Part 31

[413] _Galen_, loco citato p. 887., ἐχούσης δὲ τῆς τοιαύτης τὸ μῆκος μεῖζον τοῦ πλάτους, ἐγκάρσιον ἔστω τὸ μῆκος ἐπὶ τοῦ βουβῶνος, οὐ κατ’ εὐθὺ τοῦ κώλου· καὶ γὰρ κατὰ φύσιν οὕτως ἐπιπτύσσεται τὸ δέρμα ἑαυτῷ, καμπτόντων τὸ κῶλον. (But such an incision having greater length than breadth, the length should be diagonally to the groin, not in the line of the direct diameter of the limb. For in this way the skin is naturally folded over itself, when patients bend the limb).

[414] _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, De medicamentis ex animal. ch. 1. note 14., Cervi pudenda si tecum habueris, inguina tibi non tumebunt, et si tumor antiquus fuerit, velociter recedet. (If you carry with you a stag’s genitals, your groin will never swell, and if you have a long-standing swelling, it will quickly disappear.) We must further note supplementarily that _Prophylactics against female gonorrhœa_ appear also to have been known and used; at any rate _Galen_, Euporist. bk. II. ch. 26. note 37. (XIV. p.485.), cites measures against humidity of the genital organs during coition πρὸς τὸ μὴ καθυγραίνεσθαι τὸ αἰδοῖον ἐν ταῖς συνουσίαις τῶν γυναικῶν;—(to guard against the humidity of the genitals in coition amongst women), consisting in fact in unripe gall-apples, ashes and wine as a lotion, or infusion of gall-apples with sulphurated wool as a vaginal-plug, honey and nitre as an embrocation!

[415] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. II. ch. 2. (X. p. 83).

[416] _Hippocrates_, Aphorismor. Vol. III. p. 742., De liquidorum usu Vol. II. p. 163.

[417] _Galen_, Synops. medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 317).

[418] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. _Oribasius_, De morb. crat. bk. III. ch. 54. Synops. bk. VII. ch. 37, ch. 42., Collect. bk. XLIV. ch. 11. Mai loco cit. p. 31. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 61. _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. IV. ch. 9.

[419] _Hippocrates_, Prorrhet. bk. II. Vol. I. p. 204.

[420] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 15.

[421] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 20.

[422] _Galen_, Definit. medic. Vol. XIX. p. 446.

[423] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3.

[424] _Oribasius_, Synops. medic. sec. loc. bk. V. ch. 4. (XII. p. 823.). _Aëtius_, Tetrab. II. serm. 4. ch. 14.

[425] _Oribasius_, Synops. bk. VII. ch. 40. _Aëtius_, loco citato. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 3.

[426] _Marcellus_, De medic. ch. 31., gives prescriptions “ad ficos qui in locis verecundioribus nascuntur,” (for fig-like swellings that occur in the more private parts). _Nonnus_, Epit. 214.

[427] _Aspasia_, De natura mulier. Vol. II. p. 588., De morb. mulier. bk. II. Vol. II. p. 879. The Etymologicum Magnum under the word explains κίων by ἀπὸ τοῦ κίειν καὶ ἀνίεναι εἰς ὕψος (so called from its going upwards and rising to a height). Comp. _Phil. Ingrassias_, De tumor. praet. natur. p. 273.

[428] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 4. ch. 106.

[429] _Celsus_, bk. VI. ch. 18. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59., bk. IV. ch. 15., bk. VI. ch. 80. _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, XI. 7. _Apuleius_, De herb. LXXX. 8. A large number of remedies against them are given by _Galen_: Vol. XIII. 309, 312, 422, 447, 512, 560, 715, 738, 781, 787, 824, 828, 831, 833, 837, 840.

[430] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. Comp. _Galen_, Defin. med. (XIX. p. 444.). _Oribasius_, Synops. VII. ch. 39., Collect. bk. XLV. ch. 12., bk. L. ch. 7. (in Mai loco cit. p. 43, p. 186). _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3., serm. 4. ch. 105. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59., bk. VI. chs. 58, 71. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 197. _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25. sect. 194., θύμος, ὐπέρυθρος ἔκφυσις, τραχεῖα, ἔναιμος, οὐ δυσαφαίρετος, μάλιστα περὶ αἰδοῖα καὶ δακτύλιον καὶ παραμήρια· ἔστὶ δ’ ὅτε καὶ ἐπὶ προσώπῳ. (θύμος,—_thymus_, a reddish outgrowth, rough, suffused with blood, not difficult to remove, occurring chiefly on the genital organs and anus and insides of the thighs; but sometimes on the face too). _Marcellus_, ch. 33. _Myrepsus_, XXXVIII. ch. 157.

[431] _Hippocrates_, De ulcer. Vol. III. p. 319., shows a knowledge of them very uncommon so early as his time.

[432] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. ch. 1. _Galen_, Defin. med. (XIX. p. 444.) _Oribasius_, Collect. bk. XLV. ch. 11. ch. 14. (Mai loco cit. 41, 43.) _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3., serm. 4. ch. 105. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. IV. ch. 15., bk. VI. ch. 87. _Actuarius_, bk. II. ch. 11., bk. IV. ch. 15., bk. VI. ch. 9. _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25, sect. 195.

[433] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 17. (X. p. 1011.).

[434] Perhaps some weight should be attached to the fact that the ancient physicians recommend as remedies against ulcers of the nose and mouth exactly the same means as they employed in cases of ulcer of the genitals. Comp. _Celsus_ bk. VI. ch. 18.

[435] _Celsus_, bk. VI. ch. 8., bk. VII. ch. 11. _Galen_, Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. III. ch. 3. (XII. 678.). _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. Vol. IV. chs. 45, 46. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. II. serm. 2. chs. 90, 91, 93. _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. III. ch. 23. _Alexander of Tralles_ bk. III. ch. 8. _Caelius Aurelianus_ morb. chron. bk. II. ch. 1. _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk. II. ch. 8., bk. VI. ch. 4. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 93. _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25. sect. 204. The remark of _Galen_, Isagog. ch. 20. (XIV. p. 792.), is interesting that _falling way of the nose_ from the palate gives sufferers an apelike look, ἀλλὰ κἂν ἐξ ὑπερώας μεσίζῃ ἡ ῥὶς, ὥς φησι, σιμοῦνται ἀθεραπεύτως,—(but if the nose separates from the palate, they get flat-nosed, as they say, like monkeys,—incurable.) A special _nasal syringe_, rhynenchytes, is mentioned by _Caelius Aurelianus_, Chron. bk. I. ch. 4., bk. III. ch. 2. Comp. _Calmasius_, Ad Solin p. 274.

[436] _Johannes Moschus_, Pratum spirituale (Meadow of the Soul) ch. 14. in Magna Bibliotheca veterum Patrum (Great Library of the Ancient Fathers) Vol. XIII. Paris 1644. fol., p. 1062. Ὁ Ἀββᾶς Πολυχρόνιος πάλιν ἡμῖν διηγήσατο, ἡμῖν λέγων, ὅτι ἐν τῷ κοινοβίω τοῦ Πενθουκλὰ, ἀδελφὸς ἦν πάνυ προσέχων αὑτὸν καὶ ἀσκητής· ἐπολεμήθη δὲ εἰς πορνείαν, καὶ μὴ εἰσενεγκὼν τὸν πολέμον, ἐξῆλθεν τοῦ μοναστηρίου καὶ ἀπῆλθεν εἰς Ἰεριχὼ πληρῶσαι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν αὐτοῦ· _καὶ ὡς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸ καταγώγιον τῆς πορνείας, εὐθέως ἐλεπρούθη ὅλως_· καὶ θεασάμενος ἑαυτὸν ἐν τοιούτῳ σχήματι, εὐθέως ἐπέστρεψεν εἰς τὸ μοναστήριον αὐτοῦ, εὐχαριστῶν τῷ θεῷ καὶ λέγων, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς ἐπήγαμέν μοι τὴν τοιαύτην νόσον, ἵνα ἡ ψυχή μου σωθῇ. (The Abbot Polychronius again related an incident to us, telling us how in the Monastery of Penthula there was a brother well self-disciplined and ascetic. But he was sorely tempted to fornication, and unable to fight the temptation, he went forth from the Monastery and departed to Jericho to fulfil his desire; and when he _entered into the common house of fornication, straightway he became leprous all over_. And when he saw himself in such a case, straightway he returned to his Monastery, blessing God and saying, “God hath brought down this disease upon me, that my soul might be saved”).

[437] _Galen_, De locis affect. bk. II. ch. 8. (VIII. pp. 91, 104.). τοὺς δὲ ἀπὸ τῶν περὶ τὰ ὀστέα προστυπεῖς εὑρήσεις, ὡς αὐτῶν δοκεῖν τῶν ὀστέων ὄντας· ... ὅτι δ’ οἱ τῶν περικειμένων τοῖς ὀστοῖς ὑμένων πόνοι βύθιοί τ’ εἰσὶν, τοῦτ’ ἔστι διὰ βάθους τοῦ σώματος ἐπιφέροντες αἴσθησιν, αὐτῶν τε τῶν ὀστῶν ἐπάγουσιν φαντασίαν ὡς ὀδυνωμένων, οὐδὲν θαυμαστόν· ὀνομάζουσι γοῦν αὐτοὺς _ὀστοκόπους_ οἱ πλεῖστοι, γίνονται τὰ πολλὰ μὲν ἐπὶ γυμνασίοις, ἔστιν ὅτι δὲ καὶ διὰ ψύξιν, ἢ πλῆθος. (Now you will find patients suffering from pains in the parts surrounding the bones inclined to suppose they are suffering from the bones themselves.... And it is not at all surprising that pains in the membranes that lie about the bones being deep-seated, that is giving a sensation of being deep-seated in the body, make patients imagine it is the bones themselves that suffer. In fact they call them generally bone-racking pains; and they are set up as a rule after bodily exercises, but also sometimes as a consequence of cold or heat).

[438] _Natalis Comes_, Mythologia bk. III. p. 383., Deinde dicta (Cyprus) _Cerastia_, ut inquit Xenagoras in libro secundo de insulis, quod illam homines habitarent, _qui multos tumores, tanquam cornua quaedam in capitibus habere_ viderentur, cum cornua κέρατα dicta sint a Graecis et κεράσται cornuti. (Then it (Cyprus) was also named _Cerastia_, as Xenagoras says in his second Book “On Islands”, because its inhabitants _often had protuberances that looked like horns on their heads_, for horns are called κέρατα in Greek, and those having horns κεράσται. Comp. _Stephanus_, De urbibus, under word Κύπρος, and Σφήκεια. _Tzetzes_, in Lycophron. Cassandr. 474. p. 173., ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ καὶ Κεραστία, ὡς μὲν Ἀνδροκλῆς ἐν τῷ περὶ Κύπρου λέγει, διὰ τὸ _ἐνοικῆσαι αὐτῇ ἄνδρας, οἳ εἶχον κέρατα_· ὡς δὲ Ξεναγόρας ἐν τῷ περὶ Νήσων, διὰ _τὸ ἔχειν πολλὰς ἐξοχὰς_, ἃς κέρατα καλοῦσι, Κεραστία ὠνομάσθη. (And it was also called Κεραστία, according to Androcles in his Book “On Cyprus”, _because men lived in it who had horns_; but according to Xenagoras in his “On Islands”, because they had many protuberances, which they call horns, for this reason it was named Κεραστία). Even supposing the etymology to be a fable, is the fact therefore on which it was based bound to be mythical too? Again _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 25., says, Κέρατα, ἐν τῷ τόπῳ τῶν κεράτων περὶ τὸ μέτωπου _πωρώδεις ἐκφύσης_, (horns,—_a sort of callous outgrowths_ at the place where horns grow on the forehead). The words succeeding περὶ τὸ δέρμα (on the skin) are no doubt more appropriately taken with ἕρπης (creeping eruption) that comes next after them. In _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, ch. XI. 5. we read: Elephantis stercus illitum omnes tumores emendat, et _duritias, quae in fronte nascuntur_, mire tollit, (Elephant’s dung rubbed on cures all swellings, and removes in a wonderful way the _callosities that grow on the forehead_), but this really and truly can only be held applicable to cutaneous tubercles.)