Part 3

25b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long 1b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2.

26a. Leaves attached by the center to the stalk 2b, in =NYMPHAEACEAE=, p. 35.

26b. Leaves attached by the margin --27.

27a. Leaves parallel-veined --28.

27b. Leaves net-veined, with a single mid-vein; lanceolate or elliptical in outline 29b, in =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 28.

28a. Leaves not over 2 dm. long 1b, in =NAJADACEAE=, p. 2.

28b. Leaves very long and grass-like 14a, in =GRAMINEAE=, p. 5.

29a. Brown, yellow, or white plants, without green color --30.

29b. Plants with normal green color, at least in some parts --33.

30a. Stemless and leafless plants, consisting of flowers only and partly underground 4a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

30b. Stems climbing on other plants 1b, in =CONVOLVULACEAE=, p. 91.

30c. Stem and flower-stalks erect, not climbing --31.

31a. Corolla regular; stamens 6-12 1a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

31b. Corolla irregular --32.

32a. Sepals and petals each 3; flowers in simple racemes 5a, in =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 16.

32b. Sepals 5; corolla of united petals =OROBANCHACEAE=, p. 106.

33a. Stem thick and fleshy, leafless, thorny =CACTACEAE=, p. 77.

33b. Stem not thorny --34.

34a. Leaves none --35.

34b. Leaves reduced to small scales --40.

34c. Leaves thick and fleshy --44.

34d. Leaves hollow --45.

34e. Leaves small, all basal, bearing large glandular hairs on the upper surface =DROSERACEAE=, p. 48.

35a. Stem none, the flowers appearing at or partially beneath the surface of the soil 4a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

35b. Stem present --36.

36a. Stem freely branched 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10.

36b. Stem unbranched, except possibly in the flower-clusters --37.

37a. Flowers greenish or brownish, without obvious colored petals --38.

37b. Flowers with conspicuous white or colored petals --39.

38a. Each flower with 6 small chaffy petals 4, in =JUNCACEAE=, p. 10.

38b. Petals none; each flower in the axil of a single chaffy bract 2a, in =CYPERACEAE=, p. 7.

39a. Flowers regular 34a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11.

39b. Flowers irregular 10a, in =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 16.

40a. Stem erect, unbranched or with one or two branches only --41.

40b. Stem freely branched --42.

41a. Plants of moist soil, with opposite scales; corolla regular, with 4 petal-like lobes 1a, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

41b. Swamp plants, with a few alternate scales; corolla irregular =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105.

42a. Leaves numerous and close, concealing the stem 2a, in =CISTACEAE=, p. 74.

42b. Leaves spreading, not concealing the stem --43.

43a. Leaf-scales in small clusters; flowers greenish, with 6 petals 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10.

43b. Leaf-scales distinctly opposite; petals 5, yellow 7a, in =HYPERICACEAE=, p. 74.

44a. Sepals 2 3, in =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

44b. Sepals 4 or 5 =CRASSULACEAE=, p. 48.

45a. Leaves pitcher-shape, open at the top =SARRACENIACEAE=, p. 48.

45b. Leaves tubular, closed at the end 37b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13.

GROUP 3, MONOCOTYLEDONES

1a. Twining plants, with flowers in panicles or racemes

=DIOSCOREACEAE=, p. 14.

1b. Plants with milky juice

13a, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115.

1c. Plants not twining (some climb by tendrils) and not with milky juice. --2.

2a. Flowers in close spikes or heads, surrounded or subtended by a green or colored bract, the whole resembling a single flower; petals minute or wanting; leaves broad, not grass-like, linear, or sword-shape =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

2b. Plants with narrow, linear, grass-like, or sword-shape leaves (a few species of Carex have broader, lanceolate to ovate leaves); flowers greenish, yellowish, or brownish, never brightly colored, and frequently dry or chaffy in texture; perianth small or wanting; individual flowers inconspicuous in size, but sometimes grouped into conspicuous clusters --3.

2c. Plants with leaves of various widths, but the flowers petaloid, i. e., with a white or colored, more or less conspicuous perianth, and never chaffy in texture. In a few cases the flowers are greenish, but the size and conspicuousness of the perianth identifies them in this class --9.

3a. Flowers in the axils of dry, membranous or chaffy scales, which are regularly arranged into spikes or spikelets of uniform size and structure, which are variously grouped or clustered; fruit an achene; grasses and sedges, with joined stems and sheathing leaves, or leafless and the stems not jointed --4.

3b. Flowers not subtended individually by dry, membranous, or chaffy scales, and otherwise not agreeing with 3a --5.

4a. Leaf-sheaths split on the side opposite the leaf; leaves usually 2-ranked, i. e., in 2 longitudinal rows with the third leaf above the first; stems rounded or flat, never triangular, usually hollow =GRAMINEAE=, p. 4.

4b. Leaf-sheaths closed into a continuous tube; leaves usually 3-ranked; stems frequently triangular, usually solid =CYPERACEAE=, p. 7.

5a. Flowers in dense spikes --6.

5b. Flowers in heads, racemes, or panicles --7.

6a. Spike terminal, with pistillate flowers at the base and staminate ones at the apex =TYPHACEAE=, p. 2.

6b. Spike short, apparently lateral, near the apex of the stem 3a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

7a. Flowers in globose heads which are arranged in spikes, the lowest heads pistillate, the upper staminate; ovary 1-celled =SPARGANIACEAE=, p. 2.

7b. Flowers in globose woolly heads terminating leafless unbranched stalks =ERIOCAULACEAE=, p. 9.

7c. Flowers in a spike-like raceme; ovaries 3-6, separate or nearly so =JUNCAGINACEAE=, p. 3.

7d. Flowers in heads or panicles, all perfect, not woolly, with one ovary --8.

8a. Leaves less than 1 cm. wide, or none; divisions of the perianth 6 =JUNCACEAE=, p. 10.

8b. Leaves 2 cm. wide or more; petals 5 2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

9a. Flowers regular, with all the petals of approximately the same size and shape --10.

9b. Flowers irregular, with the petals of each flower not of the same size or shape --22.

10a. Ovaries 3 or more, separate or barely united with each other at the base --11.

10b. Ovary one in each flower --12.

11a. Ovaries 3-6 in number; flowers in spikes or racemes; leaves linear =JUNCAGINACEAE=, p. 3.

11b. Ovaries more than 6 =ALISMACEAE=, p. 3.

12a. Flowers or flower-clusters lateral, axillary or apparently so --13.

12b. Flowers or flower-clusters terminal or on leafless stalks --14.

13a. Leaves minute and scale-like; flowers greenish-yellow 2a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10.

13b. Leaves linear, grass-like 3b, in =IRIDACEAE=, p. 13.

13c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not grass-like or scale-like 2b, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 10.

14a. Divisions of the perianth 5-12 cm. long --15.

14b. Divisions of the perianth less than 5 cm. long --16.

15a. Flowers blue, or blue marked with yellow 1a, in =IRIDACEAE=, p. 15.

15b. Flowers not blue 12a, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 11.

16a. Flowers solitary --17.

16b. Flowers 2 or more, in some kind of a cluster --18.

17a. Leaves 2, broadly heart-shape, basal, on long stalks 1b, in =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

17b. Leaves not heart-shape 20, 20, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 12.

18a. Divisions of the perianth (4 to 6) all essentially alike --19.

18b. Perianth differentiated into sepals and 2 or 3 colored petals --21.

19a. Flowers in umbels --20.

19b. Flowers in dense round heads; petals 5 2a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

19c. Flowers in spikes, racemes, or panicles 38, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13.

20a. Ovary inferior, appearing below the perianth as a swelling at the apex of the stalk; flowers bright yellow; leaves linear =AMARYLLIDACEAE=, p. 14.

20b. Ovary inferior; flowers blue or white, terminating a flattened winged leafless flower-stalk 3a, in =IRIDACEAE=, p. 15.

20c. Ovary superior, i. e., in the center of the flower and separate from the perianth 31, in =LILIACEAE=, p. 13.

21a. Flowers in dense heads, yellow, 1 cm. wide or smaller =XYRIDACEAE=, p. 9.

21b. Flowers in umbels, blue or white, 2 cm. wide or larger =COMMELINACEAE=, p. 9.

22a. Flowers blue; ovary superior (defined under _20c_); stamens distinct from the other parts of the flower --23.

22b. Ovary inferior (defined under _20a_); floral structure complex; stamens attached to other parts of the flower and not resembling ordinary stamens in form or structure =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 15.

23a. Leaves triangular-heart-shape at base; marsh plants 1a, in =PONTEDERIACEAE=, p. 10.

23b. Leaves not heart-shape at base =COMMELINACEAE=, p. 9.

GROUP 4, DICOTYLEDONES

1a. Foliage leaves all or principally basal; flower-stalk either completely leafless, or bearing a single pair of opposite leaves only. Bracts and scale-leaves are not considered foliage leaves --2.

1b. Stem-leaves present on the stem, either one or more in number, and not limited to a single opposite pair --3.

2a. Leaves compound --7.

2b. Leaves simple --18.

3a. Stem-leaves all or chiefly opposite or whorled (the bracts of the flower clusters may be alternate) --4.

3b. Stem-leaves all or chiefly alternate --5.

4a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, the perianth none or greenish or chaffy, and never petal-like in appearance --50.

4b. Flowers with a white or colored petal-like perianth --66.

5a. Flowers small and inconspicuous, without any white or colored petal-like perianth --118.

5b. Flowers large or small, but with a white or colored petal-like perianth --6.

6a. Flowers small, not exceeding 3 mm. in length or breadth --144.

6b. Flowers larger, more than 3 mm. in length or breadth --166.

--7--

7a. Leaves twice to three times compound or dissected --8.

7b. Leaves once-compound --11.

8a. Flowers in racemes 2b, in =FUMARIACEAE=, p. 41.

8b. Flowers in umbels --9.

9a. Flowers about 3 mm. wide, white or greenish-white --10.

9b. Flowers 10-20 mm. wide, conspicuous 45b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39.

10a. Leaflets 5-15 cm. long 5b, in =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

10b. Leaflets not over 2 cm. long 16a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 81.

11a. Leaflets 2 3a, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

11b. Leaflets three or more --12.

12a. Leaflets entire or very finely toothed --13.

12b. Leaflets coarsely toothed or lobed --15.

13a. Flowers irregular, in dense head-like umbels 37a, in =LEGUMINOSAE=, p. 61.

13b. Flowers consisting of a greenish or purplish bract wholly or partly enclosing a fleshy spike 2, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

13c. Flowers regular, solitary or in loose clusters --14.

14a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape, not over 2 cm. long =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

14b. Leaflets 4-10 cm. long 1c, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

15a. Flowers with colored or white petals and green or colored sepals --16.

15b. Flowers with one kind of perianth only (calyx), with broad and petal-like parts 32, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 38.

15c. Flowers with white petal-like sepals and small inconspicuous petals 38b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 39.

16a. Petals and sepals each 4 31, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 44.

16b. Petals and sepals each 5 or more --17.

17a. Leaves with stipules =ROSACEAE=, p. 51.

17b. Leaves without stipules 23b, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 37.

--18--

18a. Stem-leaves a single opposite pair (basal leaves may also be present) --19.

18b. Stem-leaves none --23.

19a. Leaves entire --20.

19b. Leaves toothed or lobed --21.

20a. Flowers solitary; leaves broadly kidney-shape =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

20b. Flowers in racemes; leaves linear or lanceolate =PORTULACACEAE=, p. 34.

21a. Flowers in racemes; petals deeply toothed 23b, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 51.

21b. Flowers solitary or few in a cluster; petals entire or nearly so --22.

22a. Petals 5 =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

22b. Petals 6 or more 2b, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

23a. Flowers or flower-clusters sessile, at or partly beneath the surface of the ground 4a, in =ARACEAE=, p. 8.

23b. Flowers or flower-heads solitary at the ends of the flower-stalks --24.

23b. Flowers or flower-heads numerous or several on each flower-stalk --38.

24a. Flowers yellow --25.

24b. Flowers not yellow --29.

25a. Juice milky 16, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 115.

25b. Juice not milky --26.

26a. Aquatic or mud plants, with large entire leaves 1-4 dm. wide =NYMPHAEACEAE=, p. 35.

26b. Land plants, with smaller or lobed leaves --27.

27a. Flower-stalk scaly 110, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 122.

27b. Flower-stalk bare or with 1 to 2 minute bracts --28.

28a. Flowers regular 10, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

28b. Flowers irregular, with a spur 3a, in =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

29a. Flowers obviously irregular, with a spur --30.

29b. Flowers regular or nearly so, without a spur --31.

30a. Leaves sessile or nearly so; stamens 2 =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105.

30b. Leaves petioled; stamens 5 =VIOLACEAE=, p. 75.

31a. Flowers 3 mm. wide or smaller; leaves thread-like 16a, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 103.

31b. Flowers 6 mm. wide or larger --32.

32a. Ovary 1 --33.

32b. Ovaries numerous --37.

33a. Leaves lobed or cleft --34.

33b. Leaves entire or toothed --35.

34a. Leaves deeply 2-cleft; stamens 8 3a, in =BERBERIDACEAE=, p. 40.

34b. Leaf 1, palmately lobed; stamens numerous 1a, in =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41.

35a. Flowers dull red =ARISTOLOCHIACEAE=, p. 25.

35b. Flowers white or pinkish --36.

36a. Leaves entire; stamens with good anthers 5 13, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

36b. Leaves minutely toothed; stamens 8-10 14a, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85.

37a. Leaves lobed or divided =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

37b. Leaves crenate or toothed 64a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 56.

--38--

38a. Flowers of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts 10, in =COMPOSITAE=. p. 114.

38b. Flowers separate; variously clustered, but never crowded into involucred heads --39.

39a. Flowers in dense close spikes --40.

39b. Flowers in open loose clusters --42.

40a. Flower-stalk leafless below the spike =PLANTAGINACEAE=, p. 107.

40b. Flower-stalk with several bracts --41.

41a. Leaves entire 9c, in =ORCHIDACEAE=, p. 16.

41b. Leaves toothed 6a, in =SCROPHULARIACEAE=, p. 102.

42a. Flowers in umbels --43.

42b. Flowers in racemes, panicles, flat-topped clusters, or merely 1 or 2 --45.

43a. Leaves almost round, peltate, palmately veined 3a, in =UMBELLIFERAE=, p. 80.

43b. Leaves at least twice as long as broad, with a single mid-vein --44.

44a. Stamens 5 =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

44b. Stamens 10 15, in =ERICACEAE=, p. 85.

45a. Leaves cylindrical, hollow, obtuse. 1a, in =LOBELIACEAE=, p. 113.

45b. Leaves beset on the upper side with long glandular hairs; bog plant with flowers in racemes =DROSERACEAE=, p. 48.

45c. Leaves flat, pubescent or smooth, but not with long glandular hairs --46.

46a. Sepals and petals each 4 53, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 46.

46b. Sepals and petals each 5 --47.

46c. Sepals 6; petals none; flowers minute, green; leaves frequently lobed at the base 4, in =POLYGONACEAE=, p. 25.

47a. Petals united with each other in an irregular corolla =LENTIBULARIACEAE=, p. 105.

47b. Petals separate from each other --48.

48a. Stamens 10; style 1 =ERICACEAE=, p. 84.

48b. Stamens 5 or 10; styles 2 =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 49.

48c. Stamens and pistils each very numerous --49.

49a. Flowers white 64a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 56.

49b. Flowers yellow 13a, in =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 36.

--50--

50a. Leaves compound or deeply lobed --51.

50b. Leaves entire or toothed --54.

51a. Flowers in axillary racemes, spikes, or panicles =URTICACEAE=, p. 23.

51b. Flowers terminal, or in terminal clusters --52.

52a. Flowers in umbels; leaves palmately compound =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

52b. Flowers in racemes or spikes, or solitary --53.

53a. Leaves deeply pinnatifid; swamp plants with flowers in spikes or solitary =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

53b. Leaves lobed, or irregularly pinnately cut or dissected; weedy plants with flowers in racemes 2, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

54a. Juice milky 3, in =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 67.

54b. Juice not milky or colored --55.

55a. Leaves whorled --56.

55b. Leaves all opposite --58.

56a. Aquatic or mud plants with erect stems 2a, in =HALORAGIDACEAE=, p. 79.

56b. Prostrate weedy terrestrial plants =AIZOACEAE=, p. 31.

56c. Erect or ascending terrestrial plants --57.

57a. Leaves more than 2.5 cm. long 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

57b. Leaves 2 cm. long or less 3a, in =PRIMULACEAE=, p. 87.

58a. Flowers in terminal or axillary spikes, racemes, or other clusters --59.

58b. Flowers solitary or few in the axils of the leaves --61.

59a. Leaves less than 5 mm. long 1a, in =GENTIANACEAE=, p. 88.

59b. Leaves more than 2 cm. long --60.

60a. Inflorescence chiefly terminal, panicled 2, in =COMPOSITAE=, p. 114.

60b. Inflorescence chiefly axillary =URTICACEAE=, p. 23.

61a. Flowers on long pedicels 2, in =CARYOPHYLLACEAE=, p. 31.

61b. Flowers on short pedicels or sessile --62.

62a. Stem erect, repeatedly branched; leaves linear to oblong =ILLECEBRACEAE=, p. 31.

62b. Stem decumbent or prostrate --63.

63a. Leaves round, ovate, or kidney-shape, rounded at the base, crenate or lobed 12a, in =SAXIFRAGACEAE=, p. 50.

63b. Leaves of a narrower shape, entire, tapering toward the base --64.

64a. Principal leaves 2-3 cm. long 1a, in =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

64b. Principal leaves 1 cm. long or less --65.

65a. Petals present =ELATINACEAE=, p. 74.

65b. Petals none =CALLITRICHACEAE=, p. 68.

--66--

66a. Plants of the composite type, with several or many small flowerets closely aggregated into a dense head surrounded or subtended by a calyx-like involucre of small bracts --67.

66b. Flowers solitary or variously clustered, but not in involucred heads --70.

67a. Involucre of 4 conspicuous white bracts, much larger than the small flower-cluster 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

67b. Involucral bracts green or somewhat colored --68.

68a. Stem more or less prickly =DIPSACACEAE=, p. 112.

68b. Stem and leaves not prickly --69.

69a. Stem square; foliage aromatic when crushed =LABIATAE=, p. 95.

69b. Stem not square; foliage not with the odor of mint =COMPOSITAE=, p. 113.

70a. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of separate parts --71.

70b. The conspicuous portion of the perianth[1] composed of united parts --97.

71a. Stem-leaves compound, or cleft to the very base --72.

71b. Stem-leaves simple --78.

72a. Stamens more than 10 in each flower --73.

72b. Stamens 5-10 in each flower --75.

73a. Ovary 1 in each flower 2a, in =PAPAVERACEAE=, p. 41.

73b. Ovaries several in each flower --74.

74a. Leaves pinnately compound 68a, in =ROSACEAE=, p. 57.

74b. Leaves palmately compound =RANUNCULACEAE=, p. 35.

75a. Stamens 6 31, in =CRUCIFERAE=, p. 44.

75b. Stamens 5 or 10 --76.

76a. Leaflets reverse heart-shape; flowers yellow =OXALIDACEAE=, p. 64.

76b. Leaflets not reverse heart-shape; flowers white, greenish, or pink --77.

77a. Flowers greenish or white, about 2 mm. broad =ARALIACEAE=, p. 80.

77b. Flowers 5 mm. broad or larger =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.

78a. Juice milky --79.

78b. Juice not milky --80.

79a. A 3-lobed ovary with 3 short styles visible in some of the flowers =EUPHORBIACEAE=, p. 66.

79b. Ovaries 2 in the center of each flower (sometimes concealed by other organs); sepals and petals each 5 --104.

80a. Perianth with one circle of parts only --81.

80b. Each flower with both calyx and corolla --82.

81a. Stem prostrate; flowers only 2 mm. broad =AIZOACEAE=, p. 31.

81b. Stem erect; flowers at least 20 mm. wide 4a, in =CORNACEAE=, p. 83.

82a. Petals 2 or 4 --83.

82b. Petals 3 22, in=LILIACEAE=, p. 12.

82c. Petals 5 or 6 --84.

83a. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins =MELASTOMACEAE=, p. 77.

83b. Leaves with 1 principal mid-vein =ONAGRACEAE=, p. 78.

84a. Leaves palmately lobed --85.

84b. Leaves entire or toothed, or with 1-2 small lobes near the base only --86.

85a. Petals entire or notched at the end =GERANIACEAE=, p. 64.