Part 10

3a. Flowers and fruits in racemes =Swamp Currant, Ribes lacustre.=

3b. Flowers and fruit in short clusters (Gooseberry) --4.

4a. Ovary and fruit prickly and bristly =Gooseberry, Ribes cynosbati.=

4b. Ovary and fruit smooth, or sometimes a little glandular --5.

5a. Stamens equaling the ovate calyx-lobes in length, or a very little longer --6.

5b. Stamens distinctly longer than the linear calyx-lobes --7.

6a. Leaves glabrous beneath, or nearly so =Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacanthoides.=

6b. Leaves softly pubescent beneath =Gooseberry, Ribes oxyacanthoides var. calcicola.=

7a. Flowers, including the stamens, about 15 mm. long =Gooseberry, Ribes gracile.=

7b. Flowers, including the stamens, about 8 mm. long =Gooseberry, Ribes rotundifolium.=

8a. Calyx prolonged above the ovary into a tube which is longer than the sepals --9.

8b. Calyx-tube shorter than the ovary or none --10.

9a. Flowers greenish-yellow, inconspicuous; calyx-tube narrowly bell-shape =Black Currant, Ribes floridum.=

9b. Flowers bright yellow, conspicuous; calyx-tube narrow, with spreading lobes =Golden Currant, Ribes aureum.=

10a. Ovary and berry bristly with glandular hairs =Skunk Currant, Ribes prostratum.=

10b. Ovary and fruit smooth, or with sessile glands --11.

11a. Leaves dotted beneath with resinous glands =Black Currant, Ribes hudsonianum.=

11b. Leaves glabrous or pubescent beneath, without resinous glands =Red Currant, Ribes triste.=

12a. Flowers minute, yellowish, without petals, in the axils of the leaves (1-2 dm. high; flowers in spring) =Golden Saxifrage, Chrysosplenium americanum.=

12b. Flowers large, solitary, terminating erect stalks (leaves mostly basal; flowers white, in late summer; flower-stalks 1-5 dm. high) (Grass-of-Parnassus) --13.

12c. Flowers in terminal racemes, panicles, or clusters --15.

13a. Flowers less than 2 cm. wide; leaves narrowed to the base =Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia parviflora.=

13b. Flowers 2-3.5 cm. wide; leaves rounded or cordate at the base --14.

14a. A 3-cleft scale at the base of each petal =Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia caroliniana.=

14b. A many-cleft (9-15) scale at the base of each petal =Grass-of-Parnassus, Parnassia palustris.=

15a. Leaves linear to oblanceolate, 3 times as long as broad, or more, and pinnately veined (Saxifrage) --16.

15b. Leaves broadly ovate to nearly circular, frequently cordate at the base, and always palmately veined or lobed --20.

16a. Leaves basal; the flower-stalk bearing no leaves except small ones at the base of its branches --17.

16b. Flower-stalk leafy below (1-3 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) --18.

17a. Petals white; sepals erect; leaves conspicuously toothed, 3-10 cm. long (1-3 dm. high; spring) =Saxifrage, Saxifraga virginiensis.=

17b. Petals greenish; sepals reflexed; leaves minutely toothed or entire, 10-30 cm. long (5-10 dm. high; spring) =Saxifrage, Saxifraga pennsylvanica.=

18a. Leaves with 3 sharp teeth at the apex =Saxifrage, Saxifraga tricuspidata.=

18b. Leaves with numerous teeth or entire --19.

19a. Leaves linear, chiefly on the stem =Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoides.=

19b. Leaves spatulate, chiefly in a basal rosette =Saxifrage, Saxifraga aizoon.=

20a. Stamens 5 (leaves mostly basal; flowers greenish or purplish in late spring, on stalks 5-10 dm. high) (Alum Root) --21.

20b. Stamens 10 (flowers white, in spring) --23.

21a. Flowers regular =Alum Root, Heuchera americana.=

21b. Flowers irregular, the calyx oblique, longer on the upper side than on the lower --22.

22a. Stamens projecting beyond the calyx =Alum Root, Heuchera hirsuticaulis.=

22b. Stamens not projecting beyond the calyx =Alum Root, Heuchera hispida.=

23a. Stem-leaves alternate or none --24.

23b. Stem with a pair of opposite leaves (2-4 dm. high) =Bishop's Cap, Mitella diphylla.=

24a. Petals deeply fringed (1-2 dm. high) =Bishop's Cap, Mitella nuda.=

24b. Petals entire (1-3 dm. high) =False Mitrewort, Tiarella cordifolia.=

HAMAMELIDACEAE, the Witch Hazel Family

Shrubs, with alternate simple leaves; sepals, petals, and stamens each 4; ovary 2-lobed.

One species in Michigan; tall shrub with obovate leaves and yellow flowers appearing late in autumn =Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virginiana.=

PLATANACEAE, the Plane Tree Family

Trees, with broad, palmately veined and lobed leaves, and minute flowers in dense spherical heads.

One species in Michigan =Sycamore, Platanus occidentalis.=

ROSACEAE, the Rose Family

Trees, herbs, or shrubs, with alternate, frequently compound leaves; petals and sepals usually 5, stamens numerous, pistils 1 to many; receptacle expanded into a saucer-shape or cup-shape organ, bearing the sepals, petals, and stamens at its margin, the pistils at its center, and resembling a calyx-tube or flattened calyx.

1a. Shrubs or trees --2.

1b. Herbaceous plants --48.

2a. Leaves compound --3.

2b. Leaves simple --24.

3a. Flowers in large panicles or corymbs, each flower 5-10 mm. across; leaflets 7 or more --4.

3b. Flowers solitary or in small clusters, each flower usually 20-80 mm. wide; leaflets frequently only 3 or 5 --7.

4a. Flowers in a pyramidal or oblong panicle, the ovaries superior (1-2 m. high; flowers white, in summer) --70b.

4b. Flowers in rounded or hemispheric clusters, the ovary inferior --5.

5a. Leaves pubescent on the lower surface =Rowan Tree, Pyrus aucuparia.=

5b. Leaves glabrous beneath when mature (small trees; flowers white, in early summer or late spring) (Mountain Ash) --6.

6a. Leaves acuminate at the apex =Mountain Ash, Pyrus americana.=

6b. Leaves obtuse or acute at the apex =Mountain Ash, Pyrus sitchensis.=

7a. Flowers yellow (5-10 dm. high; summer) =Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa.=

7b. Flowers pink or red, rarely white, 4-10 cm. across (shrubs, 5-15 dm. high, or climbing; stems usually thorny; flowers in early summer) (Rose) --8.

7c. Flowers white, 1-3 cm. across (4-20 dm. high; flowers in late spring) --16.

8a. Leaflets on most of the leaves 3; styles cohering in a column which protrudes from among the stamens =Climbing Rose, Rosa setigera.=

8b. Leaflets 5-11; styles not cohering in a protruding column --9.

9a. Sepals persistent on the fruit after flowering --10.

9b. Sepals soon deciduous from the young fruit after flowering --14.

10a. A pair of spines below each leaf larger than the other spines --11.

10b. Spines all alike in size or nearly so, or absent completely --12.

11a. Sepals entire =Wild Rose, Rosa woodsii.=

11b. Sepals pinnatifid =Dog Rose, Rosa canina.=

12a. Stems with few thorns or none at all =Wild Rose, Rosa blanda.=

12b. Stems prickly --13.

13a. Fruit somewhat pear-shape, narrowed toward the base. =Wild Rose, Rosa acicularis.=

13b. Fruit globose, rounded at the base =Wild Rose, Rosa acicularis var. bourgeauiana.=

14a. The pair of spines at the base of each leaf straight or nearly so =Wild Rose, Rosa humilis.=

14b. The pair of spines at the base of each leaf distinctly recurved or hooked --15.

15a. Leaves densely glandular-pubescent beneath =Sweetbrier, Rosa rubiginosa.=

15b. Leaves glabrous or minutely pubescent =Swamp Rose, Rosa carolina.=

16a. Stems trailing or creeping --17.

16b. Stems erect, ascending, or arched --19.

17a. Stems distinctly shrubby and thorny (Dewberry) --18.

17b. Stems almost herbaceous, without thorns =Dwarf Raspberry, Rubus triflorus.=

18a. Leaves thin, dull above; fruit black, large and juicy =Dewberry, Rubus villosus.=

18b. Leaves firm or thick, shining above; fruit reddish, small, consisting of a few sour drupelets =Swamp Dewberry, Rubus hispidus.=

19a. Ripe fruit dropping away from the white receptacle or core; terminal leaflet of each leaf with a long stalk, while the lateral leaflets are sessile or nearly so (Raspberry) --20.

19b. Ripe fruit and receptacle or core dropping together; all the leaflets on stalks which are approximately equal in length (Blackberry) --22.

20a. Stem very glaucous with a whitish or bluish waxy deposit; fruit black =Black Raspberry, Rubus occidentalis.=

20b. Stem not glaucous; fruit red --21.

21a. Calyx velvety-pubescent =Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus.=

21b. Calyx bristly-hispid =Red Raspberry, Rubus idaeus var. aculeatissimus.=

22a. Pedicels with gland-tipped hairs, but no prickles =Blackberry, Rubus allegheniensis.=

22b. Pedicels with prickles =Blackberry, Rubus nigricans.=

22c. Pedicels with neither prickles nor gland-tipped hairs --23.

23a. Leaves downy beneath =Blackberry, Rubus frondosus.=

23b. Leaves smooth beneath =Blackberry, Rubus canadensis.=

24a. Ovaries 1 or more, superior (attached to the surface of the receptacle, but not concealed within it or united to it) --25.

24b. Ovary 1, inferior (permanently enclosed within the receptacle, with only the styles protruding) --38.

25a. Ovaries more than 1 --26.

25b. Ovary 1 --30.

26a. Leaves serrate --27.

26b. Leaves lobed --28.

27a. Leaves glabrous or very nearly so (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pinkish, summer) =Meadow-sweet, Spiraea salicifolia.=

27b. Leaves closely pubescent beneath (5-15 dm. high; flowers pink, summer) =Hardhack, Spiraea tomentosa.=

28a. Flowers showy, purple or white, 3-4 cm. broad --29.

28b. Flowers white, about 1 cm. wide (1-3 m. high; flowers in early summer) =Ninebark, Physocarpus opulifolius.=

29a. Flowers purple =Flowering Raspberry, Rubus odoratus.=

29b. Flowers white =Salmonberry, Rubus parviflorus.=

30a. Flowers in racemes (trees or tall shrubs; flowers white, in late spring) --31.

30b. Flowers in small umbels or corymbs (flowers white, in spring) --32.

31a. Leaves oblong, the points of their teeth incurved =Black Cherry, Prunus serotina.=

31b. Leaves obovate, the points of their teeth spreading =Choke Cherry, Prunus virginiana.=

32a. Flowers about 1 cm. wide --33.

32b. Flowers about 1.5-2.5 cm. wide --36.

33a. Low shrubs, with the spatulate or oblong leaves widest above the middle --34.

33b. Erect tall shrubs or small trees, with the leaves widest below the middle --35.

34a. An erect shrub (5-10 dm. high) =Appalachian Cherry, Prunus cuneata.=

34b. A prostrate or ascending shrub (3-15 dm. high) =Sand Cherry, Prunus pumila.=

35a. Leaves very broadly ovate, almost as wide as long (small tree) =Perfumed Cherry, Prunus mahaleb.=

35b. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, about 3 times as long as broad (shrub or small tree, 2-10 m. high) =Pin Cherry, Prunus pennsylvanica.=

36a. Sepals glandular-serrate (tall shrub or small tree) =Wild Plum, Prunus nigra.=

36b. Sepals entire --37.

37a. Leaves with sharp teeth, frequently bristle-tipped; a native species (tall shrub or small tree, frequently growing in thickets) =Wild Plum, Prunus americana.=

37b. Leaves with obtuse teeth; a species escaped from cultivation (widely branched tree) =Cherry, Prunus cerasus.=

38a. Trees, in cultivation or escaped from cultivation near roads or dwellings, with showy flowers 2.5-5 cm. across, edible fruits, and no thorns (spring) --39.

38b. Native species, trees or shrubs, growing in woods, fields, or thickets; frequently with thorns (spring) --40.

39a. Leaves finely serrulate or entire =Pear, Pyrus communis.=

39b. Leaves coarsely serrate or somewhat lobed =Apple, Pyrus malus.=

40a. Shrubs or small trees, without thorns --42.

40b. Bushy trees or shrubs, with thorns or stiff thorn-like branches, and with flowers generally 1.5-2.5 cm. across --41.

41a. Flowers pink, very fragrant =Wild Crab, Pyrus coronaria.=

41b. Flowers white (Hawthorn, the genus Crataegus). Several species of this genus occur in the state, for the identification of which the Manual must be used.

42a. Mid-vein glandular above (shrubs 1-3 m. tall; flowers white or pink) (Chokeberry) --43.

42b. Mid-vein not glandular (shrubs or trees, 1-10 m. tall; flowers white) (Juneberry) --44.

43a. Leaves glabrous beneath =Chokeberry, Pyrus melanocarpa.=

43b. Leaves tomentose beneath =Chokeberry, Pyrus arbutifolia var. atropurpurea.=

44a. Petals 15-25 mm. long --45.

44b. Petals 5-12 mm. long --46.

45a. Mature leaves glabrous =Juneberry, Amelanchier canadensis.=

45b. Mature leaves pubescent beneath =Juneberry, Amelanchier canadensis var. botryapium.=

46a. Flowers in racemes --47.

46b. Flowers solitary, or in small clusters of 2-4 =Juneberry, Amelanchier oligocarpa.=

47a. Leaves coarsely dentate, with about 1 tooth for each lateral vein =Juneberry, Amelanchier spicata.=

47b. Leaves finely serrate, with about 2-3 teeth for each lateral vein =Juneberry, Amelanchier oblongifolia.=

48a. Flowers yellow --49.

48b. Flowers white, pink, purple, or rose, never yellow --63.

49a. Plant with basal trifoliate leaves, resembling strawberry (1-3 dm. high; late spring) =Barren Strawberry, Waldsteinia fragarioides.=

49b. Plants with leafy stems --50.

50a. Flowers solitary in the axils of foliage leaves, on long peduncles (trailing or creeping plants; flowers in late spring and summer) --51.

50b. Flowers in narrow terminal spike-like racemes (3-8 dm. high; summer) (Agrimony) --52.

50c. Flowers in irregular or spreading clusters --55.

51a. Leaflets 5 =Five-finger, Potentilla canadensis.=

51b. Leaflets 7-25 =Silver Weed, Potentilla anserina.=

52a. Principal leaflets more than 3 times (about 3-1/2) as long as wide =Agrimony, Agrimonia parviflora.=

52b. Principal leaflets less than 3 times (about 2-1/2) as long as wide --53.

53a. Leaves nearly glabrous beneath, or with scattered spreading hairs =Agrimony, Agrimonia gryposepala.=

53b. Leaves softly pubescent beneath --54.

54a. Leaves distinctly glandular beneath =Agrimony, Agrimonia striata.=

54b. Leaves not glandular beneath =Agrimony, Agrimonia mollis.=

55a. Principal leaves palmately compound with 5-7 leaflets (Cinquefoil) --56.

55b. Principal stem-leaves with 3 leaflets, or pinnately compound with several leaflets --58.

56a. Leaves silvery-white beneath, laciniately toothed (1-4 dm. high; late spring and summer) =Silvery Cinquefoil, Potentilla argentea.=

56b. Leaves not silvery-white beneath (3-10 dm. high; summer) --57.

57a. Terminal leaflet more than 3 times as long as wide =Cinquefoil, Potentilla recta.=

57b. Terminal leaflet less than 3 times as long as wide =Cinquefoil, Potentilla intermedia=

58a. Flowers about 4 mm. wide (2-6 dm. high; spring) =Spring Avens, Geum vernum.=

58b. Flowers 6 mm. wide, or wider --59.

59a. Principal leaves with lobed leaflets, of which the terminal is the largest; leaf-axis bearing also some small leaflets between those of usual size (4-12 dm. high; late spring and summer) (Avens) --60.

59b. Principal leaves with toothed or pinnately cleft leaflets, the lateral ones about equaling the terminal one in size, and without any small scattered leaflets (3-8 dm. tall; summer) (Cinquefoil) --61.

60a. Terminal leaflet cordate at base =Avens, Geum macrophyllum.=

60b. Terminal leaflet wedge-shape or acute at base =Avens, Geum strictum.=

61a. Leaflets 3 =Cinquefoil, Potentilla monspeliensis.=

61b. Leaflets 5-15 --62.

62a. Leaflets crenate =Cinquefoil, Potentilla paradoxa.=

62b. Leaflets deeply incised =Cinquefoil, Potentilla pennsylvanica.=

63a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on leafless stalks --64.

63b. Stem-leaves present --66.

64a. Leaves simple (1-2 dm. high; summer) =Dalibarda, Dalibarda repens.=

64b. Leaves trifoliate (1-2 dm. high; spring) (Strawberry) --65.

65a. Leaflets thick and firm, the petioles and pedicels pubescent with spreading or ascending hairs; fruit subglobose, the achenes embedded in pits on its surface =Strawberry, Fragaria virginiana.=

65b. Leaflets thin, the petioles and pedicels nearly glabrous or with appressed hairs; fruit conic, the achenes on its surface =Wood Strawberry, Fragaria americana.=

66a. Leaves pinnate with numerous leaflets --67.

66b. Stem-leaves with 3-5 leaflets --72.

67a. Leaflets laciniate or deeply lobed (flowers pink or purple, early summer) --68.

67b. Leaflets merely toothed --69.

68a. Stem-leaves few, small and opposite (2-4 dm. tall) =Purple Avens, Geum triflorum.=

68b. Stem-leaves large and alternate (5-20 dm. tall) =Queen of the Prairie, Filipendula rubra.=

69a. Individual flowers small, not exceeding 6 mm. across, in large clusters or spikes --70.

69b. Individual flowers more than 10 mm. wide, in few-flowered clusters (Cinquefoil) --71.

70a. Flowers in dense spikes (5-15 dm. high; late summer) =Burnet, Sanguisorba canadensis.=

70b. Flowers in panicles =Sorbaria, Sorbaria sorbifolia.=

71a. Flowers red or purple (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Marsh Cinquefoil, Potentilla palustris.=

71b. Flowers white (5-10 dm. high; early summer) =Cinquefoil, Potentilla arguta.=

72a. Pistils 5 (5-10 dm. high; flowers white or pink, early summer) --73.

72b. Pistils 10, in a ring (flowers pink or purple) --68b.

72c. Pistils numerous, in a head or close group --74.

73a. Stipules linear or subulate, 5-8 mm. long =Bowman's Root, Gillenia trifoliata.=

73b. Stipules leaf-like, 10-25 mm. long, serrate =American Ipecac, Gillenia stipulata.=

74a. Flowers red or purple --75.

74b. Flowers white --76.

75a. Leaflets sharply and irregularly toothed or lobed; petals erect, narrowed at the base (3-9 dm. high; early summer) =Purple Avens, Geum rivale.=

75b. Leaflets finely and regularly toothed, oblong; petals spreading --71a.

76a. Leaflets entire below, 3-toothed at the apex (1-3 dm. high; summer) =Cinquefoil, Potentilla tridentata.=

76b. Leaflets toothed all around the margin --77.

77a. Leaves all trifoliate (2-5 dm. high; late spring) --17b.

77b. Some of the upper leaves merely lobed or dentate (5-8 dm. high) (Avens) --78.

78a. Stem bristly-hairy (early summer) =Avens, Geum virginianum.=

78b. Stem softly and finely pubescent (summer) =Avens, Geum canadense.=

LEGUMINOSAE, the Pulse Family

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate compound (except 3 species with simple) leaves and stipules; flowers usually irregular (except in a few species), with a large upper petal and 4 smaller ones, the 2 lower enclosing the stamens and pistil; stamens almost always 10, and generally united by their filaments; pistil 1, simple, ripening into a pod.

1a. Shrubs or trees --2.

1b. Herbs, twining, but without tendrils --9.

1c. Herbs; the leaves, or some of them, tipped with tendrils --12.

1d. Herbs, not climbing or twining; tendrils none --21.

2a. Leaves simple --3.

2b. Leaves compound --4.

3a. Leaves broadly cordate (tall shrub or small tree; flowers pink, early spring) =Redbud, Cercis canadensis.=

3b. Leaves lanceolate or elliptical (3-6 dm. high; flowers yellow, summer) =Dyer's Greenweed, Genista tinctoria.=

4a. Twigs or branches thorny --5.

4b. Thorns none --7.

5a. Thorns branched, scattered on the stem (tall tree; flowers greenish, early summer) =Honey Locust, Gleditsia triacanthos.=

5b. Thorns unbranched, a pair of them at the base of each leaf (late spring) --6.

6a. Branches glabrous or nearly so (tree; flowers white) =Black Locust, Robinia pseudo-acacia.=

6b. Branches glandular-pubescent (tall shrub; flowers pinkish) =Clammy Locust, Robinia viscosa.=

6c. Branches bristly (shrub. 1-3 m. high; flowers pink) =Bristly Locust, Robinia hispida.=

7a. Trees; leaves 2-3-pinnate (flowers greenish-white, spring) =Kentucky Coffee-tree, Gymnocladus dioica.=

7b. Low shrubs; leaves once-pinnate (3-6 dm. high; summer) --8.

8a. Flowers bright-blue, each with a single petal =Lead Plant, Amorpha canescens.=

8b. Flowers yellowish and pink-purple, petals 5 --26a.

9a. Leaflets 5-7; flowers in racemes (purplish, late summer) =Wild Bean, Apios tuberosa.=

9b. Leaflets 3 (flowers greenish, purple, or white, late summer) --10.

10a. Flowers in small capitate clusters; lower 2 petals strongly incurved =Wild Bean, Strophostyles helvola.=

10b. Flowers in racemes (Hog Peanut) --11.

11a. Stem pubescent or glabrate; leaflets seldom more than 5 cm. long =Hog Peanut, Amphicarpa monoica.=

11b. Stem villous with retrorse hairs; leaflets usually longer than 5 cm. =Hog Peanut, Amphicarpa pitcheri.=