Chapter 15

36a. Leaves sessile or with very short petiole =Spearmint, Mentha spicata.=

36b. Leaves with manifest petioles --37.

37a. Principal leaves less than half as broad as long =Peppermint, Mentha piperita.=

37b. Principal leaves more than half as broad as long =Bergamot Mint, Mentha citrata.=

38a. Stem glabrous; leaves ovate to obovate (4-8 dm. high) =Downy Mint, Mentha gentilis.=

38b. Stem pubescent, at least on the angles (1-6 dm. high) --39.

39a. Principal leaves distinctly petioled and somewhat rounded at base =Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis.=

39b. Leaves tapering to the base --40.

40a. Leaves and stem pubescent =Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. canadensis.=

40b. Leaves glabrous; stem pubescent on the angles only =Wild Mint, Mentha arvensis var. glabrata.=

41a. Leaves linear; calyx-teeth awl-shape =Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum flexuosum.=

41b. Leaves narrowly lanceolate; calyx-teeth triangular-ovate =Mountain Mint, Pycnanthemum virginianum.=

42a. Stems decumbent to diffuse; leaves cordate to nearly circular (stems 2-5 dm. long or high; flowers in spring and summer) (Dead Nettle) --43.

42b. Stem erect; leaves palmately cleft; calyx-teeth spiny (6-15 dm. tall; flowers pink, in summer) =Motherwort, Leonurus cardiaca.=

42c. Stems erect or ascending; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear (summer) --45.

43a. Upper leaves closely sessile (flowers red-purple) =Dead Nettle, Lamium amplexicaule.=

43b. Leaves all petioled --44.

44a. Flowers red or purple =Dead Nettle, Lamium maculatum.=

44b. Flowers white =Dead Nettle, Lamium album.=

45a. Flowers 2-2.5 cm. long, in loose terminal spikes (5-10 dm. tall; flowers rose-color) =False Dragon Head, Physostegia virginiana.=

45b. Flowers 1-2 cm. long, in axillary and terminal spiked whorls --46.

46a. Calyx-teeth spiny pointed (flowers pink or pale-purple) (Hemp Nettle) --47.

46b. Calyx-teeth acute to awl-shape, but not spiny (3-10 dm. high; flowers pale-purple) (Hedge Nettle) --48.

47a. Leaves ovate (3-8 dm. high) =Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis tetrahit.=

47b. Leaves linear to lanceolate (1-4 dm. high) =Hemp Nettle, Galeopsis ladanum.=

48a. Leaves glabrous --49.

48b. Leaves distinctly pubescent --50.

49a. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, serrate =Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia.=

49b. Leaves linear-oblong, entire or nearly so =Hedge Nettle, Stachys hyssopifolia.=

50a. Stem pubescent on the angles alone; leaves petioled =Hedge Nettle, Stachys tenuifolia var. aspera.=

50b. Stem pubescent on both sides and angles; leaves nearly sessile --51.

51a. Leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate, more than 1 cm. wide =Hedge Nettle, Stachys palustris.=

51b. Leaves linear-lanceolate, 1 cm. wide or less =Hedge Nettle, Stachys arenicola.=

VERBENACEAE, the Verbena Family

Herbs, with simple opposite leaves and slightly irregular flowers in spikes or heads; petals 5, united and bearing the 4 stamens in the corolla-tube; ovary 1, 2-celled or 4-celled, with 1 style.

1a. Plants prostrate or spreading --2.

1b. Plants erect (flowers in summer) (Vervain) --3.

2a. Leaves serrate; flowers in short dense spikes (flowers pale-blue, summer) =Fog Fruit, Lippia lanceolata.=

2b. Leaves pinnatifid; flowers in loose bracted spikes (flowers light-purple, summer) =Vervain, Verbena bracteosa.=

3a. Spikes dense, continuous (flowers purple or blue, varying to white) --4.

3b. Spikes slender, interrupted, the flowers scattered (corolla white or pale-blue) --6.

4a. Leaves lanceolate, manifestly petioled (1-2 m. high) =Vervain, Verbena hastata.=

4b. Leaves sessile, not lanceolate (5-8 dm. high) --5.

5a. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, tapering at the entire base =Vervain, Verbena angustifolia.=

5b. Leaves oblong to obovate, not tapering at the base =Vervain, Verbena stricta.=

6a. Leaves incised, tapering to a sessile base (5-10 dm. high) =Vervain, Verbena, officinalis.=

6b. Leaves serrate, petioled (1-2 m. high) =Vervain, Verbena urticaefolia.=

SOLANACEAE, the Nightshade Family

Herbs or shrubs, with alternate leaves and regular or slightly irregular flowers; sepals 5, united; corolla of 5 united petals, bearing the 5 stamens attached; ovary 1, 2-5 (usually 2)-celled, with a slender style.

1a. Corolla rotate; anthers close together (flowers in summer) --2.

1b. Corolla not rotate; anthers separate --5.

2a. Stem and leaves prickly (3-8 dm. high) --3.

2b. Stem and leaves not prickly --4.

3a. Flowers white or bluish =Horse Nettle, Solanum carolinense.=

3b. Flowers yellow =Buffalo Bur, Solanum rostratum.=

4a. Climbing vine; leaves frequently lobed (flowers blue) =Bittersweet, Solanum dulcamara.=

4b. Not climbing; leaves toothed (flowers white) =Nightshade, Solanum nigrum.=

5a. Climbing or trailing shrub, with purplish, white, or greenish flowers about 1 cm. wide (frequently thorny; flowers in summer) =Matrimony Vine, Lycium halimifolium.=

5b. Herbaceous plants, not climbing --6.

6a. Flowers white, red, or blue, 2.5 cm. or more wide (summer) --7.

6b. Flowers yellow, yellowish-white, or greenish-yellow (summer) --12.

7a. Corolla-tube 10 cm. long or more (5-12 dm. high) --8.

7b. Corolla-tube 5 cm. long or less --10.

8a. Stem finely pubescent; leaves entire or nearly so =Thorn-apple, Datura metel.=

8b. Stem glabrous; leaves coarsely toothed (Jimson Weed) --9.

9a. Stem green; corolla white =Jimson Weed, Datura stramonium.=

9b. Stem purple; corolla light-blue or purple =Jimson Weed, Datura tatula.=

10a. Corolla pale-blue (5-10 dm. high) =Apple of Peru, Nicandra physalodes.=

10b. Corolla, red or violet (2-4 dm. high) =Petunia, Petunia violacea.=

10c. Corolla white --11.

11a. Corolla all white (2-4 dm. high) =Petunia, Petunia axillaris.=

11b. Corolla with yellow center =White Ground Cherry, Physalis grandiflora.=

12a. Corolla 30 mm. wide or more, somewhat irregular; stamens declined to one side (3-6 dm. high) =Henbane, Hyoscyamus niger.=

12b. Corolla smaller, strictly regular --13.

13a. Flowers in terminal panicles; corolla tubular, with slightly spreading lobes (5-10 dm. high) =Wild Tobacco, Nicotiana rustica.=

13b. Flowers solitary in the axils; corolla short, widely spreading (3-8 dm. high) (Ground Cherry) --14.

14a. Annuals with branching slender roots --15.

14b. Perennials with thickened roots and rootstocks --16.

15a. Plants pubescent =Ground Cherry, Physalis pubescens.=

15b. Plants smooth, or with a few scattered hairs =Ground Cherry, Physalis ixocarpa.=

16a. Stem viscid-pubescent =Ground Cherry, Physalis heterophylla.=

16b. Stem glabrous or slightly pubescent, not viscid --17.

17a. Leaves and stem distinctly pubescent =Ground Cherry, Physalis virginiana.=

17b. Leaves and stem almost glabrous =Ground Cherry, Physalis subglabrata.=

SCROPHULARIACEAE, the Figwort Family

Herbs with opposite or alternate leaves and usually irregular flowers; corolla of united petals, bearing the 2 or 4 (or rarely 5) stamens attached; petals actually 5, but sometimes apparently only 2 or 4; a sterile fifth stamen sometimes present; ovary superior, 2-celled.

1a. Anther-bearing stamens 5 (6-15 dm. high; flowers in summer) (Mullein) --2.

1b. Anther-bearing stamens 4; a sterile fifth stamen may or may not be present --3.

1c. Anther-bearing stamens 2 --37.

2a. Leaves densely white-woolly; flowers yellow, in dense spikes =Mullein, Verbascum thapsus.=

2b. Leaves smooth or nearly so; flowers yellow or white, in loose racemes =Moth Mullein, Verbascum blattaria.=

3a. Flowers (not the bracts) greenish-yellow, yellow, or orange --4.

3b. Flowers blue, purple, brown, red, pink, or white, never yellow --16.

4a. Flowers in dense terminal leafy-bracted spikes --5.

4b. Flowers in loose racemes or axillary --9.

5a. Corolla 7 mm. long or less, or none --6.

5b. Corolla 12 mm. long or more --7.

6a. Leaves alternate (3-6 dm. high; early summer) =Synthyris, Synthyris bullii.=

6b. Leaves opposite (1-2 dm. high; summer) =Eyebright, Euphrasia arctica.=

7a. Stem-leaves entire (2-6 dm. high; summer) =Painted Cup, Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis.=

7b. Stem-leaves palmately lobed, bracteal leaves scarlet (3-6 dm. high; early summer) =Painted Cup, Castilleja coccinea.=

7c. Stem-leaves pinnately lobed or incised (Lousewort) --8.

8a. Flowers in spring (2-4 dm. high) =Lousewort, Pedicularis canadensis.=

8b. Flowers in late summer (3-8 dm. high) =Lousewort, Pedicularis lanceolata.=

9a. Upper lip of the corolla very different in size and shape from the lower lip --10.

9b. Upper lip of the corolla resembling the lower lip in shape, and not very different in size (5-12 dm. high; summer) (False Foxglove) --13.

10a. Leaves alternate (2-5 dm. high; summer) =Butter-and-eggs, Linaria vulgaris.=

10b. Leaves opposite --11.

11a. Stem erect; leaves narrowed at the base --30b.

11b. Stem creeping or spreading (summer) --12.

12a. Leaves pinnately veined, ovate =Musk Flower, Mimulus moschatus.=

12b. Leaves palmately veined, circular or nearly so =Yellow Monkey Flower, Mimulus glabratus var. jamesii.=

13a. Stem glabrous --14.

13b. Stem pubescent --15.

14a. Principal stem-leaves pinnatifid =False Foxglove, Gerardia virginica.=

14b. Principal stem-leaves entire =False Foxglove, Gerardia laevigata.=

15a. Corolla hairy on the outside =False Foxglove, Gerardia pedicularia.=

15b. Corolla smooth on the outside =False Foxglove, Gerardia flava.=

16a. Leaves all basal; flowers on leafless stalks (1 dm. high or less; flowers pink or white, summer) =Mudwort, Limosella aquatica var. tenuifolia.=

16b. Leaves opposite (those subtending the flowers may be alternate) --20.

16c. Leaves alternate or irregularly scattered --17.

17a. Leaves entire --18.

17b. Leaves pinnately lobed or incised --8a.

17c. Leaves palmately veined and lobed; stem trailing (flowers blue, summer) =Kenilworth Ivy, Linaria cymbalaria.=

18a. Corolla-tube less than 1 cm. long, spurred --19.

18b. Corolla more than 2 cm. long, not spurred (3-8 dm. high; flowers red-purple, summer) =Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus.=

19a. Stem and foliage pubescent (1-3 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) =Small Snapdragon, Linaria minor.=

19b. Stem and foliage glabrous (2-6 dm. high; flowers blue, summer) =Toad-flax, Linaria canadensis.=

20a. Leaves with 1 or 2 lobes near the base (3-5 dm. high; flowers purple, summer) =Gerardia, Gerardia auriculata.=

20b. Leaves linear (2-6 dm. high; flowers rose-purple, summer and autumn) (Gerardia) --21.

20c. Leaves lanceolate or broader, not lobed --26.

21a. Pedicels equaling or but little longer than the calyx, and conspicuously shorter than the subtending leaf --22.

21b. Pedicels much longer than the calyx, and generally equaling or exceeding the subtending leaf --24.

22a. Plants of moist ground, bogs, and shores --23.

22b. Plants of dry uplands =Gerardia, Gerardia aspera.=

23a. Corolla about 25 mm. long =Gerardia, Gerardia purpurea.=

23b. Corolla less than 20 mm. long =Gerardia, Gerardia paupercula.=

24a. Stem rough on the angles --25.

24b. Stem glabrous =Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia.=

25a. Leaves 2-5 mm. wide =Gerardia, Gerardia tenuifolia var. macrophylla.=

25b. Leaves thread-like, 1 mm. wide or less =Gerardia, Gerardia skinneriana.=

26a. Corolla 16 mm. long, or shorter --27.

26b. Corolla 20 mm. long, or longer --32.

27a. Corolla dull-purple, brown, or greenish; one sterile stamen present (1-2.5 m. high; flowers in summer) (Figwort) --28.

27b. Corolla blue or white (1-4 dm. high) --29.

28a. Sterile stamen purple =Figwort, Scrophularia marilandica.=

28b. Sterile stamen yellow =Figwort, Scrophularia leporella.=

29a. Flowers nearly or quite sessile (summer) --30.

29b. Flowers on pedicels 10 mm. long or more (spring) --31.

30a. Foliage-leaves prominently toothed --6b.

30b. Foliage-leaves entire, or with 1 or 2 small teeth at the base =Cow Wheat, Melampyrum lineare.=

31a. Corolla more than 10 mm. long, blue and white =Blue-eyed Mary, Collinsia verna.=

31b. Corolla 5-8 mm. long, blue and white =Collinsia, Collinsia parviflora.=

32a. Flowers solitary in the axils of the upper foliage-leaves (4-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Monkey Flower) --33.

32b. Flowers in dense terminal or subterminal spikes (3-9 dm. high; summer) --34.

32c. Flowers in loose terminal panicles (flowers white or pale-violet) (Beard-tongue) --35.

33a. Leaves clasping at the base =Monkey Flower, Mimulus ringens.=

33b. Leaves petioled, not clasping =Monkey Flower, Mimulus alatus.=

34a. Stem and foliage glabrous (flowers white) =Turtlehead, Chelone glabra.=

34b. Stem and foliage pubescent (flowers purple) =Blue Hearts, Buchnera americana.=

35a. Stem finely pubescent (3-6 dm. high; flowers pale-violet, late spring) =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon hirsutus.=

35b. Stem glabrous below the inflorescence (6-12 dm. high) --36.

36a. Corolla-tube gradually enlarged from base to tip (flowers pale-violet, in early summer) =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus.=

36b. Corolla-tube abruptly enlarged just beyond the calyx (flowers white, early summer) =Beard-tongue, Pentstemon laevigatus var. digitalis.=

37a. Corolla distinctly irregular, 2-lipped (1-4 dm. high; flowers yellowish or white, summer) --38.

37b. Corolla regular or nearly so and 2-lobed, or none --6a.

37c. Corolla regular or nearly so, 4-lobed --40.

38a. Leaves narrowed at the base, with mid-vein =Hedge Hyssop, Gratiola virginiana.=

38b. Leaves rounded or somewhat clasping at the base, with 3-5 principal veins (False Pimpernel) --39.

39a. Peduncles longer than the subtending leaves =False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes anagallidea.=

39b. Peduncles shorter than the subtending leaves =False Pimpernel, Ilysanthes dubia.=

40a. Leaves whorled (8-20 dm. high; flowers white or pale-blue, in spikes, summer) =Culver's Root, Veronica virginica.=

40b. Leaves alternate or opposite (Speedwell) --41.

41a. Flowers in racemes, which arise from the axils of the opposite leaves (flowers pale-blue to nearly white, late spring and summer) --42.

41b. Flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts, or in terminal bracted racemes (1-4 dm. high; spring and summer) --46.

42a. Stem and foliage glabrous; swamp plants 2-7 dm. high --43.

42b. Stem and foliage pubescent; plants of dry ground, 1-3 dm. high --45.

43a. Leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate =Marsh Speedwell, Veronica scutellata.=

43b. Leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate --44.

44a. Stem-leaves sessile and somewhat clasping =Water Speedwell, Veronica anagallis-aquatica.=

44b. Stem-leaves on short petioles =Brooklime, Veronica americana.=

45a. Leaves narrowed at base into a petiole =Speedwell, Veronica officinalis.=

45b. Leaves rounded or heart-shape at the base =Speedwell, Veronica chamaedrys.=

46a. Bracteal leaves entire; stem glabrous or minutely pubescent --47.

46b. All leaves serrate; foliage pubescent (flowers blue) --48.

47a. Flowers white, about 2 mm. wide =Speedwell, Veronica peregrina.=

47b. Flowers pale-blue with darker stripes, 3-4 mm. wide =Speedwell, Veronica serpyllifolia.=

48a. Flowers nearly sessile, about 2 mm. wide =Speedwell, Veronica arvensis.=

48b. Flowers on slender pedicels, 5-8 mm. wide =Speedwell, Veronica tournefortii.=

LENTIBULARIACEAE, the Bladderwort Family

Small herbs, growing on rocks, in mud, or in water; calyx and corolla both 2-lipped; stamens 2, attached to the corolla; ovary 1-celled.

1a. Corolla purple --2.

1b. Corolla yellow (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) --4.

2a. Leaves oval to elliptical, entire (about 1 dm. high, on rocks; flowers in summer) =Butterwort, Pinguicula vulgaris.=

2b. Leaves dissected or none, submerged (flowers in summer) (Bladderwort) --3.

3a. Flower-stalk with a single bract near the middle =Bladderwort, Utricularia resupinata.=

3b. Flower-stalk without bracts, except at the base of the pedicels =Bladderwort, Utricularia purpurea.=

4a. Stem and numerous dissected leaves floating in water =Bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris var. americana.=

4b. Stem and minute leaves creeping on the bottom of ponds or in mud, while the flowers are borne on erect stalks, easily detached from the delicate stems --5.

5a. Upper lip of corolla conspicuous, as long or nearly as long as the lower lip; lower lip with a prominent raised palate --6.

5b. Upper lip of corolla half as long as the lower lip, or less --7.

6a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt =Bladderwort, Utricularia gibba.=

6b. Spur of corolla very long and slender =Bladderwort, Utricularia cornuta.=

7a. Spur of corolla very short and blunt, or almost none =Bladderwort, Utricularia minor.=

7b. Spur of corolla long and slender =Bladderwort, Utricularia intermedia.=

OROBANCHACEAE, the Broom-rape Family

Parasitic plants without green color and with scales in place of leaves; corolla 2-lipped, of united petals; stamens 4, attached to the corolla.

1a. Flowers in a widely branching panicle, numerous; growing under beech trees (1-5 dm. high; flowers white and purple, late summer) =Beech Drops, Epifagus virginiana.=

1b. Flowers sessile in a dense bracted spike (1-2 dm. high; flowers pale-yellow, early summer) =Squaw-root, Conopholis americana.=

1c. Flowers 1-15, each on a long erect naked peduncle (1-2 dm. high; flowers yellowish or pale-violet, spring and summer) (Cancer-root) --2.

2a. Stem erect and scaly, 5-10 cm. high =Cancer-root, Orobanche fasciculata.=

2b. Stem very short, almost below the surface of the ground, with long erect peduncles =Cancer-root, Orobanche uniflora.=

ACANTHACEAE, the Acanthus Family

Herbs with opposite simple leaves; corolla of united petals, 2-lipped or almost regular; stamens 2 or 4, attached to the corolla; ovary 2-celled.

1a. Corolla about 10 mm. long; flowers in dense heads (4-10 dm. high; flowers blue or white, summer) =Water Willow, Dianthera americana.=

1b. Corolla about 30 mm. long; flowers axillary (3-8 dm. high; flowers blue, in summer) (Ruellia) --2.

2a. Foliage glabrous or slightly pubescent =Ruellia, Ruellia strepens.=

2b. Foliage densely hirsute =Ruellia, Ruellia ciliosa.=

PHRYMACEAE, the Lopseed Family

Herb with opposite leaves and irregular flowers in long slender spikes; petals united, corolla 2-lipped; stamens 4, attached to the corolla; ovary 1-celled.

One species only, 5-10 dm. high; flowers purple, in summer =Lopseed, Phryma leptostachya.=

PLANTAGINACEAE, the Plantain Family

Herbs with basal leaves and small white flowers in spikes; sepals 4; petals 4, united; stamens 4; ovary 2-celled.

1a. Leaves linear (1-4 dm. high; summer) --2.

1b. Leaves broader, lanceolate to broadly ovate or cordate (summer) --3.

2a. Spikes mixed with bracts several times longer than the flowers =Buckhorn, Plantago aristata.=

2b. Bracts about as long as the flowers =Plantain, Plantago purshii.=

3a. Leaves cordate, pinnately veined; plant of wet ground and marshes (4-8 dm. tall) =Plantain, Plantago cordata.=

3b. Leaves with 3 to many longitudinal ribs or veins --4.

4a. Leaves densely pubescent with grayish hairs --5.

4b. Leaves smooth or slightly pubescent --6.

5a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high =Plantain, Plantago media.=

5b. Flower-stalks less than 3 dm. high =Plantain, Plantago virginica.=

6a. Flower-stalks 3-6 dm. high; spikes not over 10 cm. long =English Plantain, Plantago lanceolata.=

6b. Scapes 1-4 dm. high; spikes long and slender, usually equaling or longer than the peduncle; dooryard plantains --7.

7a. Leaves green at the base =Plantain, Plantago major.=

7b. Leaves reddish at the base =Plantain, Plantago rugelii.=

RUBIACEAE, the Madder family

Herbs or shrubs, with opposite or whorled leaves and regular flowers; sepals 4, or minute or almost wanting; petals 4, united; stamens 4; ovary inferior.

1a. Shrub (1-3 m. tall; flowers white, in spherical heads, summer) =Button Bush, Cephalanthus occidentalis.=

1b. Herbaceous --2.

2a. Leaves opposite --3.

2b. Leaves whorled; flowers white, green, or purple (Bedstraw) --6.

2c. Leaves whorled; flowers yellow =Bedstraw, Galium verum.=

3a. Leaves about as long as wide (trailing; flowers paired, white, in spring) =Partridge Berry, Mitchella repens.=

3b. Leaves at least twice as long as wide --4.