Part 14

5b. Leaves bright-green beneath, sharply serrulate =Green Ash, Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata.=

GENTIANACEAE, the Gentian Family

Herbs, with opposite or basal, entire, usually simple leaves and regular flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens equal in number, 4-12; ovary superior, 1-celled.

1a. Leaves reduced to small scales (1-4 dm. high; flowers small, greenish-yellow, in summer) =Bartonia, Bartonia virginica.=

1b. Leaves rounded, floating (flowers white, summer) =Floating Heart, Nymphoides lacunosum.=

1c. Leaves compound (2-4 dm. high; flowers white or bluish, early summer) =Buckbean, Menyanthes trifoliata.=

1d. Leaves simple, whorled (1-2 m. high; flowers yellowish-white, summer) =American Columbo, Frasera caroliniensis.=

1e. Leaves simple, opposite --2.

2a. Corolla rotate, with spreading lobes, 2-4 cm. broad, pink (5-8 dm. high; summer) =Rose Pink, Sabbatia angularis.=

2b. Corolla bell-shape, each petal with a spur at the base, purplish or white, and not over 1 cm. long (1-4 dm. high; summer) =Spurred Gentian, Halenia deflexa.=

2c. Corolla bell-shape, tubular, funnel-form, or salver-form, not spurred --3.

3a. Corolla-lobes fringed (flowers bright-blue) (Fringed Gentian) --4.

3b. Corolla-lobes entire --5.

4a. Leaves lanceolate (2-8 dm. high; autumn) =Fringed Gentian, Gentiana crinita.=

4b. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; late summer) =Fringed Gentian, Gentiana procera.=

5a. Corolla 2 cm. long or a little less --6.

5b. Corolla 2.5-5 cm. long (late summer and autumn) (Gentian) --7.

6a. Upper leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-4 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, late summer) =Centaury, Centaurium umbellatum.=

6b. Upper leaves ovate, with several principal veins (1-5 dm. high; flowers blue, late summer and autumn) =Gentian, Gentiana quinquefolia.=

7a. Calyx-lobes rough or ciliate at the margin (flowers blue, or rarely white) --8.

7b. Calyx-lobes smooth (2-8 dm. high) --10.

8a. Corolla-lobes spreading; leaves narrowly lanceolate, indistinctly veined (2-5 dm. high) =Gentian, Gentiana puberula.=

8b. Corolla-lobes erect or incurved; leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, with 3-7 principal veins (3-6 dm. high) --9.

9a. Calyx-lobes equaling or exceeding the calyx-tube =Gentian, Gentiana saponaria.=

9b. Calyx-lobes shorter than the calyx-tube =Gentian, Gentiana andrewsii.=

10a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, somewhat cordate at base (flowers greenish-white or yellowish-white) =Gentian, Gentiana flavida.=

10b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate or nearly linear, not cordate (flowers blue) =Gentian, Gentiana linearis.=

APOCYNACEAE, the Dogbane Family

Herbs, with opposite simple entire leaves and regular flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens each 5; petals united; stamens attached to the corolla; ovaries 2, with a single style or stigma.

1a. Plant creeping or trailing; flowers blue, axillary, 2-3 cm. broad (spring) =Periwinkle, Vinca minor.=

1b. Plant erect or essentially so; flowers 1 cm. broad or less (4-12 dm. high) --2.

2a. Corolla pinkish, about 8 mm. long by 6-8 mm. broad (early summer) =Dogbane, Apocynum androsaemifolium.=

2b. Corolla white or greenish, about 6 mm. long by 4 mm. broad (summer) --3.

3a. Leaves petioled, acute at the base =Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum.=

3b. Leaves sessile, rounded or truncate at the base =Indian Hemp, Apocynum cannabinum var. hypericifolium.=

ASCLEPIADACEAE, the Milkweed Family

Herbs, with simple entire leaves and regular flowers; juice usually milky; except in the first species, which is a twining vine. The flowers have an unusual structure: calyx of 5 sepals; petals 5, united with each other, and spreading or reflexed so that they conceal the calyx; stamens 5, united with each other and with the stigma to form a complex organ in the center of the flower; ovaries 2; on the back of each stamen is a colored projecting hood, which is frequently the most conspicuous part of the flower, and may be mistaken for the corolla.

1a. Twining vine, with dark purple flowers (summer) =Black Swallow-wort, Cynanchum nigrum.=

1b. Stems not twining --2.

2a. Leaves whorled (3-6 dm. high; summer) (Milkweed) --3.

2b. Leaves opposite or alternate --4.

3a. Leaves in whorls of 4, lanceolate (flowers pink) =Milkweed, Asclepias quadrifolia.=

3b. Leaves in whorls of 4-7, linear (flowers greenish-white) =Milkweed, Asclepias verticillata.=

4a. Umbel sessile (4-8 dm. high; flowers green, summer) =Green Milkweed, Acerates viridiflora.=

4b. Umbel peduncled --5.

5a. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate (4-8 dm. high; flowers greenish-white, summer) =Green Milkweed, Acerates floridana.=

5b. Leaves lanceolate or broader (flowers in summer) --6.

6a. Leaves pubescent beneath --7.

6b. Leaves glabrous or nearly so --10.

7a. Flowers brilliant orange (3-6 dm. high) =Butterfly Weed, Asclepias tuberosa.=

7b. Flowers red or purple --8.

8a. Reflexed lobes of corolla merely purple-tinged (1-2 m. high) =Milkweed, Asclepias syriaca.=

8b. Reflexed lobes of corolla bright-red or purple --9.

9a. The erect hoods of each flower about 5 mm. long (7-12 dm. high) =Milkweed, Asclepias purpurascens.=

9b. The erect hoods of each flower about 3 mm. long (6-10 dm. high) =Swamp Milkweed, Asclepias incarnata var. pulchra.=

10a. Leaves broadly rounded and almost sessile at base (flowers purplish) --11.

10b. Leaves narrowed at the base, distinctly petioled (8-15 dm. high) --12.

11a. Umbel solitary, terminal and erect on a long peduncle (4-8 dm. high) =Milkweed, Asclepias amplexicaulis.=

11b. Umbels terminal or lateral, bent toward one side (7-12 dm. high) =Milkweed, Asclepias sullivantii.=

12a. Corolla (not hoods) red (1-2 m. high) =Swamp Milkweed, Asclepias incarnata.=

12b. Corolla (not hoods) greenish (8-15 dm. high) =Milkweed, Asclepias exaltata.=

CONVOLVULACEAE, the Morning Glory Family

Twining or trailing herbs (except one species), with regular flowers; sepals 5; corolla 5-angled or 5-lobed; stamens 5, attached to the corolla; ovary superior, 2-3-celled.

1a. Plants with green foliage and conspicuous flowers (summer) --2.

1b. Leafless brown or yellow plants, with very small flowers (Dodder) --7.

2a. Style divided at the top into linear or oblong stigmas (flowers white or pink) (Bindweed) --3.

2b. Style not divided at the top; stigmas sessile, capitate (Morning Glory) --6.

3a. Stem erect; leaves rounded or somewhat cordate at base, not hastate or sagittate (1-3 dm. high) =Bindweed, Convolvulus spithamaeus.=

3b. Stem trailing or twining; leaves sagittate or hastate --4.

4a. Calyx almost concealed by two large heart-shape bracts --5.

4b. Bracts at base of calyx none =Bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis.=

5a. Leaves triangular-hastate, with sharp basal lobes =Bindweed, Convolvulus sepium.=

5b. Leaves oblong-ovate, the basal lobes obtuse =Bindweed, Convolvulus sepium var. pubescens.=

6a. Stem smooth or nearly so; ovary 2-celled (flowers white) =Wild Potato Vine, Ipomoea pandurata.=

6b. Stem with reflexed hairs; ovary 3-celled (flowers of various colors) =Morning Glory, Ipomoea purpurea.=

7a. Introduced weed, growing as a parasite on clover =Dodder, Cuscuta epithymum.=

7b. Native species, on various shrubs and herbs --8.

8a. Flowers sessile --9.

8b. Flowers distinctly pedicelled --12.

9a. Sepals united below into a gamosepalous calyx --10.

9b. Sepals separate from each other --11.

10a. Calyx-lobes obtuse =Dodder, Cuscuta arvensis.=

10b. Calyx-lobes acute =Dodder, Cuscuta obtusiflora.=

11a. Flowers in dense rope-like twists on various species of herbs =Dodder, Cuscuta paradoxa.=

11b. Flowers in dense clusters on various species of shrubs =Dodder, Cuscuta compacta.=

12a. Tips of the petals inflexed =Dodder, Cuscuta coryli.=

12b. Tips of the petals erect or spreading --13.

13a. Capsule depressed at the summit =Dodder, Cuscuta cephalanthi.=

13b. Capsule pointed at the summit =Dodder, Cuscuta gronovii.=

POLEMONIACEAE, the Polemonium Family

Herbs with alternate or opposite leaves and conspicuous regular flowers; sepals 5, united; petals 5, united and bearing the 5 stamens in the corolla-tube; ovary superior, 3-celled.

1a. Leaves pinnately compound and alternate (2-4 dm. high; flowers blue, in spring) =Greek Valerian, Polemonium reptans.=

1b. Leaves fascicled, narrowly linear (about 1 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in spring) =Moss Pink, Phlox subulata.=

1c. Leaves simple, strictly opposite --2.

2a. Corolla-lobes deeply 2-cleft to the middle (1-2 dm. high; flowers pink, in spring) =Cleft Phlox, Phlox bifida.=

2b. Corolla-lobes entire and rounded, or somewhat notched at the apex --3.

3a. Flowers in summer (8-15 dm. high; flowers purple) =Garden Phlox, Phlox paniculata.=

3b. Flowers in spring (3-6 dm. high) --4.

4a. Corolla blue-purple; stems ascending =Sweet William, Phlox divaricata.=

4b. Corolla pink or red-purple; stems erect =Sweet William, Phlox pilosa.=

HYDROPHYLLACEAE, the Water-leaf Family

Herbs with alternate lobed or divided leaves and regular flowers; sepals 5; petals 5, united; stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube and projecting beyond it; ovary 1-celled.

1a. Leaves palmately veined and lobed (4-8 dm. high; flowers purple, early summer) =Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum canadense.=

1b. Leaves pinnately veined and lobed (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue or purple, varying to white) --2.

2a. Corolla-lobes much shorter than the corolla-tube (summer) =Phacelia, Phacelia franklinii.=

2b. Corolla-lobes much longer than the corolla-tube (late spring and summer) (Water-leaf) --3.

3a. Calyx with a small reflexed appendage between each pair of sepals =Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum appendiculatum.=

3b. Calyx without appendages =Water-leaf, Hydrophyllum virginicum.=

BORAGINACEAE, the Borage Family

Herbs with alternate entire leaves; sepals 5; petals 5, united, corolla generally regular; stamens 5, attached to the corolla-tube; ovary deeply 4-lobed with a single style.

1a. Corolla reddish-purple, about 8 mm. wide (4-10 dm. high; spring) =Hound's Tongue, Cynoglossum officinale.=

1b. Corolla blue with a yellow center, 4-8 mm. wide (1-5 dm. high; spring and early summer) (Forget-me-not) --13.

1c. Corolla deep orange, salver-form (2-6 dm. high; spring) (Puccoon) --15.

1d. Corolla white or blue, or lightly tinged with yellow or red --2.

2a. Corolla rotate, with a very short tube, bright-blue, about 20 mm. broad (3-8 dm. high; summer) =Borage, Borago officinalis.=

2b. Corolla tubular, funnel-form, or salver-form --3.

3a. Corolla 10 mm. long or more; its tube distinctly longer than the calyx --4.

3b. Corolla less than 10 mm. long; its tube equaling or shorter than the calyx --8.

4a. Flowers yellowish-white, or somewhat tinged with pink or greenish --5.

4b. Flowers blue or purple --6.

5a. Corolla-lobes erect; leaves sessile (3-8 dm. high; early summer) =False Gromwell; Onosmodium occidentale.=

5b. Corolla-lobes spreading; leaves decurrent (6-10 dm. high; summer) =Comfrey, Symphytum officinale.=

6a. Stem and leaves glabrous (3-6 dm. high; spring) =Bluebell, Mertensia virginica.=

6b. Stem and leaves pubescent (4-8 dm. high) --7.

7a. Corolla regular; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate (summer) =Bluebell, Mertensia paniculata.=

7b. Corolla irregular; leaves linear-oblong (summer) =Blueweed, Echium vulgare.=

8a. Ovary and fruit covered with hooked prickles --9.

8b. Ovary and fruit not prickly --12.

9a. Principal leaves 2.5 cm. wide or more --10.

9b. Principal leaves 2 cm. wide or less (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue or white, summer) (Stickseed) --11.

10a. Leaves chiefly basal, the racemes on long leafless peduncles (4-8 dm. high; flowers pale blue, early summer) =Wild Comfrey, Cynoglossum boreale.=

10b. Stems leafy (8-12 dm. high; flowers white, summer) =Beggar Lice, Lappula virginiana.=

11a. A bract at the base of each flower =Stickseed, Lappula echinata.=

11b. Racemes without bracts at the base of each flower =Stickseed, Lappula deflexa var. americana.=

12a. Racemes bractless, or bracted only at the base (1-4 dm. high) --14.

12b. Raceme with a bract at the base of each flower (flowers white or yellowish) --17.

13a. Corolla 4 mm. wide =Forget-me-not, Myosotis laxa.=

13b. Corolla 6-8 mm. wide =Forget-me-not, Myosotis scorpioides.=

14a. Calyx-lobes all of equal length (summer) =Scorpion Grass, Myosotis arvensis.=

14b. Calyx-lobes distinctly unequal in length (spring) =Scorpion Grass, Myosotis virginica.=

15a. Corolla-lobes denticulate =Puccoon, Lithospermum angustifolium.=

15b. Corolla-lobes entire --16.

16a. Flowers sessile; stem softly pubescent =Puccoon, Lithospermum canescens.=

16b. Flowers on pedicels 2-5 mm. long; stem hispid or bristly =Puccoon, Lithospermum gmelini.=

17a. Corolla white; fruit brown and wrinkled (weed 2-4 dm. high; spring and summer) =Corn Gromwell, Lithospermum arvense.=

17b. Corolla yellowish-white; fruit white and smooth (5-10 dm. high) --18.

18a. Corolla distinctly surpassing the calyx in length (spring and summer) =Corn Gromwell, Lithospermum officinale.=

18b. Corolla equaling or shorter than the calyx (spring) =Wild Gromwell, Lithospermum latifolium.=

LABIATAE, the Mint Family

Herbs with opposite leaves, square stems, and usually aromatic odor; flowers irregular, with united petals, or almost regular; stamens 2 or 4, attached to the tube of the corolla; ovary deeply 4-lobed, with a single style.

1a. Stamens 2 --2.

1b. Stamens 4 --15.

2a. Corolla regular or nearly so; flowers white, in dense axillary clusters; plants usually of wet grounds (2-8 dm. high; summer and autumn) --3.

2b. Corolla distinctly irregular and more or less 2-lipped --7.

3a. Calyx-teeth short, triangular, acute or obtuse (Bugle Weed) --4.

3b. Calyx-teeth narrow, acuminate or cuspidate (Water Hoarhound) --5.

4a. Stems and stolons bearing tubers =Bugle Weed, Lycopus uniflorus.=

4b. Stems and stolons not bearing tubers =Bugle Weed, Lycopus virginicus.=

5a. Leaves serrate; calyx-teeth sharp-pointed --6.

5b. Leaves coarsely incised; calyx-teeth awn-tipped =Water Hoarhound, Lycopus americanus.=

6a. Corolla twice as long as the calyx; leaves narrowed at the base =Water Hoarhound, Lycopus rubellus.=

6b. Corolla barely longer than the calyx; leaves sessile or nearly so =Water Hoarhound, Lycopus lucidus var. americanus.=

7a. Corolla blue, 3-4 mm. long; flowers in loose axillary clusters (1-4 dm. high; summer) (Pennyroyal) --8.

7b. Corolla 8-40 mm. long --9.

8a. Leaves serrate =Pennyroyal, Hedeoma pulegioides.=

8b. Leaves linear, entire =Pennyroyal, Hedeoma hispida.=

9a. Lower lobe of the corolla fringed, very much longer than the upper (5-15 dm. high; corolla pale-yellow; late summer) =Horse Balm, Collinsonia canadensis.=

9b. Lower lobe of the corolla nearly or quite as long as the upper and not fringed --10.

10a. Calyx narrowly tubular; its teeth about equal in size (5-10 dm. high; flowers in dense terminal heads, in summer) --11.

10b. Calyx campanulate, 2 of its teeth different in size from the other 3 (4-8 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in terminal clusters in summer) --14.

11a. Corolla scarlet =Oswego Tea, Monarda didyma.=

11b. Corolla bright crimson or rose-red =Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa var. rubra.=

11c. Corolla white, pink, pale-purple, or yellowish --12.

12a. Flower-clusters all terminal --13.

12b. Flower-clusters both terminal and axillary =Horse Mint, Monarda punctata.=

13a. Leaves and stem with soft spreading pubescence =Wild Bergamot, Monarda fistulosa.=

13b. Leaves and stem grayish with fine appressed pubescence =Wild Bergamot, Monarda mollis.=

14a. Upper calyx-teeth about 3 times as long as the lower =Blephilia, Blephilia hirsuta.=

14b. Upper calyx-teeth but little longer than the lower =Blephilia, Blephilia ciliata.=

15a. Calyx with a distinct protuberance on the back of the upper side (Skullcap) --16.

15b. Calyx without a distinct protuberance --20.

16a. Corolla 5-8 mm. long; flowers in axillary racemes (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) =Mad-dog Skullcap, Scutellaria lateriflora.=

16b. Corolla 6-10 mm. long; flowers axillary, solitary (1-3 dm. high; flowers violet, early summer) =Skullcap, Scutellaria parvula.=

16c. Corolla 12-30 mm. long; flowers axillary or in terminal racemes (4-8 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) --17.

17a. Stem-leaves cordate =Skullcap, Scutellaria versicolor.=

17b. Stem-leaves not distinctly cordate --18.

18a. Stem-leaves sessile or nearly so; plant of swamps and river-banks =Skullcap, Scutellaria galericulata.=

18b. Stem-leaves with petioles 1 cm. or more long; plants of dry or moist woods --19.

19a. Stem glandular-pubescent toward the summit; corolla 16 mm. long or less =Skullcap, Scutellaria pilosa.=

19b. Stem not glandular; corolla 20 mm. long =Skullcap, Scutellaria incana.=

20a. Calyx-teeth 5, all equal or nearly so at the time of flowering --28.

20b. Calyx-teeth 5, one of them different in size and shape from the other four (2-6 dm. high; flowers light blue, summer) =Dragon Head, Dracocephalum parviflorum.=

20c. Calyx-teeth 5, two of them different in size and shape from the other three --21.

20d. Calyx-teeth 10, subulate (woolly plant 4-10 dm. high, with whitish flowers in axillary clusters in summer) =Hoarhound, Marrubium vulgare.=

21a. Corolla deeply split on the upper side and the stamens protruding; upper lip of the calyx much shorter than the lower (5-10 dm. high; flowers pink-purple, in terminal spikes, summer) (Wood Sage) --22.

21b. Corolla not deeply split on the upper side --23.

22a. Calyx canescent =Wood Sage, Teucrium canadense.=

22b. Calyx villous =Wood Sage, Teucrium occidentale.=

23a. Flowers in dense terminal head-like spikes, none axillary (1-5 dm. high; flowers pink-purple or blue, in summer) =Self-heal, Prunella vulgaris.=

23b. Some or all of the flowers in axillary clusters --24.

24a. Leaves linear, entire (1-4 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) --25.

24b. Leaves oblong to ovate (summer) --26.

25a. Pedicels shorter than the calyx =Summer Savory, Satureja hortensis.=

25b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx =Calamint, Satureja glabra.=

26a. Leaves 1 cm. long or less, entire (stems growing in mats, 1-3 dm. long; flowers purple, in summer) =Wild Thyme, Thymus serpyllum.=

26b. Leaves dentate (flowers purple, summer) --27.

27a. Flowers subtended by bracts as long as the calyx (2-5 dm. high) =Basil, Satureja vulgaris.=

27b. Flowers with minute bracts or none (1-3 dm. high) =Basil-thyme, Satureja acinos.=

28a. Corolla 2-lipped or nearly regular, the upper lip flattened, not conspicuously arched over the stamens --29.

28b. Corolla conspicuously 2-lipped, the stamens ascending under the concave upper lip --42.

29a. Flowers in dense terminal spikes; corolla 2-lipped (8-15 dm. high; summer) --30.

29b. Flowers peduncled, 1-4 in the axils of linear leaves --25b.

29c. Flowers in many-flowered whorls, which are axillary or terminal, or aggregated into terminal spikes or racemes --31.

30a. Corolla yellowish =Giant Hyssop, Agastache nepetoides.=

30b. Corolla purplish =Giant Hyssop, Agastache scrophulariaefolius.=

31a. Corolla distinctly irregular, the lower lip longer than the upper --32.

31b. Corolla almost regular, the lobes nearly uniform in size --35.

32a. Stem-leaves sessile or very nearly so (flowers blue) --33.

32b. Stem-leaves long-petioled --34.

33a. Leaves linear-oblong, acute at both ends (3-8 dm. high; summer) =Hyssop, Hyssopus officinalis.=

33b. Leaves oblong to ovate, rounded at the ends (2-4 dm. high; late spring) =Bugle, Ajuga reptans.=

34a. Leaves ovate to oblong, acute; flowers pink, white, or pale purple (6-15 dm. high; summer) =Catnip, Nepeta cataria.=

34b. Leaves nearly circular or kidney-shape; flowers blue (creeping; flowers in spring and summer) =Ground Ivy, Nepeta hederacea.=

35a. Flowers in terminal spikes, or the lower axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) --36.

35b. Flowers all in axillary whorls (flowers pink-purple or white, summer) (Mint) --38.

35c. Flowers in terminal capitate corymbed clusters (4-8 dm. high; flowers white or dotted with purple, summer) (Mountain Mint) --41.