Part 12

2a. Axis of the leaves wing-margined between the leaflets =Sumach, Rhus copallina.=

2b. Axis of the leaves not margined --3.

3a. Leaflets entire =Poison Sumach, Rhus vernix.=

3b. Leaflets serrate --4.

4a. Bark of the older stems glabrous =Sumach, Rhus glabra.=

4b. Bark of the older stems densely velvety-hairy =Sumach, Rhus typhina.=

5a. Terminal leaflet narrowed to a sessile base (5-20 dm. high) =Sumach, Rhus canadensis.=

5b. Terminal leaflet on a definite stalk, round or acute at base (3-8 dm. high, or climbing by hold-fast roots) =Poison Ivy, Rhus toxicodendron.=

AQUIFOLIACEAE, the Holly Family

Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves and small white or greenish axillary flowers in late spring and early summer; sepals, petals, and stamens each 4-6; fruit a berry.

1a. Leaves entire or nearly so, 1-3 cm. long (1-2 m. tall) =Mountain Holly, Nemopanthus mucronata.=

1b. Leaves sharply serrate, 5-8 cm. long (2-5 m. high) (Black Alder) --2.

2a. Leaves downy on the veins beneath; fruit red =Black Alder, Ilex verticillata.=

2b. Leaves nearly or quite glabrous; fruit orange =Black Alder, Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia.=

CELASTRACEAE, the Staff Tree Family

Shrubs with simple leaves and inconspicuous flowers; sepals and petals each 4 or 5, the stamens of the same number and attached to a disk which fills the center of the flower; fruit showy, orange and red.

1a. Leaves alternate (climbing vine; flowers in racemes; late spring) =Bitter-sweet, Celastrus scandens.=

1b. Leaves opposite (flowers in axillary clusters) --2.

2a. Prostrate, with short erect branches; leaves broadest above the middle (spring) =Creeping Wahoo, Evonymus obovatus.=

2b. Tall shrub, with leaves broadest below or near the middle (early summer) =Wahoo, Evonymus atropurpureus.=

STAPHYLEACEAE, the Bladder Nut Family

Shrubs with opposite trifoliate leaves and small axillary clusters of white flowers in spring; sepals, petals, and stamens each 5; ovary 3-celled, ripening into a large inflated 3-celled pod.

One species in Michigan (2-5 m. high) =Bladder Nut, Staphylea trifolia.=

ACERACEAE, the Maple Family

Trees or shrubs, with opposite, lobed or compound leaves and inconspicuous flowers; sepals about 5; petals the same number, or none; stamens 4-12; ovary 2-lobed, ripening into a pair of winged fruits.

1a. Leaves compound (tree; flowers appearing before the leaves) =Box Elder, Acer negundo.=

1b. Leaves simple (Maple) --2.

2a. Shrubs or small trees; leaves 3-5-lobed; the lobes with regularly serrate margins (flowers greenish-yellow, appearing later than the leaves) --3.

2b. Trees; leaves 3-7-lobed; margins of the lobes entire or incised, but never regularly serrate --4.

3a. Leaves finely and sharply serrate; twigs smooth; bark conspicuously striped with white lines =Striped Maple, Acer pennsylvanicum.=

3b. Leaves coarsely and bluntly serrate; young twigs pubescent; bark not striped =Mountain Maple, Acer spicatum.=

4a. Angles between the leaf-lobes rounded (flowers greenish-yellow, appearing with the leaves) --5.

4b. Angles between the leaf-lobes acute or obtuse, but not rounded (flowers purple, red, or yellowish, appearing before the leaves) --6.

5a. Leaves glabrous beneath, or minutely pubescent on the veins =Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum.=

5b. Leaves downy beneath =Black Maple, Acer saccharum var. nigrum.=

6a. Middle leaf-lobe usually more than half the length of the leaf, narrowed at its base; broken twigs with a strong odor =Silver Maple, Acer saccharinum.=

6b. Middle leaf-lobe usually less than half the length of the leaf, its sides parallel or broadened at the base; broken twigs without strong odor =Red Maple, Acer rubrum.=

SAPINDACEAE, the Soapberry Family

Trees, with opposite palmately compound leaves, and showy white or yellowish flowers in panicles in spring; sepals 5; petals 4 or 5; stamens about 7; fruit a smooth brown nut.

1a. Leaflets 7; buds viscid; corolla of 5 petals =Horse Chestnut, Aesculus hippocastanum.=

1b. Leaflets 5; buds smooth; corolla of 4 petals =Buckeye, Aesculus glabra.=

BALSAMINACEAE, the Touch-me-not Family

Smooth herbs, with alternate simple leaves and showy flowers; one petal-like sepal prolonged into a spur; fruit explosive when ripe (5-10 dm. high; summer).

1a. Flowers pale-yellow, with a few red-brown spots =Touch-me-not, Impatiens pallida.=

1b. Flowers orange, thickly spotted with red-brown =Touch-me-not, Impatiens biflora.=

RHAMNACEAE, the Buckthorn Family

Shrubs, with simple leaves and small flowers in axillary or terminal clusters in early summer; sepals, petals, and stamens each 4 to 5, or petals none.

1a. Leaves with a single mid-vein; flowers in axillary clusters, greenish (Buckthorn) --2.

1b. Leaves with 3-5 principal veins; flowers in dense terminal clusters, white (Red-root) --3.

2a. Lateral veins 3-4 pairs (stout shrub, frequently thorny, escaped from cultivation) =Buckthorn, Rhamnus cathartica.=

2b. Lateral veins 6-9 pairs (1 m. high or less; in swamps and bogs) =Buckthorn, Rhamnus alnifolia.=

3a. Leaves ovate, rounded or cordate at the base, 2-5 cm. wide or more (4-8 dm. high) =Red-root, Ceanothus americanus.=

3b. Leaves elliptical-lanceolate, 2 cm. wide or less (3-8 dm. high) =Red-root, Ceanothus ovatus.=

VITACEAE, the Grape Family

Shrubs, climbing by tendrils or hold-fast roots, with palmately lobed or palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers in panicles or flattened clusters; petals and sepals each 4 or 5; fruit a berry.

1a. Leaves compound (summer) (Virginia Creeper) --2.

1b. Leaves simple (late spring) (Grape) --4.

2a. Branches of the tendrils chiefly ending in adhesive disks --3.

2b. Branches of the tendrils twining, or rarely with a few disks =Virginia Creeper, Psedera vitacea.=

3a. Stem and foliage glabrous =Virginia Creeper, Psedera quinquefolia.=

3b. Stem and foliage pubescent, at least when young =Virginia Creeper, Psedera quinquefolia var. hirsuta.=

4a. Leaves conspicuously pubescent beneath --5.

4b. Leaves glabrous beneath when mature, or pubescent on the veins only --6.

5a. A tendril or flower-cluster opposite each leaf =Fox Grape, Vitis labrusca.=

5b. No tendril opposite each third leaf =Summer Grape, Vitis aestivalis.=

6a. Pith continuous through the joints of the stem =Fox Grape, Vitis rotundifolia.=

6b. Pith interrupted by the solid joints --7.

7a. Leaf-lobes with rounded angles between them =Summer Grape, Vitis bicolor.=

7b. Leaf-lobes with sharp angles between them --8.

8a. Leaves coarsely toothed, unlobed or slightly 3-lobed =Frost Grape, Vitis cordifolia.=

8b. Leaves sharply toothed, prominently lobed =Frost Grape, Vitis vulpina.=

TILIACEAE, the Linden Family

Trees, with alternate, simple, palmately veined leaves, and clusters of fragrant white flowers in late spring arising from the middle of a leaf-like bract; sepals and petals each 5; stamens numerous, but united into 5 sets.

One species in Michigan =Basswood, Tilia americana.=

MALVACEAE, the Mallow Family

Herbs with alternate leaves; sepals and petals each 5; stamens numerous, united by their filaments to form a tube surrounding the styles; ovary many-celled.

1a. Flowers yellow (summer and autumn) --2.

1b. Flowers pale-yellow, with a dark center (2-4 dm. high; late summer) =Flower-of-an-hour, Hibiscus trionum.=

1c. Flowers white to red or blue, never yellow --3.

2a. Leaves broadly heart-shape (10-15 dm. tall) =Velvet Leaf, Abutilon theophrasti.=

2b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate (2-5 dm. tall) =Sida, Sida spinosa.=

3a. Calyx subtended by 6 to many bractlets which are sometimes united at base (summer) --4.

3b. Calyx subtended by 3 bractlets, or by none --6.

4a. Flowers 2-4 cm. wide (5-10 dm. high; flowers pink) =Marsh Mallow, Althaea officinalis.=

4b. Flowers 7-15 cm. wide (8-15 dm. high; flowers pink to nearly white) (Rose Mallow) --5.

5a. Leaves densely pubescent below =Rose Mallow, Hibiscus moscheutos.=

5b. Leaves glabrous =Rose Mallow, Hibiscus militaris.=

6a. Petals prominently notched at the end or reverse heart-shape (Mallow) --7.

6b. Petals obtuse or truncate (summer) --11.

7a. Flowers 1-1.5 cm. wide --8.

7b. Flowers 2-5 cm. wide (3-8 dm. high; flowers in summer) --9.

8a. Stems procumbent, prostrate, or spreading (spring, summer, and autumn) =Mallow, Malva rotundifolia.=

8b. Stems erect (10-15 dm. high; summer) =Mallow, Malva verticillata.=

9a. Leaves with prominent but shallow lobes; flowers axillary =Mallow, Malva sylvestris.=

9b. Leaves deeply lobed or cleft; flowers in the upper axils, producing a raceme-like cluster --10.

10a. Lobes of the leaf dentate or incised =Mallow, Malva alcea.=

10b. Lobes of the leaf pinnately cleft into linear or narrowly oblong divisions =Mallow, Malva moschata.=

11a. Flowers white (1-2 m. high) =Virginia Mallow, Sida hermaphrodita.=

11b. Flowers purple or pink (3-5 dm. high, spreading) =Poppy Mallow, Callirhoe triangulata.=

HYPERICACEAE, the St. John's-wort Family

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite entire leaves dotted with translucent glands; flowers usually yellow (or pink); sepals and petals each 5; stamens 5 to many; ovary with 3-5 styles. (St. John's-wort.)

1a. Shrubs (4-8 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) --2.

1b. Herbs (flowers in summer) --3.

2a. Styles 5 =St. John's-wort, Hypericum kalmianum.=

2b. Styles 3 =St. John's-wort, Hypericum prolificum.=

3a. Flowers pinkish, 15 mm. broad (3-5 dm. high, in swamps) =Marsh St. John's-wort, Hypericum virginicum.=

3b. Flowers yellow --4.

4a. Flowers about 4 cm. wide; principal leaves 5-10 cm. long (7-15 dm. tall) =St. John's-wort, Hypericum ascyron.=

4b. Flowers 8-25 mm. wide; stamens 15 or more --5.

4c. Flowers 1-10 mm. wide; stamens 12 or fewer (1-6 dm. high) --7.

5a. Petals dotted with black (4-8 dm. high) --6.

5b. Petals without black dots (2-5 dm. high) =St. John's-wort, Hypericum ellipticum.=

6a. Flowers 20-25 mm. wide; leaves of an oblong type, broadest near the middle =St. John's-wort, Hypericum perforatum.=

6b. Flowers 10-15 mm. wide; leaves of an ovate type, broadest below the middle =St. John's-wort, Hypericum punctatum.=

7a. Leaves minute, subulate, 1-3 mm. long =Pineweed, Hypericum gentianoides.=

7b. Leaves linear, with 1-3 principal veins, broadest near or above the middle =St. John's-wort, Hypericum canadense.=

7c. Leaves lanceolate, 4-6 times as long as broad, with 5-7 principal veins =St. John's-wort, Hypericum majus.=

7d. Leaves oblong, elliptic, or ovate, 1.5-3 times as long as broad --8.

8a. Uppermost bracts linear =St. John's-wort, Hypericum mutilum.=

8b. Uppermost bracts resembling the leaves in shape, but smaller =St. John's-wort, Hypericum boreale.=

ELATINACEAE, the Waterwort Family

Small marsh herbs, with opposite leaves without translucent dots, and inconspicuous axillary flowers. (Stems 2-5 cm. long; flowers in summer.)

One species in Michigan =Waterwort, Elatine americana.=

CISTACEAE, the Rock-rose Family

Small herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves; flowers regular, with 5 sepals, 3 or 5 petals, and 3 to many stamens.

1a. Flowers yellow (early summer) --2.

1b. Flowers greenish or purplish, minute, in panicles (late summer) (Pinweed) --4.

2a. Leaves crowded, closely appressed to the branches; flowers 7 mm. wide (2-4 dm. high) =False Heather, Hudsonia tomentosa.=

2b. Leaves spreading; flowers 15-30 mm. wide (3-6 dm. high) (Frostweed) --3.

3a. Petal-bearing flowers solitary =Frostweed, Helianthemum canadense.=

3b. Petal-bearing flowers few, racemose =Frostweed, Helianthemum majus.=

4a. Stem-leaves linear, 4 or more times as long as wide --5.

4b. Stem-leaves oblong or elliptical, about 3 times as long as wide (2-6 dm. tall) --8.

5a. Plant pale with dense appressed pubescence (2-4 dm. high) =Pinweed, Lechea stricta.=

5b. Plant green, pubescence sparse or none --6.

6a. Leaves thread-like, seldom exceeding 1 mm. in width (1-3 dm. tall) =Pinweed, Lechea tenuifolia.=

6b. Leaves 1-5 mm. wide (2-6 dm. high) --7.

7a. Leaves on the basal shoots narrowly lanceolate =Pinweed, Lechea intermedia.=

7b. Leaves on the basal shoots oblong-elliptic, about twice as long as wide =Pinweed, Lechea racemulosa.=

8a. Pubescence of spreading hairs =Pinweed, Lechea villosa.=

8b. Pubescence of appressed hairs =Pinweed, Lechea minor.=

VIOLACEAE, the Violet Family

Herbs with simple, alternate or basal leaves, and conspicuous irregular flowers with a spur (except in the first species); sepals, petals, and stamens each 5; ovary 1-celled.

1a. Flowers regular or nearly so, greenish-white, axillary; erect plant with leafy stem (3-5 dm. high; spring) =Green Violet, Hybanthus concolor.=

1b. Flowers irregular, blue, yellow, or white, conspicuous (Violet) --2.

2a. Plant stemless, the flowers all on leafless stalks and the leaves all basal (spring or early summer) --3.

2b. Stems leafy (spring and summer) --17.

3a. Petals yellow =Round-leaved Violet, Viola rotundifolia.=

3b. Petals blue, violet, or white --4.

4a. Principal leaves at time of flowering deeply lobed --5.

4b. Leaves oblong, ovate, or triangular, not narrowed to the petiole, and frequently sharply toothed or incised near the base --7.

4c. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering to the base =Violet, Viola lanceolata.=

4d. Leaves heart-shape or kidney-shape, not lobed --8.

5a. Lateral petals bearded --6.

5b. Lateral petals not bearded =Bird-foot Violet, Viola pedata.=

6a. Leaves divided to the base into linear segments =Bird-foot Violet, Viola pedatifida.=

6b. Leaves irregularly divided into broader segments =Hand-leaf Violet, Viola palmata.=

7a. Leaves ovate-oblong, pubescent =Violet, Viola fimbriatula.=

7b. Leaves triangular-lanceolate, usually somewhat dilated at base, nearly or quite glabrous =Violet, Viola sagittata.=

8a. Flowers violet or blue (rarely white-flowered plants are found with the typical blue-flowered ones) (Blue Violets) --9.

8b. Flowers white, the 3 lower petals marked with purple (White Violets) --14.

9a. Lateral petals bearded --10.

9b. Lateral petals beardless =Great-spurred Violet, Viola selkirkii.=

10a. Foliage glabrous --11.

10b. Petioles and lower surface of leaves pubescent --13.

11a. Beard of the lateral petals with a knob at the tip of each hair =Blue Violet, Viola cucullata.=

11b. Beard of the lateral petals not knobbed --12.

12a. Spurred petal hairy =Wood Violet, Viola affinis.=

12b. Spurred petal glabrous =Blue Violet, Viola papilionacea.=

13a. Spurred petal villous =Blue Violet, Viola septentrionalis.=

13b. Spurred petal glabrous, or with a few scattered hairs =Common Blue Violet, Viola sororia.=

14a. Leaf-blade obviously pubescent --15.

14b. Leaf-blade glabrous or very nearly so --16.

15a. Lateral petals bearded =Sweet White Violet, Viola incognita.=

15b. Lateral petals not bearded =White Violet, Viola renifolia.=

16a. Leaf-blades strictly glabrous =Sweet White Violet; Viola pallens.=

16b. Leaf-blades with some minute white hairs on the upper surface near the base =Sweet White Violet, Viola blanda.=

17a. Stipules large and leaf-like, deeply pinnatifid and nearly or quite as long as the petioles --18.

17b. Stipules small, inconspicuous, entire or toothed, and much shorter than the petiole --19.

18a. Leaves serrate; flowers 1.5-2.5 cm. wide (1-3 dm. high; flowers of various colors) =Pansy, Viola tricolor.=

18b. Upper leaves entire or nearly so; flowers about 1 cm. wide (1-2 dm. high; flowers bluish-white) =Wild Pansy, Viola rafinesquii.=

19a. Petals yellow (1-4 dm. high) (Yellow Violet) --20.

19b. Petals violet, blue, or white --21.

20a. Foliage villous-pubescent =Yellow Violet, Viola pubescens.=

20b. Foliage nearly or quite glabrous =Yellow Violet, Viola scabriuscula.=

21a. Stipules entire (2-4 dm. high) =Canada Violet, Viola canadensis.=

21b. Stipules toothed --22.

22a. Lateral petals not bearded (1-2 dm. high) =Long-spurred Violet, Viola rostrata.=

22b. Lateral petals bearded --23.

23a. Flowers white or nearly white (1-3 dm. high) =Pale Violet, Viola striata.=

23b. Flowers blue (about 1 dm. high) --24.

24a. Leaves smooth =Dog Violet, Viola conspersa.=

24b. Leaves pubescent =Sand Violet, Viola arenaria.=

CACTACEAE, the Cactus Family

Fleshy, jointed leafless plants, armed with numerous thorns; flowers large (5-10 cm. wide), yellow, with about 10 petals and numerous stamens.

One species in Michigan, on the shores of Lake Michigan; flowers in summer =Prickly Pear, Opuntia rafinesquii.=

THYMELAEACEAE, the Mezereum Family

Shrubs, with simple alternate entire leaves, and small yellowish flowers in clusters, opening before the leaves; petals none, the sepals somewhat petal-like.

One species in Michigan, 5-15 dm. tall, with very tough bark =Leatherwood, Dirca palustris.=

ELAEAGNACEAE, the Oleaster Family

Shrubs, with opposite, silvery-pubescent, simple, entire leaves, and small clusters of inconspicuous yellow flowers in spring.

One species in Michigan, 1-2 m. high =Buffalo Berry, Shepherdia canadensis.=

LYTHRACEAE, the Loosestrife Family

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or alternate entire leaves; receptacle cup-shape or tubular, bearing the 5-7 petals and sepals at its margin, and the 6-12 stamens on its inner surface; ovary superior.

1a. Stem shrubby (aquatic, stems 1-3 m. long; flowers pink, summer) =Water Loosestrife, Decodon verticillatus.=

1b. Stem herbaceous (4-10 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) --2.

2a. Flowers solitary in the axils; leaves mostly alternate =Loosestrife, Lythrum alatum.=

2b. Flowers in terminal panicles; leaves opposite or whorled =Loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria.=

MELASTOMACEAE, the Melastoma Family

Herbs, with opposite leaves with 3-5 principal veins; receptacle urn-shape, bearing 4 sepals and 4 petals at its edge; stamens 8; ovary 4-celled, superior.

One species in Michigan, 3-4 dm. high, with purple flowers in late summer =Meadow Beauty, Rhexia virginica.=

ONAGRACEAE, the Evening Primrose Family

Herbs with opposite or alternate simple leaves and regular flowers; sepals and petals each 4 (or 2 in one genus), stamens 8 (or 2 in one genus), attached to the summit or inside of a tubular receptacle; ovary 2-4-celled, inferior.

1a. Aquatic plant of shallow water or muddy ground, with prostrate stem (flowers minute, axillary; petals small or none, summer) =Water Purslane, Ludvigia palustris.=

1b. Land plants with erect or ascending stems --2.

2a. Petals minute, greenish (3-8 dm. high; late summer) =False Loosestrife, Ludvigia polycarpa.=

2b. Petals yellow --3.

2c. Petals white, pink, purple, or red --9.

3a. Sepals borne at the summit of the ovary (5-10 dm. high; summer) =False Loosestrife, Ludvigia alternifolia.=

3b. Sepals borne at the summit of the slender tubular receptacle, which is prolonged beyond the ovary --4.

4a. Stamens all equal in length (Evening Primrose) --5.

4b. The alternate stamens longer (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Sundrops) --8.

5a. Leaves deeply dentate or pinnatifid (2-5 dm. high; early summer) =Evening Primrose, Oenothera laciniata.=

5b. Leaves entire or undulate or finely toothed (5-12 dm. high; summer) --6.

6a. Hairs on the stem with broad reddish bases =Evening Primrose, Oenothera muricata.=

6b. Hairs on the stem none, or without swollen bases --7.

7a. Stem and foliage glabrous, or with sparse spreading hairs =Evening Primrose, Oenothera biennis.=

7b. Stem and foliage densely but closely appressed-pubescent =Evening Primrose, Oenothera rhombipetala.=

8a. Petals 5-10 mm. long =Sundrops, Oenothera pumila.=

8b. Petals 14 mm. long or more =Sundrops, Oenothera fruticosa.=

9a. Petals 2, reverse heart-shape, stamens 2 (flowers small, white, summer) (Enchanter's Nightshade) --10.

9b. Petals 4; stamens 4 or 8 --12.

10a. Leaves rounded at the base, denticulate (3-8 dm. high; fruit prickly) =Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea lutetiana.=

10b. Leaves cordate at the base --11.

11a. Fruit 2-celled, bristly (2-4 dm. high) =Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea intermedia.=

11b. Fruit 1-celled, with soft hairs (delicate plant 2 dm. high, or less) =Enchanter's Nightshade, Circaea alpina.=

12a. Petals entire (summer) --13.

12b. Petals notched at the end (flowers white or pinkish, less than 1 cm. broad, in summer) (Willow Herb) --15.

13a. Flowers 2-3 cm. wide, purple (7-20 dm. high) =Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium.=

13b. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --14.

14a. Flowers red (2-5 dm. high) =Gaura, Gaura coccinea.=