Chapter 18

160a. Stem and lower side of leaves covered with short hairs; common species =Goldenrod, Solidago altissima.=

160b. Stem and lower side of leaves with distinct, loose, soft hairs (shore of Lake Superior) =Goldenrod, Solidago altissima var. procera.=

161a. Involucre 2-2.7 mm. long (5-20 dm. high) --158a.

161b. Involucre 3-6 mm. long --162.

162a. Racemes or branches of the panicle either short and arranged along a more or less elongated axis, or elongated and ascending, scarcely recurved, forming a narrow more or less elongated panicle (5-10 dm. high) =Goldenrod, Solidago speciosa var. angustata.=

162b. Racemes or branches of the panicle usually elongated, spreading outward, usually recurved, forming a widened panicle; leaves distinctly serrate --163.

163a. Leaves pinnately veined (5-12 dm. high) =Goldenrod, Solidago ulmifolia.=

163b. Leaves 3-5-ribbed (5-20 dm. high) --164.

164a. Leaves glabrous on both sides =Goldenrod, Solidago serotina.=

164b. Leaves slightly pubescent beneath =Goldenrod, Solidago serotina var. gigantea.=

165a. Ray-flowers pistillate (the 2-lobed style protrudes from their base) --166.

165b. Ray-flowers with neither stamens nor pistil --174.

166a. Principal leaves more than 2 dm. long (1-3 m. high; summer) --167.

166b. Principal leaves less than 1.5 dm. long --168.

167a. Leaves deeply lobed =Compass Plant, Silphium laciniatum.=

167b. Leaves toothed or serrate =Elecampane, Inula helenium.=

168a. Leaves narrowly linear (3-6 dm. high; late summer) =Sneezeweed, Helenium tenuifolium.=

168b. Leaves of a broader shape --169.

169a. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; flowers in spring and early summer (2-8 dm. high) (Ragwort) --170.

169b. Heads 2-5 cm. wide; flowers in late summer and autumn --173.

170a. Basal leaves cordate at base =Ragwort, Senecio aureus.=

170b. Basal leaves narrowed to the base --171.

171a. Basal leaves obovate =Ragwort, Senecio obovatus.=

171b. Basal leaves oblong =Ragwort, Senecio balsamitae.=

172a. Introduced annual in waste places (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) =Groundsel, Senecio vulgaris.=

172b. Native biennial in moist ground (3-8 dm. high; summer) =Squaw Weed, Senecio discoideus.=

173a. Leaves 2-5 cm. long, sharply spinulose-serrate; involucre viscid (3-6 dm. high; summer) =Gum Plant, Grindelia squarrosa.=

173b. Leaves 5-12 cm. long, merely serrate; involucre gray-pubescent (5-15 dm. high; late summer) =Sneeze Weed, Helenium autumnale.=

174a. Disk hemispherical or oblong-cylindrical (Summer) --175.

174b. Disk flat or somewhat convex (Sunflower) (summer and autumn) --179.

175a. Disk yellow or greenish-yellow (1-3 dm. high) --176.

175b. Disk gray-brown or purple (5-15 dm. high) --177.

176a. Principal stem-leaves pinnately divided =Golden Glow, Rudbeckia laciniata.=

176b. Principal stem-leaves merely serrate =Yellow Ironweed, Actinomeris alternifolia.=

177a. Rays drooping; leaves pinnately divided =Gray-headed Coneflower, Lepachys pinnata.=

177b. Rays spreading when in bloom --178.

178a. Lower leaves deeply 3-lobed =Coneflower, Rudbeckia triloba.=

178b. Stem-leaves sharply serrate =Coneflower, Rudbeckia speciosa var. sullivantii.=

178c. Stem-leaves entire or sparingly serrate =Black-eyed Susan, Rudbeckia hirta.=

179a. Disk-flowers brown or purple --180.

179b. Disk-flowers yellow --182.

180a. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate; petioles prominent, not winged --181.

180b. Stem-leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the base into a winged petiole (6-15 dm. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus atrorubens.=

180c. Stem-leaves oblong-lanceolate, very thick and rigid, gradually narrowed to a sessile or short-petioled base (5-20 dm. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus scaberrimus.=

181a. Disk less than 2 cm. wide (3-10 dm. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris.=

181b. Disk more than 2.5 cm. wide (1-3 m. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus annuus.=

182a. Leaves all or chiefly at the base (5-10 dm. high) =Sunflower, Helianthus occidentalis.=

182b. Leaves chiefly scattered on the stem --183. 183a. Leaves mainly or all alternate, and not definitely 3-ribbed (1-4 m. high) --184.

183b. Leaves mainly or all opposite, lanceolate to ovate, and 3-ribbed --186.

184a. Stem glabrous =Sunflower, Helianthus grosse-serratus.=

184b. Stem hairy or rough --185.

185a. Leaves hairy beneath, rough above, lanceolate =Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus.=

185b. Leaves rough on both sides, elongated =Sunflower, Helianthus maximiliani.=

186a. Leaves sessile (5-15 dm. high) --187.

186b. Leaves petioled, or narrowed at the base into a petiole (5-30 dm. high) --189.

187a. Leaves wedge-shape at the base =Sunflower, Helianthus doronicoides.=

187b. Leaves rounded at the base --188.

188a. Stem glabrous or nearly so =Sunflower, Helianthus divaricatus.=

188b. Stem densely and softly hirsute =Sunflower, Helianthus mollis.=

189a. Stems rough, pubescent, or hispid --190.

189b. Stems glabrous or nearly so --193.

190a. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, more than 5 times as long as wide =Sunflower, Helianthus giganteus var. subtuberosus.=

190b. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, not more than 4 times as long as wide --191.

191a. Leaves rounded at base, above the petiole =Sunflower, Helianthus hirsutus.=

191b. Leaves narrowed to the base --192.

192a. Bracts of the involucre spreading =Jerusalem Artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus.=

192b. Bracts all appressed =Sunflower, Helianthus laetiflorus.=

193a. Heads 3 cm. wide or less, including the rays =Sunflower, Helianthus microcephalus.=

193b. Heads 4 cm. wide or more, including the rays --194.

194a. Leaves narrowed at the base into a winged petiole --195.

194b. Petiole slender, not winged =Sunflower, Helianthus decapetalus.=

195a. Leaves green on both sides; bracts longer than the disk =Sunflower, Helianthus tracheliifolius.=

195b. Leaves paler below than above; bracts not longer than the disk --196.

196a. Leaves minutely pubescent beneath =Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus.=

196b. Leaves conspicuously downy beneath =Sunflower, Helianthus strumosus var. mollis.=

197a. Leaves all basal, the flowers on scaly stalks (2-8 dm. high; flowers whitish, in spring) =Coltsfoot, Petasites palmata.=

197b. Stem-leaves present, opposite --198.

197c. Stem-leaves present, alternate --200.

198a. Leaves ovate, dentate, 2-6 cm. long (2-8 dm. high; summer) (Galinsoga) --199.

198b. Leaves lobed, 10-25 cm. long --113b.

199a. Pubescence sparse, appressed =Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora.=

199b. Pubescence abundant, spreading =Galinsoga, Galinsoga parviflora var. hispida.=

200a. Leaves dissected or deeply lobed or pinnatifid; pappus never capillary; rays white to pink (3-10 dm. high; summer and autumn) --201.

200b. Leaves entire or serrate --206.

201a. Heads 4-8 mm. wide (Yarrow) --202.

201b. Heads 12-50 mm. wide --203.

202a. Flower-clusters flat-topped =Yarrow, Achillea millefolium.=

202b. Flower-clusters very convex =Yarrow, Achillea lanulosa.=

203a. Principal leaves pinnatifid --213a.

203b. Principal leaves 1-3 times pinnately parted or dissected --204.

204a. Leaf-segments very narrowly linear; leaves 2-3-pinnate --205.

204b. Leaf-segments linear or lanceolate; heads 2.5-5 cm. wide =Camomile, Anthemis arvensis.=

204c. Leaf-segments ovate to ovate-oblong; heads 1-2 cm. wide =Feverfew, Chrysanthemum parthenium.=

205a. Foliage strongly scented =Dog Fennel, Anthemis cotula.=

205b. Foliage not ill-scented =Wild Camomile, Matricaria inodora.=

206a. Heads 3-6 mm. broad, including the rays (summer and autumn) --207.

206b. Heads 7 mm. broad or larger, including the rays --209.

207a. Rays purple (1-4 dm. high) =Horse Weed, Erigeron divaricatus.=

207b. Rays white --208.

208a. Leaves obovate to oblong (3-10 dm. high) --135a.

208b. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate (2-25 dm. high) =Horse Weed, Erigeron canadensis.=

209a. Pappus none, or minute and not of hairs (summer and autumn) --210.

209b. Pappus of hairs --214.

210a. Disk-flowers purple or brown (4-12 dm. high; rays pink) (Purple Coneflower) --211.

210b. Disk-flowers yellow or nearly white --212.

211a. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, most of them serrate =Purple Coneflower, Brauneria purpurea.=

211b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate, gradually narrowed at the base, entire =Purple Coneflower, Brauneria pallida.=

212a. Rays broadly obovate; heads 1-2 cm. wide (3-6 dm. high) =Sneezewort, Achillea ptarmica.=

212b. Rays oblong or narrowly elliptical --213.

213a. Leaves serrate (3-10 dm. high) =Ox-eye Daisy, Chrysanthemum leucanthemum var. pinnatifidum.=

213b. Leaves entire (8-25 dm. high) =Boltonia, Boltonia asteroides.=

214a. Involucral bracts all the same length or nearly so and narrow, or with a few short outer ones; plants blooming in spring and summer, or a few plants persisting in bloom until autumn (Fleabane) --215.

214b. Involucral bracts unequal, the outer successively shorter (or rarely nearly equal), loosely or closely overlapping; plants 3-15 dm. high, blooming in late summer and autumn (Aster) --221.

215a. Rays short and inconspicuous, barely longer than the pappus (1-5 dm. high; summer) =Fleabane, Erigeron acris var. asteroides.=

215b. Rays conspicuous, spreading, 3 mm. long or more --216.

216a. Rare plants of the Northern Peninsula, with entire leaves and stems 1-5 dm. high, from a thick woody root (flowers white or purple, summer) --217.

216b. Common species, with erect stems from fibrous roots; leaves toothed (except in one species) --218.

217a. Heads 3-5 cm. wide; rays about 100 =Fleabane, Erigeron glabellus.=

217b. Heads 1-2 cm. wide; rays 20-30 =Fleabane, Erigeron hyssopifolius.=

218a. Stem unbranched, except for the peduncles; leaves chiefly basal; heads 1-9 (2-5 dm. high; flowers pale-purple, spring) =Fleabane, Erigeron pulchellus.=

218b. Stem branched; principal leaves on the stem; heads usually numerous (3-12 dm. high; spring and summer) --219.

219a. Stem-leaves linear, entire =Fleabane, Erigeron ramosus.=

219b. Stem-leaves ovate-lanceolate, the principal ones toothed --220.

220a. Rays 100 or more, light-purple or pink =Fleabane, Erigeron philadelphicus.=

220b. Rays much fewer, white =Fleabane, Erigeron annuus.=

221a. Basal leaves petioled and heart-shape at the base --222.

221b. Basal leaves not petioled; stem-leaves with heart-shape clasping bases --231.

221c. Basal and stem-leaves sessile or petioled, but never heart-shape or clasping --240.

222a. Rays white or violet --223.

222b. Rays blue --225.

223a. Plant glandular, especially on the pedicels and branches of the inflorescence =Aster, Aster macrophyllus.=

223b. Plant not glandular --224.

224a. Leaves rough above =Aster, Aster schreberi.=

224b. Leaves smooth above =Aster, Aster divaricatus.=

225a. Stem-leaves clasping the stem by a cordate base =Aster, Aster undulatus.=

225b. Stem-leaves not cordate-clasping --226.

226a. Leaves entire --227.

226b. Leaves serrate --228.

227a. Leaves glabrous above =Aster, Aster shortii.=

227b. Leaves rough above =Aster, Aster azureus.=

228a. Involucre 4-6 mm. long --229.

228b. Involucre 6-10 mm. long --230.

229a. Leaves rough; petioles mostly winged =Aster, Aster lowrieanus.=

229b. Leaves smooth; petioles slender, not winged =Aster, Aster cordifolius.=

230a. Heads few, seldom more than 10, in a loose spreading cluster =Aster, Aster lindleyanus.=

230b. Heads numerous, in a rather elongate crowded cluster =Aster, Aster sagittifolius.=

231a. Stem hirsute or rough-pubescent --232.

231b. Stem smooth, or essentially so --236.

232a. Leaves conspicuously serrate =Aster, Aster puniceus.=

232b. Leaves entire or nearly so --233.

233a. Leaves narrowed toward the base and barely clasping, linear or oblong-linear --234.

233b. Leaves ovate-oblong or lanceolate, with a broad conspicuously clasping base --235.

234a. Involucre pubescent but not glandular =Aster, Aster amethystinus.=

234b. Involucre glandular =Aster, Aster oblongifolius.=

235a. Involucre very glandular and viscid; rays very numerous, violet-purple; leaves lanceolate =Aster, Aster novae-angliae.=

235b. Involucre slightly glandular or not at all; rays 20-30, generally blue-purple; leaves ovate-oblong =Aster, Aster patens.=

236a. Leaves of a linear type --237.

236b. Leaves broader than linear, at least 1 cm. wide --238.

237a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length --253a.

237b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter --256a.

238a. Leaves smooth above =Aster, Aster laevis.=

238b. Leaves rough above --239.

239a. Leaves contracted below the middle and then abruptly dilated to the clasping base =Aster, Aster prenanthoides.=

239b. Leaves gradually narrowed toward the base =Aster, Aster puniceus.=

240a. Rays conspicuous --241.

240b. Rays minute or wanting =Aster, Aster angustus.=

241a. Stems and leaves gray with a silky pubescence =Aster, Aster sericeus.=

241b. Stem and leaves green, not silky --242.

242a. Bracts glandular-viscid; rays violet =Aster, Aster oblongifolius.=

242b. Bracts bristly-ciliate --243.

242c. Bracts smooth or pubescent, not glandular or bristly-ciliate --244.

243a. Leaves crowded, rigid; rays white =Aster, Aster multiflorus.=

243b. Leaves not crowded and rigid; rays blue --234a.

244a. Bracts narrowed at the tip into thickened firm green awl-shape points --245.

244b. Bracts acute or obtuse at the flattened tip --247.

245a. Involucre 4-5 mm. long --246.

245b. Involucre 7-8 mm. high =Aster, Aster polyphyllus.=

246a. Stem smooth =Aster, Aster ericoides.=

246b. Stem hairy; leaves linear =Aster, Aster ericoides var. villosus.=

246c. Stem densely white-woolly =Aster, Aster ericoides var. platyphyllus.=

247a. Leaves at most 4.5 cm. long --248.

247b. Leaves larger, at least the principal ones --249.

248a. Stems in clusters; leaves rigid, linear, with 1 vein; flowers blue =Aster, Aster linariifolius.=

248b. Stem solitary; leaves not rigid; flowers rose-pink =Aster, Aster nemoralis.=

249a. Heads solitary at the end of minutely leafy branchlets; leaves linear =Aster, Aster dumosus.=

249b. Heads in flat-topped clusters; leaves lanceolate or broader --250.

249c. Heads in more or less one-sided racemes --251.

249d. Heads in panicles or irregular clusters --253.

250a. Leaves rigid, linear-lanceolate =Aster, Aster ptarmicoides.=

250b. Leaves not rigid, lanceolate =Aster, Aster umbellatus.=

251a. Leaves lanceolate, sharply serrate --252.

251b. Leaves linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate, only the larger ones with a few teeth near the middle =Aster, Aster vimineus.=

252a. Stem glabrous or somewhat pubescent =Aster, Aster lateriflorus.=

252b. Stem woolly with long hairs =Aster, Aster lateriflorus var. hirsuticaulis.=

253a. Bracts narrow, approximately equal in length =Aster, Aster longifolius.=

253b. Bracts of several lengths, the outer successively shorter --254.

254a. Heads 10-15 mm. wide, including the rays =Aster, Aster tradescanti.=

254b. Heads 15-25 mm. wide, including the rays --255.

255a. Bracts with conspicuous dilated or subrhombic tips =Aster, Aster salicifolius.=

255b. Bracts without conspicuous green tips --256.

256a. Rays purple or rose; bog plant with linear leaves =Aster, Aster junceus.=

256b. Rays white, or slightly tinged with blue; leaves oblong to narrowly lanceolate =Aster, Aster paniculatus.=

GLOSSARY

=Achene.= A small, dry, hard, seed-like fruit containing a single seed.

=Acuminate.= Taper-pointed.

=Acute.= Ending with an acute angle.

=Alternate.= Located singly on the stem, with other leaves above or below.

=Annual.= Living but a single season.

=Anther.= The (usually) enlarged end of a stamen, bearing the pollen.

=Ascending.= Rising or curving obliquely upward.

=Auricle.= An ear-shape appendage at the base of a leaf or other organ.

=Auricled, auriculate.= Furnished with auricles.

=Awl-shape.= Tapering to a slender stiff point.

=Awn.= An awl-shape or bristle-shape appendage.

=Axil.= The point on a stem just above the base of a leaf or branch.

=Axillary.= Arising from or produced in the axil.

=Basal.= Arising from or produced at the base.

=Beak.= Ending in a prominent slender point.

=Bract.= A small leaf near the base of a flower or flower-stalk, or in a flower-cluster.

=Bracteal.= An adjective derived from bract.

=Bipinnate.= A leaf with a pinnately branched axis, bearing leaflets on the sides of the branches.

=Calyx.= The outer portion of the flower, usually green in color. In some plants it is colored to resemble (or replace) the corolla, and in others may be minute or wanting.

=Capitate.= Shaped like a head; or arranged in a dense compact cluster.

=Capsule.= A dry fruit with usually several seeds, opening at maturity.

=Catkin.= A cylindrical or ovoid cluster of inconspicuous flowers, for example, the "pussy willow."

=Cells of ovary.= The cavity or cavities within an ovary, in which the seeds are produced.

=Ciliate.= Provided with hairs at the margin.

=Clasping.= With the base of a leaf or other organ wholly or partly surrounding the stem.

=Cleft.= Deeply divided toward the base or the mid-rib.

=Closed sheath.= A leaf-sheath in which the margins are united to form a tube.

=Composite.= A flower-cluster containing several or many small flowers, closely crowded together and provided with calyx-like bracts, so that the whole cluster resembles a single flower.

=Compound.= Composed of 2 or more similar parts united, as a compound ovary.

=Compound leaf.= A leaf with two or more separate leaflets on a single petiole.

=Connate.= Grown together.

=Cordate.= Heart-shape. A whole leaf-blade may be cordate, or the term may be applied to the base of a leaf only.

=Cordate-sagittate.= Intermediate in shape between cordate and sagittate.

=Corm.= An enlarged stem-base, of solid structure and usually underground.

=Corolla.= The portion of a flower next to the calyx (in ordinary cases). It is generally the most conspicuous part of the flower, but may be completely absent, or inconspicuous, or replaced by the calyx.

=Corymb.= A flat-topped or convex-topped flower-cluster.

=Creeping.= With stems prostrate on the ground and rooting at intervals.

=Crenate.= With round-pointed teeth at the margin.

=Crenulate.= Finely or minutely crenate.

=Cuspidate.= Ending with a short sharp stiff point.

=Deciduous.= Not persistent for a long time; not evergreen.

=Decompound.= Repeatedly branched with numerous leaflets.

=Decurrent.= Extending with wing-like expansions down the stem.

=Decumbent.= A stem prostrate at the base, but with the tip more or less ascending.

=Dehiscent.= Breaking open at maturity to discharge the contents.

=Deltoid.= Broadly triangular.

=Dioecious.= Bearing staminate and pistillate flowers upon separate plants.

=Dissected.= Finely divided into numerous small or narrow segments.

=Divided.= With deep segments or lobes.

=Elliptical.= Having the shape of an ellipse.

=Elliptical-lanceolate.= Intermediate in shape between elliptical and lanceolate.

=Entire.= With an unbroken margin, without teeth or lobes.

=Epiphyte.= A plant growing attached to the bark of another plant, and without connection with the soil.

=Erect.= Growing in nearly or quite a vertical position.

=Evenly pinnate.= A compound leaf terminating in a pair of leaflets.

=Filament.= The (usually) slender basal portion of a stamen, supporting the anther at its tip.

=Floweret.= A small flower.

=Gamopetalous.= Composed of united petals.

=Gamosepalous.= Composed of united sepals.

=Glabrous.= Smooth; without hairs.

=Glandular.= Bearing glands.

=Glaucous.= Covered with a thin bluish or whitish deposit, easily rubbed off.

=Glume.= A bract at the base of a spikelet of a grass.

=Half recurved.= Curved half-way backward.

=Hastate.= Shaped like an arrow-head, but with the basal lobes pointing outwards instead of backward.

=Head.= A dense cluster of flowers, about as broad as long.

=Hirsute.= With stiff coarse hairs.

=Imperfect.= Flowers which contain either pistil or stamens, not both.

=Incised.= With deep, sharp, irregular, divisions.

=Indehiscent.= Not breaking open at maturity to discharge the contents.

=Inflorescence.= A cluster of flowers.

=Internode.= A section of stem between two joints, or nodes.

=Involucre.= A collection of bracts at the base of a flower-cluster.

=Irregular.= Possessing similar parts of different size or form. An irregular flower is generally distinguished by petals of unequal size or shape.

=Laciniate.= Cut into narrow pointed lobes or divisions.

=Lanceolate.= Shaped like a lance-head, several times longer than wide, and broadest below the middle.

=Linear.= Long and narrow, but with about uniform width.