinging hairs 8b, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

130d. Plants with sheathing stipules, surrounding the stem above the base of each leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25.

130e. Plants with smooth, pale, juicy, almost translucent stems 12a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

130f. Plants without any of the preceding structures or habits --131.

131a. Flowers axillary, solitary or in few-flowered clusters --132.

131b. Flowers in terminal, or terminal and axillary clusters --138.

132a. Leaves linear =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28.

132b. Leaves of a broader shape than linear --133.

133a. Flower-clusters with bracts as long as or longer than the flowers --134.

133b. Flowers without conspicuous bracts --135.

134a. Leaves broadest below the middle 8a, in =URTICACEAE=, p. 24.

134b. Leaves broadest above the middle 2, in =AMARANTHACEAE=, p. 30.

135a. Principal leaves 3 cm. long or more --136.

135b. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. long or less --137.

136a. Flowers nodding in the axils of the leaves 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

136b. Flowers erect in the axils 2a, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

137a. Leaves narrowly oblong 1a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

137b. Leaves roundish and somewhat heart-shape 12a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

138a. Flowers in racemes or simple spikes --139.

138b. Flowers in panicles or other branched clusters --141.

139a. Leaves toothed or lobed 52b, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

139b. Leaves entire --140.

140a. Flowers sessile; leaves heart-shape =PIPERACEAE=, p. 19.

140b. Flowers pedicelled; leaves obovate 8b, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

141a. Individual flowers distinct from each other, on pedicels --142.

141b. Individual flowers crowded in close clusters, or separate and sessile --143.

142a. Leaves finely serrate 3b, in =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 49.

142b. Leaves entire 1b, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

143a. Flower-clusters mingled with sharp-pointed bracts =AMARANTHACEAE=, p. 30.

143b. Flower-clusters without bracts, or (rarely) with bracts which are not sharp-pointed =CHENOPODIACEAE=, p. 28.

--144--

144a. Juice not milky --145.

144b. Juice milky; apparent flowers consisting of a few white or colored petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be plainly seen =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

145a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --146.

145b. Flowers solitary or in clusters, but not in involucred heads --147.

146a. Leaves compound with 3 leaflets; stipules present =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

146b. Stipules none =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

147a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed --148.

147b. Leaves simple and not deeply lobed --154.

148a. Flowers irregular =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

148b. Flowers regular --149.

149a. Petals 3 =LIMNANTHACEAE=, p. 68.

149b. Petals 4 --150.

149c. Petals 5 or more --151.

150a. Stamens 4 70a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

150b. Stamens 6 =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42.

150c. Stamens numerous 43, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39.

151a. Flowers in heads or umbels --152.

151b. Flowers in slender spikes or racemes --153.

152a. Styles 2 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

152b. Styles 5 =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

153a. Leaves ternately compound 43, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39.

153b. Leaves once-pinnately compound 50b, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 55.

154a. Flowers irregular --155.

154b. Flowers regular --156.

155a. Stamens 2 40b, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 104.

155b. Stamens 5 or 10 =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

155c. Stamens 6 or 8 =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

156a. With sheathing stipules surrounding the stem at the base of each leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 24.

156b. Stipules not encircling the stem, or none --157.

157a. Petals 3 =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

157b. Petals 4 --158.

157c. Petals 5 --161.

158a. Stamens 2 --159.

158b. Stamens 6 =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42.

158c. Stamens 8 --160.

159a. Corolla perfectly regular; flowers in terminal clusters without bracts, becoming racemes; taste peppery 52a, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

159b. Corolla slightly irregular; flowers in bracted clusters, or axillary; taste not peppery 40b, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 104.

160a. Delicate trailing evergreen, with flowers solitary in the axils and nearly or quite hidden beneath the leaves 22b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85.

160b. Erect or nearly so; flowers in terminal clusters 12b, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

161a. Leaves sword-shape, finely parallel-veined, with bristly margins 2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

161b. Leaves not sword-shape --162.

162a. Leaves toothed or lobed --163.

162b. Leaves entire --164.

163a. Stems creeping 2b, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

163b. Stems erect or nearly so =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

164a. Flowers in open panicles; leaves principally basal =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

164b. Flowers in rounded or flattened clusters; leaves principally on the stem =SANTALACEAE=, p. 24.

164c. Flowers in racemes, which become elongated at maturity --165.

165a. Foliage glabrous 8b, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

165b. Foliage pubescent =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 93.

--166--

166a. Juice milky or colored --167.

166b. Juice watery, not colored --172.

167a. Apparent flowers consisting of a few petal-like bracts, inclosing a few inconspicuous flowers without petals. In some of them a 3-lobed ovary with 3 styles may be seen =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

167b. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated in dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 11, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115.

167c. Flowers never aggregated in involucred clusters resembling a single flower --168.

168a. Corolla very irregular; stamens protruding =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113.

168b. Corolla regular --169.

169a. Stamens with ordinary visible anthers; ovary 1 --170.

169b. Stamens so grown together and to the stigma as to be almost unrecognizable; ovaries 2 =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 90.

170a. Petals separate =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41.

170b. Petals united --171.

171a. Stamens attached to the tube of the corolla =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

171b. Stamens attached at the very base of the corolla =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

172a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into dense heads subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --173.

172b. Flowers solitary or clustered, but not in involucred heads --174.

173a. True composites, without a normal calyx =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

173b. A normal calyx with each floweret; leaves compound with 3 leaflets =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

174a. Flowers irregular, i. e., the conspicuous lobes of the perianth unlike in size or shape --175.

174b. Flowers regular --185.

175a. Stamens 2 or 4 =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

175b. Stamens 5 --176.

175c. Stamens 6 --181.

175d. Stamens 8; leaves simple =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

175e. Stamens 10; leaves usually compound =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 58.

175f. Stamens more than 10 --183.

176a. Petals separate --177.

176b. Petals united --179.

177a. Flowers greenish or purplish, in a panicle =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

177b. Flowers white or purplish, in compound umbels =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

177c. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered clusters --178.

178a. Flowers blue, yellow, or white, in spring =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

178b. Flowers red-orange or yellow, in summer =BALSAMINACEAE=, p. 71.

178c. Flowers small and greenish, in spring 1a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

179a. Anthers united; stamens protruding from the very irregular corolla =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113.

179b. Anthers separate; corolla almost regular --180.

180a. Corolla rotate; some or all filaments hairy 2, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

180b. Corolla funnel-form, dull yellow and purple; filaments not hairy 12a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 101.

180c. Corolla funnel-form, blue or violet; filaments not hairy 7b, in =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 94.

181a. Leaves compound or dissected =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

181b. Leaves simple --182.

182a. Flowers solitary =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

182b. Flowers in spikes, heads, or racemes =POLYGALACEAE=, p. 65.

183a. Leaves truly compound --184.

183b. Leaves palmately cleft; flowers 15 mm. wide or larger 6a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

183c. Leaves irregularly cleft; flowers about 5 mm. wide =RESEDACEAE=, p. 48.

184a. Petals prolonged backward into hollow spurs 6b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

184b. Petals not prolonged into spurs =CAPPARIDACEAE=, p. 47.

--185--

185a. Perianth consisting of one circle of parts only (usually considered to be the calyx) --186.

185b. Perianth consisting of both calyx and corolla --192.

186a. Leaves with sheathing stipules encircling the stem above the base of every leaf =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25.

186b. Leaves without sheathing stipules --187.

187a. Leaves entire --188.

187b. Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound --190.

188a. Stamens 5 =SANTALACEAE=, p. 24.

188b. Stamens 6 --189.

188c. Stamens 10 =PHYTOLACCACEAE=, p. 30.

189a. Perianth-lobes 3; perianth-tube curved =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

189b. Perianth-lobes 6, spreading 4a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11.

190a. Stamens 5 =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

190b. Stamens 6 --191.

190c. Stamens more than 6 =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

191a. Climbing plant with heart-shape perianth 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

191b. Erect plant, with spreading perianth 3b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

192a. Corolla composed of united petals --193.

192b. Corolla composed of separate petals --208.

193a. Stamens 2 or 4 =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

193b. Stamens 3; climbing vines =CUCURBITACEAE=, p. 112.

193c. Stamens 5 --194.

193d. Stamens 6 2a, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

193e. Stamens 8 22b, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85.

193f. Stamens 10 --207.

193g. Stamens very numerous =MALVACEAE=, p. 72.

194a. Ovaries 2; flowers orange-red, in umbels 7a, in =ASCLEPIADACEAE=, p. 91.

194b. Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; flowers in racemes =BORAGINACEAE=, p. 93.

194c. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed --195.

195a. Climbing or scrambling vines --196.

195b. Not climbing or scrambling --198.

196a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --197.

196b. Flowers 2-8 cm. wide =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

197a. Leaves 1 cm. wide or less 2b, in =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

197b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more 4a, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

198a. Flowers solitary, either terminal or axillary --199.

198b. Flowers in terminal clusters --201.

199a. Calyx concealed by 2 bracts =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

199b. Calyx not completely concealed by bracts --200.

200a. Ovary inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx at the base of the flower, 3-celled; stigma 3-lobed =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

200b. Ovary superior, located in the center of the flower =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

201a. Some or all filaments hairy --202.

201b. Filaments not hairy --203.

202a. Leaves lobed or divided =HYDROPHYLLACEAE=, p. 93.

202b. Leaves not lobed 2, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 101.

203a. Anthers close together, longer than the filaments 2, in =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

203b. Anthers separate from each other --204.

204a. Leaves compound or very deeply lobed --205.

204b. Leaves simple or with shallow lobes only --206.

205a. Leaf-segments linear or oblong, irregular =HYDROPHYLLACEAE=, p. 93.

205b. Leaves truly compound with separate leaflets 1a, in =POLEMONIACEAE=, p. 92.

206a. Flowers greenish-yellow =SOLANACEAE=, p. 100.

206b. Flowers blue, violet, white, or intermediate tints =CAMPANULACEAE=, p. 112.

207a. Leaves simple =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

207b. Leaves compound =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

--208--

208a. Petals 4 --209.

208b. Petals 5 --212.

208c. Petals 6 or more --227.

209a. Stamens 4 or 8 --210.

209b. Stamens 6, 4 long and 2 short =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 42.

209c. Stamens 9 or more =CAPPARIDACEAE=, p. 47.

210a. Leaves compound =ROSACEAE=, p. 51.

210b. Leaves simple --211.

211a. Ovary 1, inferior, appearing as a swelling below the calyx =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.