Part 30

[333] _Galen_, De loc. affect. bk. I. ch. 5., εἰ γοῦν ὑμενώδους χιτῶνος ἐκκριθείη μόριον, ὅτι μὲν ἕλκωσίς ἐστὶ που, δηλώσει.... εἰ δ’ οὐρηθείη τῆς οὐρήθρας αὐτῆς. (If for example a small portion of the membranous coat be shed, this will show there is ulceration somewhere.... And if in micturition particles of the urethra itself be passed). Comp. Paulus Aegineta, loco citato.

[334] _Galen_, De symptom. caus. bk. III. ch. 8., ἴσχονται μὲν γὰρ ἢ ἀδυνατούσης ἐκκρίνειν τῆς κύστεως, ἢ στεγνωθέντος αὐτῆς, τοῦ στομάχου· ταυτὶ μὲν οὖν ἄμφω τὰ νοσήματα τῆς κύστεως ἓν κοινὸν ἔχει σύμπτωμα, τὴν ἰσχουρίαν·—αἱ μὲν οὖν _στεγνώσεις_ τοῦ στομάχου δι᾽ ἔμφραξίν τε καὶ _μύσιν_ ἀποτελοῦνται· καὶ γίνεται ἡ μὲν _ἔμφραξις_ ὑπὸ θρόμβου τε καὶ πύου παχέος καὶ λίθου καὶ πώρου καὶ διὰ _βλάστημά_ τι κατ’ αὐτὸν ἐπιτραφὲν τὸν πόρον ὁποῖα κἀν τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασιν ἐκτὸς ὁρᾶται γινόμενα κατά τε τὰ ὦτα καὶ ῥῖνας _αἰδοῖά_ τε καὶ ἕδραν· ἡ δὲ _μύσις_ ἤτοι δι’ ὄγκον ἐπὶ φλεγμοναῖς ἀποτελεῖται καὶ _σκίῤῥοις_ καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις οἰδήμασιν, ὅσα τε τὸν τράχηλον ἐξαίροντα τῆς κύστεως εἰς τὸν ἐντὸς πόρον ἀποχεῖ τὸν ὄγκον. (For they suffer either because the bladder is unable to secrete or because its orifice is stopped; but both these complaints of the bladder have one symptom in common, viz. retention of urine.... Now the _stoppages_ of the orifice are produced by _blocking_ or by _closing up_; and stoppages are caused by a clot or dense matter or a calculus or chalkstone or some growth that has formed in the actual passage, as is also observed to occur in other, external, organs, the ears, the nostrils, genitals, or fundament; but closure is due either to a tumour following on phlegmonous affections or by indurations or other swellings which dilate the neck of the bladder and discharge the tumour into the internal passage). Comp. _Caelius Aurelianus_ bk. V. ch. 4.

[335] _Galen_, De loc. affect. bk. I. ch. 1. (VIII. p. 12.), οὕτω δὲ εἰ καὶ σάρκα τινὰ δι᾽ ἕλκωσιν ἐπιτραφεῖσαν ἡγούμεθα τὸν τράχηλον τῆς κύστεως ἐμφράττειν, ἔκ τε τῶν προηγησαμένων τοῦ ἕλκους σημείων ἔκ τε τοῦ κενωθῆναι τὸ οὖρον ἐπὶ τῷ _καθετηρι_ συλλογιούμεθα· καί ποτε καὶ γενόμενον οἶδα τοιοῦτόν τι πάθημα· διαβαλλομένου γοῦν τοῦ καθετῆρος, ἤλγησεν κατ’ ἐκεῖνο τοῦ πόρου τὸ μέρος, ἔνθα καὶ πρότερον ἐτεκμηράμεθα τὴν ἕλκωσιν εἶναι· _θλασθείσης δὲ τῆς σαρκὸς ὑπὸ τοῦ καθετῆρος_, ἠκολούθησε μὲν μετὰ τὴν τῶν οὔρων ἔκκρισιν αἵματός τέ τι καὶ θρύμματα τῆς σαρκός· ... τὸ δ’ εἴτε πάθος εἶναι λεκτέον τοῦ πόρου τὸ γεγονός, εἶτε αἴτιον ἰσχουρίας ἐν τῷ πόρῳ περιέχεσθαι, τῶν ἀχρήστων εἰς τὴν τέχνην ἐστίν. (Accordingly if we suspect some accretion of tissue, the result of ulceration, to be blocking the neck of the bladder, our diagnosis will depend both on the foregoing signs of the existence of an ulcer and also on the fact of the urine being voided on the introduction of a _catheter_. Sometimes moreover I have noted the following case to occur; on turning the catheter about pain was experienced at the part of the canal where we had previously conjectured the ulceration to be situated, and the tissue being broken down by the catheter, there followed after the evacuation of the urine some blood and particles of tissue.... Whether in this case we ought to describe the mischief as something affecting the urethral canal, or say that the cause is something lying in the same canal, is scientifically unimportant). For the catheter must always have the shape of the passage leading to the bladder (Method. med. bk. IV. ch. 7. X. p. 301.); accordingly it must be bent into the shape of the letter “S” (Introduct. ch. 19. Vol. XIV. p. 788). The inventor of it was Erasistratus (ibid. p. 751.). The employment of the catheter is well described by _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. VI. ch. 59., who adds that different catheters must be used according to age and sex.

[336] _Oribasius_, Bk. L. ch. 8. (Mai’s Classicor. auctor. e Vatican. codd. edit.—Classical Authors edited from the Vatican MSS.), Vol. IV. p. 187.

[337] The word ἰποτήριον is also found written ἰπωτήριον in _Galen_, De comp. medic. sec. gen. bk. IV. ch. 7. (XIII. p. 725.), who gives it as a φάρμακον (remedy) invented by Heraclides of Tarentum, but which is not described in detail. The word is missing in our Lexicons, though Castellus gives it.

[338] _Galen_, In Hippocrat. de diaet. in acut. (XV. p. 759.), γίνεται δ’ ἔντασις ὄρχεως ἐνίοτε μὲν ὑπὸ τῆς καθ’ ἑαυτὸν φλεγμονῆς, ἐνιοτε δὲ ὑπό τινος τῶν ἄνω φλεγμαινόντων ἑλκομένου. (Now tension of the testicles occurs sometimes owing to inflammation in the testicles itself, at other times owing to one of more inward parts that are inflamed becoming ulcerated).

[339] _Paulus Aegineta_, Bk. III. ch. 54.

[340] _Galen_, De prognost. ex puls. bk. IV. ch. 10. (IX. p. 416.). Synops. de puls. ch. 31. (ibid. p. 540).

[341] _Celsus_, Bk. VII. 18. VI. 18.

[342] _Hippocrates_, de Nat. Homin. edit. Kühn. Vol. I. p. 364. _Galen_, Vol. XV. p. 131.

[343] _Galen_, Vol. XI. p. 877., XII. p. 50.

[344] _Aretaeus_, De sign. chronic. bk. II. ch. 8., θώυμα δὲ τουτέων μέζων, εἰς ὄρχιας καὶ κρεμαστῆρας ἀδόκητον ἄλγος ἐπιφοιτῇ· πολλοὺς τῶν ἰητρῶν ἥδε ἡ ξυμπαθείη λήθει· καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐξέταμόν κοτε τοὺς κρεμαστῆρας, ὡς ἰδίην ἔχοντας αἰτίην· (And there is another thing more surprising than this, when the pain suddenly shifts to the testicles and spermatic cords. Now this sympathy between the different organs escapes many physicians; and sometimes they actually cut out the spermatic cords as if these contained the special cause of the suffering). In the edition due to Kühn’s industry the word κρεμαστῆρες is translated by _musculos cremasteres dictos_ (the muscles called cremasteres). The expression is also found in the “De sign. acut.” II. 6., and _Petit_ in his Commentary on the first named passage declares in all seriousness that the sympathy was sufficiently well known to anatomists, arising from the connection of the cremasteres muscles with the peritonaeum and its processes, which statement appears to rest on the datum of _Galen_, De usu partium bk. XIV. ch. 11. (IV. p. 193.) and De semine bk. II. ch. 5. (IV. p. 635.), where the cremasteres certainly are called μυώδη σώματα (muscular bodies) and compared with the round ligaments of the womb. Still _Galen_ says distinctly in the latter passage that they contained arteries, veins and the spermatic ducts, in the Isagoge ch. 11. (XIV. p. 719.) ὃς (γόνος) φέρεται ἐπ’ αὐτοὺς διὰ τῶν κρεμαστήρων (it,—the seed,—is conveyed to them through the cremasteres). On the other hand in the “De musc. sect.” Vol. XVIII. B. p. 997., the musculi cremasteres properly so called are clearly described, and the statement added: Τὸ δὲ ἔργον αὐτῶν ἀνατείνειν τὸν ὄρχιν· ὅθεν ἔνιοι κρεμαστῆρας αὐτοὺς ὀνομάζουσι (but their duty is to hold up the testicles, for which reason some name them the cremasteres,—suspenders). Neither Blancard-Kühn nor yet Kraus’s Lexicon give under the word “Cremaster” any meaning but that of the muscles; the same is true of Schneider. Comp. _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. VI. ch. 61., where the spermatic cords are also called παραστάται (supporters), as also by Galen, Defin. med. XIX. p. 362. and De semine bk. I. Vol. IV. p. 565., where they are spoken of as κιρσοειδῆς παραστάται (varicose parastatae). A denomination Herophilus first made use of (Galen IV. p. 582.) and which according to _Athenaeus_ Deipnos. bk. IX. p. 396. was likewise given to the testicles.

[345] _Hippocrates_, Epidem. bk. V., edit. Kühn Vol. III. p. 548. Besides Hippocrates mentions almost exclusively the sympathetic swellings of the testicles that occur in cases of interruptions of the respiration, particularly in coughs. Sextus Placitus Papyriensis likewise, ch. 92. 4., ch. 101. 2., speaks of prurigo veretri (itching of the privates).

[346] _Galen_, De semine ch. 15. (IV. p. 564).

[347] _Galen_, De medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 317.). _Paulus Aegineta_ bk. III. ch. 54. Both authors also make mention in this connection of _sarcosis testium_ (swelling of the flesh of the testicles). _Rambach_, Thesaurus Eroticus, a work which now for the first time is within our reach to consult, quotes under _ova_ pro coleis (ova,—eggs, put for testicles):

Vel tantus ad ora veniret Aut aliis causis ita computresceret ovum, Ne fieri posset quin crudelis medicina Ova recidisset, medici reprobabilis usus.

(In fact such foulness appeared, or from other causes the testicle was so rotten, that nought could be done but for cruel surgery to cut out the testicles,—the horrid habit of doctors), and assigns to it the name _Ovidius Pseud._ Is this perhaps a specimen of those old lines properly to be ascribed to some mediaeval monk?

[348] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 4. (X. p. 325.), καὶ κατὰ τοῦτο ἐπ’ αἰδοίων καὶ ἕδρας εἰς τὴν τοιαύτην ἀνάγκην ἀφικνούμεθα πολλάκις, ὅτι ῥᾳδίως σήπεται τὰ μόρια διά τε τὴν σύμφυτον ὑγρότητα καὶ ὅτι περιττωμάτων εἰσὶν ὀχετοί. (And in this respect with regard to the privates and fundament we constantly come back to the same conditions of causation, viz. that these parts are readily affected by putrefaction, as well owing to their natural moistness as because they are channels for excretions). Commentar. in Hippocrat. De humor. (XVI. p. 414.), ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ φύσις τῶν τόπων οὐ μικρὸν πρὸς τὸ δέχεσθαι σηπεδόνας ποιεῖ· καὶ γὰρ τὸ στόμα καὶ τὰ αἰδοῖα πολλὴν ὑγρότητα τῇ φύσει κέκτηται· καὶ προσέτι τοὺς ἀδένας ἔχουσιν ἐγγὺς, ἄπερ πάντα τὰ περιττὰ εἰσδέχεσθαι πεφύκασιν. (Moreover the nature of the localities has no small influence on their liability to putrefactive changes. For the mouth and the private parts possess much moisture of their very nature; and besides this they have the glands close by, all which circumstances tend naturally to make them the receptacles of excessive moisture). De usu partium bk. XI. ch. 14. (III. p. 910.), ἤδε δὲ καὶ περὶ τὴν τῶν αἰδοίων φύσιν αἱ τρίχες ἅμα μὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐγένοντο, θερμὰ γὰρ καὶ ὑγρὰ τὰ χωρία. (Now this quality and the fact of the privates being naturally surrounded with hair would seem to be necessary consequences, because the localities are hot and damp).—_Cassius_, Problem. 2., Cur supremae corporis sedes ad nomas sunt opportunae, similiter et concavae? An quia noma putrefactio est quaedam et sensus interitus atque extinctio. Supremae autem partes ob alimenti penuriam calore facile destituuntur, ita ut hac de causa census ablationem incurrant. Concavae vero ob humidae in ipsis materiae affluentem copiam, cuius occasione putredine corripiunter. (Why are the extreme parts of the body liable to nomae (eating ulcers), and likewise the concave parts? It is because a _noma_ is a form of putrefaction and a perishing and extinction of sensation? Now the extreme parts owing to the scantiness of the nourishment they get are easily robbed of heat, so that for this reason they incur loss of sensation. On the other hand the concave parts owing to the excess of moist matter that collects in them, which is the occasion of their being attacked by putrefaction). Comp. what was said above under the head of “Climate”.

[349] _Hippocrates_, Aphorism. Vol. III. p. 724. _Galen_, Vol. XVI. p. 27.

[350] _Galen_, Comment in Hippocrat. De humor. Vol. XVI. p. 414.

[351] _Hippocrates_, De nat. muliebr. Vol. II. p. 586., ἀφθήσῃ τὰ αἰδοῖα (the privates affected with aphthae). De morb. muliebr. bk. II. Vol. II. p. 614.

[352] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIII. ch. 11. (X. p. 903.), ἀντισπᾶν γὰρ χρὴ τῶν ἀρχομένων ῥευματίζεσθαι παρρωτάτω τὸ περιττὸν, οὐχ ἕλκειν ἐπ’ αὐτὰ· κατὰ τοῦτον οὖν τὸν λόγον οὐδὲ γαστρὸς οὐδ’ ἐντέρων ἀρξαμένων φλεγμαίνειν ὑπηλάτῳ χρῆσθαι προσήκει· τὴν δ’ αὐτὴν ἔνδειξιν ἔχει τούτοις μὲν μήτρα τοῖς ὀργάνοις αἰδοῖα· τό γε μὴν ἐμέτοις χρῆσθαι τῶν αἰδοίων πεπονθότων ἀντισπαστικόν ἐστὶ βούθημα. (For what is necessary is to reject the excess as far as may be from the parts that are beginning to be congested, not to draw it towards them. Therefore in accordance with this reasoning neither in the case of belly nor of intestines, when these have begun to be inflamed, is it expedient to employ purging medicine; also the same indication as in the case of these organs holds good for womb, and private parts. The treatment when the privates are attacked is revulsory, viz. the use of emetics).

[353] _Galen_, loco citato p. 904., ἐπὶ δὲ νεφρῶν καὶ κύστεος αἰδοίου τε καὶ μήτρας τὰς ἐν τοῖς σκέλεσι, μάλιστα μὲν τὰς κατὰ τὴν ἰγνύαν, εἰ δὲ μὴ, τὰς παρὰ σφυρόν (In complaints of the kidneys and bladder, of the privates and womb, bleedings on the legs, and particularly in the hollow of the knee, or otherwise at the ankle).

[354] _Oribasius_, Medicin. collect. bk. IX. ch. 24., Pudendis incommoda sunt pinguia, prosunt autem adstringentia. (Fatty matters are prejudicial to the privates, astringents on the contrary are of advantage).

[355] _Galen_, De medicam. sec. loc. compos. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 315.), τὰ δ’ ἐν αἰδοίοις ἕλκη καὶ κατὰ τὴν ἕδραν χωρὶς φλεγμονῆς ὄντα ξηραινόντων πάνυ δεῖται φαρμάκων. (Now ulcers on the privates and about the fundament, if free from the phlegmonous condition, require dessicative drugs above all). Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 381.).

[356] _Galen_, loco citato pp. 317, 383.—_Oribasius_, Synops. bk. IX. ch. 38.

[357] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. X. ch. 9. (X. p. 702.).—_Aëtius_, Tetrab. II. serm. 1. ch. 91.

[358] _Galen_, De compos. medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 316.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Oribasius_ De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 102.

[359] _Galen_, loco citato p. 316. _Paulus Aegineta_, loco citato. Oribasius, loco citato.

[360] _Galen_, loco citato p. 317.

[361] _Galen_, loco citato p. 316. De simplic. medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. X. (XII. p. 235.). _Paulus Aegineta_, loco cit. _Oribasius_, loco cit.

[362] _Galen_, De simplic. medic. temperam, ac. facult. bk. X. ch. 2. (XII. p. 268.).

[363] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 382.), De composit. medic. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p, 316.). _Paulus Aegineta_, loco cit. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. I. serm. 1. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 195.

[364] _Galen_, De simplic. medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. p. 822.). _Aëtius_, loco cit.

[365] _Oribasius_, De virtute simplicium bk. II., under word “Molibdos”,—lead.

[366] _Hippocrates_, De natura muliebri Vol. II. p. 586.

[367] _Galen_, De composit. med. sec. loc. bk. VII. (XIII. p. 36.).

[368] _Galen_, loco cit. p. 316., Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 382.), De simplic. medicam. temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. p. 832.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. IV. 102. Collect. IX. 24. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 195.

[369] Orpheus de lapidibus XVIII. 33.,

ἀνδρός τ’ αἰδοίων ἄκος ἔσσεται, ὅς κε πίῃσι.

(And it shall be a cure of the privates of a man, whosoever shall drink thereof).

[370] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 363.).

[371] _Galen_, De simplic. medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. X. (XII. p. 285.).

[372] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Oribasius_, Collect. bk. IX. ch. 24. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 195.

[373] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. IV. ch. 44. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 17.

[374] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 24. Collect. L. ch. 9.

[375] _Hippocrates_, Coac. praenot. Vol. I. p. 389., Aphorism. Vol. III. p. 752. _Galen_, Method. med. bk. III. ch. 1. (X. p. 161.).

[376] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIV. ch. 15. (X. p. 1001 sqq.).

[377] _Galen_, loco cit. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. p. 381.), De simplic. medic. temperam. ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. pp. 832, 806.).

[378] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. VI. ch. 57.

[379] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15 (X. p. 381.), _Aëtius_, Tetrab. III. 2. ch. 15., recommended drawing the prepuce forwards in micturition, so as to make the urine flow between the foreskin and glans penis, by which means the ulcers and fissures are readily cured.

[380] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. V. ch. 15. (X. 381.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. 59. _Oribasius_, Synops. IX. 37. _Marcellus Empiricus_, ch. 33.

[381] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 3.

[382] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 17.

[383] _Actuarius_, Method. med. II. ch. 12. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 18. _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, ch. V. 2. V. 43. _Theodor. Priscianus_ I. 25.

[384] _Galen_, Isag. ch. 16. (XIV. p. 777.).

[385] _Galen_, De temperam. 4. (I. p. 532.).

[386] _Pollux_, Onomast. bk. IV. ch. 26. 206., θηρίωμα, γίνεται μὲν ἕλκος περὶ ἀνδρῶν αἰδοῖα, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε καὶ περὶ δακτ_ύλους_ [read δακτυ_λιους_], καὶ ἀλλὰχοῦ, αἷμα πολὺ καὶ μέλαν καὶ δυσῶδες ἀφιὲν μετὰ μελανίας τὴν σάρκα ἀνεσθίον. (θηρίωμα,—malignant sore, is an ulcer affecting men’s privates, as well as sometimes the fingers (? the anus), and other parts, discharging much black evil-smelling blood, accompanied with black colour and eating away the flesh).

[387] _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, XV. 3.

[388] _Galen_, Isagog. ch. 11. (XIV. p. 719.), ταῖς δὲ γυναιξὶν ἡ ὑστέρα ἔοικεν ὀσχῇ ἀνεστραμμένῃ, (but in women the vagina is like a scrotum inverted), though in accordance with what comes next the uterus may also by understood to be here intended. Commentar. in Hippocrat. De Alimento (XV. p. 326.), περὶ δὲ τῆς ὑστέρας ὀλίγα ῥηθήσεται· καὶ πρῶτον μὲν, πότερον ὑστέρον ἢ μήτραν κλητέον ἐστὶ τὸ μόριον ἐκεῖνο, ὃ πρὸς τὴν κύησιν ἔδωκε φύσις ταῖς γυναιξὶν, οὐδὲν διαφέρει. (Now about the vagina we shall not say much. However first of all we may remark as to the question whether we should name the part which nature has given to women for connection ὑστέρος or μήτρα, that this is a matter of indifference). Moreover the Physicians use κόλπος (fold, bosom), e. g. _Galen_, De tumoribus praeter naturam ch. 4. (VII. p. 717.) for the vaginal canal, as the Romans did _sinus_ (fold, bosom) in Latin.

[389] _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 25. _Marcellus_, De medic, ch. 7. 17. _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_ II. 7., XV. 2., XXXI. 12. _L. Apuleius_, De herb. XLIX. 1., LXXIV. 3., CXXI. 2.

[390] _Celsus_, bk. V. 28. 25. _Galen_, Vol. II. p. 150., X. p. 993. XI. p. 9. 1001., XVI. p. 180., XVII. B. pp. 274, 855., XIX., p. 428, _Oribasius_, De virt. simpl. bk. II. 1. under word “Leucoion”, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 112. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. I. serm. 1. under word “Leucoion”, Tetrab. IV. serm. 4. ch. 83. _Actuarius_, Method. med. bk. VI. chs. 8, 9.

[391] _Aretaeus_, De sign. chron. bk. II. ch. 11.

[392] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 4. chs. 88-94.

[393] The uterine speculum is mentioned by _Aëtius_ also chs. 86, 88. and its use described; as also by _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 65., bk. VI. ch. 73., and for the examination of the rectum, bk. VI. ch. 78.

[394] _Galen_, De loc. affect. bk. VI. ch. 5. (VIII. p. 436.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. chs. 59, 75. _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. 2. ch. 15., serm. 4. ch. 107.

[395] _Hippocrates_, De natura muliebri Vol. II. pp. 586, (588), 591., De morbis mulier. bk. II. Vol. II. 878.

[396] _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 206., distinguishes between ῥυπάρον ἕλκος, νομὴ μετὰ φλεγμονῆς (foul ulcer, eating sore with inflammation) and ἄνευ φλεγμονῆς νομή (eating sore without inflammation); as does _Paulus Aegin._, bk. III. ch. 66.

[397] By means of the uterine syringe, μητρεγχύτης. _Galen_, Synopsis medic. sec. loc. IX. ch. 8. (XIII. p. 316.). _Oribasius_, Collect. medic. bk. X. ch. 25.

[398] _Celsus_, bk. VII. ch. 28. _Pliny_, Histor. nat. XXX. 4. _Sextus Placitus Papyriensis_, XXXII. 2. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 73.

[399] _Cedrenus_, Σύνοψις ἱστορικὴ (Historical Survey), edit. J. Goar and H. Fabrot, Paris 1647. fol., p. 266. In Diocletian’s time when persecutions of the Christians were general, a fair and modest maiden was charged with having spoken disrespectfully of the gods; for punishment she was sent to a brothel with the order that she must reimburse the brothel-keeper three shillings a day. The latter was to make her serve as a prostitute, and she was to receive all who wished to go with her. Account however was taken of the fact that she declared _she had an ulcer on her privates_, and this obliged them to wait till it was cured (προσφασιζομένη ἕλκος ἔχειν ἐπὶ κρυπτοῦ τόπου καὶ τούτου ἀπαλλαγὴν ἐκδέξασθαι) (pretexting she had an ulcer in a secret place, and must wait for its removal). The same story is told by _Palladius_, Hist. lausiac. ch. 148., as having happened at Corinth, who calls the ulcer an evil-smelling one, that might easily stir the repugnance of her visitors against the girl, (λέγουσα, ὅτι ἕλκος ἔχω τι εἰς κεκρυμμένον τόπον, ὅπερ ἐσχάτως ὄζει, καὶ δέδοικα μὴ εἰς μῖσός μου ἔηθητε τῷ ἀποτροπαίῳ τοῦ ἕλκους· ἔνδοτε οὖν μοι ὀλίγας ἡμέρας καὶ ἐξουσίαν μου ἔχετε καὶ δωρεάν με ἔχειν,)—(saying “I have an ulcer in a secret part, which smells very ill, and I fear you may come to feel repugnance towards me owing to the foulness of the ulcer; grant me therefore a few days, then may work your will of me and I undertake to give myself freely”). The last sentence shows clearly that the ulcer was easy to cure. Comp. Nicephorus, Hist. eccles. bk. VII. chs. 12, 13.

[400] _Aëtius_, Tetrab. IV. serm. II. chs. 1, 2, 3, 9, 10. _Galen_, Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 7. (XIII. p. 315.). _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 93. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.

[401] _Galen_, Euporist. bk. I. ch. 14. (XIV. p. 382.), Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 7. (XIII. p. 315.), _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 93. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.

[402] _Galen_, Euporist. bk. I. ch. 14. (XIV. p. 382.). _Oribasius_, De loc. affect, bk. IV. ch. 94.

[403] _Galen_, Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IV. ch. 6. (XIII. p. 309.), ch. 7. (p. 314.), Synops. med. sec. gen. bk. V. ch. 12. (XIII. p. 837.). _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 92. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59. _Nonnus_, Epit. ch. 198.

[404] _Celsus_, bk. VI. ch. 18., bk. VII. 30., bk. V. 20. _Galen_, Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 6. (XIII. p. 309.), Synops. med. sec. gen. bk. V. ch. 13. (XIII. p. 840.), De simplic. med. temp. ac facult. bk. IX. chs. 3, 23. (XII. p. 231.), bk. XI. ch. 1. (XII. p. 333.), _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59., bk. VI. ch. 80. _Oribasius_, De loc. affect. bk. IV. ch. 95. _Dioscorides_ bk. I. ch. 34., ch. 94. _Scribonius Largus_, De compos. med. ch. 223. _Marcellus_, ch. 31. _Nonnus_, Epitom. ch. 196. _Isidorus_, Origin. bk. IV. ch. 7.

[405] _Aëtius_, loco citato ch. 9. from Leonidas. _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. VI. ch. 78.

[406] _Celsus_, VI. 18. _Galen_, (X. p. 381.), Synops. med. sec. loc. bk. IX. ch. 6. (XIII. p. 307.), De simplic. temperam ac facult. bk. VI. (XI. p. 821.). _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. III. ch. 59.

[407] _Paulus Aegineta_, bk. VI. ch. 80.

[408] _Galen_, Method. med. ad Glaucon. bk. II. ch. 1. (XI. p. 77.), De tumor. praet. nat. ch. 15. (VII. p. 729.), Comment. in Hippocrat. Aphorism. (XVII. B. p. 636.).—_Paulus Aegineta_, bk. IV. ch. 22. _Actuarius_, bk. II. ch. 12. _Cassius_, Problem. 42. _Nonnus_, Epitom. 247. _Heliodorus_, in Mai’s Class. auctor. e Vatic. codd. edit. Vol. IV. p. 13. note 3.

[409] _Galen_, Method. med. bk. XIII. ch. 5. (X. pp. 180 sqq.). Comp. _Celsus_, bk. V. ch. 28. _Oribasius_, Sympos. bk. VII. 31., De morb. curat. bk. III. ch. 46.

[410] _Hippocrates_, De natura pueri, Vol. I. p. 390.

[411] _Hippocrates_, Epidem. bk. VI. Vol. III. p. 619.

[412] In reference to ανθραξ _Galen_ says, Isagog. ch. 16. (XIX. p. 777.): ἀνθράκωσις δέ ἐστιν ἕλκος ἐσχαρῶδες μετὰ νομῆς καὶ _ῥεύματος_ καὶ _βουβῶνος_ ἐνίοτε καὶ πυρετῶν γινομένων περὶ τὸ ἄλλο πᾶν σῶμα, ἔστι δὲ ὅτε καὶ περὶ ὀφθαλμούς. (But ἀνθράκωσις (malignant ulcer) is a scabby ulcer conjoined with eating ulcer and _discharge_ and _bubo_, as also with fevers sometimes affecting the whole body and at other times the eyes in particular).