Part 22

[128] _Mutilus_, κολοβὸς, κόλος, the special expression for beasts that have lost one or both horns. Thus _mutilus aries_ (a mutilated, hornless, ram) _Columella_ de R.R. VII. 3., _capella mutila_ (mutilated she-goat) VII. 6., _bos mutilus_ (mutilated ox) _Varro_, De ling. Lat. VIII. ch. 26. (Heindorf).

[129] The Scholiast _Acro_ even in his time says on this passage: Campanum in morbum. Aut oris foeditatem aut arrogantiam. Dicuntur enim Campani foedi osse, arrogantes. Sic foeda accipiamus. Aliter, Campani, qui et Osci dicebantur ore immundi. Unde etiam Oscenos dicimus. (As to the Campanian disease, this is either foulness of mouth, or arrogance. For the Campanians are said to be foul, arrogant. So let us take it as foul. In another sense, the Campanians, who were also called Oscans are filthy of mouth. For which reason we say _Osceni_—obscene). _Lambinus_ expresses himself yet more distinctly: Campani, qui antea Osci dicebantur, habiti sunt ore impuro atque incesto; τοῦτ’ ἔστι τῷ στόματι αἰσχροποιοῦντες καὶ λεσβιάζοντες, morbum igitur animi intellige, ut Od. I. 37. (The Campanians, who were previously called Oscans, were considered of impure and abominable mouth; that is to say as acting uncleanly with the mouth or _Lesbianizing_; understand therefore a mental disease, as in Od. I. 37.). The Latin _Morbus_ is frequently so used.

[130] _Homer_, Iliad XI. 233.

(κἀκείνου) Ἀτρείδης μὲν ἅμαρτε, παραὶ δέ οἱ ἐτράπετ’ ἔγχος· αἰχμὴ δ’ ἐξεσύθη παρὰ νείατον ἀνθερεῶνα.

(Now him Atreides missed, and his spear was turned aside past him, and the point sped rushing past the very edge of his chin). Similarly _Diogenes_ according to Diogenes Laertius’ (VI. 53.) report parodied the Homeric verse (Iliad X. 282): “No sleeper must drive a spear through your back,” as he woke a handsome youth, who lay incautiously asleep.

[131] In _Festus_, under the word bigenera (hybrids), we read: _Cicursus_ ex apro et scropha domestica, (_Cicursus_ from the wildboar and the domestic sow). Comp. _Varro_, De L. L. bk. VII. p. 368. edit. Sp.

[132] _Aristotle_, De Generatione Animalium, bk. IV. ch. 3., Παραπλήσιον τούτῳ καὶ τὸ νόσημα τὸ καλούμενον σατυρίασις· καὶ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ διὰ ῥεύματος ἢ πνεύματος ἀπέπτου πλῆθος εἰς τὰ μόρια τοῦ προσάπου παρεμπεσόντος ἄλλου ζώου καὶ σατύρου φαίνεται τὸ πρόσωπον. (Akin to this also is the disease known as Satyriasis; for in this complaint, in consequence of the super-abundance of rheum or crude humour that has become segregated to the regions of the face, the latter seems that of a strange animal or a Satyr).

[133] Besides Acro, _Florus Christianus_ also, in his notes on Aristophanes’ Wasps v. 1337., referred the morbus Campanus to _fellation_, saying, Hac detestanda libidine iuxta Lesbios usi sunt _etiam Campani_ sive Nolani, ut ex Ausonio et Horatio patet, quorum testimonia non arcessam, quia hoc occupatum ab eruditioribus. Hoc tantum dicam, aenigma illud, quod in Clodii Metelli uxorem iactum putant: In triclinio Coa, in cubiculo Nola, respicere ad hanc Lesbiam et Campanam foeditatem. (This hateful form of lust was practised by the _Campanians_ or Nolans, as well as by the Lesbians, as is manifest from what Ausonius and Horace say,—whose evidence however I will not quote, this ground being already preoccupied by more learned writers. This much only will I add, viz. the riddle that was directed against the wife of Metellus Clodius: “On the banquet-couch a Coan, in the bed-chamber a Nolan,” and which is thought to allude to this Lesbian and Campanian abomination). The riddle is found in _Quintilian_, Instit. Orat. VIII. 6.; but is differently explained in Forberg, loco citato p. 283. He says: _Coam_ dici, quod voluerit in triclinio coire, _Nolam_, quod noluerit in cubiculo, (that she was called a _Coan_, because willing to have intercourse on the banquet-couch, a Nolan, because unwilling to do so in the bed-chamber), that is to say, Clodia would satisfy her lust only publicly, not in private.

[134] _Hier. Magius_, Bk. V. De sodomitica immanitate ad Leg. cum vir nubit. 31. C. ad leg. Jul. De adulter.—_Wolfart_, Diss. de sodomia vera et spuria in hermaphrod. Erfurt 1743.—_Bechmann_, De coitu damnato. Pt. II, ch. 1.—_Schurig_, Gynaecology, § 2. ch. 7.

[135] _Plutarch_, Bruta animalia ratione uti, (That brutes employ reason), ch. 15.

[136] Lucretius, De rerum natura, bk. V. 888.,

Ne forte ex homine et veterino semine equorum Confieri credas Centauros posse, nec esse.

(Never suppose that the Centaurs _could_ be framed from man and the bestial seed of horses, and _were_ not so framed). _Clement of Alexandria_, Coh. p. 51. Aristonymus the Ephesian begat with a she-ass, Fulvius Stella with a mare, the former a girl, the latter a boy. _Plutarch_, Parall. ch. 26.

[137] Leviticus, Ch. XX, 15-19., “And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death: and ye shall slay the beast. And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to death.” Comp. _Philo_, De specialibus legibus,—Works, edit. Mangey, Vol. II. p. 307.

[138] _Plutarch_, Bruta animalia ratione uti, (That brutes employ Reason), ch. X., ὁ Μενδήσιος ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ τράγος λέγεται πολλαῖς καὶ καλαῖς συνειργνυμένος γυναιξὶν οὐκ εἶναι μίγνυσθαι πρόθυμος· ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὰς αἰγας ἐπτόηται μᾶλλον. (The Mendesian Goat in Egypt is said, though shut up with many beautiful women, not to be eager to have intercourse with them; but rather is he inflamed towards the she-goats). Yet this did sometimes happen; _Herodotus_, Hist. bk. II. ch. 46., Καλεῖται δὲ ὅ τε τράγος καὶ ὁ Πὰν Αἰγυπτιστὶ Μένδης· ἐγένετο δ’ ἐν τῷ νομῷ τούτῳ ἐπ’ ἐμεῦ τοῦτο τὸ τέρας. γυναικὶ τράγος ἐμίσγετο ἀναφανδόν· τοῦτο ἐς ἐπίδεξιν ἀνθρώπων ἀπίκετο. (Now the goat and Pan are called in Egyptian Mendes; and there occurred in this district in my time the following marvel,—a he-goat had intercourse with a woman openly; and this came to be an example among men). Strabo. XVII. p. 802., Μένδης, ὅπου τὸν Πᾶνα τιμῶσι, καὶ ζωὸν τράγον· οἱ τράγοι ἐνταῦθα γυναιξὶ μίγνυνται. (Mendes, where they honour Pan, and a live goat; the he-goats there have intercourse with women). In a fragment (from Pindar) there given, we read:

ἔσχατον Νείλου κέρας αἰγιβάται ὅθι τράγοι γυναιξὶ μίγνυνται.

(The furthest mouth of the Nile, where bucking he-goats conjoin with women). The Museum Herculanense actually preserves representations of the thing on Monuments. _Plutarch_, De solertia animalium (Of the Intelligence of Animals), ch. 49., relates a similar case even with crocodiles, which was said to have happened at Antaeopolis.

[139] _Boettiger_, “Sabina oder Morgenscenen in Putzzimmer einer Römerin,” (Sabina, or Morning Scenes at the Toilette of a Roman Lady), Bk. II. p. 454.

[140] _Pliny_, Hist. Nat. Bk. XXXIX. ch. 4., Anguis Aesculapius Epidauro Romam advectus est, vulgoque pascitur et in domibus. (The snake of Aesculapius was introduced from Epidaurus to Rome, and is very commonly kept there, even in houses). _Martial_, bk. VII. Epigr. 86., Si gelidum collo nectit Gracilla draconem. (If Gracilla twines a clammy snake round her neck). Comp. _Lucian_, Alexander, Works, Vol. IV. p. 259. _Philostratus_, Heroic. Bk. VIII. ch. 1.

[141] Suetonius, Vita Augusti, ch. 94.

[142] This last statement acquires no little additional interest from the fact that according to more modern observations on the part of _J. Carver_ (Voyage dans l’Amérique Sept., etc. trad. de l’Anglais,—Travels in North America, etc., transl. from the English, Yverdun 1784., pp. 355 sqq.) and Crêve-Cœur (Lettres du Cultivateur Américain,—Letters from an American Farmer, Vol. III. p. 48), the bite of the rattle-snake would appear to call up on the skin of the person bitten, each recurrent year, marks resembling the hue of the snake. Comp. _C. W. Stark_, “Allgem. Pathologie” (General Pathology), Leipzig 1838. p. 364. Perhaps too the expression κίναδος belongs in this connection, of which the Scholiast on Aristophanes, Clouds 447., says, εἶδός τι θηρίου.—κακοῦργος οὖν, φησὶν, ὡς ἀλώπηξ, τινὲς δὲ κίναδος ζῶον μικρὸν _τὸ αἰδοῖον εἰςσωθοῦν καὶ ἐξωθοῦν_. (a kind of beast,—mischievous, they say, as a fox, but others say κίναδος means a little animal that _forces its way in and out of the privates_). Suidas brings forward the same statement, under the word κίναδος. From the connection in which _Democritus_ mentions it in Stobaeus’ Sermon. 42., περὶ κιναδέων τε καὶ ἑρπετέων (Of κίναδοι and Creeping Things), _Schmeider_ in his Lexicon supposes it to signify _snakes_ particularly. Again _Schnieder_, Arrian’s Indica p. 50., interprets it by ὄφις (a snake). The close resemblance with κίναιδος (Cinaedus) is striking.

[143] _Juvenal_, Sat. VI. 332, 33.

Hic si Quaeritur, et desunt homines: more nulla per ipsam, Quominus imposito clunem summittat _asello_.

(If he is sought in vain, and men are not to be found; _she_ makes no delay, but straightway submits her rear to the _donkey_ that is made to mount her). Comp. _Appuleius_, Metamorphos. Bk. X. 226. Pasiphaé’s bull is familiar to all. Comp. Suetonius, Nero II. Martial, Spectac. VI.

[144] _Jo. Jac. Reiske_ and _Jo. Ern. Fabri_, Opuscula medica ex monumentis Arabum et Ebraeorum, (Minor Medical Treatises derived from the Monuments of the Arabs and Jews), Revised edition by _Ch. G. Gruner_, Halle 1776. 8vo., p. 61.

[145] _Hippocrates_, De aere aq. et loc., edit. Kühn Vol. I. p. 549.

[146] Comp. _Simon Zeller von Zellenberg_, Abhandl. über die ersten Erscheinungen venerischer Lokal-Krankheitsformen und deren Behandlung, (Treatise on the first Appearances of Local Forms of Venereal disease, and their Treatment), (One treatise under six heads),—Vienna 1820. large 8vo. pp. 11-18.

[147] According to _Al. Donné_, Recherches microscopiques sur la nature des mucus et la matière des divers écoulements des organes genitourinaires chez l’homme et chez la femme, (Microscopic Researches into the Nature of the Mucous Secretions and the Constituents of the Various Discharges from the genito-urinary Organs in Male and Female), Paris 1837., the vaginal mucus disengaged under normal circumstances _always exhibits an acid reaction_.

[148] According to _J. P. Schotte_, Von einem ansteckenden, schwarzgallichten Faulfieber, welches im Jahr 1778 in Senegall herrschte, (Account of a Contagious, black biliary, putrid Fever, prevalent in Senegal in the Year 1778), from the English (Stendal) 1786. 8vo., p. 103., both men and women in Senegal get ulcers, quite without any syphilitic contagion, in the one sex on the _glans penis_ or the under side of the prepuce, in the other on the inner side of the _labia_.

[149] _Virey_, De la Femme, 2nd. edition, Brussels 1826., p. 70., En effet, dans la chaleur, lorsque les excrétions de la peau, des glandes sébacées, des cryptes du vagin, augmentent en abondance et en fétidité, il n’est pas étonnant que le sang menstruel, pour peu qu’il séjourne en ces parties voisines de l’anus, qui sont dans un état d’orgasme, acquière bientôt de l’odeur. (Indeed in a hot climate, when the secretions from the skin, from the sebaceous glands, from the recesses of the vagina, increase in abundance and in foulness, it is not surprising that the menstrual blood, remaining for a time as it does in the regions contiguous to the anus, these regions being in a state of sur-excitation, quickly acquires an evil smell). So _Haller_ too says (Elem. Physiolog. Vol. VII. pt. II. p. 146.), _Ex Asia videtur opinio de menstrui sanguinis foetida et venenata natura ad nos pervenisse_, et per medicos potissimum Arabes ad Europaeos transiisse. In calidissimis certe regionibus, si ad aestuosum aerem immundities accesserit, non repugnat, sanguinem in loco calente, in vicinia faecum alvinarum retentum, acrem fieri et foetire.... _Lentorem aliquem possit mucus admistus addidisse._ (_It is from Asia that the opinion as to the fetid and poisonous character of menstrual blood would seem to have come to us_, being transmitted mainly by the Arab physicians to those of Europe. No doubt in very hot climates, if dirty habits be added to the extreme heat of the atmosphere, there is nothing at all unlikely in the blood, retained as it is in a hot locality, in close proximity to the faeces in the bowels, growing sour and smelling foul.... _A certain viscous quality may very well have been added by the admixture of mucous discharge_). What has been observed as to the injuriousness of menstrual blood by our predecessors since _Pliny_ (Hist. Nat. VII. 15. XIX. 10. XXVIII. 7.) may be found partially collected in _Schurig_, Parthenologia 227-240. Comp. _Frank de Frankenau_, Satyrae Medicae (Medical Satires), p. 89. Comp. pp. 54. sqq.—_Hensler_, Geschichte der Lustseuche, (History of Venereal Disease), Vol. I. pp. 204. sqq., where it is demonstrated that a great proportion of the Writers on Venereal disease at the beginning of the XVIth. Century attribute its rise to intercourse with women during menstruation.

[150] _Burdach_, Die Physiologie als Erfahrungswissenschaft, (Physiology as an Experimental Science), 2nd. edition, Vol. I. p. 196.—_Boerhaave_, Tract. de lue venerea, (Treatise on Venereal Contagion), Venice 1753., p. 6., says, In Asia ad partes genitales sub praeputio naturaliter sordes colliguntur, quae acres redditae generant multa mala, quae praecipue ad luem veneream accedere proxime videntur; non vere sunt lues venerea; imo nostri nautae hoc etiam experiuntur, dum in illis terris degunt, nam nisi quotidie praeputium eluerent aqua salsa et aceto, vel similibus remediis brevi eodem morbo laborarent. (In Asia filth of sorts naturally enough collects on the genital parts beneath the prepuce, and this turning sour originates many complaints, which seem above all others to approximate closely to the Venereal disease. This our sailors found out, when living in those regions; for if they did not daily thoroughly wash the prepuce with salt water and vinegar, or similar remedies, they would soon suffer from the disease in question).

[151] _Thevenot_, Travels, Pt. I., p. 58., says, “The Arabs in fact have the prepuce so long that, if they did not have it circumcised, they would suffer much inconvenience from it; and little children are to be seen among them whose prepuce hangs down to a very considerable length;—not to mention that, supposing their foreskin uncircumcised, every time after passing water some drops would remain behind, rendering them unclean.”

[152] _Niebuhr_, Beschreibung von Arabien, (Description of Arabia) Copenhagen 1772. 4to., p. 77.

[153] _Josephus_, Contra Apionem bk. II. ch. 13., ὅθεν εἰκότως μοι δοκεῖ τῆς εἰς τοὺς πατρίους αὐτοῦ νόμους βλασφημίας δοῦναι δίκην Ἀπίων τὴν πρέπουσαν· περιετμήθη γὰρ ἐξ ἀνάγκης, _ἑλκώσεως αὐτῷ περὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον γενομένης_· καὶ μηδὲν ὠφεληθεὶς ὑπὸ τῆς περιτομῆς ἀλλὰ σηπόμενος ἐν δειναῖς ὀδύναις ἀπέθανεν. (for translation see text). The expression περὶ τὸ αἰδοῖον (about the privates) is evidently to be understood here as meaning the _glans penis_, or at any rate the prepuce. This is implied by the general sense of the whole passage.

[154] _Philo_, De circumcisione, Works edit. Th. Mangey Vol. II. p. 211. Ἓν μὲν, χαλεπῆς νόσου καὶ δυσιάτου πάθους ἀπαλλαγὴν, ἣν _ἄνθρακα καλοῦσιν_, ἀπὸ τοῦ καίειν ἐντυφόμενον, ὡς οἶμαι, ταύτης τῆς προσηγορίας τυχόντος, ἥτις οὐ κολώτερον τοῖς τὰς ἀκροποσθίας ἔχουσιν ἐγγίνετο· Δεύτερον, τὴν δι’ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος καθαρότητα πρὸς τὸ ἁρμόττειν τάξει ἱερωμένῃ. Παρ’ ὃ καὶ ξυρῶντο τὰ σώματα προσυπερβάλλοντες οἱ ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ τῶν ἱερέων. ὑποσυλλέγετο γὰρ καὶ ὑποστέλλει καὶ θριξὶ καὶ ποσθίαις ἔνια τῶν ὀφειλόντων καθαίρεσθαι. (for translation see text above).

[155] That is to say so far as it is suffered to remain for any length of time in the vagina and comes more or less in contact with the atmospheric air; for in the case of healthy menstrual blood no injurious combination is set up at all or any foul acridity developed, as _John Stedman_ (Physiolog. Versuche und Beobachtungen,—Physiological Investigations and Observations, transl. from the English, Leipzig 1778. 8vo., pp. 50-54.) long ago maintained. It is more probable however that any slight putrefactive action occurring is in each case due not so much to this as to the _acid quality_ of the menstrual blood, which in conjunction with the acid vaginal mucus undergoes a kind of acetous fermentation in the vagina, the product of which has thus a corrosive effect. _Retzius_ indeed has lately not only found menstrual blood to possess an exceedingly acid reaction, but even proved that it contains free phosphoric and lactic acids. Comp. Arsberättelse om Svenska Läkare Sällskapets Arbeten, 1835., pp. 19-21. Froriep’s Notiz, Vol. 49., p. 237.

[156] Hence too _Hugo Grotius_ writes (Commentar. ad Mosis lib. III.—Commentary on Book of Leviticus, ch. 15.): Sciendum est autem in Syria et locis vicinis non minus τὴν γονόῤῥοιαν quam τὰ ἐμμήνια habere aliquid contagione nocens, (But it is to be observed that in Syria and the neighbouring regions ἡ γονοῤῥοία (discharge from the genitals) no less than τὰ ἐμμήνια (menstrual discharge) contains a principle contagiously injurious). Even _Astruc_, the eager advocate of the American origin of Venereal disease, says (Vol. I. p. 92.): Sane constat in hac nostra Europa, quae magis temperata est, si cum menstruatis res habeatur, balanum et praeputium leviore phlogosi aut superficiariis pustulis, quae tamen brevi cessant, _plerumque_ affici. Quanto graviora ergo iis impendere credendum est, quos in calidiore et aestuante climate misceri cum foeminis non pudet, dum illis menses actu fluunt natura acerrimi et quasi virosi. Ideo forsan factum est, ut medici Arabes, qui regiones calidiores incolebant, quam Graeci et Latini, et primi et saepe disseruerint de pustulis et ulceribus virgae, oriundis ex coitu cum foeda muliere, hoc est (?), cum muliere menstruata. (It is an undoubted fact that in this Europe of ours, though enjoying a more temperate climate, if intercourse is had with women during menstruation, the _glans penis_ and prepuce are _generally_ attacked by some little inflammation or by superficial pustules, which however soon disappear. What much more serious consequences then must we suppose threaten those who in a warmer climate, one steaming with heat, are not ashamed to make coition with women, whilst their _menses_ are actually flowing, these being from the nature of the case exceedingly acrid and almost poisonous. Perhaps this is why the Arab physicians, who lived in warmer countries than the Greek and Latin practitioners, first and most often treated of pustules and ulcers of the verge, arising from coition with an unclean woman, that is to say (?) with a woman during menstruation). Comp. _Fr. Eagle_ and _Judd_ in Behrend’s Syphilologie, Vol. I. 117 and 285.