Part 16

4a. Corolla salver-form, about 1 cm. wide; peduncles 1-flowered (about 1 dm. high; flowers blue or white, in spring) =Bluets, Houstonia coerulea.=

4b. Corolla funnel-form, about 5 mm. wide; flowers in clusters (1-2 dm. high; flowers white or pale-purple, summer) (Houstonia) --5.

5a. Basal leaves strongly ciliate =Houstonia, Houstonia ciliolata.=

5b. Basal leaves smooth =Houstonia, Houstonia longifolia.=

6a. Leaves in whorls of 4-7.

6b. Leaves in whorls of 6-8 --16.

7a. Ovary and fruit hispid with hooked bristles (3-7 dm. high; summer) --8.

7b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (early summer) --11.

8a. Leaves with 1 principal vein (flowers dull purple) =Bedstraw, Galium pilosum.=

8b. Leaves with 3 principal veins --9.

9a. Flowers bright-white =Bedstraw, Galium boreale.=

9b. Flowers greenish, yellowish, or purplish --10.

10a. Leaves acuminate =Bedstraw, Galium lanceolatum.=

10b. Leaves acute or obtuse =Bedstraw, Galium circaezans.=

11a. Corolla-lobes 3 (2-6 dm. high; flowers white or greenish) --12.

11b. Corolla-lobes 4 --13.

12a. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 =Bedstraw, Galium claytoni.=

12b. Flowers solitary in the axils, on long hair-like pedicels =Bedstraw, Galium trifidum.=

13a. Corolla brownish or purple (3-6 dm. high) =Bedstraw, Galium latifolium.=

13b. Corolla white (1-4 dm. high) --14.

14a. Flowers rather numerous in small cymes =Bedstraw, Galium palustre.=

14b. Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3, or solitary --15.

15a. Principal leaves spreading or ascending =Bedstraw, Galium tinctorium.=

15b. Principal leaves recurved or reflexed =Bedstraw, Galium labradoricum.=

16a. Ovary and fruit bristly or hispid --17.

16b. Ovary and fruit not bristly (summer) --18.

17a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, mostly 6-8 in a whorl (stem 5-15 dm. long; flowers white; spring and summer) =Bedstraw, Galium aparine.=

17b. Leaves narrowly oval or elliptical, mostly in whorls of 6; flowers in clusters of 3 (1-5 dm. high; flowers greenish, summer) =Bedstraw, Galium triflorum.=

18a. Leaves cuspidate or mucronate at the apex (flowers white) --19.

18b. Leaves obtuse at the apex (flowers white or greenish; 2-6 dm. high) --20.

19a. Flowers very numerous in terminal panicles (stem 3-8 dm. long) =Bedstraw, Galium mollugo.=

19b. Flowers in axillary clusters (1-3 dm. high) =Bedstraw, Galium tricorne.=

19c. Flowers few, in small loose terminal cymes --20.

20a. Stem smooth or nearly so (2-4 dm. high) =Bedstraw, Galium concinnum.=

20b. Stem hispid with reflexed bristles (5-15 dm. long) =Bedstraw, Galium asprellum.=

CAPRIFOLIACEAE, the Honeysuckle Family

Shrubs or herbs, with opposite leaves; corolla regular or irregular, petals 4 or 5, united; stamens 4 or 5; ovary inferior, 1-5-celled.

1a. Leaves compound (shrubs 1-4 m. high; flowers white, in large clusters in early summer) (Elder) --2.

1b. Leaves simple --3.

2a. Pith of the twigs white; inflorescence flattened or convex =Elder, Sambucus canadensis.=

2b. Pith of the twigs brown; inflorescence pyramidal =Elder, Sambucus racemosa.=

3a. Plant trailing; flowers nodding, in pairs (1 dm. high; flowers pink, summer) =Twin Flower, Linnaea borealis var. americana.=

3b. Erect herbs (6-12 dm. high; flowers dull-red, axillary, early summer) (Feverwort) --4.

3c. Shrubs, small trees, or woody vines --5.

4a. Leaf-bases broadly connate and 2-5 cm. wide =Feverwort, Triosteum perfoliatum.=

4b. Leaf-bases narrowly connate, not over 1 cm. wide =Feverwort, Triosteum aurantiacum.=

5a. Climbing vines (spring and early summer) (Honeysuckle) --6.

5b. Erect or spreading shrubs or small trees --11.

6a. Flowers in 2-flowered axillary clusters (flowers white or pink) =Honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica.=

6b. Flowers in terminal clusters --7.

7a. Leaves distinctly pubescent beneath (flowers yellow) --8.

7b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or very minutely puberulent --9.

8a. Leaves pubescent above =Honeysuckle, Lonicera hirsuta.=

8b. Leaves glabrous above =Honeysuckle, Lonicera glaucescens.=

9a. Corolla purple on the outside, glabrous within =Honeysuckle, Lonicera caprifolium.=

9b. Corolla yellow on the outside (or slightly tinged with purple), pubescent within --10.

10a. Corolla-tube 6-8 mm. long =Honeysuckle, Lonicera dioica.=

10b. Corolla-tube 11-14 mm. long =Honeysuckle, Lonicera sullivantii.=

11a. Corolla tubular at base; style long and slender --12.

11b. Corolla rotate or somewhat bell-shape, style very short (flowers white, late spring or early summer) --22.

12a. Flowers yellow or yellowish (spring and early summer) --13.

12b. Flowers white, pink, or red --18.

13a. Leaves serrate (5-10 dm. tall) =Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla lonicera.=

13b. Leaves entire; flowers in pairs (Honeysuckle) --14.

14a. Each pair of flowers subtended by 2 broad leaf-like bracts (1-3 m. high) =Honeysuckle, Lonicera involucrata.=

14b. Bracts at the base of each pair of flowers linear or narrowly lanceolate --15.

15a. Native species of woods and bogs --16.

15b. Introduced species, growing mostly near dwellings; leaves very pubescent beneath =Honeysuckle, Lonicera xylosteum.=

16a. Peduncles 15 mm. long or more (1-4 m. high) --17.

16b. Peduncles about 5 mm. long (1 m. high, or less) =Honeysuckle, Lonicera coerulea var. villosa.=

17a. Leaves ciliate =Honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis.=

17b. Leaves not ciliate =Honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia.=

18a. Corolla irregular, over 1 cm. long (1-4 m. high; spring) =Honeysuckle, Lonicera tatarica.=

18b. Corolla regular, less than 1 cm. long (5-15 dm. high; flowers white or pink, in axillary clusters, early summer) --19.

19a. Flowers in axillary spikes =Wolfberry, Symphoricarpos occidentalis.=

19b. Flowers almost sessile in the axils --20.

20a. Flowers numerous in each axil =Indian Currant, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus.=

20b. Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil (Snowberry) --21.

21a. Leaves green beneath =Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus.=

21b. Leaves whitened beneath =Snowberry, Symphoricarpos racemosus var. pauciflorus.=

22a. Leaves palmately lobed --23.

22b. Leaves not lobed --25.

23a. Outermost flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-4 m. high) =Cranberry Tree, Viburnum opulus var. americanum.=

23b. All flowers of the cluster alike --24.

24a. Flower-clusters 4-10 cm. broad (1-2 m. high) =Arrow Wood, Viburnum acerifolium.=

24b. Flower-clusters 2-3 cm. broad =Squashberry, Viburnum pauciflorum.=

25a. Outer flowers of the cluster enlarged and imperfect (1-3 m. high) =Hobble-bush, Viburnum alnifolium.=

25b. All flowers of the cluster alike --26.

26a. Leaves finely serrate; the veins not prominent --27.

26b. Leaves coarsely serrate, all or most of the teeth terminating in a prominent vein --29.

27a. Peduncle of the flower-cluster, below its branches, at least 2 cm. long (1-3 m. high) =Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides.=

27b. Peduncle of the cluster 1 cm. long, or even shorter (3-8 m. high) --28.

28a. Leaves distinctly acuminate =Sheep-berry, Viburnum lentago.=

28b. Leaves obtuse or barely acute =Black Haw, Viburnum prunifolium.=

29a. Leaves densely pubescent beneath (6-15 dm. high) =Arrow-wood, Viburnum pubescens.=

29b. Leaves glabrous beneath, or with tufts of hairs in the forks of the veins (1-4 m. high) =Arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum.=

VALERIANACEAE, the Valerian Family

Herbs with opposite leaves and small nearly or quite regular flowers; petals 5, united; stamens 3; sepals minute or wanting; ovary inferior.

1a. Stem-leaves pinnately cleft (3-10 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, summer) --2.

1b. Stem-leaves entire or dentate (2-6 dm. high; flowers white, summer) (Corn Salad) --3.

2a. Leaf-segments parallel-veined Valerian, Valeriana edulis.

2b. Leaf-segments net-veined =Swamp Valerian, Valeriana uliginosa.=

3a. Upper stem-leaves entire =Corn Salad, Valerianella chenopodifolia.=

3b. Upper stem-leaves dentate =Corn Salad, Valerianella radiata.=

DIPSACACEAE, the Teasel Family

Herbs with opposite leaves, and small pale blue flowers aggregated in dense heads; calyx minute; petals 4, united; stamens 4, attached to the corolla; ovary inferior.

One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high, with prickly leaves and stem, blooming in summer =Teasel, Dipsacus sylvestris.=

CUCURBITACEAE, the Gourd Family

Herbs, climbing by tendrils, with alternate palmately lobed leaves and imperfect flowers; staminate flowers in showy clusters, with 5-6 petals and 3 stamens; pistillate flowers small.

1a. Leaves 5-angled or shallowy 5-lobed (flowers white, summer) =Bur Cucumber, Sicyos angulatus.=

1b. Leaves 5-lobed to about the middle (commonly cultivated and frequently wild; flowers white, summer) =Wild Cucumber, Echinocystis lobata.=

CAMPANULACEAE, the Bellflower Family

Herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice; sepals 5; petals 5, united; stamens 5, attached at the very base of the corolla; ovary inferior.

1a. Stem-leaves circular or nearly so, cordate-clasping at base (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, axillary, in summer) =Venus' Looking-Glass, Specularia perfoliata.=

1b. Stem-leaves linear or nearly so, not over 1 cm. wide (summer) --2.

1c. Stem-leaves ovate to lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or more (flowers blue, in a terminal spike or raceme, summer) (Bellflower) --4.

2a. Stem and leaves glabrous (or rarely pubescent) (1-6 dm. high; flowers blue) =Harebell, Campanula rotundifolia.=

2b. Stem and leaves rough with reflexed bristles (marsh plants, with weak slender stems 3-10 dm. long; flowers white or pale-blue) (Marsh Bellflower) --3.

3a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long =Marsh Bellflower, Campanula aparinoides.=

3b. Corolla 10-12 mm. long =Marsh Bellflower, Campanula uliginosa.=

4a. Corolla rotate; flowers in spikes (6-15 dm. high) =Bellflower, Campanula americana.=

4b. Corolla bell-shape; flowers in one-sided racemes (4-10 dm. high) =Bellflower, Campanula rapunculoides.=

LOBELIACEAE, the Lobelia Family

Herbs with alternate simple leaves and milky juice; flowers irregular; petals 5, united; corolla split down the upper side; stamens 5, united by their anthers into a ring or tube surrounding the style; ovary 2-celled, inferior. Flowers in summer and autumn.

1a. Leaves all basal, tubular; flowers on leafless stalks (aquatic, 1-4 dm. high; flowers blue) =Water Lobelia, Lobelia dortmanna.=

1b. Leaves normal, on the stem --2.

2a. Flowers more than 2 cm. long (5-10 dm. high) --3.

2b. Flowers about 1 cm. long, or shorter (flowers light blue) --4.

3a. Flowers scarlet =Cardinal Flower, Lobelia cardinalis.=

3b. Flowers blue =Great Lobelia, Lobelia siphilitica.=

4a. Flowers in loose racemes, pedicelled --5.

4b. Flowers in slender terminal spike-like racemes, nearly sessile (4-10 dm. high, usually unbranched) =Lobelia, Lobelia spicata.=

5a. Foliage pubescent (3-8 dm. high) =Indian Tobacco, Lobelia inflata.=

5b. Foliage glabrous (1-4 dm. high) =Lobelia, Lobelia kalmii.=

COMPOSITAE, the Composite Family

Herbs, with various types of foliage, but with flowers of characteristic structure, resembling a sunflower, a thistle, or a dandelion. Each apparent flower is a head of numerous small flowers, attached side by side to the expanded end of the stem, and subtended and partly enclosed by a series of bracts, called the involucre, which resembles a calyx.

The calyx of the individual flower is minute or actually wanting, and is usually modified to aid in seed dispersal. It appears at the base of the corolla, at the summit of the inferior ovary, and is known as pappus. The structure of the pappus is best observed in the ripe fruit.

The corolla of the individual flowers consists of 5 (or rarely 4) united petals. In some flowers the petals are united to form a tubular or bell-shape corolla. In others they are united to form a flat or strap-shape corolla. The stamens are attached to the corolla, and are united by their anthers into a tube which surrounds the style, and above which the 2-lobed stigma protrudes.

The apparent flower of a Composite, composed of several or many individual flowers, is termed a head. It may be composed entirely of tubular flowers, as the thistle or bone-set; or entirely of strap-shape flowers, as the dandelion; or of both sorts together, as the aster or sunflower. In the latter case, the tubular flowers invariably occupy the center of the head, called the disk, and the larger strap-shape flowers are at the margin, where their projecting corollas, called rays, may be very conspicuous. Such heads are called radiate.

In a few composites (see 1a below) the flowers have minute corollas without colored parts.

In identifying a composite, determine first whether the heads are composed of tubular flowers, of strap-shape flowers, or of both sorts together; and, secondly, observe the nature of the pappus, using preferably the ripe heads, or at least the oldest flower-heads available. No further difficulties will be encountered.

1a. Flowers without petal-like or brightly colored parts; staminate and pistillate flowers in separate heads (or rarely in the same heads); coarse weeds with inconspicuous flowers (summer and autumn) --2.

1b. Flowers with some petal-like parts, usually brightly colored or white --10.

2a. Leaves toothed or lobed --3.

2b. Leaves deeply pinnatifid or dissected (4-15 dm. high; flowers in erect spikes) (Ragweed) --7.

3a. Fruit or pistillate flowers thickly covered with sharp hooked spines (3-10 dm. high) (Cocklebur) --4.

3b. Fruit not spiny --8.

4a. With spines on the stem at the base of the leaves =Cocklebur, Xanthium spinosum.=

4b. Without any spines on the stem --5.

5a. Body of the bur smooth or slightly hairy =Cocklebur, Xanthium canadense.=

5b. Body of the bur and the spines densely pubescent --6.

6a. Body of the bur more than twice as long as thick; a common weed =Cocklebur, Xanthium commune.=

6b. Body of the bur less than twice as long as thick =Cocklebur, Xanthium echinatum.=

7a. Leaves twice-pinnatifid =Ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia.=

7b. Leaves once-pinnatifid =Ragweed, Ambrosia psilostachya.=

8a. Leaves deeply 3-lobed (1-5 m. high) =Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida.=

8b. Leaves serrate or obscurely lobed --9.

9a. Stem simple or sparingly branched; pistillate heads in the axils of the upper leaves (1-3 m. high) =Giant Ragweed, Ambrosia trifida var. integrifolia.=

9b. Stem much branched; heads all alike, in panicles =Marsh Elder, Iva xanthifolia.=

10a. Flowers all strap-shape; juicy milky. (The central flowers must be examined carefully, since they are frequently much smaller than the marginal ones) --11.

10b. Flowers all tubular, with regular. 4-5-lobed corollas --45.

10c. Flowers both tubular and strap-shape; heads radiate (in a few species the rays are small and may be overlooked by mistake) --108.

11a. Flowers blue (summer and autumn) --12.

11b. Flowers orange, yellow, white, or purplish --15.

12a. Heads 2.5 cm. wide, or larger --13.

12b. Heads 1.5 cm. wide, or smaller --14.

13a. Leaves linear; bracts longer than the flowers, heads 5-10 cm. wide (6-15 dm. high) =Salsify, Tragopogon porrifolius.=

13b. Leaves broader, mostly serrate; bracts shorter than the flowers; heads 2.5-4 cm. wide =Chicory, Cichorium intybus.=

14a. Heads in a narrow crowded cluster (5-15 dm. high) --30b.

14b. Heads in a spreading open panicle (Wild Lettuce) --22.

15a. Heads solitary at the summit of leafless stalks --16.

15b. Heads several, on leafy, naked, or scaly stalks --19.

16a. Basal leaves strictly entire; heads about 2.5 cm. wide (summer and autumn) --35a.

16b. Basal leaves toothed, lobed, or pinnatifid (spring and summer) --17.

17a. Heads 8-14 mm. wide (1-4 dm. high) =Dwarf Dandelion, Krigia virginica.=

17b. Heads 25-50 mm. wide (1-6 dm. high) (Dandelion) --18.

18a. Outer involucral bracts reflexed =Dandelion, Taraxacum officinale.=

18b. Outer involucral bracts erect or spreading =Dandelion, Taraxacum erythrospermum.=

19a. Pappus none; heads about 1 cm. wide (4-10 dm. high; summer) =Nipplewort, Lapsana communis.=

19b. Pappus of an inner row of bristles and an outer row of short scales; heads about 3 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; early summer) =Cynthia, Krigia amplexicaulis.=

19c. Pappus of feathery bristles (summer) --20.

19d. Pappus of simple bristles --25.

20a. Flower-stalk scaly, without foliage leaves (2-6 dm. high) =Fall Dandelion, Leontodon autumnalis.=

20b. Stem leafy (3-10 dm. high) --21.

21a. Leaves entire, linear-lanceolate =Meadow Salsify, Tragopogon pratensis.=

21b. Leaves serrate, oblong-lanceolate =Picris, Picris hieracioides.=

22a. Pappus tawny in color (1-3 m. high) --23.

22b. Pappus white --24.

23a. Leaves pinnatifid =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata.=

23b. Leaves undivided, dentate =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca spicata var. integrifolia.=

24a. Upper leaves entire; heads about 1.5 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca pulchella.=

24b. Upper leaves dentate or lobed; heads about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca floridana.=

25a. Achene tipped with a slender beak, bearing the pappus at its summit (summer) (Wild Lettuce) --26.

25b. Achene without a beak --29.

26a. Leaves hirsute or hispid on the mid-veins beneath --27.

26b. Leaves glabrous --28.

27a. Leaves pubescent on both sides (1-2 m. high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca hirsuta.=

27b. Leaves glabrous, except on the mid-vein (5-15 dm. high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca scariola var. integrata.=

28a. Leaves entire or sparsely toothed (1-2 m. high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca sagittifolia.=

28b. Leaves chiefly sinuate-pinnatifid (1-3 m. high) =Wild Lettuce, Lactuca canadensis.=

29a. Flowers white, cream-color, or purplish (summer and autumn) (Rattlesnake Root) --30.

29b. Flowers bright-yellow or orange --33.

30a. Heads nodding (6-20 dm. high) --31.

30b. Heads pointing in various directions, in spike-like panicles; involucres pubescent (5-15 dm. high) =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes racemosus.=

31a. Heads with 5-7 flowers in each =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes altissima.=

31b. Heads with 8-12 flowers --32.

31c. Heads with 20 or more flowers =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes crepidinea.=

32a. Pappus dark reddish-brown =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes alba.=

32b. Pappus pale-brown or nearly white =Rattlesnake Root, Prenanthes trifoliata.=

33a. Pappus tawny or brown in color (summer and autumn) (Hawkweed) --34.

33b. Pappus white --42.

34a. Heads 2.5 cm. in diameter, or larger --35.

34b. Heads 1-2 cm. in diameter (4-10 dm. high) --37.

35a. Leaves all basal (1-4 dm. high) =Hawkweed, Hieracium pilosella.=

35b. Stem-leaves present (4-15 dm. high) --36.

36a. Leaves rounded at the sessile base =Hawkweed, Hieracium canadense.=

36b. Leaves narrowed toward the base =Hawkweed, Hieracium umbellatum.=

37a. A rosette of basal leaves conspicuous at flowering time --38.

37b. No rosette of basal leaves at time of flowering --41.

38a. Leaves glabrous on the upper side --39.

38b. Leaves hairy on the upper side --40.

39a. Stem glabrous, leafless or with one or two leaves =Hawkweed, Hieracium venosum.=

39b. Stem with several leaves, hairy below =Hawkweed, Hieracium marianum.=

40a. Leaves with short scattered hairs above =Hawkweed, Hieracium gronovii.=

40b. Leaves and stem densely covered with very long hairs =Hawkweed, Hieracium longipilum.=

41a. Leaves glabrous =Hawkweed, Hieracium paniculatum.=

41b. Leaves very hairy =Hawkweed, Hieracium scabrum.=

42a. Bracts of the involucre smooth (5-20 dm. tall; summer and autumn) (Sow Thistle) --43.

42b. Bracts of the involucre hairy --44.

43a. The clasping leaf-bases acute =Sow Thistle, Sonchus oleraceus.=

43b. The clasping leaf-bases rounded =Sow Thistle, Sonchus asper.=

44a. Heads 2.5-5 cm. broad; involucre 2 cm. long (4-10 dm. high) =Sow Thistle, Sonchus arvensis.=

44b. Heads 1-2 cm. broad; involucre 6-10 mm. long (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Hawksbeard, Crepis tectorum.=

45a. Leaves or involucre or both spiny (thistles, burdock, etc.) --46.

45b. Neither leaves nor involucre spiny --60.

46a. Leaves 1-4 dm. broad, not spiny (flowers purple or white; summer) (Burdock) --47.

46b. Leaves narrower, not spiny --48.

47a. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 3-5 cm. (1-3 m. high) =Burdock, Arctium lappa.=

47b. Diameter of involucre at flowering time 1.5-3 cm. (5-15 dm. high) =Burdock, Arctium minus.=