Part 11

12a. Style with a tuft of hairs at the apex; lateral petals of the corolla adherent to the lower ones as far as the middle; stipules less than 10 mm. long, and usually less than one-fourth the length of the lower leaflets (spring and summer) (Vetch) --13.

12b. Style hairy along the inner side; lateral petals of the corolla free from the lower ones or adherent only at the very base; stipules more than 8 mm. long and usually one-third or more the length of the lower leaflets (late spring and summer) --17.

13a. Flowers axillary, sessile or nearly so (flowers purple) --14.

13b. Flowers in peduncled racemes --15.

14a. Upper leaves oblong-obovate, truncate or notched, and mucronate at the apex =Spring Vetch, Vicia sativa.=

14b. Upper leaves lance-linear, sharply acute =Common Vetch, Vicia angustifolia.=

15a. Flowers 15-20 mm. long, 4-8 in a cluster (flowers purple) =Vetch, Vicia americana.=

15b. Flowers 8-12 mm. long --16.

16a. Racemes one-sided; flowers blue =Vetch, Vicia cracca.=

16b. Racemes loosely flowered, not one-sided; flowers whitish, the lower petals tipped with blue =Vetch, Vicia caroliniana.=

17a. Flowers yellowish-white =Vetchling, Lathyrus ochroleucus.=

17b. Flowers purple --18.

18a. Stipules nearly regularly halberd-shape, almost as large as the leaflets =Beach Pea, Lathyrus maritimus.=

18b. Stipules half-sagittate, apparently attached laterally near the middle --19.

19a. Leaflets 4-8 pairs, ovate; racemes with 10 or more flowers =Wild Pea, Lathyrus venosus.=

19b. Leaflets 2-4 pairs, linear to oblong or elliptical; racemes with 2-9 flowers (Marsh Pea) --20.

20a. Stems with a membranous wing on the margins =Marsh Pea, Lathyrus palustris.=

20b. Stems angled, but not winged =Marsh Pea, Lathyrus palustris var. myrtifolius.=

21a. Leaves simple (2-3 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) =Rattlebox, Crotalaria sagittalis.=

21b. Leaves palmately compound; leaflets 7-11 (3-6 dm. high; flowers blue, late spring) =Lupine, Lupinus perennis.=

21c. Leaves pinnately compound; leaflets 5 to many --22.

21d. Leaves compound; leaflets 3 --28.

22a. Leaflets 5; flowers rose-purple in a spike-like head (5-8 dm. high, late summer) =Prairie Clover, Petalostemum purpureum.=

22b. Leaflets more than 5 --23.

23a. Flowers bright-blue, in a dense spike (3-6 dm. high; summer) --8a.

23b. Flowers bright-yellow; stamens not united (summer) --24.

23c. Flowers white, cream-color, or yellowish, or marked with purple --26.

24a. Leaflets linear-oblong, 2 cm. long or less; stamens 5 or 10 (3-6 dm. high) (Partridge Pea) --25.

24b. Leaflets lanceolate-oblong, 2-5 cm. long; 7 stamens with normal anthers and 3 with imperfect anthers (8-15 dm. high) =Wild Senna, Cassia marilandica.=

25a. Anthers 10; flowers 2-4 cm. wide =Partridge Pea, Cassia chamaecrista.=

25b. Anthers 5; flowers 5-10 mm. wide =Partridge Pea, Cassia nictitans.=

26a. Silky-hairy with whitish hairs; flowers marked with purple (3-5 dm. high; summer) =Goat's Rue, Tephrosia virginiana.=

26b. Glabrous or nearly so (summer) (Milk Vetch) --27.

27a. Flowers greenish cream-color (4-10 dm. high) =Milk Vetch, Astragalus canadensis.=

27b. Flowers white (3-5 dm. high) =Milk Vetch, Astragalus neglectus.=

28a. Flowers in heads, umbels, or short dense spikes --29.

28b. Flowers in loose racemes or panicles --42.

29a. Flowers bright-yellow; decumbent or ascending plants (spring and summer) --30.

29b. Flowers white, cream, purple, or red; never yellow --34.

30a. Whole flower only about 2 mm. long; pod coiled --31.

30b. Flowers larger, each one 3-6 mm. long; pod straight (1-4 dm. high) (Hop Clover) --32.

31a. Flowers numerous in each head =Black Medick, Medicago lupulina.=

31b. Flowers in clusters of 2 --20 =Bur Clover, Medicago hispida.=

32a. Stipules linear =Hop Clover, Trifolium agrarium.=

32b. Stipules ovate --33.

33a. Heads densely flowered; flowers 20 or more; upper petal striate when dry =Hop Clover, Trifolium procumbens.=

33b. Heads loosely flowered; flowers usually 10 or fewer; upper petal scarcely striate or not at all =Hop Clover, Trifolium dubium.=

34a. Leaves palmately compound, the 3 leaflets all from the same point (late spring and summer) (Clover) --35.

34b. Leaves pinnately compound, the terminal leaflet on a distinct stalk --39.

35a. Individual flowers sessile, or on very short pedicels --36.

35b. Individual flowers distinctly pedicelled --37.

36a. Heads oblong, on distinct peduncles; calyx longer than the corolla (flowers nearly white; 1-4 dm. tall) =Stone Clover, Trifolium arvense.=

36b. Heads nearly globose, almost sessile, closely subtended by the leaves; corolla longer than the calyx (2-8 dm. high; flowers red-purple) =Red Clover, Trifolium pratense.=

37a. Stems prostrate or creeping; heads long-peduncled, arising from the creeping branches (flower-stalks 1-2 dm. high; flowers white) =White Clover, Trifolium repens.=

37b. Some or all of the stems erect; heads arising from the leafy stems (flowers white or pink) --38.

38a. Plants with long basal runners; flowers 10-13 mm. long (2-3 dm. high) =Buffalo Clover, Trifolium stoloniferum.=

38b. Basal runners none; flowers 6-8 mm. long (3-8 dm. high) =Alsike Clover, Trifolium hybridum.=

39a. Prostrate; leaflets broadly ovate; flowers 3-10 in a cluster --10a.

39b. Erect; leaflets broadest near the middle; flowers numerous (5-12 dm. high; flowers yellowish-white, late summer) (Bush Clover) --40.

40a. Leaflets less than twice as long as broad =Bush Clover, Lespedeza hirta.=

40b. Leaflets more than twice as long as broad --41.

41a. Leaflets linear, 5 mm. wide or less; heads with obvious peduncles =Bush Clover, Lespedeza angustifolia.=

41b. Leaflets narrowly elliptical, the principal ones more than 5 mm. wide; heads sessile or nearly so =Bush Clover, Lespedeza capitata.=

42a. Leaflets finely toothed --43.

42b. Leaflets entire --44.

43a. Flowers violet or blue (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Alfalfa, Medicago sativa.=

43b. Flowers yellow (1-2 m. high; summer) =Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilotus officinalis.=

43c. Flowers white (1-3 m. high; summer) =White Sweet Clover, Melilotus alba.=

44a. Flowers yellow (5-10 dm. high; summer) =Wild Indigo, Baptisia tinctoria.=

44b. Flowers white, the leaflets all from the same point (5-10 dm. high; summer) =Wild Indigo, Baptisia leucantha.=

44c. Flowers blue, purple, or pink (rarely white, and then the terminal leaflet stalked) --45.

45a. Racemes arising from the base of the plant, leafless (4-8 dm. high; summer) =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium nudiflorum.=

45b. Racemes terminal or a few of them axillary; leaflets generally more than 3 cm. long; pod (usually to be seen at the base of the raceme) transversely segmented into 2 or more joints (summer) (Tick Trefoil; the genus Desmodium. Pods are usually necessary for satisfactory identification) --46.

45c. Racemes short, loose, chiefly axillary; leaflets generally less than 3 cm. long; the short ovate or ovoid pod not transversely jointed (5-10 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Bush Clover; the genus Lespedeza. Reference to the Manual is recommended) --58.

46a. Leaves clustered near the summit of the stem (4-12 dm. high) =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium grandiflorum.=

46b. Leaves scattered on the stem --47.

47a. Plants prostrate; racemes panicled; leaflets nearly circular =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium rotundifolium.=

47b. Plants decumbent or ascending; racemes short, simple, few-flowered; stipules ovate (stems 4-8 dm. long) =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium pauciflorum.=

47c. Plants erect or ascending; racemes panicled --48.

48a. Leaflets of an oblong type, broadest at or near the middle, and about 4 times as long as broad (5-10 dm. tall) --49.

48b. Leaflets of an ovate or lanceolate type, broadest below the middle, and not more than 3 times as long as wide --50.

49a. Stem pubescent; leaves sessile or nearly so =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium sessilifolium.=

49b. Stem glabrous or nearly so; leaves obviously petioled =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium paniculatum.=

50a. Stipules lanceolate to ovate, 1 cm. long or more (6-15 dm. high) --51.

50b. Stipules narrowly lanceolate or subulate, less than 1 cm. long --54.

51a. Stems glabrous or minutely pubescent; leaves acuminate --52.

51b. Stems hispid or densely pubescent; leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obtuse or barely acute --53.

52a. Leaves glabrous on both sides =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium bracteosum.=

52b. Leaves rough above, hairy beneath =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium bracteosum var. longifolium.=

53a. Leaflets broadly ovate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canescens.=

53b. Leaflets ovate-lanceolate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium illinoense.=

54a. Flowers 10-12 mm. long (1-2 m. high) =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium canadense.=

54b. Flowers 5-8 mm. long (5-8 dm. tall) --55.

54c. Flowers 3-4 mm. long (4-8 dm. tall) --56.

55a. Leaflets broadly ovate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium viridiflorum.=

55b. Leaflets oblong-ovate =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium dillenii.=

56a. Leaflets 3-5 cm. long, oblong-ovate, scabrous above =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium rigidum.=

56b. Leaflets 1-2.5 cm. long, broadly ovate or oval, not scabrous above --57.

57a. Stem and leaves glabrous or very nearly so =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium marilandicum.=

57b. Stem and leaves conspicuously pubescent =Tick Trefoil, Desmodium obtusum.=

58a. Flower-clusters sessile, or on peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves --59.

58b. Flower-clusters, or many of them, on peduncles longer than the leaves --61.

59a. Leaves linear-oblong =Bush Clover, Lespedeza virginica.=

59b. Leaves ovate or oval --60.

60a. Leaves and stem velvety or downy =Bush Clover, Lespedeza stuvei.=

60b. Leaves and stem glabrous, or with close appressed pubescence =Bush Clover, Lespedeza frutescens.=

61a. Leaves ovate or broadly elliptical; corolla conspicuously exceeding the calyx --62.

61b. Leaves linear-oblong; calyx about as long as the corolla =Bush Clover, Lespedeza manniana.=

62a. Stem erect or ascending --63.

62b. Stem trailing; peduncles much exceeding the leaves =Bush Clover, Lespedeza procumbens.=

63a. Villous-pubescent; inflorescence dense; some peduncles shorter than the leaves =Bush Clover, Lespedeza nuttallii.=

63b. Slightly pubescent or glabrous; inflorescence loose, on peduncles much longer than the leaves =Bush Clover, Lespedeza violacea.=

LINACEAE, the Flax Family

Herbs with simple leaves, and regular flowers, having 5 sepals, 5 yellow or blue petals, 5 stamens, and 5 styles.

1a. Flowers blue (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Flax, Linum usitatissimum.=

1b. Flowers yellow (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Wild Flax) --2.

2a. Middle stem-leaves below the branches opposite =Wild Flax, Linum striatum.=

2b. Middle stem-leaves below the branches alternate --3.

3a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear, 1-4 mm. wide --4.

3b. Leaves oblanceolate to oblong, 4-6 mm. wide =Wild Flax, Linum virginianum.=

4a. Leaves entire =Wild Flax, Linum medium.=

4b. Upper leaves glandular-ciliate =Wild Flax, Linum sulcatum.=

OXALIDACEAE, the Wood Sorrel Family

Herbs, with alternate or basal compound leaves with 3 reverse heart-shaped leaflets; sepals, petals, and styles each 5; stamens 10. (Wood Sorrel)

1a. Leaves all basal; flowers white to pink-purple (1-2 dm. high; late spring) --2.

1b. Stem-leaves present; flowers yellow (1-5 dm. high; spring and summer) --3.

2a. Flower-stalks bearing a single flower =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis acetosella.=

2b. Flower-stalks bearing an umbel of several flowers =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis violacea.=

3a. Stem prostrate and creeping Wood Sorrel, Oxalis repens.

3b. Stem erect or ascending --4.

4a. Pedicels with spreading pubescence =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis corniculata.=

4b. Pedicels with appressed pubescence =Wood Sorrel, Oxalis stricta.=

GERANIACEAE, the Geranium Family

Herbs, with deeply lobed or divided leaves; flowers regular, with 5 sepals, 5 petals, 5 or 10 stamens, and a 5-celled ovary.

1a. Anthers 5 (spreading or ascending plants, 2-4 dm. high; flowers pink or purple, spring and summer) --2.

1b. Anthers 10 --3.

2a. Leaves pinnately dissected =Stork's-bill, Erodium cicutarium.=

2b. Leaves palmately divided into cuneate lobes =Crane's-bill, Geranium pusillum.=

3a. Leaves ternately divided, the lobes pinnatifid (2-4 dm. high; flowers purple, late spring and summer) =Herb Robert, Geranium robertianum.=

3b. Leaves palmately 3-11-lobed --4.

4a. Petals 12 mm. long or more (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale purple, spring) =Wild Geranium, Geranium maculatum.=

4b. Petals less than 10 mm. long (Crane's-bill) --5.

5a. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil smooth, glabrous or nearly so (low spreading plant; flowers purple, late spring and summer) =Crane's-bill, Geranium columbinum.=

5b. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil transversely wrinkled (widely branching. 1-3 dm. tall; flowers purple, summer) =Crane's-bill, Geranium molle.=

5c. Seed-bearing portion of the pistil pubescent (widely branching. 1-5 dm. tall) --6.

6a. Leaves divided almost to the base (flowers pinkish or white, spring and summer) --7.

6b. Leaves divided one-half to two-thirds the way to the base (flowers purple, summer) =Crane's-bill, Geranium rotundifolium.=

7a. Petals white or pale pink; flowers in compact clusters =Crane's-bill, Geranium carolinianum.=

7b. Petals pink-purple; flowers in loose clusters =Crane's-bill, Geranium bicknellii.=

RUTACEAE, the Rue Family

Shrubs or low trees, with compound leaves frequently dotted with translucent glands; flowers small, greenish-white, with 3-5 sepals, petals, and stamens.

1a. Leaflets 5-9; stems thorny =Prickly Ash, Zanthoxylum americanum.=

1b. Leaflets 3; stems not thorny =Hop Tree, Ptelea trifoliata.=

SIMARUBACEAE, the Quassia Family

Trees, with pinnately compound leaves and small greenish-yellow flowers in large panicles in early summer, ripening into winged fruits.

One species in Michigan, escaped from cultivation chiefly in towns =Tree of Heaven, Ailanthus glandulosa.=

POLYGALACEAE, the Milkwort Family

Small herbs, with alternate or whorled simple leaves, and small irregular flowers; sepals 5, petals 3, stamens 6 or 8, more or less united with each other and with the petals.

1a. All of the leaves alternate --2.

1b. Some or all of the leaves in whorls (1-4 dm. high; flowers greenish, purple, or white; summer) (Milkwort) --6.

2a. Flowers few, loosely clustered, 15-20 mm. long (1-3 dm. high; flowers purple; early summer) =Flowering Wintergreen, Polygala paucifolia.=

2b. Flowers numerous, in a spike or raceme --3.

3a. Stem-leaves minute, linear-subulate; stem slender, erect, 3-7 dm. high (flowers pink; summer) =Milkwort, Polygala incarnata.=

3b. Stem-leaves narrowly oblong or broader; stem generally 1-4 dm. high --4.

4a. Flowers in a short thick obtuse very dense spike (flowers greenish or purple; summer) =Milkwort, Polygala sanguinea.=

4b. Flowers in a slender tapering spike --5.

4c. Flowers in a raceme; plants with subterranean flowers also (flowers purple; early summer) =Milkwort, Polygala polygama.=

5a. Leaves linear or nearly so (flowers purple; summer) --7b.

5b. Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2-6 cm. long (flowers white; late spring) =Seneca Snakeroot, Polygala senega.=

5c. Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate (flowers white; late spring) =Seneca Snakeroot, Polygala senega var. latifolia.=

6a. Spike oval, thick, obtuse =Milkwort, Polygala cruciata.=

6b. Spike acute --7.

7a. Spike densely flowered, 1-2 cm. long =Milkwort, Polygala verticillata.=

7b. Spike loosely flowered, 2-5 cm. long =Milkwort, Polygala verticillata var. ambigua.=

EUPHORBIACEAE, the Spurge Family

Herbs, with alternate, opposite, or whorled leaves and usually milky juice. Flowers small or minute and inconspicuous, without petals and frequently without calyx. In our commoner species, several staminate flowers, each consisting of a single stamen only, and one pistillate flower, consisting of a single pedicelled 3-lobed ovary only, are included within a 4-5-lobed involucre, which is sometimes colored and resembles a calyx or corolla.

1a. Stem-leaves alternate; inflorescence axillary; flowers with calyx and several stamens (3-8 dm. tall; flowers greenish or purplish; summer) (Three-seeded Mercury) --2.

1b. Stem-leaves opposite, usually inequilateral at base; flowers as described for the family; apparent flowers in axillary clusters (summer and autumn) (Spurge) --3.

1c. Stem-leaves alternate; inflorescence a terminal umbel-like cluster, with its branches subtended by opposite or whorled leaves; flowers as described for the family (Spurge) --9.

2a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; flower-clusters shorter than the subtending bract =Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha virginica.=

2b. Leaves lanceolate to oblong; flower-clusters equaling or exceeding the subtending bract =Three-seeded Mercury, Acalypha gracilens.=

3a. Stem and foliage glabrous --4.

3b. Stem and foliage more or less pubescent (stems prostrate or ascending, 1-4 dm. long) --7.

4a. Erect or ascending, usually without basal branches (2-4 dm. tall) =Spurge, Euphorbia preslii.=

4b. Prostrate or spreading, branched from the base (stems 1-4 dm. long) --5.

5a. Leaves entire; plants of the shores of the Great Lakes =Spurge, Euphorbia polygonifolia.=

5b. Leaves serrulate --6.

6a. Leaves broadly oblong or obovate; seeds obscurely wrinkled =Spurge, Euphorbia serpyllifolia.=

6b. Leaves narrowly oblong; seeds with prominent transverse ridges =Spurge, Euphorbia glyptosperma.=

7a. Seeds black =Spurge, Euphorbia hirsuta.=

7b. Seeds red --8.

8a. Leaves oblong =Spurge, Euphorbia maculata.=

8b. Leaves elliptical to obovate; involucre split down one side =Spurge, Euphorbia humistrata.=

9a. Flowers subtended by conspicuous petal-like white appendages (part of the involucre) (4-10 dm. tall; summer) =Spurge, Euphorbia corollata.=

9b. Flowers not subtended by petal-like appendages --10.

10a. Stem-leaves below the inflorescence serrulate (2-5 dm. high; summer) --11.

10b. Stem-leaves below the inflorescence entire --13.

11a. Upper leaves acute =Spurge, Euphorbia platyphylla.=

11b. Upper leaves obtuse, rounded, or notched at the apex --12.

12a. Leaves of the involucre broadly triangular-ovate, widest near the base =Spurge, Euphorbia obtusata.=

12b. Leaves of the involucre broadly obovate to nearly circular, widest near or above the middle =Spurge, Euphorbia helioscopia.=

13a. Stem-leaves narrowly linear, less than 3 mm. wide (2-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) =Cypress Spurge, Euphorbia cyparissias.=

13b. Stem-leaves narrowly oblong-spatulate, more than 5 mm. wide, and more than 3 times as long as wide (2-6 dm. high; summer) --14.

13c. Stem-leaves obovate to nearly circular, not more than twice as long as wide (1-4 dm. high) --15.

14a. Leaves at base of umbel narrow, resembling those on the stem =Spurge, Euphorbia esula.=

14b. Leaves at base of umbel broad, resembling those of the inflorescence =Spurge, Euphorbia lucida.=

15a. Upper stem-leaves distinctly narrowed at the base; introduced species of waste places (summer) =Spurge, Euphorbia peplus.=

15b. Upper stem-leaves rounded at the sessile base; native species of woodlands (spring and early summer) =Spurge, Euphorbia commutata.=

CALLITRICHACEAE, the Water Starwort Family

Small herbs growing in water or in mud, with opposite entire leaves and small inconspicuous axillary flowers, with neither calyx nor corolla. (Flowers in summer).

1a. Completely submerged; leaves all linear =Water Starwort, Callitriche autumnalis.=

1b. Submerged leaves linear, emersed and floating leaves obovate =Water Starwort, Callitriche palustris.=

EMPETRACEAE, the Crowberry Family

Low evergreen shrubs, with the linear leaves completely rolled into a tube, and inconspicuous flowers without petals, in the axils of the leaves.

One species in Michigan, 1-3 dm. high; leaves less than 1 cm. long; flowers in summer =Crowberry, Empetrum nigrum.=

LIMNANTHACEAE, the False Mermaid Family

Low herbs with alternate compound leaves and minute axillary flowers; sepals 3, petals 3, stamens 6.

One species in Michigan, with stems 1-3 dm. long, and flowers in late spring =False Mermaid, Floerkea proserpinacoides.=

ANACARDIACEAE, the Cashew Family

Shrubs or small trees, with milky or resinous juice, alternate compound leaves sometimes poisonous to the touch, and small clustered greenish or yellowish flowers.

1a. Leaflets 7 to many (1-5 m. high) (Sumach) --2.

1b. Leaflets 3-5.