CHAPTER XXXII.

"From Cain to Catiline, the world hath known

Her traitors--vaunted votaries of crime--

Caligula and Nero sat alone

Upon the pinnacle of vice sublime;

But they were moved by hate, or wish to climb

The rugged steeps of Fame, in letters bold

To write their names upon the scroll of Time;

Therefore their crimes some virtue did enfold--

But Arnold! thine had none--'twas all for sordid gold!"

Estelle Anna Lewis.

HE localities more immediately associated with the brief career of Andre during his hapless connection with Arnold, now commands our attention, for toward Haverstraw I next journeyed. It was three o'clock in the afternoon when I crossed the ferry at Verplanck's Point in a small row- boat This was the old King's Ferry of the Revolution, where the good Washington so often crossed, and where battalion after battalion of troops, royal, French, and American, at various times spanned the Hudson with their long lines of flat-boats, for it was the main crossing-place of armies moving between the Eastern and Middle States. It was here, too, that a portion of the forces of Burgoyne crossed the Hudson when on their march from Massachusetts to Virginia.

The landing-place on the Stony Point side, in former times, was in the cove at the opening of the marsh, on the north of the promontory; now the western terminus of the ferry is a little above, at the cottage of Mr Tenyck, the jolly old ferryman, who has plied the oar there, almost without intermission, ever since 1784. He was sitting upon his door- stone when his son moored the boat at its rock-fastening; and, as we ascended the bank, the old man held up a bottle of whisky, and proffered a draught as a pledge of welcome to the "millionth man" that had crossed his ferry. Preferring milk to whisky, I sat down under the rich-leaved branches of a maple, and regaled myself with that healthful beverage. While the veteran and two of his neighbors were enjoying the aqua vitæ.

I sketched the old King's Ferry sign-board, with its device, which was nailed to a sapling near, and then, accompanied by the old man and his companions, started for a ramble over the rough site of the fort on Stony Point. Upon its ancient mounds I sat and listened for an hour to the adventurous tales of the octogenarian, until the long shadows of the mountains warned me that the day was fast waning, when I hastened to make the drawings upon pages 744 and 746. At sunset, accompanied by one of the men as bearer of my light baggage, I started on foot for the neighborhood of Haverstraw. The road passes through a truly romantic region, made so by nature, history, and tradition. I stopped often to view the beautiful river prospect on the southeast, while the outlines of the distant shores were imperceptibly fading as the twilight came on. At dusk we passed an acre of ground, lying by the roadside on the right, which was given

"God's Acre."--Benson's Tavern.--Interview with a Builder of Stony Point Fort.--View from Smith's House

752many years ago for a neighborhood burial-place. Its numerous white slabs proclaimed an already populous city of the dead, and ere long another generous hand should donate an acre near for the same purpose.

"I like that ancient Saxon phrase which calls

The burial-ground God's Acre! It is just.

It consecrates each grave within its walls,

And breathes a benison o'er the sleeping dust.

God's Acre! Yes, that blessed name imparts

Comfort to those who in the grave have sown

The seed that they had garner'd in their hearts,

Their bread of life, alas! no more their own."

Longfellow.

It was quite dark when we reached the tavern of Mr. Benson, near Sampsonville, about three miles below Stony Point. Haverstraw was two miles distant, and, wearied with the rambles of the day, I halted at Benson's until morning. After an early breakfast I proceeded to the foot of Torn Mountain, a little northwest of Haverstraw, to visit a man named Allison, who was eighty-eight years old. I had been informed of his vigor of body and mind, and was much disappointed on finding him in bed, feeble and sinking from the effects of a fall. Our conversation was brief, but his short communications were interesting. He was a young man of eighteen when the fort at Stony Point was built, and assisted in carrying material for its construction from the main. In company with many others in the neighborhood not allowed to join in Wayne's expedition, he hung upon the rear of the little army on that eventful night; and when the shout of victory arose from the fort, his voice was among the loudest in the echo that was sent back by the yeomanry gathered upon the neighboring hills. He gave me a minute account of the movements of the Americans before crossing the morass, and told me of a black walnut-tree still standing by the roadside between Haverstraw and Stony Point, under which the negro, Pompey, took charge, as pilot, of Wayne's assaulting force. I had intended, on leaving Mr. Allison, to go down near the river bank, where Arnold and Andre met; but the hour was approaching at which I had promised myself to return to Verplanck's Point, so I postponed my visit to this interesting spot until a subsequent date.

On my return toward Stony Point, I tarried at and sketched Smith's House, delineated on page 720. It is in the present possession of William C. Houseman, whose good taste has adorned the grounds around it with fine shrubbery. It is located upon the brow of an eminence, known, for obvious reasons, as Treason Hill, and commands an extensive view of the Hudson and the country beyond.1 From the window in the second story, where, tradition avers, Andre looked with anxious eyes for the appearance of the Vulture, I made the drawing printed on the opposite page. Between the foreground and the river is seen the broad alluvial flat in the rear of Haverstraw, and on the brink of the water is the village. The headland on the left is Teller's Point, and the highest ground on the extreme right is Torn Mountain, extending down to the verge of Haverstraw Bay, where it is called

* The Marquis de Chastellux, in his Travels in North America (i., 98, 99), says, "My thoughts were occupied with Arnold and his treason when my road brought me to Smith's farm-house, where he had his interview with André, and formed his horrid plot.... Smith, who was more than suspected, but not convicted of being a party in the plot, is still in prison, * where the law protects him against justice. But his home seems to have experienced the only chastisement of which it was susceptible; it is punished by solitude; and is, in fact, so deserted, that there is not a single person to take care of it, although it is the mansion of a large farm."

* Joshua Hett Smith, implicated in Arnold's treason, was a brother of the Tory chief justice, William Smith, and a man of considerable influence. The part which he had acted with Arnold made him strongly suspected of known participation in his guilt. He was arrested at Fishkill, in Dutchess county, and was taken to the Robinson House a few hours previous to the arrival of André. There Smith was tried by a military court and acquitted. He was soon afterward arrested by the civil authority of the state, and committed to the jail at Goshen, Orange county, whence he escaped, and made his way through the country, in the disguise of a woman, to New York. He went to England with the British army at the close of the war, and in 1808 published a book in London, entitled An Authentic Narrative of the Causes which led to the Death of Major Andre; a work of very little reliable authority, and filled with abuse of Washington and other American officers. Smith died in New York in 1818.

Ancient black Walnut-tree.--Tarrytown.--Cow-boys and Skinners.--Neutral Ground.--Place where André was Captured.

753the Hook Mountain. The vessel in the river denotes the place where the Vulture lay at anchor.

Half a mile above the Smith House, on the right of the road to Stony Point, is the huge black walnut-tree mentioned by Mr. Allison.

I procured a branch from it, large and straight enough for a _maul- stick,_ and then plodded on in the warm sun, to the ferry. The old waterman, though nearly eighty years of age, rowed his boat across with a vigorous hand, and at one o'clock I left Verplanck's for Tarrytown, a village on the eastern bank of the Hudson, twenty-seven miles above New York, and memorable as the place where Major Andre was captured.

The village of Tarrytown lies scattered over the river front of the Greenburgh Hills, ana presents a handsome appearance from the water. It is upon the site of an Indian village called Alipconck, which, in the Delaware language, signifies the _Place of Elms_. The Dutch, who settled there about 1680, called the place Tarwe Town, or "wheat town," probably from the abundant culture of that grain in the vicinity. * The salubrity of its climate, and the commanding river view in front, has always made it a desirable place of residence. During the Revolution it was the theater of many stormy scenes, consisting chiefly of skirmishes between the lawless bands of marauders known by the distinctive appellation of _Cow-boys and Skinners_. ** These infested the Neutral Grounds in West Chester, and made it a political and social hell for the dwellers. Many left it, and allowed their lands to become a waste, rather than remain in the midst of perpetual torments.

The place where Andre was captured is upon the turnpike on the northeast verge of the village, three quarters of a mile from the river, and near the academy of Mr. Newman. A few yards south of the academy, a small stream crosses the road and runs through a deep ravine riverward. The marshy and thickly-wooded glen into which it poured was known as Wiley's Swamp. A little south of this stream, on the west side of the road, is a dwarf cedar, near which (indicated, in the picture, by the spot where the figure sits) are the remains of a tree, said to be that of the stately white-wood under whose shadow the captors of Andre caused him to strip, and then made the momentous discovery of the papers in his

* Bolton. Irving, in his Legend of Sleepy Hollow, says, "This name was given, we are told, in former days, by the good housewives of the adjacent country, from the inveterate propensity of their husbands to linger about the village tavern on market days."

** The party called Cow-boys were mostly Refugees belonging to the British side, and engaged in plundering the people near the lines of their cattle and driving them to New York. Their vocation suggested their name. The Skinners generally professed attachment to the American cause, and lived chiefly within the patriot lines; but they were of easy virtue, and were really more detested by the Americans than their avowed enemies, the Cow-boys. They were treacherous, rapacious, and often brutal. One day they would be engaged in broils and skirmishes with the Cow-boys; the next day they would be in league with them in plundering their own friends as well as enemies. Oftentimes a sham skirmish would take place between them near the British lines; the Skinners were always victorious, and then they would go boldly into the interior with their booty, pretending it had been captured from the enemy while attempting to smuggle it across the lines. The proceeds of sales were divided between the parties. See Sparks's Life of Arnold, 218-21 inclusive.

*** The Neutral Ground, thirty miles in extent along the Hudson, and embracing nearly all West Chester county, was a populous and highly cultivated region, lying between the American and British lines. Being within neither, it was called the Neutral Ground. The inhabitants suffered dreadfully during the war, for they were sure to be plundered and abused by one party or the other. If they took the oath of fidelity to the American cause, the Cow-boys were sure to plunder them; if they did not, the Skinners would call them Tories, seize their property, and have it confiscated by the state.

Journey of André and Smith to Crompond.--Vigilance of Captain Boyd.-- Andrè's Uneasiness.

September 22. 1780.754stocking. * By a spring in the grove, just over the fence on the left, the young men were card-playing when their victim approached. We will not anticipate the history in the description, but here resume the narrative of events connected with Andrè's capture and trial, from the time we left him and Smith to pursue their journey from Verplanck's Point toward the Neutral Ground.

It was after dark when Andre and Smith left Verplanck's Point. They took the road toward White Plains, and met with no interruption until hailed by a sentinel near Crompond, a little village eight miles from Verplanck's Point. ** He belonged to a party under Captain Boyd. That vigilant officer made many and searching inquiries of the travelers, and would not be satisfied that all was right until he procured a light and examined the pass from Arnold, which they assured him they possessed. During the investigation Andre was uneasy, but the pass being in explicit terms, and known to be genuine, Captain Boyd was readily persuaded that all was correct. The captain apologized for the strictness of his scrutiny, and manifested much concern for their safety on account of the prevalence of Cow-boys, in the neighborhood. He advised them to remain till morning; but Smith assured him that their business was urgent, and it was necessary for them to proceed immediately toward White Plains. The captain magnified the dangers to which they were exposed, and Smith, taking counsel of his fears, was disposed to tarry. Andre was differently inclined, and it was a long time before he could be persuaded to turn back and take lodging at the cottage of Andreas Miller. The travelers slept in the same bed, and, according to Smith's account, it was a weary and restless night for Andre. He was up at dawn, and at an early hour they were again in the saddle. As they approached Pine's Bridge, and Andre was assured that they were beyond patrolling parties, his taciturnity and gloom were exchanged for garrulity and cheerfulness, and he conversed in an almost playful manner upon poetry, the arts, literature, and common topics. Near Pine's Bridge *** they parted company, after partaking of a frugal breakfast with Mrs. Sarah Underhill, whose grandson, I believe, still owns the house. Smith proceeded to Fishkill by the way of the

* "This tree towered like a giant," says Irving, in his Sketch Book, "above all the other trees of the neighborhood, and formed a kind of landmark. Its limbs were gnarled and fantastic, large enough to form trunks for ordinary trees, twisting down almost to the earth, and rising again into the air." The trunk was twenty-six feet in circumference, and forty-one feet in length. It was struck by lightning on the same day that intelligence of Arnold's death arrived at Tarrytown, a coincidence which many thought remarkable.

** Here, at the parsonage, the Yorktown Committee of Public Safety met; and members of the Provincial Congress assembled there to grant commissions to officers. Colonel Robertson, who commanded a regiment of Loyalists, was ordered to destroy that post; and, piloted thither by a Tory named Caleb Morgan, he burned the parsonage in the autumn of 1776.

*** This bridge, situated in the southeast corner of Yorktown, spanned the Croton River. At this place the great dam connected with the Croton aqueduct is situated, and the present bridge crosses the lake above it, a little eastward of the Revolutionary structure. Here the Americans generally kept a strong guard, as it was the chief point of communication between the lines.

Volunteer Expedition against the Cow-boys.--Arrest of Major André.-- Discovery of Papers in his Stockings.

755Robinson House, where he pleased Arnold by communicating the particulars of the journey and the place where he left Andre. It is not at all probable that Smith, at this time, was acquainted with the real name and mission of Andre, for he knee him only as Mr. Anderson.

André, being told that the Cow-boys, were more numerous on the Tarrytown road, took that direction, contrary to the advice of Smith and others, for these marauders were his friends, and from them he had nothing to fear.

On the morning when Andre crossed Pine's Bridge, a little band of seven volunteers went out near Tarrytown to prevent cattle being driven to New York, and to arrest any suspicious characters who might travel that way. John Verks (who was living in the town of Mount Pleasant in 1848) proposed the expedition the day before, and first enlisted John Paulding, John Dean, * James Romer, and Abraham Williams. They were at North Salem, and Paulding procured a permit from the officer commanding there, at the same time persuading his friend, Isaac Van Wart, to accompany them. On their way toward Tarrytown they were joined by David Williams. They slept in a hay barrack at Pleasantville that night, and the next morning early they arrived near Tarrytown. Four of the party agreed to watch the road from a hill above, while Paulding, Van Wart, and David Williams were to lie concealed in the bushes by the stream near the post-road. Such was the position of the parties when Andre approached. The circumstances of the capture are minutely narrated in the testimony of Paulding and Williams, given at the trial of Smith, eleven days afterward. The testimony was written down by the judge- advocate on that occasion, from whose manuscript Mr. Sparks copied it, as follows: ** "Myself, Isaac Van Wart, and David Williams were lying by the side of the road about half a mile above Tarrytown, and about fifteen miles above Kingsbridge, on Saturday morning, between nine and ten o'clock, the 23d of September. We had lain there about an hour and a half, as near as I can recollect, and saw several persons we were acquainted with, whom we let pass. Presently, one of the young men who were with me said, 'There comes a gentleman-like looking man, who appears to be well dressed, and has boots on, and whom you had better step out and stop, if you don't know him.' On that I got up, and presented my firelock at the breast of the person, and told him to stand, and then I asked him which way he was going. 'Gentlemen,' said he, 'I hope you belong to our party.' I asked him what party. He said, 'The Lower Party.' Upon that I told him I did. *** Then he said, 'I am a British officer, out in the country on particular business, and I hope you will not detain me a minute,' and, to show that he was a British officer, he pulled out his watch. Upon which I told him to dismount. He then said, 'My God! I must do any thing to get along,' and seemed to make a kind of laugh of it, and pulled out General Arnold's pass, which was to John Anderson, to pass all guards to White Plains and below. Upon that he dismounted. Said he, 'Gentlemen, you had best let me go, or you will bring yourselves into trouble, for your stopping me will detain the general's business;' and said he was going to Dobbs's Ferry to meet a person there and get intelligence for General Arnold. Upon that I told him I hoped he would not be offended; that we did not mean to take any thing from him; and I told

* While strolling among the ancient graves in the Sleepy Hollow church- yard, a little north of Tarrytown, at the time of my visit there, I was joined by an elderly gentleman, a son of Mr. Dean. He pointed out a brown freestone at the head of his father's grave, on which is the following inscription: "In memory of John Dean. He was born September 15th. A.D. 1755, and died April 4th, A.D. 1817, aged 61 years, 6 months, and 20 days.

"A tender father, a friend sincere, A tender husband slumbers here; Then let us hope his soul is given A blest and sure reward in heaven." By his side is the grave of his father, Who was buried eighty years ago.

** See Sparks's Life and Treason of Arnold, Am. Biog., iii., 223-226.

*** "Paulding had effected his escape," says Bolton (i., 224), "only three days previously, from the New York Sugar House, in the dress of a German Yager. General Van Cortlandt says that Paulding wore this dress on the day of the capture, which tended to deceive Andre, and led him to exclaim, 'Thank God! I am once more among friends.'"

Deposition of David Williams.--Strange Conduct of Colonel Jameson.--His Letter to General Arnold.

756him there were many bad people on the road, and I did not know but perhaps he might be one."

When further questioned, Paulding replied, that he asked the person his name, who told him it was John Anderson; and that, when Anderson produced General Arnold's pass, he should have let him go, if he had not before called himself a British officer. Paulding also said, that when the person pulled out his watch, he understood it as a signal that he was a British officer, and not that he meant to offer it to him as a present.

All these particulars were substantially confirmed by David Williams, whose testimony-in regard to the searching of Andre, being more minute than Paulding's, is here inserted.

"We took him into the bushes," said Williams, "and ordered him to pull off his clothes, which he did; but, on searching him narrowly, we could not find any sort of writings. We told him to pull off his boots, which he seemed to be indifferent about; but we got one boot off, and searched in that boot, and could find nothing. But we found there were some papers in the bottom of his stocking next to his foot; on which we made him pull his stocking off, and found three papers wrapped up. Mr. Paulding looked at the contents, and said he was a spy. We then made him pull off his other boot, and there we found three more papers at the bottom of his foot within his stocking.

"Upon this we made him dress himself, and I asked him what he would give us to let him go. He said he would give us any sum of money. I asked him whether he would give us his horse, saddle, bridle, watch, and one hundred guineas. He said 'Yes,' and told us he would direct them to any place, even if it was that very spot, so that we could get them. I asked him whether he would not give us more. He said he would give us any quantity of dry goods, or any sum of money, and bring it to any place that we might pitch upon, so that we might get it. Mr. Paulding answered, 'No, if you would give us ten thousand guineas, you should not stir one step.' I then asked the person who had called himself John Anderson if he would not get away if it lay in his power. He answered, 'Yes, I would.' I told him I did not intend he should. While taking him along, we asked him a few questions, and we stopped under a shade. He begged us not to ask him questions, and said when he came to any commander he would reveal all.

"He was dressed in a blue over-coat, and a tight body-coat, that was of a kind of claret color, though a rather deeper red than claret. The button-holes were laced with gold tinsel, and the buttons drawn over with the same kind of lace. He had on a round hat, and nankeen waistcoat and breeches, with a flannel waistcoat and drawers, boots, and thread stockings."

Andre was conducted to North Castle, the nearest military post, and there, with all the papers found upon his person, he was delivered up to Lieutenant-colonel Jameson, the officer in command. With an obtuseness of perception most extraordinary and unaccountable, Jameson resolved to send the prisoner immediately to Arnold! He knew a portion of the papers to be in the undisguised handwriting of General Arnold, and it is most extraordinary that the circumstances under which they were found should not have awakened a suspicion of the fidelity of that officer. Washington afterward said, in allusion to Jameson's conduct, that, either on account of his "egregious folly or bewildered conception, he seemed lost in astonishment, and not to know what he was doing." There can be no doubt of the purity of his intentions, but who can respect his judgment? He penned a letter to Arnold, saying that he sent a certain Mr. Anderson forward under the charge of Lieutenant Allen and a guard, who had been taken while on his way to New York. "He had a passport," said Jameson, "signed in your name, and a parcel of papers, taken from under Colonel Jameson's Head-quarters.

* This is a view of the out-buildings of Mr. Sands, at North Castle, situated a few yards from his residence. The lowest building, on the left, is the dwelling, now attached to the barn of Mr. Sands, which, Jameson used as his head-quarters. In that building André was kept guarded until sent to West Point.

Better Judgment of Colonel Tallmadge.--Major André at Sheldon's Head- quarters.--Andrè's Letter to Washington.

757Major Benjamin Tallmadge, next in command to Jameson, was on duty below White Plains on that day, and did not return until evening. When informed of the September 23, 1780 circumstances, he was filled with astonishment at the folly of Jameson, and boldly expressed his suspicions of Arnold's fidelity. He offered to take upon himself the entire responsibility of proceeding on that ground, if Jameson would allow it. The latter refused to sanction any action that should imply a distrust of Arnold. Tallmadge then earnestly besought him to have the prisoner brought back. To this he reluctantly consented, but insisted that his letter to Arnold should be forwarded, and that the general should be informed why the prisoner was not sent on. This was the letter which Arnold received in time to allow him to make his escape to the Vulture.

Jameson sent an express after Lieutenant Allen, with orders to conduct his prisoner back to head-quarters at North Castle. As soon as Tallmadge saw him, and observed his manner and gait while pacing the room, he was convinced that he was a military man; and, joining this belief with other circumstances, * his suspicions of Arnold's treachery were fully confirmed to his own mind. He partially imbued Jameson with the same opinions, and that officer agreed, with Tallmadge, that it was advisable to keep their prisoner in close custody until orders should be received from Arnold or Washington. Andre was accordingly removed, under an escort commanded by Major Tallmadge, to Colonel Sheldon's quarters at North Salem, as a more secure place. They arrived there at about eight in the morning. Andre was introduced to Mr. Bronson, who was attached to Sheldon's regiment, and that gentleman kindly offered to share his little room with the prisoner. Learning that the papers found on his person had been sent to General Washington, he wrote, in Bronson's room, a letter to the American chief, in which he frankly avowed his name and rank, and briefly related the circumstances connected with his present situation. This letter he handed to Major Tallmadge to read, who was greatly astonished to find that the prisoner in his custody was the adjutant general of the British army. The letter was sealed and sent to Washington. From that hour the prisoner's mind seemed relieved. **

* Eight or nine days previous to the capture, Major Tallmadge received a letter from Arnold of similar import to the one Colonel Sheldon received from him, in which he requested, if a man by the name of Anderson should come within the lines, to have him sent to head-quarters with two horsemen. This incident was strongly in favor of Tallmadge's suspicions.

** The following is a copy of the letter:

"Salem, September 24th, 1780.

"Sir,--What I have as yet said concerning myself was in the justifiable attempt to be extricated. I am too little accustomed to duplicity to have succeeded.

"I beg your excellency will be persuaded that no alteration in the temper of my mind, or apprehension for my safety, induces me to take the step of addressing you, but that it is to rescue myself from an imputation of having assumed a mean character for treacherous purposes or self-interest; a conduct incompatible with the principles that actuate me, as well as with my condition in life. It is to vindicate my fame that I speak, and not to solicit security. The person in your possession is Major John André, adjutant general to the British army.

"The influence of one commander in the army of his adversary is an advantage taken in war. A correspondence for this purpose I held, as confidential (in the present instance), with his excellency Sir Henry Clinton. To favor it, I agreed to meet, upon ground not within the posts of either army, a person who was to give me intelligence. I came up in the Vulture man-of-war for this effect, and was fetched by a boat from the ship to the beach. Being here, I was told that the approach of day would prevent my return, and that I must be concealed until the next night. I was in my regimentals, and had fairly risked my person.

"Against my stipulations, my intention, and without my knowledge beforehand, I was conducted within one of your posts. Your excellency may conceive my sensation on this occasion, and must imagine how much more must I have been affected by a refusal to reconduct me back the next night as I had been brought. Thus become a prisoner, I had to concert my escape. I quitted my uniform, and was passed another way in the night, without the American posts, to neutral ground, and informed I was beyond all armed parties, and left to press for New York. I was taken at Tarrytown by some volunteers. Thus, as I have had the honor to relate, was I betrayed (being adjutant general of the British army) into the vile condition of an enemy in disguise within your posts.

"Having avowed myself a British officer, I have nothing to reveal but what relates to myself, which is true on the honor of an officer and a gentleman. The request I have to make to your excellency, and I am conscious I address myself well, is, that in any rigor policy may dictate, a decency of conduct toward me may mark that, though unfortunate, I am branded with nothing dishonorable, as no motive could be mine but the service of my king, and as I was involuntarily an impostor. Another request is, that I may be permitted to write an open letter to Sir Henry Clinton, and another to a friend for clothes and linen.

"I take the liberty to mention the condition of some gentlemen at Charleston, who, being either on parole or under protection, were engaged in a conspiracy against us. Though their situation is not similar, they are objects who may be set in exchange for me, or are persons whom the treatment I receive might affect. It is no less, sir, in a confidence of the generosity of your mind, than on account of your superior station, that I have chosen to importune you with this letter.

"I have the honor to be, with great respect, sir, your excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,

"John Andre, Adjutant General

André taken to West Point and thence to Tappan.--His Disclosures to Tallmadge.--His Case and Hale's compared

758Pursuant to an order from General Washington, Andre was conducted to West Point, September, 1780 where he remained until the morning of the 28th, when he was conveyed in a barge to Stony Point, and from thence conducted, under a strong escort, to Tap-pan, about two miles westward of the present Piermont, the Hudson Hiver terminus of the New York and Erie rail-road. Major Tallmadge, who commanded the escort, and rode by Andre's side all the way, has left, in a communication to Mr. Sparks, an interesting account of the events of that day's march. As he and Andre were about the same age, and held the same rank in the respective armies, they agreed on a cartel, by the terms of which each one was permitted to put any question to the other not involving a third person. In the course of conversation, thus made as unreserved as possible, Andre informed Tallmadge that he was to have taken a part in the attack on West Point, if Arnold's plan had succeeded, and that the only reward he asked was the military glory to be won by such service to his king. He had been promised, however, the rank and pay of a brigadier general if he had succeeded. In reply to Andre's earnest inquiries respecting the probable result of his capture, Tallmadge frankly reminded him of the character and fate of the unfortunate Captain Hale. "But you surely do not consider his case and mine alike?" said Andre. "Yes, precisely similar," replied Major Tallmadge, "and similar will be your fate." Andre became troubled in spirit, and from that time until the hour of his execution his most poignant sorrow arose from the reflection that he was branded with the odious name of a spy. *

As soon as Washington had completed all necessary arrangements for the security of West Point, he hastened to the army at Tappan. The next day after his ar-September 29 summoned a board of general officers, and directed them to examine into the case of Major André and report the result. He also directed them to give their opinion as to the light in which the prisoner ought to be regarded, and the punishment that should be inflicted. We shall visit Tappan presently, and then the events in the last scene of this drama shall be rehearsed; for the present, let us stroll about Tarrytown during the remainder of this pleasant afternoon.

After sketching a view of the spot where Andre was captured, I walked to the famous old Dutch church of Sleepy Hollow, standing by the side of the post-road, about a mile northward. I can not better describe its location than by quoting the language of Mr. Irving concerning it. "The sequestered situation of the church," he says, "seems always to have made it a favorite haunt of troubled spirits. It stands on a knoll, surrounded by locust-trees and lofty elms, from among which its decent white-washed walls shine modestly forth, like Christian purity beaming through the shades of retirement. A gentle Ancient Dutch Church.* slope descends to it from a silver sheet of water,

* See Sparks's Amer. Biog., iii., 255-259.

** This view is from the church-yard, looking southwest. The porch seen on the right fronts upon the highway, and is a modern addition, the ancient entrance being on the south side. This is believed to be the oldest church in existence in this state, having been erected, according to an inscription upon a stone tablet upon its front, by Vredryck Flypsen (Frederic Philips) and Catharine his wife, in 1699. It is built of brick and stone, the former having been imported from Holland for the express purpose. The old flag-shaped vane, with the initials of the founder cut out of it, yet turns upon its steeple, and in the little tower hangs the ancient bell, bearing this inscription: "If God be for us, who can be against us!" The pulpit and communion-table were imported from Holland; the latter alone has escaped the ruthless hand of modern improvement.

Bridge over Sleepy Hollow Creek.--Ichabod Crane and the Headless Horseman.--Castle Philipse.--Tarrytown Cemetery

759bordered by high trees, between which peeps may be caught of the blue hills of the Hudson.

To look upon its grass-grown yard, where the sunbeams seem to sleep so quietly, one would think that there, at least, the dead might rest in peace. On one side of the church extends a woody dell, along which laves a large brook among broken rocks and trunks of fallen trees.

Over a deep black part of the stream, not far from the church, was formerly thrown a wooden bridge. The road that led to it, and the bridge itself, were thickly shaded by overhanging trees, which cast a gloom about it, even in the daytime, but occasioned a fearful darkness at night." *

It was at this bridge, in the dark glen near the church, that poor Ichabod Crane had his terrible encounter with the headless horseman of Sleepy Hollow. The road still "leads through a sandy hollow, shaded by trees for about a quarter of a mile," but "the bridge famous in goblin story" is no more. The present structure is a few yards westward of the site of the old one; and although not so shaded in cavernous gloom, is quite as romantic in its situation. From its planks there is a fine view of Castle Philipse, as the ancient manor house of Frederic Philipse was called, from the circumstance of its being originally fortified against the Indians. It is a spacious and substantial stone building, and near it is the old mill, whose wheel turned in the same place during the Revolution. The dam forms a pleasant little lake extending back almost to the bridge.

Upon the slopes and the brow of the hill eastward of the old church is the Tarrytown cemetery, extending down to the ancient burial-ground. It is susceptible of being made one of the most attractive burial-places in this country, for, aside from the beauties of nature there spread out, associations of the deepest interest give a charm to the spot. The Receiving Tomb, constructed of light stone, is near the top of the hill; and around it for many

* Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

** Ichabod, according to Irving, in the Legend, returning from a late evening tarry with Katrina Van Tassel, on his lean steed Gunpowder, was chased by a huge horseman, without a head, from the Andre tree to the bridge. "He saw the walls of the church dimly gleaming under the trees beyond. He recollected the place where Brom Bones's ghostly competitor had disappeared. 'If I can but reach that bridge,' thought Ichabod, 'I am safe.' Just then he heard the black steed panting and blowing close behind him; he even fancied that he felt his hot breath. Another convulsive kick in the ribs, and old Gunpowder sprang upon the bridge; he thundered over the resounding planks; he gained the opposite side; and now Ichabod cast a look behind, to see if his pursuer should vanish, according to rule, in a flash of fire and brimstone. Just then he saw the goblin rising in his stirrups, and in the very act of hurling his head at him. Ichabod endeavored to dodge the horrible missile, but too late; it encountered his cranium with a terrible crash; he was tumbled headlong into the dust, and Gunpowder, the black steed, and the goblin rider, passed like a whirlwind." A shattered pumpkin was found on the road the next day, but Ichabod had gone to parts unknown. Brom Bones, his rival, soon afterward led the pretty Katrina to the altar. The good country people always maintained that Ichabod was spirited away by the headless horseman, who was the ghost of a Hessian soldier, whose body, deprived of its caput by a cannon-ball, was sleeping in the church-yard near.

Greenburgh or the Nepera. Van Wart's Monument.--Sunny side, the Residence of Washington Irving

760rods, where the hand of improvement had not yet effaced them, might be seen vestiges of a small fortification, thrown up there during the war.

I passed the night at Tarrytown, and the next morning rode out to the beautiful Saw-mill Valley, to visit the burial-ground at Greenburgh, wherein repose the remains of Isaac Van Wart, one of the captors of Andre. The ground is attached to the Presbyterian church, and is near the lovely Nepera, or Saw-mill River. Over the remains of the patriot is a handsome marble monument, erected to his memory by the citizens of West Chester county, in 1829.

Its completion was celebrated by a large concourse of people assembled there on the 11th of June of that year.

General Aaron Ward, of Sing Sing, was the orator on the occasion. Mr. Van Wart was an efficient officer of that church for many years, and acted as chorister up to the time of his death. On returning to Tarrytown, I rode down to Sunny side, the residence of Washington Irving, situated upon the river bank, about two miles below. It is reached from the post-road by a winding carriage-way, that cleaves rich cultivated fields and pleasant woodlands. Desirous of passing an hour at Dobbs's Ferry, and of crossing the Hudson at Tappan in season to visit places of note there, I enjoyed the friendly greeting of the gifted proprietor but a few moments, and then pursued my journey. I subsequently visited Sunny-side, and made the sketch given on the opposite page. It was in leafy June, and a lovelier day never smiled upon the Hudson and its green banks. Close by Mr. Irving's residence, a prospective village * had recently burst into existence, almost as suddenly as the leaves had unfolded from the buds in the adjacent groves; and a rail-way station, with its bustle and noise, was upon the river margin, within bird-call of the once secluded Wolfert's Roost. I strolled along the iron way to a stile, over which I clambered, and, ascending the bank by a shaded pathway, was soon seated in the elegant little parlor at _Sunnyside_, where the kindest courtesy makes the stranger-visitor feel that he is indeed upon the sunny side of humanity, and in the warmest glow of that generous feeling which illumines every pen-stroke of Geoffrey Crayon. Beautified and enriched by the hand of nature, hallowed by the voice of traditionary history speaking out from the old walls and umbrageous trees, and consecrated by the presence of true genius, Sunnyside has a charm for the American mind as bewitching and

* Dearman; afterward altered to Irvington.

** The following are the inscriptions upon this monument: North side.-- "Here repose the mortal remains of Isaac Van Wart, an elder in the Greenburgh church, who died on the 23d of May, 1828, in the 69th year of his age. Having lived the life, he died the death, of the Christian." South side.--"The citizens of the county of West Chester erected this tomb in testimony of the high sense they entertained for the virtuous and patriotic conduct of their fellow-citizen, as a memorial sacred to public gratitude." East side.--"Vincit, Amor Patriae. Nearly half a century before this monument was built, the con script fathers of America had, in the Senate chamber, voted that Isaac Van Wart was a faithful patriot, one in whom the love of country was invincible, and this tomb bears testimony that the record is true." West side.-- "Fidelity. On the 23d of September, 1780, Isaac Van Wart, accompanied by John Paulding and David Williams, all farmers of the county of West Chester, intercepted Major Andre, on his return from the American lines in the character of a spy, and, notwithstanding the large bribes offered them for his release, nobly disdained to sacrifice their country for gold, secured and carried him to the commanding officer of the district, whereby the dangerous and traitorous conspiracy of Arnold was brought to light, the insidious designs of the enemy baffled, the American army saved, and our beloved country free."

View of Sunnyside, the ancient "Wolfert's Roost"--Jacob Van Tassel

761classic as were the groves where Orpheus piped and Sappho sang to the Acadians of old. As I sat beneath a spreading cedar sketching the unique villa, and scolded without stint by a querulous matronly cat-bird on one side and a vixen jenny-wren on the other, and observed the "lord of the manor" leading a little fair-haired grand-nephew to the river brink in search of daisies and butter-cups, I could not repress the thoughts so beautifully expressed in his own little story of _The Wife_: "I can wish you no better lot than to have a wife and children. If you are prosperous, they are to share your prosperity; if otherwise, they are to comfort you.... Though all abroad is darkness and humiliation, yet there is still a little world of love at home [for the husband] of which he is the monarch." *

The residence of Mr. Irving is upon the site of the famous "Wolfert's Roost" of the olden time. It w'as built by Wolfert Beker, an ancient burgher of the town, and afterward came into the possession of Jacob Van Tassel, one of the "race of hard-headed, hard-handed, stout-hearted Dutchmen, descended of the primitive Netherlanders." Van Tassel was the owner when the Revolution broke out, and was a stanch Whig. His house was in the midst of the debatable region called the Neutral Ground, and in the broad waters of the Tappan Sea ** in front, British vessels were almost constantly anchored. The Republican propensities of Van Tassel were well known, and as the Roost was a place of general ren-

* Sketch Book.

** Tappaan Zee, or Tappan Sea, was the name given by the Dutch to the expansion of the Hudson at this place.

"The Roost" a Castle.--Its Garrison.--Attack upon, and Defense of "the Roost."--Dobbs's Ferry.

762dezvous for the American water-guards * and land-scouts, he was made liable to attacks from the enemy. He pierced his old mansion with musketry loop-holes, and took other measures for defense. His garrison, _per se_, consisted of his stout-hearted wife and a redoubtable sister, Nochie Van Wurmer, a match, as he said, for the "stoutest man in the country."

His ordnance was a goose gun "of unparalleled longitude," capable of doing great execution. He was in league with many ardent Whigs in his vicinity, who had sworn eternal hostility to the Cow-boys and Skinners who infested the region, and the Roost was their head-quarters. Van Tassel frequently joined his companions in distant expeditions. On one of these occasions, while far away from his castle, an armed vessel came to anchor off the Roost. The garrison consisted of only Jacob's spouse, his sister Nochie, a blooming daughter, and a brawny negro woman. A boatfull of armed men put off from the vessel toward the Roost. The garrison flew to arms. The goose gun, unfortunately, was with its owner. Broomsticks, shovels, and other missiles were seized, and a vigorous defense was made; but, alas it was all in vain. The house was sacked, plundered, and burned; and as the marauders were about departing, they seized the pretty "Laney Van Tassel, the beauty of the Roost," and endeavored to bear her to the boat. Mother, aunt, and Dinah flew to the rescue, and a fierce struggle ensued all the way to the water's edge. A voice from the frigate ordered the spoilers to leave the prize behind, "and the heroine of the Roost escaped with a mere rumpling of the feathers." ** Soon after this event Van Tassel fell into the hands of the enemy, was sent to New York, and there remained a prisoner until near the close of the war. *** His house was rebuilt upon the ruins of the Roost and that phoenix, modified and enlarged, is the present mansion at Sunnyside.

From Mr. Irving's I rode down to Dobbs's Ferry, two or three miles below. This is a small village, lying pleasantly upon the river slope, and along a ravine of the Greenburgh

Hills, at the mouth of the Wysquaqua Creek. It derives its name from the ancient family of Dobbs, who owned the property here, and first established a ferry. It is a place memorable 1698 in the annals of the Revolution, not for sanguinary battles, but for the relative importance of its location in the movements of armies. Upon the high bank immediately above the rail-way station at the lower landing are remains of the first fort erected there. It was built at the beginning of 1776, and in October of that year Colonel Sargent strongly garrisoned it, by order of General Heath. (v) Several other strong redoubts were thrown

* The water-guards were resolute men, well armed with muskets, and skillful with the oar, who, in small vessels technically called whale- boats (sharp, canoe-shaped boats), lurked in the coves and behind the headlands of the river, to obtain information of the approach or position of vessels of the enemy. With muffled oars, they often reconnoitered the British ships at night, and sometimes cut off boats that ventured from them toward the shore.

** Knickerbocker Magazine.

*** There were a number of the Van Tassels living in the vicinity of the Greenburgh church. In November, 1777, a party of Chasseurs, under Captain Emerick, went up from Kingsbridge, surprised the Van Tassels, burned their houses, stripped the women and children of their clothing, and carried off Peter and Cornelius Van Tassel prisoners. In retaliation for the outrage, the patriots fitted out an expedition at Tarry-town under the command of Abraham Martlingh, which proceeded down the river in boats, passed the water-guards of the enemy in safety, landed a little below Spuyten Devil Creek, set fire to General Oliver de Lancey's house, and returned without losing a man. General De Lancey was a most active and bitter Loyalist. He will come under our observation in a conspicuous manner hereafter. See page 624, vol. ii.

**** The garrison consisted of five hundred infantry, forty light horse, a company of artillery, with two twelve-pounders under Captain Horton, and Captain Crafts with a howitzer.

* (v) This view is from the bank immediately above the rail-way station, looking northwest. In the foreground is seen the wagon-road, passing by, on an arch of masonry, over the rail-way. On the left is the wharf. Toward the right, in the distance, is seen the long pier and village of Piermont; and at the extreme right, in the distance, is the mountain near the foot of which Andrè and Arnold first met. Piermont is the port of Tappan, the place where Andre was executed. The sketch here presented was made when I visited Dobbs's Ferry in the autumn of 1849, after the rail-way was finished.

Old Fort at Dobbs's Ferry.--The Livingston Mansion.--Rendezvous of the British.--The Palisades.--Tappan.

763up in the vicinity, remains of which are still visible. One, a little southwest of the residence of Mr. Stephen Archer (the ancient mansion of Van Brugh Livingston), appears to have been equally strong with the one just mentioned.

A few rods north of this mansion, in a locust grove, on the west of the post-road, are very prominent re mains of a strong redoubt. They extended through the adjoining garden, but there the mounds have been leveled and the fossé filled up. These forts commanded the ferry to Paramus (now Sneeden's) landing on the Jersey shore, and also the passage of the river. They often greatly annoyed the British shipping while passing and repassing.

In this vicinity the British portion of the enemy rendezvoused after the battle of White Plains, (a) before marching against Fort Washington; (b) and at Hastings, one mile below, a British force of six thousand men, under Cornwallis, embarked in boats, and, crossing over to Paramus, marched to the attack of Fort Lee, and then commenced the pursuit of Washington and his broken army through the Jerseys. Here, in January, 1777, the division of the American army under Lincoln was encamped for a brief space. Here was the spot selected by Arnold for his first conference with Andre in 1780; and here, on the night of the 3d of August, 1781, while the American army lay in the neighborhood, and the chief's head-quarters were at the Livingston mansion, a skirmish ensued between some guard-boats of the enemy and the little garrison of the fort on the river bank.

a October 28, 1776.

b November 16.

November 18.

After viewing the remains of the old forts, and passing a pleasant half hour with Mr Archer (a member of the society of Friends) upon the shaded porch of the Livingston Mansion, I crossed the Hudson in a small boat to Sneeden's, and proceeded on foot to Tappan, a distance of about two miles, where I arrived in time to sketch the head-quarters of Washington, printed on page 196, and to visit the place of Andre's execution.

Tappan village lies in the bosom of a fertile, rolling valley, not far from the head of the deep gorge which terminates on the Hudson at Piermont. Southwest of the village is a lofty ridge, on which the American army lay encamped. Upon its gentle slope toward the road to old Tappan, Major André was executed. Travelers passing up the Hudson, and viewing with astonishment the mighty amorphous wall of the _Palisades_, along the western shore, have no idea of the beauty and fertility of the country in the rear. The Palisades, so bare and precipitous in front, present a heavily-wooded slope in the rear, reaching down into a plain of great fertility. This plain extends, with a slight variance from a level, from Tappan to Bergen Point, a distance of twenty-seven miles, and is watered by the Hackensack and its tributaries. It was a country noted for the abundance of its forage at the time of the Revolution, and was an eligible place for an army to encamp. After visiting the interesting localities in the neighborhood, I walked to Piermont, about two miles distant, where I arrived in time to embark in the boat of the Erie Rail-road Company, at eight o'clock, for New York. Though "wearied and worn" with the day's ramble, let us turn to history a while before retiring to rest.

Tappan, lying upon one of the great lines of communication from the East, by way of

* This is a view from the lawn on the north side. It is embowered in trees and shrubbery, and is one of the most pleasantly-located mansions in the country, overlooking interesting portions of the Hudson River. Within its walls many of the leading men of the Revolution were entertained. It was the head-quarters of Washington, when he abandoned an attempt to capture New York city, changed his plans, and marched his whole army to Virginia to capture Cornwallis. There, at the close of the war, Washington, Governor Clinton, and General Sir Guy Carleton, and their respective suites, met to make arrangements for the evacuation of the city of New York by the British. Washington and Clinton came down the river from West Point in a barge: Carleton ascended in a frigate. Four companies of American Infantry performed the duty of guards on that occasion.

Massacre of Baylor's Corps at Tappan.--The "76 Stone House," where André was confined.--Washington's Headquarters

764King's Ferry, was made a place of considerable importance as a camping-ground; its position among the hills, and yet contiguous to the river, being very favorable. When, in September, 1778, Cornwallis had possession of the Hudson portion of New Jersey, foraging parties were sent in this direction, as well as scouts, to ascertain the condition of the posts at West Point. General Knyphausen, with a large force, was at the same time on the east side of the Hudson, at Dobbs's Ferry, and Washington believed that an expedition up the river was intended. Lieutenant-colonel Baylor, with a regiment of light horse, was sent to watch the movements of the enemy, and to intercept their scouts and foragers. He made his head-quarters at old Tappan, and there lay in a state of such unsoldierly insecurity, that Cornwallis was led to form a plan for taking his whole corps by surprise. ** General Grey, September 27, 1778 with some light infantry and other troops, was sent, at night, to approach Tappan on the west, while a corps from Knyphausen's division was to approach from the east, and thus surround and capture not only the sleepers in Baylor's camp, but a body of militia, under Wayne, who were stationed near. Some deserters from the enemy gave the militia timely warning; but Baylor's troops, who lay unarmed in barns, ** were not apprised of the proximity of the enemy. At midnight, Grey approached silently, cut off a sergeant's patrol of twelve men without noise, and completely surprised the troop of horse. Unarmed, and in the power of the enemy, they asked for quarter, but this was inhumanly refused by Grey, who, like Tryon, was a famous marauder during the war. *** On this occasion he gave special orders not to grant any quarter. Many of the soldiers were bayoneted in cold blood. Out of one hundred and four persons, sixty-seven were killed or wounded. Colonel Baylor was wounded and made prisoner, and seventy horses were butchered.

The event of the most importance which occurred at Tappan was the trial and execution of Major Andre. He was confined, while there, in the old stone mansion, now 1850 occupied as a tavern, and called the "76 Stone House." Its whole appearance has been materially changed. The room wherein the unfortunate prisoner was confined, and which was kept with care in its original condition more than half a century, has been enlarged and _improved_ for the purposes _of a ball-room!_ I was there a few years ago, when the then owner was committing the sacrilege, and he boasted, with great satisfaction, that he had received a "whole dollar for the old lock that fastened up Major Andrew!" Sentiment does not obey the laws of trade--it seems to cheapen with a decrease of supply. The sign-board is now the only evidence that there is any on hand at the "76 Stone House." The trial took place in the old Dutch church, which was torn down in 1836. Upon its site another and larger one of brick has been erected. It stands within a few yards of the house where Andre was confined. Washington's head-quarters were in the old stone building now occupied by Samuel S Verbryck, situated near the road from Sneeden's Landing, within a few rods of its junction with the main street

* Gordon, ii., 391.

** The encampment, on the night in question, was about two and a half miles southwest of Tappan village, near the Hackensack River.

*** General Grey, on account of his common practice of ordering the men under his command to take the flints out of their muskets, that they might be confined to the use of the bayonet, acquired the name of the no-flint general.

**** This view is from the yard, near the well. The date of its erection (1700) is made by a peculiar arrangement of the bricks in the front wall. In the large room called "Washington's quarters" the fireplace is surrounded by Dutch pictorial tiles illustrative of Scripture scenes. Indeed, the whole house remains in precisely the same condition, except what the elements have changed externally, as it was when the chief occupied it. When I visited it, Mrs. Verbryck's sister, an old lady of eighty, was there. She said she remembered sitting often upon Washington's knee. She was then ten years old.

Court of Inquiry in Andre's Case.--The Prisoner's Conduct.--Names of those who composed the Court.--Judge Laurence.

1760.765of the village. It was then owned by John de Windt, a native of St. Thomas's, West Indies, and grandfather of Mrs. Verbryck, who now resides there.

I have mentioned that, on the arrival of Washington at Tappan, he ordered a court of inquiry. This court, consisting of fourteen general officers, * was convened at Tappan on the 29th of September, and on that day Major Andre was arraigned before it and examined. John Laurance, ** afterward a distinguished legislator and jurist, was judge advocate. Andre made a plain statement of the facts we have been considering; acknowledged and confirmed the truthfulness of his statements in his letter to General Washington from Salem; confessed that he came ashore from the Vulture _in the night, and without a flag_; and answered the query of the Board, whether he had any thing further to say respecting the charges preferred against him, by remarking, "I leave them to operate with the Board, persuaded that you will do me justice."

He was remanded to prison, and, after a long and careful deliberation, the Board reported, "That Major André, adjutant general of the British army, ought to be considered as a spy from the enemy, and that, agreeably to the law and usage of nations, it is their opinion he ought to suffer death." On the next day Washington signified his approval of the decision as follows:

* The following are the names of the officers who composed the court martial on that occasion: Major-generals Greene, Stirling, St. Clair, La Fayette, R. Howe, and the Baron Steuben; and Brigadiers Parsons, James Clinton, Knox, Glover, Paterson, Hand, Huntington, and Stark. General Greene was president of the board, and John Laurance judge-advocate general.

** Mr. Laurance was a native of Cornwall, England, where he was born in 1750. He held the rank of colonel in the Continental army, and was highly esteemed by the commander-in-ehief. Colonel Laurance was a representative for New York in the first Congress held after the adoption of the Federal Constitution, and retained a seat therein during President Washington's first administration. On his retiring from office, Washington appointed him a judge of the District Court of New York. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1796, and served four years, when he resigned his seat and retired to private life. He died at No. 356 Broadway, New York, in November, 1810, in the sixtieth year of his age. Judge Laurance married a daughter of General Alexander M'Dougall, of the Continental army, who, with Sears. Willett, Lamb, and others, early and earnestly opposed the British government in its aggressive acts. An interesting sketeh of the public life of Judge Laurance, from the pen of Edwin Williams, Esq., was published in a New York journal in February, 1851.

*** This is a fac simile of a pencil sketeh which I received from London with the drawing of Andre's monument in Westminster Abbey, printed on page 767. I do not know from what picture the artist copied, but, considering the channel through which I received it, I think it may be relied on as a correct profile.

*** John André was a native of London, where he was born in 1751. His parents were from Geneva, in Switzerland, and at that place he was educated. He returned to London before he was eighteen years of age, and entered the counting-house of a respectable merchant, where he continued nearly four years. Possessing a literary taste and promising genius, he became acquainted with several of the writers of the day, among whom was Miss Anna Seward, the daughter of a clergyman in Litchfield. Miss Seward had a cousin named Honora Sneyd, a charming girl of whom Andre became enamored. * His attachment was reciprocated by the young lady, and they made an engagement for marriage. The father of the girl interposed his authority against the match, and the marriage was prevented. Four years afterward, Honora was wedded to Richard Lovell Edgeworth, ** father of the late Maria Edgeworth, the novelist, by a former wife. Until that event occurred, Andre had cherished the hope that some propitious circumstance might effect their reunion. The portal of hope was now closed, and, turning from commercial pursuits, he resolved to seek relief from the bitter associations of his home amid the turmoils of war. He entered the army which came to America in 1775. He was taken prisoner at St. John's, on the Sorel, when that post was captured by Montgomery, and was sent to Lancaster, in Pennsylvania. In a letter written to a friend from that place, he said, "I have been taken prisoner by the Americans, and stripped of every thing except the picture of Honora, which I concealed in my mouth. Preserving that, I yet think myself fortunate." This picture had been delineated by his own hand from the living features of his beloved, at the time of his first acquaintance with her at Buxton, in 1769. The bravery and talents of Andre secured for him the affectionate regards of his commander, Sir Henry Clinton, and he raised him to the duty of adjutant general of the British army in America, with the rank of major. His future career was full of brilliant promises, when Arnold, the wily serpent, crept into the paradise of his purity and peace, and destroyed him. He was not yet thirty years old when he suffered the death of a spy. Major Andre possessed a graceful and handsome person, with rare mental accomplishments. He was passionately fond of the fine arts, and his journal, kept during his life in America, was enriched by many drawings of such objects of interest as attracted his attention. While here, he wrote several poetical pieces for the loyal newspapers; and it is a singular fact that the last canto of his satirical poem, called The Cow Chase, was published in Rivington's Royal Gazette, in New York, on the 23d of September, 1780, the day of his capture. It ends with the following stanza:

"And now I've closed my epic strain, I tremble as I show it, Lest this same warrio-drover, Wayne, Should ever catch the poet!" ***

*** His memory has been embalmed in verse by his friend, Miss Seward; **** and his king testified his admiration of his character and genius by the erection of a beautiful monument to his honor in Westminster Abbey, near the Poets' Corner. The monument is in relief against the wall, and is about seven and a half feet in height. It is composed of a sarcophagus, elevated on a molded paneled base and plinth, and was executed in statuary marble by P. M. Van Gelder, from a design by Robert Adam. On the front of the sarcophagus is a basso relievo, in which is represented General Washington and officers in a tent at the moment when the chief had received the report of the court of inquiry; at the same time a messenger has arrived with the letter from André to Washington, petitioning for a soldier's death (see page 770). On the right is a guard of Continental soldiers, and the tree on which Andre was executed. Two men are preparing the prisoner for execution, while at the foot of the tree, Mercy, accompanied by Innocence, is bewailing his fate. On the top of the sarcophagus is the British lion, and the figure of Britannia, who is lamenting the fate of the accomplished youth. Upon a panel is the following inscription: "Sacred to the memory of Major John André, who, raised hy his merit at an early period of life to the rank of adjutant general of the British forces in America, and employed in an important but hazardous enterprise, fell a sacrifice to his zeal for his king and country, on the 2d of October, A.D. 1780, universally beloved and esteemed by the army in which he served, and lamented even by his Foes. His gracious sovereign, King George the Third, has caused this monument to be erected." On the base of the pedestal upon which the sarcophagus rests has subsequently been inscribed the following: "The remains of Major John André were, on the 10th of August, 1821, removed from Tappan by James Buchanan, Esq., his majesty's consul at Now York, under instructions from his Royal Highness, the Duke or York; and with the permission of the Dean and Chapter, finally deposited in a grave contiguous to this monument, on the 28th of November, 1821." *

*** The king settled a pension upon the family of Andre; and, to wipe out the imputed stain produced by his death as a spy, the honor of knighthood was conferred upon his brother. A certified copy of Andre's will is in the office of the Surrogate of New York. It is dated at Staten Island, 7th of June, 1777, and signed "John André, captain in the 26th regiment of foot." The date of probate is October 12, 1780, ten days after his execution. The will is sworn to October 9, 1781, before Carey Ludlow, Esq., then Surrogate of New York. By his will, Andre gave the bulk of his property to his three sisters (Maria, Anna Marguerite, and Louisa) and his brother, each $3500, on condition that they pay to his mother, Mary Louise Andre, each $50 a year. Anna Marguerite Andre-- "the tuneful Anna," as Miss Seward called her--his last surviving sister, lived a maiden, and died in London in 1848, at the age of ninety years. Andrô's watch was sold for the benefit of his captors. It was bought by Colonel William S. Smith, of the Continental army, for thirty guineas, and, through General Robertson, he generously transmitted it to Andrô's family. His commission was sold by Sir Henry Clinton for the benefit of his mother and sisters.

Washington's Approval of the Decision of the Court.--Memoir of André.-- Honora Sneyd.--Mr. Edgeworth.--Miss Seward.

766"Head-quarters, September 30,1780. "The commander-in-chief approves of the opinion of the Board of general officers respecting Major Andre, and orders that the execution of Major Andre take place to-morrow at five o'clock P.M."

* Miss Seward, in her poem entitled "The Anniversary," thus alludes to her cousin:

"Why fled ye all so fast, ye happy hours, That saw Honora's eyes adorn these bowers! These darling bowers that much she loved to hail, The spires she called The Ladies of the Vale!"

** Mr. Edgeworth was educated partly at Trinity College, Dublin, and partly at Oxford. Before he was twenty, he ran off with Miss Elers, a young lady of Oxford, to whom he was married at Gretna Green. He embarked in a life of gayety and dissipation. In 1770 he succeeded to his Irish property. During a visit to Litchfield soon afterward, he saw Honora Sneyd, loved her, and married her after the death of his wife. Honora died six years afterward of consumption, when he married her sister.--Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature, ii" 568.

** This satirical poem was written at General Clinton's head-quarters, now No. 1 Broadway, New York. It is not a little singular that Wayne commanded the division of the army at Tappan when André was executed.

*** In Ainsworth's Magazine of a recent date I find the following record of A dream realized: "Major André, the circumstances of whose lamented death are too well known to make it necessary for me to detail them here, was a friend of Miss Seward's, and, previously to his embarkation for America, he made a journey into Derbyshire to pay her a visit, and it was arranged that they should ride over to see the wonders of the Peak, and introduce André to Newton, her minstrel, as she called him, and to Mr. Cunningham, the curate, who was also a poet.

** "While these two gentlemen were awaiting the arrival of their guests, of whose intentions they had been apprised, Mr. Cunningham mentioned to Newton that, on the preceding night, he had a very extraordinary dream, which he could not get out of his head. He had fancied himself in a forest; the place was strange to him; and, while looking about, he perceived a horseman approaching at great speed, who had scarcely reached the spot where the dreamer stood, when three men rushed out of the thicket, and, seizing his bridle, hurried him away, after closely searching his person. The countenance of the stranger being very interesting, the sympathy felt by the sleeper for his apparent misfortune awoke him; but he presently fell asleep again, and dreamed that he was standing near a great city, among thousands of people, and that he saw the same person he had seen seized in the wood brought out and suspended to a gallows. When André and Miss Seward arrived, he was horror-struck to perceive that his new acquaintance was the antitype of the man in the dream."

Andre's Death-warrant.--His Will.--Disposition of his Remains.--His Monument.

767The youth, candor, and gentlemanly bearing of Andre during the trying scenes of his examination made a deep impression upon the court; and had the decision of those officers been in consonance with the ir feelings instead of their judgments and the stern necessities imposed by the expedients of war, he would not have suffered death.

When the decision of the court was made known to him, the heroic firmness of his mind challenged the admiration of all. He exhibited no fear of death, but the _manner_ was a subject that gave him uneasiness; he wished to die as a _soldier_, not as a _spy._ Tender of the feelings of his commander, he obtained permission of Washington to write to Sir Henry Clinton,

September 29.

for the purpose of assuring him that the dilemma in which he found himself was not attributable to the duty required of him by his general. In that letter he implied a presentiment of his fate, and said, "I have a mother and two sisters, to whom the value of my commission would be an object, as the loss of Grenada has much effected their income." * There could be no question among military men as to the _equity_ of Andre's sentence, and

* Colonel Hamilton, who was the bearer of the request from André to Washington asking his permission to send this open letter to Clinton, observes, in an account which he gave to Colonel Laurens, that Andre seemed to foresee the result of the proceedings in which he was concerned. "There is only one thing which disturbs my tranquillity," he said to Hamilton. "Sir Henry Clinton has been too good to me; he has been lavish of his kindness; I am bound to him by too many obligations, and love him too well, to bear the thought that he should reproach himself, or others should reproach him, on the supposition of my having conceived myself obliged, by his instructions, to run the risk I did. I would not for the world leave a sting in his mind that should imbitter his future days."

Equity of Andrè's Sentence.--Efforts to Save him.--Embassy of Colonel Ogden.--Washington Vilified

768yet there was a general desire on the part of the Americans to save his life. Washington was deeply impressed with this feeling, and was ready to employ any measure to effect it consistent with his public duty. *

The only mode to save Andre was to exchange him for Arnold and hold the traitor responsible for all the acts of his victim. This could hardly be expected, for Sir Henry Clinton was a man of nice honor; nor would the American commander make a formal proposition of this kind. It was, however, determined that an opportunity for such an arrangement should be offered, and a plan for that purpose was conceived. Washington placed a packet of papers, directed to Sir Henry Clinton, in the hands of a trusty officer of the New Jersey line, Captain Aaron Ogden, containing an official account of the trial of André, the decision of the Board of inquiry, and the letter written by Andre to his general. Ogden was directed to go to General La Fayette for further instructions, after he should arrange his escort of men, known for their tried fidelity. La Fayette was in command of the light infantry, stationed nearest to the British lines. He instructed Ogden to travel so slowly, that when he should reach Paulus's Hook (now Jersey City), it might be so late that he would be invited to stay all night. He was then to communicate to the commandant of the post, as if incidentally, the idea of an exchange of Andre for Arnold. Every thing occurred as was an-

* Never was a sympathy more real, or feeling more genuine, than that exhibited by the American officers on this occasion; and yet the prejudiced M'Farland, after quoting from a letter of La Fayette to his wife, in which he expressed his sympathy for André, says, "Some of the American generals, too, lamented., but kept twisting the rope that was to hang him and then falsely adds, "There are accounts which say that the deep sympathy and regret was all a farce, and that Andre, who was a wit and a poet, was most cordially hated by the Americans on account of some witticisms and satirical verses at their expense."--Pictorial History of the Reign of George III., i., 434.

* The London General Evening Post for November 14th, 1780, in an article abusive of Washington, gives a pretended account of Andrè's "last words," in which the unfortunate man is made to say, "Remember that I die as becomes a British officer, while the manner of my death must reflect disgrace on your commander." André uttered no sentiment like this. Miss Seward, his early friend, on reading this account, wrote thus in her "Monody on Major André:"

"Oh Washington! I thought thee great and good, Nor knew thy Nero-thirst for guiltless blood! Severe to use the pow'r that Fortune gave, Thou cool, determin'd murderer of the brave! Lost to each fairer virtue, that inspires The genuine fervor of the patriot fires! And you, the base abettors of the doom, That sunk his blooming honors in the tomb, Th' opprobrious tomb your harden'd hearts decreed While all he asked was as the brave to bleed!"

* Aaron Ogden was born the 3d of December, 1756, at Elizabethtown, New Jersey. He graduated at Princeton in 1773. He was nurtured in the love of Whig principles, and took an active part in the early struggles of the patriots. In the winter of 1775-6, he was one of a party who boarded and captured a vessel lying off Sandy Hook, named Blue Mountain Valley, and carried her safely into Elizabethport. Mr. Ogden received an appointment in the first New Jersey regiment in the spring of 1777, and continued in the service until the close of the war. He was in the battle of Brandywine in the autumn of 1777; was brigade major in a portion of the advanced corps of General Lee at Monmouth in the summer of 1778, and served as assistant aid-de-camp to Lord Stirling during that memorable day. He was aid-de-camp to General Maxwell in the expedition of Sullivan against the Indians in 1779, and was in the battle at Springfield, in New Jersey, in 1780, where he had a horse shot under him. On the resignation of Maxwell, Ogden was appointed to a captaincy of light infantry under La Fayette, and was serving in that capacity when called upon to perform the delicate service mentioned in the text. He afterward accompanied La Fayette in his memorable campaign in Virginia in 1781. At the siege of Yorktown, Captain Ogden and his company gallantly stormed the left redoubt of the enemy, for which he was "honored with the peculiar approbation of Washington." He applied himself to the study of the law after the war, and rose rapidly in his profession. He was appointed one of the electors of president and vice- president in 1800, a stale senator in 1801, and in 1812 he was elected governor of New Jersey. He died in April, 1839, at the age of eighty- three years.

Proposition to Exchange Andre lor Arnold declined.--A Deputation from the British General.

769ticipated. The commandant received Ogden courteously, sent the packet across the river, asked him to stay all night, and in the course of the evening André became the subject of conversation. Ogden, in reply to the commandant's question, "Is there no way to spare Andre's life?" assured him that, if Sir Henry Clinton would give up Arnold, Andre might be saved. He informed him, however, that he had no assurance to that effect from Washington, but that he had reason to know that such an arrangement might be effected. The commandant immediately left the company, crossed the river, and had an interview with Clinton. Sir Henry promptly refused compliance, for honor would not allow the surrender of a man who had deserted from the Americans and openly espoused the cause of the king. This decision was communicated to Ogden, and he prepared to return to the camp. At dawn, on mustering his men, a sergeant was missing--he had deserted to the enemy during the night. No time could be lost in searching for the deserter, and Ogden returned to Tappan without him. * October 1, 1780

Great was the distress of Sir Henry Clinton on reading Washington's dispatch and the letter of Andre. He immediately summoned a council of officers, and it was resolved that a deputation of three persons should proceed to the nearest American outpost, open a communication with Washington, and, presenting proofs of the innocence of Andre, endeavor to procure his release. Toward noon on the 1st of October, General Robertson, Andrew Elliott, and William Smith, the deputation appointed by Clinton, accompanied by Beverly Robinson as a witness in the case, arrived at Dobbs's Ferry, in the Greyhound schooner, with a flag of truce. A request for a parley had been sent by Clinton to Washington, by Captain Ogden, in the morning. General Greene was deputed by the chief to act in his behalf, and he was already at the ferry when the Greyhound came to anchor. General Robertson, with great courtesy of manner and flattering words, opened the conference, and was proceeding to discuss the subject at issue, when Greene politely interrupted him by saying, "Let us understand our position. I meet you only as a private gentleman, not as an officer, for the case of an acknowledged spy admits of no discussion." With this understanding the conference proceeded; but Robertson produced nothing new calculated to change Greene's opinion respecting the justice of the sentence of the prisoner. A letter from Arnold to Washington, which had been kept in reserve, was now produced and read. The deputies believed that this would have the desired effect, and kept it back until verbal arguments should fail. Had their words been full of persuasion and convincing facts, this letter, so hypocritical, malignant, and impudent, would have scattered all favorable impressions in the mind of Greene to the winds. The traitor menaced Washington with dreadful retaliation if André should be slain, and in prospective charged upon the commander-in-chief the guilt of causing torrents of blood to flow. ** "It is hardly possible," says Sparks, "that this letter could have been read by Sir Henry Clinton, although written at his request, with

* The desertion of the sergeant was arranged by Washington, without the knowledge of Ogden. The object was to obtain information of much importance. A paper had been intercepted in which was found the name of General St. Clair, so relatively connected with other particulars as to excite a suspicion that he was concerned in Arnold's treason. The intelligent sergeant soon ascertained that there were no grounds for such suspicion, and that the paper in question was designed by the enemy to fall into Washington's hands, and excite jealousy and ill feelings among the American officers. The papers were traced to a British emissary named Brown. The sergeant found means to convey this intelligence to Washington.

** "If, after this just and candid representation of Major Andre's case," wrote Arnold, "the board of general officers adhere to their former opinion, I shall suppose it dictated by passion and resentment; and if that gentleman should suffer the severity of their sentence, I shall think myself bound by every tie of duty and honor to retaliate on such unhappy persons of your army as may fall in my power, that the respect due to flags and the law of nations may be better understood and observed."

** What could have been more injudicious than holding such language to Washington, under the circumstances? and as to the "respect due to flags," the traitor well know that in no part of the transaction had Andre been under such protection.

Result of the Efforts to Save André.--His Letter to Washington asking to be Shot.--Willis's Paraphrase.

770a view of operating on the judgment and clemency of Washington. Could any language written by an individual have a more opposite tendency? Disgust and contempt were the only emotions it could excite; and it was at least an evidence that neither the understanding or the heart of the writer had been improved by his political change. Hitherto he had discovered acuteness and mental resources, but in this act his folly was commensurate with his wickedness." *

The conference ended at sunset, and Greene returned to Tappan. Robertson expressed his confidence in Greene's candor in communicating the substance of their discussion to Washington; informed him that he should remain on board the Greyhound all night, and expressed a hope that in the morning he might take Major Andre back with him, or at least bear to his general an assurance of his ultimate safety. At an early hour the next morning October 2, 1780 the commissioners received a note from Greene, stating that the opinion and decision of Washington were unchanged, and that the prisoner would be executed that day. Robertson was overwhelmed with astonishment and grief. He had written to Clinton the evening before, expressing his belief that Andre was safe. The wish was father to the thought, for he had no reasonable warrant for such a conclusion, except in the known clemency of General Washington. Reluctant to return without some word of consoling hope for Clinton, Robertson wrote a letter to Washington, recapitulating the points discussed at the conference; but it was of no avail. No new fact was presented; no new phase was exhibited. Sir Henry Clinton also wrote a long letter to Washington, offering some important prisoners in exchange; but it was too late. Let us turn from the contemplation of their noble efforts to save the prisoner, to the victim himself.

I have said that Andre had no fear of death, but the _manner_ was a subject that disturbed him. When the sentence of the Board was communicated to him, he evinced no surprise or evident emotion; he only remarked, that, since he was to die, there was still a choice in the mode, which would make a material difference in his feelings. He was anxious to be shot--to die the death of a soldier--and for this privilege he importuned Washington, in a letter written the day before his execution. ** He pleaded with a touching yet manly earnestness for this boon, but it could not be granted by the customs of war. Unwilling to wound his feelings by a positive refusal, no answer was returned either to his verbal solicitation or his letter, and he was left the consoling hope that his wish might possibly be gratified.

The 1st of October, at five o'clock in the afternoon, had been fixed for the time of his

* Life of Arnold, Amer. Biog., iii., 275.

** The following is a copy of his letter: the original is at Charlottesville, Virginia.

"Sir,--Buoyed above the terror of death by the consciousness of a life devoted to honorable pursuits, and stained with no action that can give me remorse, I trust that the request I make to your excellency at this serious period, and which is to soften my last moments, will not be rejected. Sympathy toward a soldier will surely induce your excellency, and a military tribunal, to adapt the mode of my death to the feelings of a man of honor. Let me hope, sir, that if aught in my character impresses you with esteem toward me, if aught in my misfortunes marks me as the victim of policy and not of resentment, I shall experience the operation of these feelings in your breast by being informed that I am not to die on a gibbet.

"I have the honor to be, your excellency's most obedient and most humble servant,

"John André."

** This letter has been thus beautifully paraphrased in verse by N. P. Willis:

"It is not the fear of death That damps my brow; It is not for another breath I ask thee now; I can die with a lip unstirr'd, And a quiet heart--Let but this prayer be heard Ere I depart. 'I can give up my mother's look--My sister's kiss; I can think of love--yet brook A death like this! I can give up the young fame I burn'd to win; All--but the spotless name I glory in. "Thine is the power to give, Thine to deny, Joy for the hour I live, Calmness to die. By all the brave should cherish. By my dying breath, I ask that I may perish By a soldier's death."

Andre's Composure of Mind.--Pen-and-ink Sketch of himself--Name of his Executioner.

771execution, but, in consequence of the protracted conference at Dobbs's Ferry, it was postponed until the next day. Andre had procured his military suit, and in calmness counted

the speeding hours of his life, talking with self-possession to those who visited him, and even indulging in the practice of his favorite accomplishment. On the morning of the day fixed for his execution, he sketched with a pen a likeness of himself, sitting by a table, October, 1780 of which a fac simile is here given. The original is now in the _Trumbull Gallery_ at Yale College. It will be seen that there is a strong resemblance in the features of this sketch to those in the portrait on page 197.

Major Andre was executed at Tappan, at twelve o'clock, on the 2d of October, 1780. ** Doctor Thacher, then a surgeon in the Continental army, and present on the occasion, has left the following account in his Journal: "Major Andre is no more among the living. I have just witnessed his exit. It was a tragical scene of the deepest interest.... The

* I copied this fac simile from one in Sparks's Life and Treason of Arnold, where is given the following extract from a letter, written by Ebenezer Baldwin to the president of Yale College, and dated at New Haven, August 8th, 1832: "It affords me pleasure, as agent of Mr. Jabcz L. Tomlinson, of Stratford, and of Mr. Nathan Beers [sec page 431, this volume, for a notice of Mr. Beers], of this city, to request your acceptance of the accompanying miniature of Major John André. It is his likeness, seated at a table, in his guard-room, and drawn by himself, with a pen, on the morning of the day fixed for his execution. Mr. Tomlinson informs me that a respite was granted until the next day, and that this miniature was in the mean time presented to him (then acting as officer of the guard) by Major André himself. Mr. Tomlinson was present when the sketch was made, and says it w-as drawn without the aid of a [looking] glass. The sketch subsequently passed into the hands of Mr. Beers, a fellow-officer of Mr. Tomlinson, on the station, and from thence was transferred to me. It has been in my possession several years."

** His executioner was a Tory named Strickland, who resided in the Ramapo Valley. He was in confinement at Tappan, and was set at liberty on condition that he should perform the office of hangman. Benjamin Abbot, a drum-major, who died at Nashua, New Hampshire, in June, 1851, at the age of 92 years, played the dead march on that occasion.

Dr. Thacher's Account of Andrè's Execution.--Feelings of the Spectators.--The Place of his Death and Burial

772principal guard-officer, who was constantly in the room with the prisoner, relates, that when the hour of execution was announced to him in the morning, he received it without emotion, and, while all present were affected with silent gloom, he retained a firm countenance, with calmness and composure of mind.

Observing his servant enter his room in tears, he exclaimed, 'Leave me, until you can show yourself more manly.' His breakfast being sent to him from the table of General Washington, which had been done every day of his confinement, he partook of it as usual, and, having shaved and dressed himself, he placed his hat on the table, and cheerfully said to the guard-officers, 'I am ready at any moment, gentlemen, to wait on you.' The fatal hour having arrived, a large detachment of troops was paraded, and an immense concourse of people assembled. Almost all our general and field officers, excepting his excellency * and his staff, were present on horseback. Melancholy and gloom pervaded all ranks, and the scene was awfully affecting. I was so near, during the solemn march to the fatal spot, as to observe every movement, and to participate in every emotion the melancholy scene was calculated to produce. Major Andre walked from the stone house in which he had been confined between two of our subaltern officers, arm-in-arm. The eyes of the immense multitude were fixed on him, who, rising superior to the fears of death, appeared as if conscious of the dignified deportment he displayed. He betrayed no want of fortitude, but retained a complacent smile on his countenance, and politely bowed to several gentlemen whom he knew, which was respectfully returned. It was his earnest desire to be shot, as being the mode of death most conformable to the feelings of a military man, and he had indulged the hope that his request would be granted. At the moment, therefore, when suddenly he came in view of the gallows, he involuntarily started backward and made a pause. 'Why this emotion, sir?' said an officer by his side. Instantly recovering his composure, he said, 'I am reconciled to my death, but I detest the mode.' While waiting, and standing near the gallows, I observed some degree of trepidation--placing his foot on a stone and rolling it over, and choking in his throat as if attempting to swallow. So soon, however, as he perceived that things were in readiness, he stepped quickly into the wagon, and at this moment he appeared to shrink; but, instantly elevating his head with firmness, he said, 'It will be but a momentary pang;' and, taking from his pocket two white handkerchiefs, the provost marshal, with one, loosely pinioned his arms, and with the other the victim, after taking off his hat and stock, bandaged his own eyes with perfect firmness, which melted the hearts and moistened the cheeks not only of his servant, but of the throng of spectators. The rope being appended to the gallows, he slipped the noose over his head, and adjusted it to his neck, without the assistance of the awkward executioner. Colonel Scam-mel now informed him that he had an opportunity to speak, if he desired it. He raised the

* It is said that Washington never saw Major Andre, having avoided a personal interview with him from the beginning.

** The place of Andre's execution is now designated by a stone, lying on the right of a lane which runs from the highway from Tappan village to old Tappan, on the westerly side of a large peach orchard owned by Dr. Bartow, about a quarter of a mile from Washington's head-quarters. The stone is a small bowlder, on the upper surface of which is inscribed "André executed Oct. 2d, 1780." It is about three feet in length. This stone was placed there and inscribed in 1847, by a patriotic merchant of New York. A more elegant and durable monument should be erected upon the spot.

The Captors, of André rewarded.--Disinterment of Andre's Remains.-- Honored by the Duke of York

773handkerchief from his eyes, and said, 'I pray you to bear me witness that I meet my fate like a brave man.' The wagon being now removed from under him, he was suspended, and instantly expired. It proved, indeed, 'but a momentary pang.' He was dressed in his royal regimentals and boots. His remains, in the same dress, were placed in an ordinary coffin, and interred at the foot of the gallows * and the spot was consecrated by the tears of thousands. Thus died, in the bloom of life, the accomplished Major André, the pride of the royal army, and the valued friend of Sir Henry Clinton." **

The captors of Andre (Paulding, Williams, *** and Van Wart), were nobly rewarded by Congress for their fidelity. In a letter to the president of Congress, Washington said, October 7,1780 "Their conduct merits our warmest esteem; and I beg leave to add, that I think the public would do well to allow them a handsome gratuity. They have prevented, in all probability, our suffering one of the severest strokes that could have been meditated against us." Pursuant to this recommendation, Congress adopted a resolution November, 1780 expressive of the public sense of the virtuous and patriotic conduct of the "three young volunteer militia-men," and ordered "that each of them receive annually, out of the public treasury, two hundred dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money of these states during life, and that the Board of War procure for each of them a silver medal, on one side of which shall be a shield with this inscription; Fidelity; and on the other the following motto: 'the love of country conquers,' and forward them to the commander-in-chief, who is requested to present the same, with a copy of this resolution and the thanks of Congress, for their fidelity, and the eminent service

* In a subsequent publication by Doctor Thacher, entitled Observations relating to the Execution of Major Andre, he says that the regimentals of that officer were given to his servant. His remains were taken up in 1831 by Mr. Buchanan, the British consul at New York, removed to England, and deposited near his monument in Westminster Abbey. As no metallic buttons were found in his grave, it is evident he had been stripped of his regimentals before burial. He was interred in an open field then belonging to a Mr. Mabie.

* Mr. Buchanan published an interesting account of the disinterment in 1831. It was done by command of the Duke of York. On opening the grave, the moldering coffin was found about three feet below the surface. The roots of a peach-tree, which some sympathizing hand had planted at the head of his grave, had twined like a net-work around the young hero's skull. A leather string, which he had used for tying his hair, was perfect; this Mr. Buchanan sent to Andre's surviving sisters. While a prisoner after his capture at St. John's in 1775, Andre parted with his watch. This was also obtained and sent to his sisters. Two small cedars were growing by the grave. A portion of one of these was sent to England with the remains, and Mr. Buchanan suggested to the duke the propriety of having a snuff-box made of some of the wood, as a present for the Reverend Mr. Demarest, of Tappan, who greatly assisted the consul in the disinterment. The duke had an elegant box made, lined with gold, and inscribed "From his royal highness the Duke of York to the Reverend Mr. Demarest." Mr. Buchanan received a silver inkstand, inscribed "The surviving sisters of Major Andre to James Buchanan, Esq., his majesty's consul, New York." They also sent a silver cup, with a similar inscription, to Mr. Demarest,

** Military Journal, p. 222, 223.

*** David Williams was born in Tarrytown, October 21st, 1754. He entered the army in 1775, was under Montgomery at St. John's and Quebec, and continued in the militia service until 1779. He took an active part against the Cow-boys and Skinners on the Neutral Ground. He was not in regular service when he joined in the expedition the day before the capture of André. After the war he married a Miss Benedict, and settled in Schoharie county. He died at Broome, in that county, on the 2d day of August, 1831, at the age of seventy-seven. His remains were interred, with military honors, at Livingstonville, in the presence of a large concourse of citizens. His widow, I believe, is yet living with her son at Broome, at the age of ninety-four. Ten years after the death of her husband, she obtained a continuance of his pension, which had been stopped at his death, receiving $2000 at once. Congress has been repeatedly petitioned for an appropriation to erect a monument to Williams, but without success. See Simms's Schoharie County.

Desire to secure Arnold.--A Plan to Abduct him.--Its Execution committed to Major Henry Lee.

774they have rendered their country." * The medals were afterward given to the three individuals by Washington himself, at head-quarters, and the captors enjoyed the annuity during their lives. **

Commensurate with the strong feeling of sympathy evinced for Andre was the sentiment of indignant hatred and disgust of Arnold, and it was the ardent desire of Washington and his compatriots to obtain possession of the person of the arch-traitor and punish him as his wickedness deserved. Various plans were arranged, secret and open, to capture him, and several expeditions were formed for that avowed object. One, while the army was yet at Tappan, and the tears of sympathy for poor Andre were hardly dry upon the cheeks of the soldiers, was almost successful. It was known only to Washington, Major Henry Lee, and Sergeant Champe, the latter the principal actor in the movement.

Washington had learned that Arnold's quarters in New York were next door to those of Sir Henry Clinton (now No. 3 Broadway), and that he seemed to feel so secure with his new friends that his usual caution was but little exercised. The chief conceived a plan for abducting the traitor and bringing him to the American camp. The principal difficulty appeared to be to procure the proper instruments for such an enterprise. Recent events had made the commander-in-chief suspicious, for he knew not where smaller traitors might be lurking. He sent for Major Henry Lee, the commandant of a brave legion of cavalry; a man in whose patriotism, prudence, and judgment he knew he could confide. Already he had intrusted to this officer the delicate service of ascertaining the truth of many flying rumors that other officers of high rank were likely to follow Arnold's example. To him Washington disclosed his wishes. "I have sent for you, Major Lee," he said, "in the expectation that you have in your corps individuals capable and willing to undertake an indispensable, delicate, and hazardous project. Whoever comes forward on this occasion will lay me under great obligations personally, and in behalf of the United States I will reward him amply. No time is to be lost; he must proceed, if possible, to-night." The nature of the service was disclosed to Lee, and he promptly replied to his commander that he had no doubt his legion contained many men daring enough to undertake any enterprise, however perilous; but for the service required there was needed a combination of talent rarely found in the same individual. *** Lee suggested a plan which was highly approved of by Washing-

* Journals of Congress, vi., 154.

** In 1817, Mr. Paulding applied to Congress for an augmentation of his annuity. Major Tallmadge, who was then a member of the House of Representatives, strongly opposed the prayer of the petitioner, on the ground that he and his companions had been more than compensated for the real patriotism which they exercised on the occasion of making Major Andre a prisoner. The statements of Andre, at the time, impressed Tallmadge with the belief that the plunder of a traveler was their first incentive to arrest his progress, and that, could they have been certified of their prisoner's ability to perform his promises of large pay for his release, they would not have detained him. Andre solemnly asserted that they first ripped up the housings of his saddle and the cape of his coat, in search of money, but finding none, one of the party said, "He may have it [money] in his boots." The discovery of the papers there concealed gave them the first idea that he might be a spy. Major André was of opinion that if he could have given them a small sum in specie at first, they would have let him pass; but he only had a small amount in Continental bills, which was given him by Smith. While we may not claim entire purity of intent on the part of the captors when they first arrested the progress of Andre, we can not doubt the strength of their patriotism to withstand the lure of large bribes after they discovered his real character. For particulars on this point, see a small volume, entitled Vindication of the Captors of Major Andre, published in New York in 1817; also Walsh's American Register, vol. ii., 1817. In this volume of the Register may be found a translation of Marbois's Complot du Arnold.

*** In addition to the capture of Arnold, the emissary was to be commissioned to ferret out information touching the alleged defection of other officers of the Continental army. Already, as we have noticed, a sergeant under the command of Captain Ogden had been employed for such a purpose, and satisfied Washington of the innocence of one general officer who was accused!

Sergeant Champe.--His Sense of Honor.--Consents to attempt the Abduction of Arnold.--His Desertion favored by Lee.

775ton. He named Champe, the sergeant major of his cavalry, as every way well qualified for the service, but he was afraid his sense of personal honor would not allow him to take the first step in the perilous expedition--desertion--for he was anxiously awaiting a vacancy in the corps to receive a promised commission. *

Lee sent instantly for Champe, communicated to him the wishes of Washington, and depicted, with all the earnestness and eloquence of which he was master, the glory that awaited him, if successful. Champe listened with the deepest attention, his countenance evincing the greatest excitement of feeling. He expressed himself charmed with the plan, and its proposed beneficial results; declared that he was ready to embark in any enterprise for his country's good, however perilous, which did not involve his honor; but the idea of desertion to the enemy, and hypocritically espousing the cause of the king, were obstacles in his way too grave to be disregarded, and he prayed to be excused. Lee combated these scruples with every argument calculated to impress the heart of a brave soldier. He spoke of the personal honor which success promised; the honor of the corps to which he belonged; the great service which he would perform for his beloved eommander-in-ehief, and the plaudits of his countrymen. He told him that desertion, by request of his general, for a laudable purpose, earned with it no dishonor, and that the stain upon his character would remain only until prudence should allow the publication of the facts. After long persuasion, the sergeant major consented to undertake the mission, and preparations were immediately made.

Washington had already drawn up instructions. These were read to Champe, and he carefully noted their import in such a way that their true meaning could not be understood by another. He was to deliver letters to two individuals in New York, unknown to each other, who had long been in the confidence of the general. He was to procure such aid in bringing Arnold away as his judgment should dictate; and he was strictly enjoined to forbear killing the traitor under any circumstances. ** These preliminaries being settled, the difficulties that lay in his way between the camp and the enemy's outposts at Paulus's Hook, were next considered. There were many pickets and patrols in the way, and straggling parties of American irregulars often ventured almost to Bergen Point in search of booty or an adventure. Major Lee could offer the sergeant no aid against these dangers, lest he should be involved in the charge of favoring his desertion, and Champe was left to his own resources. All that Lee could do was to delay pursuit as long as possible, after it should be ascertained that the sergeant major had deserted.

At eleven o'clock at night, Champe took his cloak, valise, and orderly- book, October 20, 1780 mounted his horse secretly, and with three guineas in his pocket, which were given him by Lee, "put himself on fortune." Lee immediately went to bed, but not to sleep. Within half an hour, Captain Carnes, the officer of the day, came to him in haste, and informed him that one of the patrols had fallen in with a dragoon, who, on being challenged, put spurs to his horse and escaped. Lee complained of fatigue and drowsiness, pretended to be half asleep, and thus detained the captain some minutes before he seemed fairly to understand the object of that officer's visit. He ridiculed the idea that one of his own dragoons had deserted, for such an event had occurred but once during the whole war. The captain was not to be convinced by such arguments, but immediately mustering the whole squadron of horse, by Lee's reluctant order, satisfied both himself and his commander that _one_ had deserted, and that he was no less a personage than Champe, the sergeant major, who had decamped with his arms, baggage, and orderly- book. Captain Carnes ordered an

* John Champe was a Virginian. "He was-a native of Loudon county," says Lee, in his Memoirs, "and at this time twenty-three or twenty-four years of age; enlisted in 1776; rather above the common size; full of bone and muscle; with a saturnine countenance, grave, thoughtful, and taciturn, of tried courage and inflexible perseverance, and as likely to reject an overture, coupled with ignominy, as any officer in the corps."--Memoirs, p. 272.

** Lee made an arrangement with Mr. Baldwin, of Newark, to aid Champe. With him the sergeant was to have daily intercourse, as if by accident, and through him Lee was to receive communications from his sergeant major. He agreed to pay Baldwin, if successful, one hundred guineas, five hundred acres of land, and three negroes.

Pursuit of Champe.--His Skill in eluding his Pursuers.--He Escapes to a British Galley.--Sir Henry Clinton deceived

776immediate pursuit. Lee made as much delay in the preparation as possible, and when all was ready, he ordered a change in the command, giving it to Lieutenant Middleton, a young man whose tenderness of disposition would cause him to treat Champe leniently, if he should be overtaken. By parleying and other delays, Champe got an hour the start of his pursuers.

It was a bright starry night, and past twelve o'clock, when Middleton and his party took the saddle and spurred after the deserter. A fall of rain at sunset had effaced all tracks in the road, and thus favored the pursuit, for the single foot-prints of the dragoon's horse were easily traced and recognized. * Often, before dawn, when coming to a fork or a cross-road, a trooper would dismount to examine the track. Ascending an eminence at sunrise near the "Three Pigeons," ** a tavern a few miles north of the village of Bergen, they descried from its summit the deserting sergeant, not more than half a mile in advance. The pursuers were discovered by Champe at the same moment, and both parties spurred onward with all their might. They were all well acquainted with the roads in the vicinity. There was a short cut through the woods to the bridge below Bergen, which left the great road a little below the Three Pigeons. There Middleton divided his party, sending a detachment by the short road to secure the bridge, while himself and the others pursued Champe to Bergen. He now felt sure of capturing the deserter, for he could not reach Paulus's Hook without crossing the bridge in question. The two divisions met at the bridge, but, to their great astonishment, Champe had eluded their vigilance, and was not to be found. He, too, was acquainted with the short cut, and shrewdly considered that his pursuers would avail themselves of it. He therefore wisely determined to abandon his design of going to the British post at Paulus's Hook, and seek refuge on board one of two of the king's galleys which were lying in the bay in front of the little settlement of Communipaw, about a mile from Bergen.

Middleton retired hastily from the bridge to Bergen, and inquired if a dragoon had been seen there that morning. He was answered in the affirmative, but no one knew which way he went from the village. The beaten track no longer gave a legible imprint of his horse's shoes, and for a moment his pursuers were foiled. The trail was soon discovered on the road leading to Bergen. The pursuit was vigorously renewed, and in a few moments Champe was discovered near the water's edge, making signals to the British galleys. He had lashed his valise, containing his clothes and orderly-book, upon his back. When Middleton was within a few hundred yards of him, Champe leaped from his horse, cast away the scabbard of his sword, and with the naked blade in his hand, he sped across the marsh, plunged into the deep waters of the bay, and called to the galleys for help. A boat filled with strong oarsmen responded to his call, and he was soon on board the galley, with all the evidences of the sincerity of his desertion in his possession. The captain of the galley gave him a letter to Sir Henry Clinton, in which the scene just mentioned was described, and before night the sergeant was safely quartered in New York.

Middleton recovered the horse, cloak, and scabbard belonging to Champe, and returned to Tappan. Lee was grieved when he saw the supposed evidence that poor Champe was slain; but equally great was his joy when he learned from Middleton that the sergeant had escaped safely on board one of the enemy's galleys. Four days afterward Lee received a letter from Champe, in a disguised hand, and without signature, informing him of the occurrence just narrated.

Champe was sent by Clinton, for interrogation, to his adjutant general. The faithfulness of the legion to which he had hitherto been attached was well known in the British army, and this desertion was regarded as an important sign of increasing defection among the Americans. This opinion Champe fostered by adroit answers to questions proposed, Sir Henry Clinton also questioned him closely; and so sincere seemed to be the sergeant's desire to serve the king, that he won the entire confidence of the British general. Clinton

* The horses of Lee's legion were all shod by a farrier attached to the corps, and every shoe, alike in form, had a private mark put upon it. By this means the foot-prints of Champe's horse were recognized, and the course of the deserter made obvious to his pursuers. There is now a hamlet of that name there, situated on the high road from Haekensack to Hoboken.

Champe sent to Arnold.--Joins his Legion.--Preparations for carrying off the Traitor.

777gave Champe a couple of guineas, and recommended him to call upon General Arnold, who was engaged in raising an American legion, to be composed of Loyalists and deserters. This was exactly the course to which Champe had hoped events would tend. Arnold received him courteously, and assigned him quarters among his recruiting sergeants. The traitor asked him to join his legion, but Champe begged to be excused, on the plea that if caught by the rebels, he would surely be hanged; but promised Arnold that, if he changed his mind, he would certainly join his legion.

Champe found means to deliver the two letters before mentioned, and five days after his arrival in New York, he made arrangements with one of "Washington's October 23, 1789 correspondents to assist him in abducting Arnold, and then communicated the facts to Major Lee. * He enlisted in the traitor's legion, so as to have free intercourse with him, and ascertain his night habits and pursuits. In the rear of Arnold's quarters was a garden, extending down to the water's edge. ** Champe ascertained that it was Arnold's habit to return to his quarters at about midnight, and that previous to going to bed he always visited the garden. Adjoining the garden was a dark alley leading to the street. These circumstances were favorable to Champe's plans. He had arranged with two accomplices (one of whom was to have a boat in readiness) to seize and gag Arnold, on a certain night, in his garden, convey him to the alley, and from thence, through the most unfrequented streets, to the river. In case of detection while carrying the traitor, they were to represent him as a drunken soldier whom they were conveying to the guard-house. Once in the boat, they might pass in safety to Hoboken.

Champe carefully removed some of the palings between the garden and the alley, and replaced them so slightly that they might again be removed without noise. When all was arranged, he wrote to Lee, and appointed the third subsequent night for the November 5, 1780 delivery of the traitor on the Jersey shore. On that evening, Lee and a small party left the camp, with three accoutered horses--one for Arnold, one for the sergeant, and one for his associate--and at midnight concealed themselves at an appointed place in the woods at Hoboken. Hour after hour passed, and the dawn came, but Champe and his prisoner did not arrive. Lee and his party returned to camp greatly disappointed. A few days afterward he received a letter from his sergeant, explaining the cause of his failure, and an assurance that present success was hopeless. On the very day when Champe was to execute his plan, Arnold changed his quarters, to superintend the embarkation of troops for an expedition southward, to be commanded by himself. *** In this expedition the American le-

* In this first communication he assured Lee that his inquiries concerning the alleged defection of other American officers were satisfactory, and that no such defection existed.

** Arnold's quarters were at No. 3 Broadway, adjoining those of Sir Henry Clinton. The house is yet standing, and is represented, with Clinton's quarters, on page 592, of volume ii. The garden extended along the street to the northern boundary of the Atlantic Hotel, No. 5, where the dark alley, mentioned in the text, divided it from the premises No. 9, now known as the Atlantic Garden. The shore of the liver was formerly a few yards west of Greenwich Street, West Street being all "made ground."

*** Arnold received, as the price of his desertion from the Americans and attempted betrayal of the liberties of his country into the hands of the enemy, a commission as colonel, with a brevet rank of brigadier, in the British army, and the sum of nearly fifty thousand dollars. It may be mentioned, for the information of those unskilled in the technicalities of the military service, that the term brevet is used to a commission giving nominal rank higher than that for which pay is received. A brevet major serves and draws pay as a captain, and a brevet brigadier as colonel. Arnold was lower in office, both actual and nominal, among his new friends than he had been in the American army. But large bribes of gold was a salvo to that nice sense of honor for which he had so often wrangled. He was heartily despised by the British officers, and he was frequently insulted without possessing the power to show his resentment. Many anecdotes illustrative of this point have been related. It is said that, on one occasion, a British statesman, as he rose to make a speech in the House of Commons, saw Arnold in the gallery. "Mr. Speaker," he said, "I will not speak while that man (pointing toward Arnold) is in the house." George the Third introduced Arnold to Earl Balcarras, one of Burgoyne's officers at Bemis's Heights. "I know General Arnold and abominate traitors," was the quick reply of the earl, as he refused his hand and turned on his heel. When Talleyrand was about to come to America, he was informed that an American gentleman was in an adjoining room. He sought an interview, and asked for letters to his friends in America. "I was born in America, lived there till the prime of my life, but alas! I can call no man in America my friend," replied the stranger. That stranger Arnold.

Champe foiled.--Taken by Arnold to Virginia.--Escapes and rejoins his Legion in the Carolinas.--Ramapo Valley.

778gion was to be employed, and poor Champe, who had enlisted in it to carry out his plans, was in a sad dilemma. Instead of crossing the Hudson that night, with the traitor his prisoner, he found himself on board of a British transport, and that traitor his commander! December 16, 1780 The expedition sailed, and Champe was landed on the shores of Virginia. He sought opportunities to escape, but found none, until after the junction with Cornwallis at Petersburg, where he deserted. He passed up toward the mountains, and into the friendly districts of North Carolina. Finally, he joined the legion of Major Lee, just after it had passed the Congarec in pursuit of Lord Rawdon. Great was the surprise of his old comrades when they saw him, and it was increased at the cordial reception which the deserter received at the hands of Lee. His story was soon told, and four-fold greater than before his desertion was the love and admiration of his corps for him. They felt proud of him, and his promotion would have been hailed by general acclamation. Knowing that he would immediately be hanged if caught by the enemy, he was discharged from service. The commander-in-chief munificently rewarded him; and seventeen years afterward, when President Adams appointed Washington to the chief command of the armies of the United States, then preparing to defend the country from the threatened hostility of the French, the chief sent to Colonel Lee for information concerning Champe, being determined to bring him forward in the capacity of a captain of infantry. But the gallant soldier had removed to Kentucky, and was asleep in the soil. *

A few months after my visit to Tappan, I made another tour to the vicinity.. I passed two days in the romantic valley of the Ramapo, through which the New York and Erie rail-way courses. Every rocky nook, sparkling water-course, and shaded glen in that wild valley has a legendary charm. It is a ravine sixteen miles in extent, opening wide toward the fertile fields of Orange county. It was a region peculiarly distinguished by wild and daring adventure during the Revolution, and, at times, as important military ground. There the marauding Cow-boys made their rendezvous; and from its dark coverts, Claudius Smith, the merciless freebooter, and his three sons, with their followers, sallied out and plundered the surrounding country. ** Along the sinuous Ramapo Creek, before the war of the Revolution broke out, and while the ancient tribe of the Ramapaughs yet chased the deer on the rugged hills which skirt the valley, iron-forges were established, and the hammer-peal of spreading civilization echoed from the neighboring crags. Not far distant from its waters the great chain which was stretched across the Hudson at West Point was wrought; *** and the remains of one of the Ramapo forges, built at the close of the war, now form a picturesque ruin on the margin of the rail-way. **** A few miles below it, Ramapo village, with its extensive machinery, sends up a per-

* See Lee's Memoirs of the War in the Southern Department of the United States, from page 270 to 284 The reader, by observing the dates of his correspondence with Washington, will perceive that Lee has con founded the effort of Ogden to save André by having Arnold given up, and the desertion of his sergeant, with the expedition of Sergeant Champe. In his account of Champe's maneuver, he makes the salvation of André a leading incentive to efforts to capture Arnold; but André was executed on the 2d of October, whereas Champe did not desert until the 20th of the same month.

** Claudius Smith was a large, fine-looking man, of strong mind, and a desperado of the darkest dye. Himself and gang were a terror to Orange county for a long time, and tempting rewards were offered for his apprehension. He was finally captured near Oyster Bay, on Long Island, and taken to Goshen, where he was chained to the jail floor, and a strong guard placed over him. He was hung in the village on the 22d of January, 1779, with Gordon and De la Mar--the former convicted of horse- stealing, and the latter of burglary. Smith's residence was in the lower part of the present village of Monroe, on the Erie railway. Several murders were afterward committed by Smith's son Richard, in revenge for the hanging of his father; and for a while the Whigs in that region suffered more from the desperate Cow-boys than before the death of their great leader. For a detailed account of transactions connected with Claudius Smith, see Eager's History of Orange County, p. 550-564.

*** See page 700.

**** This ruin is situated about half way between the Sloatsburgh station and Monroe works. The forge was built in 1783--4. by Solomon Townshend, of New York, to make bar-iron and anchors, and was named the Augusta Works. A sketch of the ruin forms a pretty frontispiece to The Salamander (or Hugo, as it is now called), a legend of the Ramapo Valley, by Mrs. Elizabeth Oakes Smith. The historic anecdote related in the introduction to this charming legend. I also heard from the lips of the "venerable Mr. P-------- through whose kindness I was enabled to visit the "Hopper House." The relics of the Revolution are pleasingly grouped in the introduction referred to.

Ramapo Village. Mr. Pierson.--Movements of the two Armies in 1777.-- Washington's Perplexities.

779petual hymn of industry from the wilderness. This village, now containing a population of three hundred, * is owned by the Piersons, the elder having established iron-works there fifty years ago. Jeremiah II. Pierson, the original proprietor, is yet living there at the age of eighty-four, and to the kind hospitality of himself and family I am indebted for October, 1850 much of the pleasures and profit of my visit to the Ramapo Valley. God has taken his eyesight from him, but mercifully vouchsafes good health, sound mind, sunny cheerfulness, and the surroundings of a happy family. I listened with interest to a narrative of his clear recollections of the past, and the traditions gathered from his scattered neighbors when he first sat down there in the almost wilderness. Not twenty years had elapsed since the war closed when he erected his forges, and the _sufferers_ were living in small groups all around him. They have all passed away, and volumes of unwritten traditionary history are buried with them.

The American army under Washington was encamped in the vicinity of Ramapo for a few days in July, 1777. The head-quarters of Washington had been at Morristown during the previous winter and spring. Believing it prudent to act on the defensive, he had waited anxiously for Sir William Howe, who was quartered in New York city, to make some decided movement. Summer approached, and yet the British commander gave no intimations respecting his designs for a campaign. It was believed that he would either make a demonstration against the strong posts in the Highlands, or attempt a passage of the Delaware and a seizure of Philadelphia. Washington's position at Morristown was an eligible one for acting promptly and efficiently when Howe should move either way.

General Howe had a considerable force stationed at New Brunswick. This force was augmented early in May, and Washington received information that they had begun to build a portable bridge there, so constructed that it might be laid upon flat boats. Believing this to be a preparation for crossing the Delaware, Washington collected the new levies from Virginia and the Middle States, at Morristown, and ordered those from the eastward to assemble at Peekskill. Toward the close of May, the American army moved from Morristown, and encamped upon the heights of Middlebrook, in a very strong position, 1777 and commanding the country from New Brunswick to the Delaware. The maneuvers of detachments of the two armies in this vicinity in June (a) are noticed on page 331, a 1777vol. i. The British finally crossed over to Staten Island from Amboy (b) on the b 1777 bridge which they had constructed at New Brunswick, and entirely evacuated the Jerseys.

The next day Washington received intelligence of the approach of Burgoyne from Canada, and at the same time spies and deserters from New York informed him that a fleet of large vessels and transports were preparing in the harbor of that city. The commander-in-chief was greatly perplexed. At first it appeared probable that Howe was preparing to sail with his army southward, go up the Delaware, and attack Philadelphia by land and by water; but the intelligence that Washington continued to receive from the North made it appear more probable that a junction with Burgoyne, and the consequent possession of the Hudson River, by which the patriots of the Eastern and Middle States would be separated, and a free communication with Canada be established, would engage the efforts of Sir William Howe. The possession of the Hudson River had been a prominent object from the beginning of the war.

* When the large cotton factory (the spindles of which are now idle) and the screw factory of Mr. Pierson were in operation here, the village contained about seven hundred inhabitants. The whole valley of the Ramapo has but three or four owners. Many thousand acres belong to the Townsends; the Lorillard family own another immense tract; Mr. M'Farland another; the Sloats have considerable possessions, and the lower part belongs to the Piersons.

March of the American Army toward the Highlands.--Howe's Destination determined.--The Clove.

780Washington remained at Middlebrook with the main division of the army, anxiously awaiting the movements of the enemy, until toward the middle of July. He dispatched two regiments to Peekskill, on the Hudson, and had his whole army in readiness to march in that direction, if circumstances should require.

When it was certainly known that the British army had actually embarked on board the fleet, Washington moved slowly toward the Highlands by way of Morristown, Ramapo, * and the Clove. *** He encamped in the latter place on the 15th, eleven miles above the _Ramapo Pass_ (of which I shall presently July, 1777 write) and immediately sent forward Lord Stirling, with a division, to Peekskill. He established his head- quarters at Ramapo on the 23d; but so much was that region infested with Cow-boys and other Tories, that it was with great difficulty that he could obtain correct information from a distance. *** Northward from the present Ramapo village rises a range of lofty hills, upon the highest summit of which is upreared a huge mass of granite, shaped like a mighty dome, the top covered with trees. From this eminence, five hundred feet above the village, a small portion of New York Bay, Staten Island, and the ocean near Sandy Hook, may be distinctly seen on a clear day, the distance being about thirty-five miles. To this observatory, it is said, Washington was piloted, and with his glass saw a portion of the fleet of the enemy near Sandy Hook. The Weehawken Hill obstructed a full view of New York Harbor, and the commander-in-chief was uncertain whether the whole fleet had dropped down to the Hook; but, on returning to his quarters at Ramapo, he received positive information that the British fleet had gone to sea. Convinced that Philadelphia was the destination of Howe, Washington recalled Stirling's division from Peekskill, broke up his encampment in the Clove, and the army pursued various routes toward the Delaware. The battle of Brandywine, and other events in the vicinity of Philadelphia, which June 1,1779. occurred soon afterward, will be noticed in subsequent chapters.

On the return of Commodore Sir George Collier and General Matthews from a marauding expedition to Virginia, at the close of May, 1779, they sailed up the Hudson River to attack the forts in the Highlands. This expedition, as we have noticed on page 175, was under the command of Sir Henry Clinton. As soon as Washington was advised of this movement, he drew his troops from their cantonments in New Jersey, and, by rapid marches, reached the Clove on the 7th with five brigades and two Carolina regiments. He pressed forward to Smith's Clove, whence there were mountain passes to the forts in the Highlands, and there he encamped. Small detachments for observation and protection to couriers were stationed at different points from the encampment

* Ramapo, or Romopoek, was a small settlement on the Ramapo River, about five miles south of the present Suffern's Station on the New York and Erie rail-way, and within the province of New Jersey. It was nearly seven miles below the present village of Ramapo, founded by Mr. Pierson.

** The Clove here mentioned was chiefly the Ramapo Valley extending to Smith's Clove, which continues northward from the former, in the vicinity of Turner's Station, on the New York and Erie rail-road, far in the rear of Haverstraw and Stony Point. Through this clove, by the way of Ramapo, was the best route for an army from New Windsor into the upper part of New Jersey. The main division of the Continental army was again encamped in the Clove in 1779, when General Wayne captured Stony Point.

*** "I can not give you any certain account of General Howe's intended operations," wrote Washington to General Schuyler. "His conduct is puzzling and embarrassing beyond measure. So are the informations which I get. At one time the ships are standing up toward the North River; in a little while they are going up the Sound; and in an hour after they are going out of the Hook. I think in a day or two we must know something of his intentions."

**** This view is from the verge of the dam above the Ramapo works, near the rail-way, looking northeast. The eminence is called Torn Rock, from its ragged appearance on its southeastern side. There is a deep fissure in a portion of the bare rock, from which comes up a sound like the ticking of a watch, caused by the water which percolates through the scams in the granite. A tradition was long current that Washington lost his watch in the fissure, and that, by some miraculous power, it continued to tick!

The Ramapo Pass. March of the allied Armies to Virginia.--Clinton Deceived by Washington's Letters.

781southward to old Ramapo, and strong intrenchments were thrown up at the Pass, a narrow gorge about half a mile below the present Ramapo village. The passage between the hills here is only wide enough for the stream, the rail-way, a. wagon-road, and a narrow strip ol meadow-land.

The hills on each side rise abrupt and rocky. It was a place almost as easy to fortify and guard as the pass of old Thermopylae The ditch and bank from the wagon-road eastward are yet quite prominent. Large trees have overgrown them, and with care these mementoes of the past may be long preserved.

While the army was encamped at Smith's Clove, the successful expedition of General Wayne against Stony Point was accomplished. This success, the subsequent evacuation of that post and of Verplanek's Point by the British, and the necessity for sending re-enforcements to General Lincoln at the South, caused the camp in the Clove to be broken up early in the autumn. The main portion of the army went into winter quarters at Morristown, where the eommander-in-chief established himself, and strong detachments were stationed at different points among the Highlands.

Once again, and for the last time, the Ramapo Valley became the temporary theater of military operations. It was in the summer of 1781, when the allied armies took up their line of march for Virginia to achieve the defeat of Cornwallis. They had conjoined upon the Hudson for the purpose of making an attack upon the head-quarters of the British army in the city of New York. The failure of Count De Grasse, commander of a French fleet then in the West Indies, to co-operate with the land forces, made Washington abandon this project, and turn his attention to the military operations at the South. To prevent obstacles being thrown in his way by Sir Henry Clinton, or re-enforcements being sent to Cornwallis, Washington kept up the appearance of a meditated attack upon New York.

The two armies, which had remained nearly six weeks in the vicinity of Dobbs's Ferry, crossed the Hudson at Verplanck's Point, and marched by different routes to Trenton, under the general command of Lincoln; some passing through the Ramapo Valley and the Pass to Morristown, and others taking the upper route above the Ringwood Iron-works. The French took the river route, by Tappan and the Hackensack Valley, to Newark and Perth Amboy. At the latter place they built ovens, constructed boats, collected forage, and made other movements indicative of preparations to commence an attack, first upon the British posts on Staten Island, and then upon New York. Previous to the passage of the Hudson, Washington had caused deceptive letters to be written and put in the way of being intercepted, ** all of which deceived Sir Henry Clinton into the belief that an attack upon New

* This view is from the road, looking north toward the village of Ramapo. The remains of the intrenchments are seen along the right in the foreground. On the left, in the distance, is seen a glimpse of the hills on the other side of the narrow valley.

** One of the bearers of these letters was a young Baptist clergyman, named Montagnie, an ardent Whig, who was directed by Washington to carry a dispatch to Morristown. He directed the messenger to cross the river at King's Ferry, proceed by Haverstraw to the Ramapo Clove, and through the Pass to Morristown. Montagnie, knowing the Ramapo Pass to be in possession of the Cow-boys and other friends of the enemy, ventured to suggest to the commander-in-chief that the upper road would be the safest. "I shall be taken," he said, "if I go through the Clove." "Your duty, young man, is not to talk, but to obey!" replied Washington, sternly, enforcing his words by a vigorous stamp of his foot. Montagnie proceeded as directed, and, near the Ramapo Pass, was caught. A few days afterward he was sent to New York, where he was confined in the Sugar House, one of the famous provost prisons in the city. The day after his arrival, the contents of the dispatches taken from him were published in Rivington's Gazette with great parade, for they indicated a plan of an attack upon the city. The enemy was alarmed thereby, and active preparations were put in motion for receiving the besiegers. Montagnie now perceived why he was so positively instructed to go through the Ramapo Pass, where himself and dispatches were quite sure to be seized. When they appeared in Rivington's Gazette, the allied armies were far on their way to the Delaware. Montagnie admired the wisdom of Washington, but disliked himself to be the victim. Mr. Pierson, from whom I obtained the narrative, received it from the lips of Montagnie himself. Upon this incident Mrs. Elizabeth Oakes Smith (who also received the narrative from Mr. P.) founded her interesting prize tale called the Ramapo Pass. She also mentions it in her introduction to The Salamander.

The "Hopper House."--Patriotism of the Owner.--Interesting Relics.-- Burr's Head-quarters.

782York city was the grand object of the Americans. The allied armies had crossed the Delaware, and were far on their way toward the head of Elk, before the British commander was fully aware of their destination.

About four miles south of the Ramapo Pass, and three from Suffern's Station, on the road to Morristown, is the "Hopper House," where Washington made his head-quarters from the 2d until the 18th of September, 1780. The mansion was owned by -------- Hopper, one of the most active Whigs of the day. He was often employed by Washington in the secret service, and frequently visited his friends in New York city while the enemy had possession of it. On such occasions, he obtained much valuable information respecting the strength of the enemy, without incurring suspicion, as he never committed a word to paper. The remains of the patriot rest beneath a small marble monument, in a family cemetery, upon a grassy knoll by the road side, not far from the mansion.

This is the house wherein those letters of Washington, beginning with "Head-quarters, Bergen county," were written; it being in New Jersey, about two miles from the New York line. It was here that he received the news of the defeat of Gates at the disastrous battle near Camden, on the 16th of August, 1780; and from hence he set out on his journey to Hartford, on Monday, the 18th of September,1780 to meet the French officers in council, the time when Arnold attempted to surrender West Point into the hands of the enemy. The venerable widow of Mr. Hopper resided there until her death in 1849, when she had reached the ninety- ninth year of her life. Her daughter, who was often dandled on the knee of Washington, is still living, but was absent on the day of my visit, and I was denied the gratification of viewing those relics of the Revolution which are preserved in the house with much care. **

Close by Suffern's Station is an old building coeval with the original Hopper house. It was the head-quarters of Lieutenant-colonel Aaron Burr, while stationed there in command of Malcolm's regiment in September, 1777. It has been sometimes erroneously called the head-quarters of Washington. While encamped here for the purpose of guarding the Ram-

* This view is from the road, looking northeast. The low part, on the left, is a portion of the old mansion of the Revolution, which contained the dining-hall. It was a long stone building. A part of it has been taken down, and the present more spacious edifice, of brick, was erected soon after the war.

** Mrs. Smith, in her introduction to The Salamander, makes mention of the centenarian, and of these relics. "The ancient matron," she says, "has none of the garrulity of old age; on the contrary, as she adverted to past scenes, a quiet stateliness grew upon her, in beautiful harmony with the subject. Rarely will another behold the sight, so pleasing to ourselves, of five generations, each and all in perfect health and intelligence, under the same roof-tree. She spoke of this with evident satisfaction, and of the length of lime her ancestors had been upon the soil; in truth, we had never felt more sensibly the honorableness of Gray hairs.......We were shown the bed and furniture, remaining as when he [Washington] used them, for the room is kept carefully locked, and only shown as a particular gratification to those interested in all that concerns the man of men. Here were the dark chintz hangings beneath which he had slept; the quaint furniture; old walnut cabinets, dark, massive, and richly carved; a Dutch Bible, mounted with silver, with clasps and chain of same material, each bearing the stamp of antiquity, yet all in perfect preservation; largo China bowls; antique mugs; paintings upon glass of cherished members of the Orange family. These and other objects of interest remain as at that day."

Colonel Aaron Burr at Sufferns.--Confusion of the Militia.--Night Attack upon the British Pickets near Hackensack.

783apo Pass, Colonel Burr performed an exploit which was long remembered in the neighborhood.

He received intelligence that the enemy were in considerable force at Hackensack, and advancing into the country. Leaving a guard to protect the camp, Burr marched with the remainder of his effective men to Paramus, a distance of sixteen miles, in the direction of Hackensack. They arrived there at sunset, and found the militia of the district gathered in great confusion in the woods, ordered them to sleep until he should awaken them, and then went alone to reconnoiter. A little before daylight he returned, aroused his men, and directed them to follow him, without speaking a word or firing a gun until ordered, on pain of death.

Having arranged them in order, Burr marched forward with thirty picked men, and at ten o'clock at night approached the pickets of the enemy. When within three miles of Hackensack, Burr led his men upon the enemy before they had time to take up their arms. Leading them unobserved between the sentinels, until within a few yards of the picket-guard, he gave the word _Fire!_ His men rushed forward. A few prisoners and some spoil was carried off by the Americans, without the loss of a man on their part. Burr sent an order to Paramus by an express for all the troops to move, and to rally the country. This success inspirited the militia, and they flocked in great numbers to the standard of Burr. The enemy, thoroughly frightened, retreated in haste to Paulus's Hook (Jersey City), leaving behind them a greater portion of the plunder which they had collected.

We will now leave the Ramapo, and, saying farewell to the Hudson and its associations, wend our way toward the sunny South.

END OF VOLUME I.

ANALYTICAL INDEX--VOLUME ONE.

Aaron, Little, Mohawk Chief, Notice of, 269.

Abercrombie, Colonel, killed at Hattie of Bunker Hill, 546.

Abercrombie, General James-Expedition to Lake Champlain in 1758, 112; Investment of Fort Ticondoroga, 118; Biographical Sketch of, 119.

Abraham, Plains of, described-Battle of, 187.

Ackland, Major, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Ackland, Lady Harriet, Courage and Fortitude of, 66, 67.

Acts-Showing despotic Tendency of parliamentary Measures, 156, 157, 506; Treasonable (apparently), of Vermonters, in 1780, 168; First of Oppression, 454, 455; Stamp Act, originated by Grenville, and passed by Parliament in 1765, 463; Repealed in 1766, 472; Oppressive, 474; Quebec Act, passed in 1774, 505; Obnoxious to Americans prior to Revolution, Titles of, 518.

Adams, John, defends Captain Preston, 491; Appointed on Committee to draught Commission of and Instructions for Washington, 563.

Adams, Major, Notice of, 327.

Adams, Samuel, biographical Sketch of (see Biography of Signers of Declaration of Independence, Appendix)-Boldness ef, 477; Apprised of expected Arrival of British Troops at Lexington, 522; Retires to Woburn for Safety, 523.

Address, Tory, 250.

Addressors to Hutchinson, Recantation of, 512.

Agent, Secret, sent to Canada in 1774, 122; Sent to America in 1761, 459.

Agnew, General, Expedition to Danbury, 402.

Agreements, Non-importation.470, 484, 488.

Albany, early History of,30 Described by Kalm in 1749, 301; Incorporated a City in 1686, 302; Seat of Power during the Revolution-Mansion of General Schuyler-Head quarters for Officers in 1777, 304.

Aldeu, Colonel Ichabod, at Battle of Cherry Valley, 268.

Allen. Colonel Ethan, Expedition to Ticonderoga, 123; Interview with Delaplace-His Order to surrender obeyed-Trouble with Arnold about Command, 125; Expedition against St.John's-Preparations to oppose Carleton on Lake Champlain in 1775, 154; Letters to Congress relative, to Difficulties in Vermont, 168; Proposed Attack on Montreal, 179; Biographical Sketch of-Captured at Montreal-Brutal Treatment of, by Prescott, 180; At Wyoming in 1787, 375; Anecdote of 508.

Allen, Family, Massacre of, 100.

Allen, Ira, biographical Sketch of, 161.

Allen, Reverend Mr., bellicose Ardor of 396.

Almanac, Bickerstaff's, Explanation of Frontispiece of, 486.

Alsop, John, Delegate to first Continental Congress, 383.

America, early Notions concerning, by Europeans,19 Discovery of, by Columbus,25 Origin of the Name, 29.

Amerigo Vespucci, Voyages of to America; Biographical Sketch of,28 Publishes the first Account of Discoveries of America, 29.

Ancram, Major, Speech of, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 248.

Anderson, Dr. Alexander, Notice of, 513.

Anderson, Senior, Quotation from, 513.

Andross, Sir Edmund, first Governor General of Connecticut-Demanded and refused Charter-Tyranny of-Proceeds to Hartford with Soldiers-Charter placed before him, 434; Arrested and sent to England for Trial, 435, 451; Arrives at Boston with Title of Governor General, empowered to take away Charters from Colonies-Flees from the Fort, 451.

Andrustown, Destruction of, 255.

Anecdote of Sir William Johnson and Mohawk Sachem, 106; Colonel Stone and Mr. Forman, 229; Colonel Harper and Indian Peter, 237; Sir William Johnson and Servant Girl.287 Dutch Magistrate and Yankee Peddler, 292; Colonel Hamilton and Judge Ford when a Boy, 315; Timothy Meeker and Standing Army, 325; Old Indian at Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, 338; Colonel Dyer in Satire of " Lawyers and Bull-frogs,"347 Mrs. Finch at Forty Fort, 362; Dutchman and Hay Rake at Rondout, 390; Of Battle nf Bennington, 398; Hamilton and Holcomb in Expedition to Danbury, 403; Arnold and Coon, a Tory, 409; Gotfe and Fencing Master, 419; George Grenville christened-'Gentle Shepherd," 462: James Otis, Jun" and Clerk with Water-pot, 493; Admiral Montague and Pitts, 499; Ethan Allen and James Rivington, 508; Yankee Doodle and Chevy Chase.528 Colonel Prescott at Battle of Bunker Hill, 541; General Putnam after Battle of Bunker Hill 547;

Angell, Colonel, at Battle of Springfield, 323.

Anstruther, Colonel, at Battle of Stillwater, 55

Anti-rentism in New York, 391.

Arbuthnot, Admiral, off Block Island in 1781, 436.

Arkansas explored by De Soto in 1540, 31.

Armstrong, Colonel John, Expedition to Wyoming, 373.

Army, British, relative Position of, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,51 Condition of, after Battle of Stillwater,57 Melancholy Condition of, after second Battle of Stillwater,73 Deserters from, at Stillwater,75 Humiliating Review of, at Saratoga,81 Royal Highland Regiment of Quebec, how Raised, 159: Takes Fort Ontario in 1758, 219; Condition of, after Battle of Bnnker Hill, 571.

Army, Continental, Condition of, under Schuyler,39 Position at Cohoes in 1771,41 Condition of, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,47 Condition of, after Battle of Stillwater,57 Attacked by Indians at Moses's Creek, 101; Condition of, in 1775, 127; Re-enforcements for the Lake Posts in 1775, 155; At Point Levi, in Canada, 195; Small-pox in, at Quebec, 202; Small- pox in, at Morristown and Hudson Highlands-Encampment of, at Morristown, in 1777, 307; Encampment of at same Place in 1779-80, 309; Sufferings of, from severity of Winter of 1780, 310; Organization of, previous to Battle of Bunker Hill, 536; Washington appointed Commander-inChief in 1770, 503; Punishments of, in 1775-Model Order of565 Condition of, near Boston, at close of 1775, 576.

Arnold, Benedict, Maneuvers of, at Stillwater,52 Testimony of Historians concerning,55 Varick's Letter concerning-Gates's Treatment of-Rupture with Gates-Application to join Washington, 56-Bravery of, at Battle of Stillwater-Wounded,63 Joins Allen at Castleton-Disputes about Rank, 124; Trouble with Arnold about Command at Ticonderoga, 125; Recommended by Washington, 136; Expedition against St.John's-Preparations to oppose General Carleton on Lake Champlain, 154; Place of first Naval Battle- Wounded at Isle Aux Noix.162 Bravery of, on the Congress Galley, 165; Formerly a Dealer in Horses, 195; Summons to surrender at Quebec, 196; Junction with Montgomery, 197; Operations after Montgomery's Death- Wounded, 199; Promoted at Quebec, 201; Describes the Blackness of the Character of St. Leger, 251; Return to Stillwater from Siege of Fort Schuyler, 252; At Expedition to Danbury, 402; At Ridgefield in 1777, 408; Bravery of-Narrow Escape of-Anecdote of, and Tory, Coon, 409; Presented with a Horse by Congress for valiant Deeds, 410; Residence of, in New Haven-Patriotism at New Haven, 421; March of his Company to Cambridge-A Druggist and Bookseller at New Haven, 422; Mrs. Margaret (first Wife), Grave, Notice of, 429; Mrs. Margaret (second Wife), Notice of, 430; Associates with Tories in Philadelphia-Disaffection, 430; Attempts to surrender West Point in absence of Washington, 435.

Assembly, Rhode Island, authorize Army of Observation previous to Battle of Bunker Hill, 536.

Associations, Non-importation, in Boston in 1765, 469, 481.

Atlantis, Plato's Account of, 19.

Atyataronghta, Colonel Louis, at Battle of Klock's Field, 281.

Austin, Reverend David, plants Elms at New Haven, 428.

Autograph of Christopher Columbus,18 Philip Schuyler, 38 > Burgoyne and Gates,79 Silas Deane,85 Isaac Rice, 122; Arthur St. Clair, 132; Ethan Allen, 180; Richard Montgomery, 200; Amherst, 213; Catharine Cochran, 223; Sir John Johnson, 232; Peter Gansevoort, 240; Colonel Marinus Willed244 Joseph Brant-Teyendagages, or Little Hendrick-Kanadagea, or Hans-Great Hendrick-Daniel, 256; Walter Butler, 270; John Sullivan, 272; John Butler, 285; John Johnson, 286; Jacob Dievendorff, 293; Governor William Livingston.330 Colonel Zebulon Butler, 355; Colonel Timothy Pickering, 374; John Stark, 394; Joel Barlow, 405; Joseph Dibble, 406; David Wooster, 408; David Humphreys, 429; Nathan B431; Pilgrim Fathers, 438; Elisha Hutchinson-Timothy Thornton, 452; Thomas Hutchinson, 468; John Dickinson, 476; James Otis, 492: David Kinnison, 499; G. R. T. Hewes, 501; Samuel Adams, 510; Colonel James Barrett, 525; Joseph Warren, 548; Jonathan Harrington. 554-, Baroness Reidesel, 558; Cotton Mather, 562; General Gage, 573.

Aztecs, Notice of, 10.

Bailey, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Bailey, Quotation from, 519.

Baker. Amos, Notice of, 554.

Balcarras, Earl of, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Barber, Colonel Francis, biographical Sketch of, 324.

Barlow, Joel, biographical Sketch of-Quotation from, 404.

Barras, Count, prevented from meeting Washington at Wethersfield, 436.

Barré, Colonel Isaac, biographical Sketch of, 463; Predictions of Result of Stamp Act-Warnings to the People, 483.

Barrett, Colonel James, at Battle of Lexington-Biographical Sketch of, 525.

Barrett, Major James, Connection with Revolution, 551.

Batteries, American floating, 575,

Battle ground of Bemis's Heights, 45, 46,47 Stillwater,53 Saratoga, 77,80 Bloody Run,94 Sabbath-day Point-Lake George and Lake Champlain, 115; Ticonderoga, 118, 127; Near Fort Anne, 141; Hubbardton, 144.146 Site of Arnold's Naval Battle, Lake Champlain, 162, 163, 164; Plains of Abraham, 187; Near Fort Schuyler, 240, 249; Oriskany, 245; Springfield, 322; Monocasy Island, 356; Van Schaick's Mills, 3111; Bennington, 395, 396; Ridgefield, 409; West Bridge and Milford Hill,423; Lexington, 524; Concord, 526, 527; Charlestown and Vicinity, 538; Breed's Hill, 540, 543; Boston and Vicinity, 566; Bunker Hill, 574.

Battle of Bemis's Heights, Saratoga, or Stillwater (First)-Condition of the Northern Army,47 Reverses of the British in Mohawk Valley-Perplexity of Burgoyne-Advance of Gates to Stillwater,48 These three Battles identical,51 Approach of the two Armies-Engagement between Advance Corps-Maneuvers of Arnold and Fraser,52 Approach of a British enforcement under Phillips-Battle-ground described-Lull in the Battle,53 Renewal of the Battle-Loss sustained by the two Armies-Number of Troops engaged,54 Burgoyne's Encampment on West Bank of the Hudson-Poverty of the American Commissariat,57 Fortifications of the two Camps-Junction of Lincoln with the Army at Berais's Heights-Relative Position of the Armies,58 Effect of the Battle on the People-Diminution of Burgoyne's Army and Increase of Gates's-Condition ot the Enemy, 59.

Second Battle-Hostile Movements of the British-Preparations of the Americans for second Battle of Stillwater, 60: Bravery of both Annies- Quick and hold Movements of Morgan-Impetuosity of Arnold,61 General Fraser killed by Murphy-Censure of Morgan-Panic among the British,62 Bravery of Arnold, 61,63 Wounded-Assault on the German Works,63 Retreat of the Germans and Close of the Buttle-Preparations of Burgoyne to Retreat-The Killed and Wounded,64 Burgoyne's Request and Gates's Generosity,67 Commencement of Burgoyne's Retreat toward Saratoga- Anticipated by Gates.72 Melancholy Condition of the. British Army- Gates's Kindness to the Invalids-Burning of Schuyler's Mills and Mansion,73 Situation of Fellows's Detachment-Conduct of American Militia-Burgoyne's Attempt to retreat,74 Unsuccessful Stratagem of Burgoyne-Perilous Situation of two American Brigades-Deserters from the British Army,75 Retreat of Americans to their Camp-Perplexity of Burgoyne-A scattered Retreat proposed,76 Relative Position of the two Camps-Exposed Condition of the British-Burgoyne determines to surrender,77 His Proposition-Terms proposed by Gates-Terms finally agreed upon,78 Message to Burgoyne from General Clinton-Disposition of Burgoyne to withhold his Signature-Laying down of Arms,79 Place where the British laid down Arms-First personal Meeting of Gates and Burgoyne, SO; Humiliating Review of the British Prisoners-Burgoyne surrenders his Sword-Spoils of Victory-Yankee Doodle,81 Relative Condition and Prospect of the Americans before the Capture of Burgoyne-Effect of that Event, 83. .

Battle of Bennington-Terror and Flight of Indians-Victory of the Americans-Second Attack.397 Pursuit of the Enemy-Loss-Popularity of Stark, 398.

Battle of Bunker and Breed's Hills-Disposition of American Troops- Preparations for blockading Boston, 538; Night March to Battle-ground- Plan of Fortifications-British Vessels in Harbor, 539; Construction of Redoubt on Breed's Hill-Discovery of Works by Enemy, 540; Cowardice of the Tories-British Cross from Boston to Charlestown-Bravery of Prescott, 541; Excitement in Cambridge-Re-enforcements for both Parties-Sufferings of Provincials, 542; March of British toward Redoubt-Position of American Troops-Cannonade of Redouht, 543; Ascent of Redoubt by British Artillery-Silence of Americans-Terrible Volleys from Redouht-Flight of Enemy, 544; Burning of Charlestown-Second Repulse of British-Re enforced by Clinton-Ammunition of Americans exhausted, 545; Death of Colonel Gardner-Third Attack of British-Storming of Redoubt-Death of Warren and Pitcairn, 546; Confusion of Americans-Efforts of Putnam to rally them- Cessation of Battle-Loss-Spectators of the Scene, 547; Reflections- Burgoyne's Opinion of the Conflict, 548-Character of Troops engaged in Conflict, 550.

Battle of Cherry Valley-Approach of Butler and Brant-Warning to Alden- Capture of American Scouts, 268; Deduction of the Settlement-Treatment of Prisoners-Brutality of Butler and Humanity of Brant, 269.

Battle of Conewawah, 274.

Battle near Fort Ann, 138; Ambush of French and Indians-Desperate Fight- Capture of Putnam, 140; Humanity of his Captor-Preparation for Torture- Interposition of Molang,

Battle of Fort Keyser, 280.

Battle of Fort Niagara in 1759-Landing of Prideaux, 224; Attack and Stratagem of the French-The Latter routed by the British-French and Indians made Prisoners-Indian Tales of Atrocity, 225.

Battle of Fort Stanwix (see Battles of Fort Schuyler and Oriskany), 240.

Battle of Huhbardton,39 Retreat and surrender of Hale-His Excuse- Censured for Cowardice, 145; Battle-ground described, 144, 146; Defeat of Americans-Death of Colonel Francis, 146.

Battle of Johnstown in 1781, 290.

Battle of Block's Field, 281.

Battle, Last, in Mohawk Valley, 291.

Battle of Lake George in 1755-Death of Dieskau-Weakness of British Commanders-The Six Nations-Hendrick's Rebuke, 109.

Battle of Lexington and Concord-Approach of British discovered by Patriots-Lexington aroused-Midnight March of Enemy, 523; Citizens alarmed by Bells, Guns, and Drums-Militia called on the Green-Skirmish ensues-Captain Parker and seven other Patriots killed, 524; People of Concord in Arms-Assembling of Militia-Town invested by British, 525; Destruction of Property-Rapid Augmentation of Militia-Preparations for Battle, 526; Conflict at Concord Bridge-Captain Davis and Abner Hosmer killed-Patriots victorious-Retreat of Enemy to Village, 527; Colonel Smith returns to Boston with his Troops-Assaulted on the Way by Patriots-Many Regulars slain-Skirmish at Hardy's Hill, 528; Skirmish at West Cambridge and Prospect Hill, 529; General Effect of these Skirmishes-Names of Officers and Citizens of Not* slain, 530, 553; Account of this Battle sent to England at first doubted, 531.

Battle of Little Beardstown. 276.

Battle of Muford Hill in 1779-Death of Campbell, 423; Entrance of Enemy into Now Haven-Dr. Daggett and his Treatment-Landing of Tryon, 424; Conduct of the. Enemy-People flee to East Rock-Evacuation of the British, 425.

Battle near Montreal-Capture of Allen-Brutality of Prescott-Harsh Treatment of Prisoners, 180; Movements of Montgomery-Mutiny in his Camp- Flight and Capture of Prescott, 181; Return Home of the disaffected, 182.

Battle of Montmorenci-Junction of the English Division-Wolfe disheartened-Camp broken up, 186.

Battle, Naval, on Lake Champlain, in 1776.163 Escape of the Americans through the British Line-Chased by the Enemy-Another Battle, 164; Bravery of Arnold on the Congress Galley-Desperate Resistance-Retreat to Crown Point-Effect of the Battle, 165.

Battle of New Dorlach, 294.

Battle of Oswego in 1755-Shirley's Preparations at Albany-Montcalm's approach-Attack on the Works, 218; Surrender of the Forts and Garrison to Montcalm-His Courtesy-Destruction of the Forts, 219.

Battle of Oswego in 1814-Attack, 220; Result of the Battle-Number killed and wounded, 221.

Battle of Plattsburgh, Remains of-Incidents, 166.

Battle of Quebec-Ascent of the English-Preparation for Battle, 187; Bravery and Death of Wolfe-Death of Montcalm, 188; American Army at Point Levi-Alarm of the Canadians-Passage of the Army, 195; Arnold's Troops-Expected Aid of Arnold from within the City-His formal Summons to surrender, 196; Junction of Montgomery and Arnold-Ineffectual Efforts against the Town-Mutiny in the Camp-Plan of Assault, 197; Montgomery's approach to Cape Diamond-Opposing Battery-His Attack and Death.198 Arnold's Operations-Wounded Assailants led by Morgan-Severe Fight- Capture of Dearborn, 199; Loss of Americans at Quebec-Recovery and Burial of Montgomery's Body-Courtesy of Carleton, 200; Promotion of Arnold-Blockade of Quebec-Honor to the Memory of Montgomery, 201; Small pox in the Army-Preparations to Storm Quebec-Arrival and Death of General Thomas, 201.

Battle of Schoharie-Arrival of Regulars-Escape of Butler-Treachery of Indian Chief, Great Tree, 267.

Battle of Springfield-Invasion by Knyphausen-Clinton's Designs-Plan of the Battle, 322; Washington deceived by Clinton-Second Invasion under Knyphausen-Disposition of opposing Troops-Engagement,.323; Partial Retreat of Americans-Burning of the Town-Retreat of the Enemy, 324.

Battle of St.John's in 1775-Approach of the Americans, 169, Advance of Montgomery-Mutiny in American Camp, 170; Attack upon, and surrender of Fort Chambly-Repulse of Carleton at Longueuil-Surrender of St. John's, 171; The Spoils of Victory, 171, 172; Insubordination in American Camp- Retreat of Americans out of Canada, 172-Rendezvous of Burgoyne's Army at St.John's, 173.

Battle of Ticonderoga in 1776-Investment of the Fort by Abercrombie- Bravery of Lord Howe, 118; Fight with the French-Death of Howe-Attack and Defeat of the English, 119; Investment by Burgoyne-Material of his Army-Weakness of the Garrison, 132; Outposts undefended, 133; Council of War in American Camp-The British on Mount Defiance, 131; Retreat of Americans to Mount Independence-Im-prudence of Fermoy-Pursuit by the Enemy, 135; Destruction of American Vessels at Skenesborough-Flight of Americans toward Fort Ann, 138.

Battle at Wind mill Point in 1838-Preparations for Action-Evacuation of Ogdensburgh and Prescott-Colonel Worth sent to maintain Neutrality with United States-The British repulsed-Defeat of the Patriots, 211.

3attle of Wyoming. 1778-Preparations-Forces of the Enemy, 354; Disposition of the Belligerents for Battle-Speech of Colonel Z. Butler- Attack, 355; Denison's Orders mistaken-Retreat of Americans-Scene at Monocasy Island, 356; Escape of Butler and Denison-Cruelties of the Indians-Scene at Queen Esther's Rock, 357; Cruelties of Queen Esther- Scenes at Forty Fort-Negotiations for Surrender-Escape of Colonel Z. Butler, 358; Surrender of the Fort-Conduct of Tories-Bad Faith of Indians-Treaty, 359; Flight of the People over the Pocono-Incidents of the Flight-Providential Aid of Mr. Hollenback-Preservation of Papers,

360 ; Picture of the Flight-Bad Faith of Invaders-Story of the Fugitives published at Poughkeepsie-Errors of History, 361; Departure of Invaders from the Valley-Indian Cruelties-Arrival of Succor-Butler's Expedition against Indians, 362; Return of Settlers-Continued Alarm-Murder of Slocum-Sullivan's Expedition-The Valley a Scene of War, Blood, and Suffering, 363.

Battles of Fort Schuyler and Oriskany-Appointment of General Gansevoort, 240; Intelligence of Spencer the Spy-Rumored Preparations for Invasion- Effect on the Whigs-Approach of Johnson and St. Leger, 241; Investiture of Fort Schuyler-Ingenious Flag-Arrival of St. Leger-His pompous Manifesto, 242; Siege of Fort Schuyler-Movements of Indians-General Herkimer and the Militia, 243; Advance to Oriskany-Sortie from Fort Schuyler under Colonel Willet, 244; Dispersion of Johnson's Camp-Capture of Stores and other Valuables, 245: Indian Ambush-Surprise of Herkimer and his Troops-Wounded-His Coolness-Desperate Battle, 246; Intermission in the Battle-Its Resumption-Unsuccessful Stratagem of Colonel Butler- Enemy routed-Mutual Losses, 247; Capture of Billenger and Fry-Messengers sent by St. Leger-Their Threats, Persuasions, and Falsehoods, 248; Reply of Colonel Willett-St. Leger's written Demand of Surrender-Gansevoort's Reply, 249; A Tory Address-Continuation of the Siege-Adventure of Willett and Stockwell-Gansevoort's Resolution, 250; IIon-Yost Schuyler taken Prisoner-His successful Mission to St. Leger's Camp-Arnold's Proclamation-Alarm of the Indians.251 Flight of St. Leger's Forces to Oswego-The Spoils-Amusement of Indians-End of the Siege, 252.

Baume, F" Copy of Dispatch of, 391; Expedition to Bennington-Indian Allies-Skirmish near Cambridge, 392.

Beacon, on Beacon Hill, Boston, Notice of, 451.

Beauhamois, orders Burnet to desist from erecting Fort at Oswego, 216.

Beaumarchais, biographical Sketch of-Sent to London to confer with Lee. 86.

Becraft, Tory, Castigation of, 278.

Bedell, Colonel, Notice of, 207.

Beers, Mr., Murdered at New Haven by British, 425.

Beers, Nathan, Notice of, 431.

Bemis's Heights, Origin of Name-Topography-View from-Head-quarters of Revolutionary Officers,45 Localities in Vicinity of-Willard's Mountain,47 Fortifications-Their present Appearance-Preparations for Battle, 49.

Benedict. Eli, Expedition to Danbury, 402.

Benjamin, Park, Quotation from, 214.

Bennett, Honorable Ziba, 370.

Bennington, Battle-ground described, 396, 399.

Benson, Egbert, first Attorney General of State of New York, 387.

Bernard, Governor Sir Francis, suspected of encouraging Stamp Act, 466; Copy of Proclamation to Gentlemen assembled in Faneuil Hall, 480; Petition for removal of, 483; Departure for England-Biographical Sketch of. 484.

Betts, Captain Stephen, Skirmish with Tryon's Troops at Grum-mon's Hill in 1779. 414.

Bettys, Joseph, biographical Notice of, 164.

Big Snake, Notice of. 105.

Bill. Canada, Opposition to. in Parliament, 156; Passed in 1774, 157; Boston Port, passed in 1774, 504; For destroying New England Fisheries, passed in 1775-Conciliatory, 520.

Billenger, Colonel, made Prisoner at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 248.

Billings, Captain, Killed, 312.

Biographical Sketch of Abercrombie, General James, 119; Adams, Samuel (.see Biography of Signers of Declaration of Independence, Appendix)- Allen, Colonel Ethan, 180; Allen, Ira, 161; Barré, Colonel Isaac, 463; Barrett, Colonel James, 525; Bernard, Governor, 484; Bettys, Joseph, 164; Bradford, William, 444; Bradstreet, Colonel, 215; Brainerd, Reverend David, 336; Breut, Joseph, 256; Brown, Colonel, 280; Bur-goyne, General,37 Burke. Edmund, 503; Butler, Colonel John, 285; Butler, Colonel Zebulon, 355; Caldwell, Reverend James, 326; Clinton. Charles, 255; Clinton, General, 272; Cochran, Dr..221 Columbus, Christopher,18 Dayton, Colonel Elias, 323; Dean, James, 273; Denison, Colonel Nathan,

361 ; Dickinson, John, 476; Dickenson, Reverend Jonathan, 326; Durkee, Colonel, 345; Francis, Colonel, 324; Gage, General Thomas, 573; Gansevoort, Colonel Peter, 240; George 111., 457; Gibbon. Edward.519 Grafton, Duke of, 482; Grenville, George, 460* Gridley, Colonel Richard, 546; Hancock, John (see Biography of Signers of Declaration of Independence, Appendix)-Hand, General, 274; Hewes, G. R. T., 502; Howe, Loid, 119; Hull, Major,55; Humphreys, Colonel.429 Hutchinson, Governor, 467; Isabella of Castile and Leon,22 Jenner, Edward.307 J-n. Mrs.,88 Johnson, John, 285; Johnson, Sir William, 232, 287; Kinnison, David, 500; Kirkland, Samuel, 234; Knyphausen, General Baron, 321; Kosciuszko, Thaddeus,48 Langdon, Governor, 393; Lee. Ann, 383; Livingston, Governor.330 Livingston, Colonel Henry A., 385; Minor, Charles, 240: Montcalm, Marquis De, 188; Montgomery, Richard, 200; Montour, Catharine (Queen Esther), 357; Munson, Dr., 308; Murphy, Timothy,62 Nixon, General,76 North, Lord, 483; Oliver, Judge, 506; Otis, James, 493; Pickering, Colonel Timothy, 374; Prescott, Colonel William, 539; Queen Esther (Catharine Montour), 357; Quincy, Josiah, 498; Rogers, Major, 116; St. Clair, General Arthur, 132; St.Veran, Joseph De, 188; Smith, Adam, 517; Spencer, General Joseph, 566; Standish, Miles, 445; Stark, John, 394; Sullivan, General, 272; Thomas, General.202 Trumbull, John, 401; Ward, Artemas, 190; Warner, Colonel Seth, 153; Warren, Dr. Joseph, 548; Warren, James, 494; Warren, Mrs. Mercy, 464; Whitefield, Reverend George, 336; Wilkes, John, 520; Willett, Colonel, 244; Winslow, Edward, 445; Wolfe, General, 188; Wooster, General, 408; Yest, Francois, 175; Zinzendorf, Count, 342.

Bishop, Caricature of attempt to Land in America, 459.

Bloody Pond, 107.

Bloody Run, Tragedy of, 94.

Board of Trade and Plantations in 1696, 453.

Bokum, Professor, Quotation from, 299.

Bolingbroke, Lord, elopes to America with German Girl, 329

Bombardment of American Works by British from Bunker Hill in 1775, 571.

Boscawen, Admiral, sails from Halifax in 1758, 119.

Boston, Origin and Names of, 445; Settlement of, 446; Firs* Forts in- Erection of monumental Column on Beacon Hill, 451; First open Resistance resolved upon against the Crown, 459; Arrival of Stamps in 1765-Riot- Effigies burned, 466, 469; Destruction ot Liberty Tree and other Property

467 ; Attack on Hutchiuson's House-Character of Rioters,

468 ; Proceedings relative to Stamp Act-Non importation Associations formed, 469; Rejoicings on Repeal of Stamp Act-Release of Prisoners for Debt-Pyramid on the Common-Liberality of Hancock, 473; Province House, 474; Confinement of Tide waiter, Kirke-Seizure of Sloop Liberty- Excitement of the People-Public Meeting called at Faneuil Hall, 478; Convention proposed, 479; Convention held in Faneuil Hall-Arrival of British Troops, 480; Military Display-Exasperation of the People-Non- importation Associations formed, 481; Daughters of Liberty hold Meeting- Arrival of General Gage-Dissolution of Assemblies, 483; Bickerstaffs Almanack, 486; Assault on Mr. Otis, 487; Patriotism of Women and Boys, 488; Murder of Boy Snyder-Pardon ot the Murderer-Riot, 489; Attack of Mob on the Soldiers-Attucks, Gray, and Caldwell shot, 490; Intense Excitement-Old South Church-Delegation of Patriots before the Governor- Removal of Troops-Trial of Captain Preston, 491; Soldiers defended by John Adams and Quincy-Result of the Trial, 492; Patriots in 1770- Hutchiuson made Governor-Asserted Independence of Assemblies, 493; Preparation for Reception of Tea Ships-Treatment of Consignees-Handbills and Placards issued, 496; Arrival of Tea Ships-Monster Meeting at Old South-Speech of Josiah Quincy, 497; Destruction of Tea in the Harbor, 498; Quietude of the Town-Punishment of Smuggler-Names of Members of Tea Party, 499; Port Bill proposed and adopted, 503; Arrival of General Gage in 1774-Meeting in Faneuil Hall to consider Port Bill-Excitement of the People, 507; Boldness of Patriots, 510; Closing of the Port, 511; Courts of Justice suspended on Eve of Revolution, 512; Topography of, 512, 513, 551, 561, 566, 574; Peaceable Resistance of People on Eve of Revolution- Spirit of the Press-Names of Boston Newspapers in 1774-Fortification of the " Neck"-Committee of Correspondence in 1774-Names of, 513; Arrival of British Troops from the Jerseys, New York, and Quebec-Number of British Troops stationed at, 521; Arrival of Patriots from all Quarters after Battle of Lexington-Organization of Troops under General Ward- Preparations to besiege the City-Neck defended by Colonel Robinson, 534; Gloomy Prospects of People-All Intercourse with the Country cut off by Gage-Surrounded by exasperated Patriots-Interview of Gage with the Select men-His Perfidy.535 Operations in Vicinity of, after Battle of Lexington, 537; Preparations for Blockading, 538; British Men-of-war at, after Battle of Lexington, 539; Common, 551; Number of yearly Passengers, 560; State House-Copp's Hill-Statute of Washington-Mather's Vault, 561; Belligerent Armies and Skirmishes at-After Battle of Bunker Hill-Condition of British Troops after Battle of Bunker Hill-Railroads- Population in 1775, 571; Plan of Relieving-Departure of Women of, with Spoons and Specie quilted into Garments, 572; Desecration of Old South. 574.

Boudinot, Elias, Tomb of, 326.

Boundary Line established between Canada and United States in 1842, 167.

Bounty offered American Recruits at Morristown, 312.

Boyd, Lieutenant, reconnoitres Beard's Town-Beheaded, 276.

Boys, Patriotism of, in Revolution, 296, 488, 512.

Bradford, William, biographical Sketch of. 444.

Bradstreet, Colonel John, biographical Sketch of-Captures Fort Frontenac in 1758, 215.

Bragaw, Bergen, Notice of, 333.

Brainerd, Quotation from, 227.

Brainerd, Reverend David, biographical Sketch of, 336.

Brant, Joseph, Interview with General Herkimer at Ogkwaga, near Susquehanna, 238; Withdraws Warriors from Susquehanna, and joins Butler and Johnson, 239; Approaches Oneida Lake with Butler, Claus, and Johnson, 241; At Siege of Fort Schuyler, 244; Destroys German Flats in 1778, 255; Biographical Sketch of, 256; Destroys Springfield, at Head of Otsego Lake, in 1778, 266; Humanity of-Challenged by M'Kean, 270; In Western New York, 274; At Battle of Block's Field, 281; Captures Vrooman at Fort Schuyler, 282; His Hatchet-marks at Johnstown, 286; Attempts to cut off Settlement of Cherry Valley-Deceived by Boys, 296; Not engaged in Invasion of Wyoming-Campbell's Injustice toward, 354.

Brant, Molly, Notice of, 287.

Brener, Colonel, wounded at Battle of Bunker Hill, 545.

Breyman, Colonel, at Battle of Bemia's Heights,50 At Battle of Bennington, 394.

Bricketts at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Bridge, Suspension, over Niagara River, 228.

Brock, General Sir Isaac, Death and Monument of, 226.

Brooks, Major, at Battle of Bemis'a Heights,50 At Battle of Bunker Hill, 539, 541.

Brown, Captain Christian, overpowered at Battle of Schoharie, 267.

Brown, Colonel John, at Battle of Bemis'a Heights,50 Successful Expedition against British Posts between Lakes George and Champlain, 114; Biographical Sketch of, 280.

Brush, Colonel, at Battle of Bennington, 394.

Bryant, Quotation from, 88, 284.

Buckingham, Quotation from, 228.

Buckley, Mra., Treatment of, by Tryon, 427.

Buckminster, wounded at Battle of Bunker Hill, 545.

Bunker Hill, Topography of, 538, 540,543; Battle of, 543; Names of British Officers killed at, 545; Monument-Description, Construction, and Dedication of, 558, 559; Scenery from, 560.

Burgoyne, General, biographical Sketch of-Intrusted with Command of British Forces,37 Arrives at Quebec-Receives Aid from Sir Guy Carleton- Congregates Forces at St.John's,38 Victorious from St.John's to Crown Point-Prepares to besiege Ticonderoga,39 His Force augmented-Advances to Fort Anne-Reaches Fort Edward,40 Perplexity in Mohawk Valley,48 March to Saratoga and Stillwater,51 Narrow Escape of,55 Diminution of his Army at Stillwater,59 Preparations to retreat,64 Retreat toward Saratoga from Stillwater-Anticipated by Gates,72; Attempts to retreat to Fort Edward,74 Stratagem unsuccessful,75 Perplexity-Determines to surrender, 77: Proposition,78 Message to Clinton-Disposition to withhold Signature- British Forces ground their arms,79 Introduction to Gatt,80 Surrender of Sword at Saratoga,81 Investment of Ticonderoga, 132; Proclamation, 133; Interview with Indians at Bouquet River, 160; Rendezvous at St.John's, 173; Arrival at Boston after Battle of Lexington, 537; Opinion of Battle of Bunker Hill, 548.

Burke, Captain, Continental Navy, 576.

Burke, Edmund, in House of Commons in 1776, 471; Picture of Pitt's Cabinet, 475; Orations in behalf of American Liberty-Biographical Sketch of, 503; Goldsmith's Epitaph of, 504.

Burnet, Governor, erects Fort at Oswego in 1727, 216; Appointed Chief Magistrate of Massachusetts in 1728, 454.

Burr, Aaron, with Arnold on his Way to Quebec, 194.

Burr, Thaddeus, and Wife, Notice of, 425.

Bute, Earl of, Influence of, 457; Character of, 458; Resignation of, 468,

Butler, Colonel John, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 244; Recruits Tory Refugees on St. Lawrence River, 264; Breaks into Valley of Wyoming in 1778, 267; Residence, of, in Mohawk Valley-Biographical Sketch of, 285; Detachment of, at Tioga Point in 1778, 352; Headquarters of, at Wintermoot's Fort, at Wyoming, 1778, 353; Demands Surrender of Forty Fort, 354.

Butler, Colonel, in Encampment at Morristown, 313.

Butler. Walter N., made Prisoner, 250; Imprisoned at Albany in 1777- Escapes-Commands Detachment of Rangers in Expedition against Tryon County In 1778, 267; Marches with Brant toward Cherry Valley, 268; Character-Slain by Oneidas in 1781, 270; Incursion into Mohawk Valley, 290; Retreat to Canada-Death of, 291.

Butler, Colonel William, takes Post at Schoharie in 1778, 267.

Butler, Colonel Zebulon, sent to destroy Indians at Cayuga Lake, 278; Notice of, 340, 346, 348; In Expedition to Wyoming in 1775, 348, 362; Sends Messengers to learn Intentions of Savages, 349; Deceived by Indian Messenger John-Writes Letter to Roger Sherman, 350; Made Commander-in- chief at Wyoming in 1778, 353; Escape to Wilkesbarre Fort, 357;

Escape from Wyoming in 1778, 358; Speeeh of-Biographical Sketch of, 355; Residence and Grave of, 367.

Butterfield, Major, Notice of, 207.

Cabot, John, Voyage to North America,28 True Discoverer of North America, 29.

Cabot, Sebastian, Explores Coast North of Albemarle Sound,27 Reaches Shores of Brazil and Rio de la Plata, 28.

Cairn, Scotch Canadian, 209.

Caldwell, Mrs., Murder of, 325; Monument of, at Elizabethtown, 326.

Caldwell, Reverend James, Notice of, 324; Biographical Sketeh of- Monument of, 326; Murder of-Execution of Murderer-Funeral-Orphan Family of. 327.

California, ancient Inhabitants of, 16.

Callender, Captain, dismissed from Service for Cowardice-Reinstated by Washington for Bravery, 550.

Cambridge, attempted Seizure of Arms at, 514; Head-quarters of American Army after Battle"'of Lexington, 534; Early History of-Washington's Head-quarters, 555; Washington Elm, 558, 564; Topography of, 566.

Campaign, British, Preparations for, in 1777,36 Instructions of Lord George Germain, 37.

Campbell, Honorable James S., Notice of Captivity of, 296.

Campbell, Honorable William W., Notice of, 296.

Campbell, Colonel Samuel, directs attention of La Fayette to Forts in Schoharie Valley, 265.

Campbell, Major, Monument of, near New Haven-Grave of-Death of, 423.

Campbell, Mrs., Captured by Indians, 269.

Campbell, Thomas, Errors in "Gertrude of Wyoming"-Injustice toward Brant, 354; Quotation from, 354, 307, Allusion to his Poem, 364.

Canada, Inhabitants of, addressed by American Congress-Secret Agent sent to, 122; Report, 123; Bill for more effectual Provision for Government introduced into Parliament in 1774-Opposition-Denunciations of Barré, 156; Passage-Effect of Measure in Colonies-Boldness of Orators and Press, 157; Cessation of French Dominion in, in 1760, 179; Patriots (so called) of 1837, 210.

Canadians, French, Superstition of, 173; Rural Occupations of, 173, 174.

Canajoharie, Settlement of, invaded by Tories and Indians in 1780, 262; Female Presence of Mind-Burning of Church-Indians deceived-Tardiness of Colonel Wemple, 263.

Cape of Good Hope discovered by Vasco de Gama, 26.

Cannon, Mrs., massacred by Indians, 269.

Caravel, Spanish, Description of, 23.

Carcass, defined, 545.

Carey, Mr., makes Cannon of Pepperidge Log, 347.

Carleton, Sir Guy, Governor of Canada,38 Attempts to seduce Bishop of Quebec, 158; Notice of, 181; Courtesy to Mrs. Montgomery, 200; Kindness to American Prisoners at Quebec in 1776, 514.

Carleton, Colonel Guy, Spy in Schoharie Valley, 265.

Carolina, North, explored by Verrazzani, 32.

Carolina, South, discovered by D'Aillon, 30.

Cartier, Expedition up the St. Lawrence, 32.

Carver, Governor John, Notice and Death of, 444.

Castle, Genesee, Destruction of, 277.

Catharinestown, Destruction of, 275.

Cauglmawaga, Notice of-Old Church, 233; Burned in 1780, 280; Description of, 285.

Cave, Indian, Notice of, 105.

Celebration at Chemung on Return of Genesee Valley Expedition in 1779, 278.

Cemetery, at New Haven, 429; Indian, near Plymouth, 443.

Censors, Board of, in Pennsylvania, 373.

Chair, Pilgrim, 438.

Chandler, Mrs. Margaret, Account of Escape of Hancock and Adams from Lexington, 553.

Chantrey, his Statue of Washington in State House, Boston, 553.

Charles II., Notice of, 434.

Charlotte, Queen of George III.-Character of, 458.

Charlestown, Topography of, 538, 540, 543, 506, 571; Burning of, in 1775, 545.

Charter, Connecticut, Notice of, 439.

Charter Oak, at Hartford, Notice of, 434.

Chastellux, Marquis De, conféra with Washington at Hartford 435.-

Chatham, Earl of, Speech of, in Parliament,84 Receives Earl dom, 475; Unexpected Appearance in Parliament on Eve of Revolution-Speech on American Affairs-Conciliatory Proposition, 518.

Cherry Valley, Whig Meeting at, in 1775, 233; Battle of, 268 269, Notice of-Residence of Judge Campbell, 296; Description of, 297.

Chimney Point, Lake Champlain, first settled by French in 1731, 150.

Christie, Colonel, Notice of, 226.

Church, Dr. Benjamin, appointed Surgeon of Army Hospital in 1775- Imprisoned for Treason-Banished from the Country-First Traitor to American Cause, 568.

Church, Old Caughnawaga.233 Old South, Boston-Described-Headquarters of British Soldiers in Revolution, 490; Desecrated by British Troop». 574.

Cilley at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Circular Letter of Massachusetts in 1765, 464; Of Lord Hillsborough, 484.

Clark, Willis Gaylord, Quotation from, 418, 548.

Clarke, Sir Francis, Death of, 63.

Classic Localities, 34.

Claus, Colonel Daniel, Notice of-In Command of Indians at Oswego, 241, 287.

Clergymen, Action of, 512; Congregational, preach Liberty in Massachusetts, 521.

Clinton, General Sir Henry, sends Message to Burgoyne at Saratoga,79 Sails for Charleston in 1779, 309; Arrival of, from the South in 1780- Designs on Washington at Short Hills, 322; Operations in New Jersey in 1778, 332; Sends marauding Expedition up Hudson River in 1777, 388; Arrives at Boston after Battle of Lexington, 537; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 545; Advises Attack on Cambridge, 547.

Clinton, Governor George, Expedition to Tryon County, 280; Pursues Sir John Johnson to Ticonderoga, 290; President of New York State Convention in 1788, 384; First Governor of State of New York, 387.

Clinton, General Janies, biographical Sketch of-Expedition to Western New York against Indians in 1779, 272.

Clinton, Charles, biographical Sketch of, 255.

Clinton, De Witt, proposed Monument to, 259.

Clyde, Colonel, Notice of, 262.

Coal Mines at Carbondale, fatal Accident in, in 1846, 377; Exploration and Description of, 378.

Cochran, Colonel Robert, in Command at Fort Edward,74 Adventures of- Grave of-Sent to Canada as Spy, 102; In Command, as Major, at Fort Schuyler, 256.

Cochran, Dr. John, biographical Sketch of, 221.

Cochran, Major, Notice of, 221; Death of, 222.

Cochran, Mrs. C. R., 223.

Code, American Naval, adopted in 1775, 576.

Colburn, Colonel, at Battle of Stillwater, 55.

Colfax, General William, at Morristown, 310.

College, Yale, Notice of, 431; Harvard, endowment of, 555.

Colonies American, State of, just previous to Revolution, 349; Moral Spectacle of, on Eve of Revolution, 521.

Colonies, New England, Union of.433 Conjunction of New Haven and Connecticut in 1665-Charter of Connecticut granted by Charles II., 434.

Colonists, American, Affairs of, in 1775, 122; Forbearance of, before Revolution-Consistent Course of Delegates in Congress-Various Addresses of second Congress, 126; Military Preparations by Congress-Army of- Spirit of, 127.

Columbus, Christopher, biographical Sketch of,18 Grounds of Belief in Existence of America,19 Departure from Palos,23 Mutiny among his Crew,24 Discovery of America,25 Landing in South America-Return to Europe-Honors conferred on him-Imprisonment-Release-Subsequent Discoveries-Death, 26.

commissioners, Names of, at Convention at Albany in 1754, 303; At Trenton in 1782, to adjust Difficulties between Connecticut and Pennsylvania, 371; Appointed by Pennsylvania to investigate Affairs of Settlers in Wyoming, 371, 375; Of Customs, 475.

Committee, Boston, of Correspondence in 1774-Names of, 513; Of Safety and Supplies appointed by Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 516; Names of-Empowered to regulate Movements of gathering Army previous to Battle of Bunker Hill, 536; Appointed to draught Commission of and Instruction for Commander-in-chief of the American Army, 563; Of Congress arrive at Cambridge and confer with Washington respecting future Operations, 575.

Company, Susquehanna, Notice of, 343; Delaware, Notice of-Purchase Lands of Indians on Delaware River, 344; Establish Democratic Government in 1771, 347.

Compo, Landing of British at, in 1777, 402.

Concord, Skirmish at, in 1775, 190; Provincial Congress meets at, in 1774, 515; Battle-ground of-Topography, 527; Concealment of Stores at- Monument-Village of, 552; Celebration at, in 1850, 554.

Congress, Continental, Factions in,42 Ratification of agreement with British Government for return of Burgoyne,82 Secret Committee of, for obtaining Aid from France after Battle of Saratoga,86 Address to People of Canada, 122; Holds Session at Baltimore in 1777, 307; Issues Bills, 317, 318; First authorizes Coinage of Money, 318; Adopts Resolutions urging Pennsylvania and Connecticut to cease Hostilities in 1775- Resolutions unheeded, 348; Recommends Committees of Vigilance in 1775- Resolutions of, in 1778, to raise Soldiers in Westmoreland, 352; Censures Stark for Insubordination, 394; Promotes him for valiant Deeds, 398; Adopts Resolution to erect Monument in Memory of General Wooster, 406; Action of, concerning brilliant Achievements of Arnold at Danbury.410 Appointment of Delegates from Massachusetts to, in 1774, 510; Wisdom and Sagacity of, descanted on by Pitt-Orders Monument to be erected in Memory of General Warren, and that his eldest Son be educated at Expense of United States, in 1775, 550; Establishes Postoffice System in 1775-Also, Army Hospital-Adapts Measures to strengthen Army and organize Civil Government in 1775, 568. '

Congress first Continental, Assembles at Philadelphia in 1774,

126; Address of, to People of Great Britain, Canada, and Ireland, 157.

Congress, second Continental, Assembles at Philadelphia in 1775, 125; Consistent Course of Delegates-Various Addresses, 126; Military Preparations, 127; Tardiness in supplying Men and Munitions, 133; Suspends St. Clair-Appoints Gates to succeed Schuyler, 136; Sends Committee of Inquiry to Lake Champlain in 1775,155; Appoints Washington Commander-in-chief of American Forces in 1775, 190; Message of, to Shawnees to secure Neutrality in 1778, 264; Directs Washington to attack Enemy, 573.

Congress, General, proposed in Massachusetts in 1774, 509.

Congress, Provincial, of New York, changes Name to "Convention of Representatives of State of New York" in 1776-Assembles at White Plains in 1776-Approves Declaration of Independence, 386.

Congress, Provincial, of Massachusetts, assembles at Concord in 1774, 515; Votes to enroll twelve Thousand Minute-men in 1774-Invites Connecticut and Rhode Island to follow Example, 516; Orders purchase of Ammunition and Stores, 521; Assembles at Watertown in 1775, 531; Votes to increase American Forces-Issues Circular Letter to Committees of Safety of Province, 533; Issues Paper Money-Resolves that Gage is unqualified to longer serve as Governor, &e., 534; Benevolence of, 536; Passes Law prohibiting Waste of Gun powder for Sporting, 570.

Congress Stamp Act, 1765, 522.

Connecticut, Assembly of, proposes to adjust Difficulties with Pennsylvania in 1771, and sends Colonel Dyer as Agent to England, 347; First Meeting-house in-First Court held in-First Government organized- Criminal Code based on Jewish Laws, 433; Conjunction with New Haven- Charter of, granted by Charles IL-Charter of, annulled by James 11. in 1685-Sir Edmund Andross appointed first Governor General-Demands and is refused Charter-Charter laid before him-Seized and concealed in Oak Tree by Wadsworth, 434; Charter still in full Force in Opinion of Jurists, 435; Historical Society, Notice of-Relics in Collection of, 437, 438, 439; Assembly appoints Military Officers in 1775,522; Assembly votes to raise six Regiments previous to Battle of Bunker Hill, 536.

Connecticut Farms, burning of, 322.

Constitution, Federal, similar Plan of, proposed by Franklin, Coxe, and Penn, 303; Conventions relative to Adoption of, 382,384; Vindicated by Jay, Hamilton, and Madison in " Federalist,"384 Names of Committee for draughting and reporting, 386."Constitutional Courant," Head-piece of, curious Device, 468, 508.

Convention at Saratoga for Release of Burgoyne, 82.

Convention, Colonial, at Albany in 1754, for renewal of Treaties with Six Nations-Names of Delegates of, 303; At Hartford in 1779, 321; At New York in 1765-Adopts Declaration of Rights-Petition to King and Memorial to Parliament, 465.

Convention, New York State, held at Poughkeepsie in 1788, 382, 383, 384; Of Representatives of State of New York at White Plains, Harlaam, Fishkill, and Kingston, in 1777, 387.

Convention held in Boston in 1768, 480; At Boston in 1774, resolve that no Obedience is due to late Acts of Parliament, 514.

Cook at Battle of Stillwater, 51.

Cook, Colonel, at Expedition to Danbury, 403.

Coon, Tory, Anecdote of, and Benedict Arnold, 409.

Cornelius, Lewis, Dimensions and Weight of, 380.

Corn Planter, Seneca Chief, Address to President at Philadelphia in 1792-Early Temperance Lecturer.277 Supplanted by Red Jacket-On Incursion into Schoharie County, 279.

Cortereal. Gaspar, Voyage of, to North America-Kidnaps and sells Indians to Portuguese as Slaves, 29.

Cortez, Fernando, 30.

Colton, Reverend John, Compliments to, 446.

Council of Six Nations of Indians in Genesee Valley in 1779, 276; Of Indians at Albany in 1754,303; Of Indians at Easton with provincial Governors in 1758, 336, 344; At Fort Stanwix in 1768, 344.

Council of War at Forty Fort in 1778, 353; At Boston after Battle of Lexington-Names of Officers, 534; Summoned by Gage on Morning of Battle of Bunker Hill, 540; Called by Washington at Cambridge, 1775, 565, 573.

Courts-martial of Schuyler and St. Clair, 136; General Enos, 192.

Courts of Vice Admiralty established throughout Colonies in 1696, 453.

Cow Boys and Skinners, Notice of, 502.

Cowper, Quotation from, 336.

Cox, Colonel, at Unadilla, 238; At Siege of Fort Schuyler, 243; Killed, 246.

Coxe, Daniel, Letter of, to Joseph Galloway, 320.

Cradles of Liberty, May Flower, 440; Faneuil Hall, 479.

Crane, General, Tomb of. 326.

Crown Point, Capture of, in 1758, 120; Captured by Green Mountain Boys in 1775, 153.

Cruisers, American, fitted out in 1775, 569.

Currytown, Attack on, by Doxstader-Captives, 294.

Cushing, Thomas, Chairman of Convention in Boston in 1768, 479.

Cushman, Reverend Robert, Notice of, 433.

Cuyler, Colonel, at Battle of Klock's Field, 281.

Daggett, Reverend Dr. Naphthali, biographical Sketch of-Inhumanly treated by the British at New Haven, 424.

Dana, Anderson, Notice of 360.

Dana, Richard H., Quotation from, 360.

Danbury, Connecticut, Washington's Army at, in 1778, 33^; Original Proprietors of, 400; Tryon's Expedition to, in 1777, 401; Burned by British in 1777, 404.

Dartmouth, Lord, placed at Head of Board of Trade in 1772, 495; Card of 531.

Davenport, Reverend Mr., Notice of, 419.

Davis, Captain, at Battle of Springfield in 1780, 324.

Davis, Captain Isaac, at Battle of Concord in 1775, 525.

Dawes, Honorable Thomas, Quotation from, 493.

Dayton, Colonel S., at Fort Stanwix, 236.

Dayton, Colonel Elias, at Battle of Springfield-Biographical Sketch of323 Tomb of, 326.

Dean, James, biographical Sketch of 273.

Deane, Silas, biographical Sketch of. 85.

Dearborn, Major, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Dearborn, Lieutenant, sent to destroy Indians in 1779, 278.

Debt, National, of England,95 American, Foreign and Domestic, in 1777- 81, 319.

Declaration of Independence-Manner received in Mohawk Valley, 236.

De Gourges, Expedition to Florida-Avenges the Death of Huguenots upon the Spaniards, 32.

De Grove, H., Notice of, 400.

Delaney, James, President of Convention at Albany in 1754, 303.

Denison, Colonel Nathan, Notice of, 348; Biographical Sketch of, 361.

Derby, Honorable Richard, fits out Vessels to bear Dispatches to Loudon in 1775, 531.

De Salle at Mouth of Niagara River in 1725, 224.

De Soto, Fernando, Expedition to Florida in 1538,30 Expedition up the Mississippi in 1540-Death of, 31.

D'Estang, Count, arrives at Sandy Hook with French Fleet in 1778, 331.

Devices on Continental Money, 317; on Newspaper Heads, 507, 508.

De Witt. Levi, Notice of, 290.

Diamond Island, Lake George, 109; A Military Dépôt under Burgoyne, 114.

Dibble, Joseph, Notice of, 406.

Dickenson, John, biographical Sketch of, 476; Honors to, 477; Draws up Petition to the King, 568.

Dickinson, General, at Battle of Springfield, 323.

Dickinson. Reverend Jonathan, biographical Sketch of, 326.

Dieskau, Death of, 109.

Dievendorff Jacob. Notice of. 293, 295.

Dillenback, Captain, assailed by Johnson's Greens, 248.

Dixwell, Colonel, English Regicide, concealed at New Haven in 1638, 419, 120; Monument of 420.

Dome Island, shelter for Putnam's Men, 114.

Doolittle. Amos, copper-plate Engraver, Notice of, 317

Dorchester Heights, Topography of 560, 566.

Dorrance, Colonel, at Wyoming, 353.

Doty, Mrs. Jane, Recollections of, 333.

Douw, Volkert P., appointed Commissioner by Congress to attend Indian Council at Johnstown in 1778, 265. "

Doxstader attacks Currytown, 293.

Duane, James, appointed Special Commissioner on Indian Council at Johnstown, 265; Delegate to first Continental Congress, 383.

Du Bois, Colonel, at Battle of Klock's Field, 281.

Dudley, Governor, Quotation from, 447.

Dunlap, Reverend Mr., Notice of 269.

Dupuys, Sieur, forms Settlements near Syracuse in 1655-Escapes from hostile Indians to Montreal. 229.

Durkee, Captain Robert, in Command at Wyoming in 1776-At Skirmish on Millstone River in 1777, 351; Refused Permission to return Home to Wyoming. 356.

Durkee, Colonel John, biographical Sketch of-At Wyoming Valley, 345.

Dutch, used stamped Paper prior to Stamp Act, 461.

Dwight. Dr. Timothy, Notice of270 Pastor at Greenfield Hill in 1779-His Poem "Greenfield Hill,"417 His Description of Fairfield, 425.

Dyer, Captain, in Continental Navy, 576.

Dyer, Colonel Eliphalet, sent to England to adjust Difficulties in Wyoming Valley-Anecdote of, about " Lawyers and Bullfrogs," 347.

East India Company, its Object and Extent, 495.

Easton, Pennsylvania, Notice of, 335.

Edwards, Gilbert, Notice of, 321.

Effigies burned in Boston on Account of Stamp Act, 466, 469.

Elderkin. Jedediah, Notice of, 345; Anecdote of, in " Lawyers and Bull- frogs," 347.

Elizabeth Port, its Fortification-Ancient Tavern-Wharf, 328.

Elizabethtown, Notice of, 326; Washington's Army at, in 1778, 332.

Elliot, Joseph, Notice of, 358.

Elliot, Tory, 264.

Emerson, Reverend William, Letter of, describing Washington's Camp at Cambridge in 1775, 567.

Encampment of American Army at Middlebrook and Pluckeinin in 1778, 332.

Encampment of American Army at Morristown in 1777-Spirit and Condition of Continental Army-Place of Quarters-Free masonry-Inoculation of the Army, 307; Proclamation of the Brothers Howe-Disappointment of the People-Washington's Counter Proclamation, 308; Opposition to Washington's Policy-Ills Independence and Sagacity. 309.

Encampment of American Army at Morristown in 1779-80, 309; Life guard and their Duties-Pulaski and his Cavalry-Effect of Alarm Guns, 310; Sufferings and Fortitude of the Army-Secret Expedition of Stirling- Extreme Cold-Death of Miralles, 311; Mutiny-Excuses for the Movement- Injustice toward the Soldiers-Policy and Success of Wayne, 312; Adjustment of Difficulties-Emissaries of Clinton-Patriotism of the Mutineers-Fate of the Emissaries, 313; Mutiny of the New Jersey Line- Prompt Action of Washington-Success of Howe, 314.

Encampment of British on Bunker Hill, 530.

Encampment of Hessians near Bennington in 1777, 396.

Encampment of Washington at Cambridge in 1775, 567.

Engravers of the Revolution, Notice of, 317, 421.

Episcopacy designed for America, 459; Opposition to, 460.

Epitaph for Colonel Scammel, 431; Burke-Goldsmith, 504.

Erskine, Sir William, in Expedition to Danbury, 402; In Skirmish at Compo, 410.

Esopus the Capital of New York in 1777, 388.

Evacuation of New Haven in 1779, 425.

Everett, Honorable Edward, Speech at Concord in 1850, 554.

Ewing, Colonel, Letter of, about Discovery of Frances Slocum, 368.

Expedition, Foraging, under Baume, to Bennington-Instructions from Burgoyne-Indian Allies-Skirmish near Cambridge, 392; Measure for defending new Hampshire-Lang-don's Patriotism-Praising of Troops, 393; Stark's Refusal to accompany Lincoln-Censure of Congress-Result- Movements to oppose Baume, 394; Preparations for Battle-Disposition of the British Troops-Errors and Difficulties in Correction.395 Skirmishing in the Rain-Hessian Encampment-Stark's Promise and Fulfillment, 396.

Expedition to Canada under Arnold in 1775,90 Voyage up the Kennebec-Dead River-Return of Enos to Cambridge without Orders-His Trial and Acquittal, 192; Perilous Voyage down tbe Chaudière-Narrow Escape-Timely Relief lor the Troops, 193; Manifesto of Washington to Arnold-Joined by Indians Natanis and Sabatis-Arrival at Point Levi-Incidents of the March, 194. >

Expedition to Currytown, under Captain Gross, in 1781-Battle at New Dorlach, 294; Death of Captain M'Kim-Prisoners, 295.

Expedition of Governor Tryon to Danbury in 1777-Object-Landing of the British at Compo-Rising of the Militia-Character of the People, 402; March of British into Danbury-Head-quarters of Officers, 403; Imprudence of some Citizens-Retaliation of British-Burning of the Village, 404; Estimated Damage, 405; British attacked by Wooster-Return Fire-Death of Wooster-Approach of Arnold.408 Barricade at Ridgefield-Bravery of Arnold-Narrow Escape-March to Compo, 409; Skirmish with Erskine- Connecticut Militia-Action of Congress concerning Arnold, 410.

Expedition to Easton against Six Nations in 1779, under Sullivan, 336.

Expedition against German Flats in 1778, 225.

Expedition, marauding, up the Hudson, sent by Sir Henry Clinton, in 1777-Landing at Kingston, Rhinebeck Flats, and other Places-Burning Houses-Destruction of other Property, 388.

Expedition to Horseneck Landing in 1779, under Tryon-Skirmish at Greenwich between British advance Guards and Putnam's Scouts-Defeat of Americans-Escape of Putnam-Tryon plunders the Inhabitants, and retreats to Rye and King's Bridge, 412.

Expedition against Indians in Western New York in 1779, under Sullivan, 272; Capture and Execution of Hare and Newberry-Information from General Schuyler-Damming Otsego Lake-Its Effects, 273; March of Sullivan's Forces-Fortifications of the Enemy-Battle, 274; Effect of the Artillery- Retreat of the Enemy-Destruction of Catherinestown and other Villages and Plantations, 275; Approach to Genesee-Council of Indian Villages- Battle-Capture and Torture of Lieutenant Boyd.276 Destruction of Genesee and surrounding Country-Picture of the Desolation-Washington receives the Name of Anna ta kau-lcs (Town Destroyer), 277; Return of invading Army-Arrival at Wyoming-Oneidas driven from Home, 278.

Expedition against Indians in the Ohio Valley, under M'Intosh in 1778, 264.

Expedition against Indians in Onondaga Valley in 1779, under General Clinton-Destruction of Towns, 270; Alarm of the Oneidas, 271.

Expedition against the Five Nations of Indians in 1696, under Frontenac, 216.

Expedition against Indians at Oswegatchie in 1779, under Clinton-Attack on Cobelskill-Scalping Parties, 271.

Expedition against Indians in Wyoming Valley in 1778, under Butler, 362.

Expedition against Indians in Wyoming Valley in 1779, under Sullivan, 363. .

Expedition to Lexington and Concord under Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn-Lexington in Arms-Midnight March of British, 523; Approach to Lexington-Citizens alarmed by Bells, Guns, and Drums-Militia called to the Green-Skirmish-Eight Patriots killed, 524; Patriots disperse-People of Concord aroused-Assembling of Militia-Town invested by British, 525; Destruction of Property-Rapid Augmentation of Militia-Preparations for Action, 526; Battle at Concord Bridge-Retreat of British to Village- Scalping Story explained, 527; Retreat of Enemy from Concord-Annoyance on Road by Militia, 528; Junction of Troops of Percy and Smith-Retreat to Charlestown-Skirmishes at West Cambridge and Prospect Hill, 529.

Expedition against Montreal, under Winthrop, in 1689-Failure, 451.

Expedition, Naval, off Sandy Hook in 1776, under Dayton and Alexander, 328; Capture of British Provision Ship. 329. Expedition, Naval, against Niagara in 1755, under Governor Shirley, 217.

Expedition to New Haven, under Tryon, in 1779-Landing of Troops, 422; Alarm-Bravery of Militia-Battle on Milford Hill-Death of Campbell, 423; Entrance of Enemy-Treatment of Dr. Daggett-Landing of Tryon, 424; Conduct of Enemy-People on East Rock-Evacuation by British, 425. Expedition against New York, under Washington, in 1781-Conference with the French at Wethersfield-Plans of Procedure-Junction of Armies near Dobb's Ferry-Ineffectual Attempts upon New York-Enterprise abandoned- Washington and Forces proceed to Yorktown, 436.

Expedition, marauding, to Norwalk, under Tryon, in 1779-Destruction of the Village-Conduct of Tryon, 414. Expedition to Staten Island in 1780, under Lord Stirling, 311. Expedition to Ticonderoga in pursuit of Johnson in 1781, under Clinton and Van Schaick, 290.

Expedition to Tryon County in 1780, under Clinton and Van Rensselaer- Dispatch of Orders to Colonel Brown, at Fort Paris-Engagement at Fort Keyser-Death of Brown, 280; Pursuit of Johnson by Van Rensselaer- Inaction of the latter-Battle of Klock's Field-Capture of Tories, 281; Pursuit of Johnson and Brant-Conduct of Van Rensselaer-Capture of Vrooman and his Party-Threatened Invasion, 282; Gloomy Prospect in the Mohawk Country-Patriotism of Colonel Willett-His Command of Tryon Militia, 283. Expedition to Wyoming Valley in 1775. under Plunket- Repulsed by the Yankees-Council of War-Enterprise abandoned, 348.

Expedition to Wyoming in 1784, under Armstrong, 373. Expenditures of British Government on Account of America prior to Revolution, 456.

Fairfield-Origin of Name, 416; Described by Dr. Dwight-Destruction of, 425; Tryon's Apology-Extent of Destruction, 426; Treatment of Mrs. Buckley-Interference of General Silliman-Humphrey's Elegy on Burning of, 427; Tryon's Retreat to Huntington, Long Island, 428.

Falls, Cohoes',described,35 Montmorenci, 203; St. Ann's Rapids, in River St. Lawrence, described, 206; Cedar Rapids, 207; Niagara, 227.

Fanaticism in New England. 449. _

Faneuil Hall described-Burned in 1761-Enlarged in 1805, 479; Meeting held in, to consider Port Bill in 1774, 507. Faneuil, Peter, Founder of Faneuil Hall, 1479.

Farrar, Captain Jonathan, at Battle of Lexington, 525.

Febiger, Adjutant Christian, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 546."Federalist," Notice of, 384.

Fellows, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,50 Situation of his Detachment, 74. _

Fermoy. Gen. De, Imprudence of, at Mount Independence, 135. Feu de Joie. Toast at. in Sullivan's Army, 270.

Finances of Revolutionary Government-Emission of Bills of Credit, 316; Continental paper Money-Form of Bills-Devices and Mottoes, 317; New emissions of Bills-Counterfeits issued by Topics-First coined Money, 318; Depreciation of paper Money-Confusion in Trade-Foreign and domestic Debt-Value of Bills in Specie, 319; Laws passed making paper Money legal Tender-Washington's Deprecation of the. Law-Its large Issues encourage Tories, 320; General Greene charged with enriching himself at public Expense-Excitement throughout the Country-Riot at Philadelphia- Convention at Hartford, 321.

Finch, Mr., Prisoner at Wyoming, 361.

Fish, Jabez. Notice of, 360.

Fisheries. New England, Bill for Destroying, 520.

Fitch, Governor Thomas, Notice of, 414.

Flag, American, Devices of, 192; ingenious, 242; American, wanted by Indians for Decoy.350 Pine Tree, described, 570, 576; Continental Marine. 576.

Fleet, Formation of. on Lake Champlain, 163; British, Arrives oft' Sandy Hook in 1778, 331: Of Admiral Howe returns from Newport to New York in 1778, 332; British, arrive off Norwalk Islands in 1777, 402; French, blockaded in Narragansett Bay by British.435 British, off Block Island in 1781, 436.

Florida discovered by Ponce De Leon,29 Invaded by De Soto, 30.

Flucker, Thomas, Notice of, 515.

Fonda. Major Jolies, Notice of, 280.

Foot, Ezra, Notice of, 407.

Ford, Honorable Gabriel. Notice of, 306, 314, 315.

Ford, Mrs., House of, Head quarters of Washington, Hamilton, and Tilghman, 310.

Forman, Judge, Anecdote of, 229.

Fortifications at Van Schaick's Island, 36,41 Fort Schuyler or Fort Stanwix, 38, 231, 237; Mount Hope and Mount Defiance,39 At Haver's Island.41 At Bemis's Heights,49 At Stillwater,58 Fort Hardy,71 Of Burgoyne's Camp, Remains of,89 Fort Edward, 93,95 Fort Miller,94 Terms in, defined,96 Fort William Henry-Fort George, 108; Fort William Henry, Destruction of-Fort Gage-Fort George, Ruins of.112 Fort Ticonderoga or Carillon, 115.118; Fort Howe, 115; On Island of Cape Breton, 119; At Crown Point, 120; At Mount Independence, 133; Fort Ann-Present Appearance of, 139; Fort St. Frederick, 150; Crown Point Description and present Appearance of, 151; At Isle Aux Noix-Near Plattsburgh, 166; At Rouse's Point, 167; At St. John's, 169, 172; At Chambly, 171,174, 289; At Mouth of Sorel River, 183; At Cape Diamond, near Quebec, 198; At Cedar Rapids, 207; Fort Wellington, near Wind-mill Point, on the St. Lawrence, 210; Near Ogdensburgh, 212; Fort Frontenac, on the St. Lawrence, Captured by Colonel Bradstreet in 1758, 215; At Oswego, 216, 217, 220; Fort Ontario, 217; Fort Niagara, 216, 224; Forts Stanwix, Newport, and Ball, 231; Fort Johnson, 232; Fort Dayton, on German Flats, 243; Fort Schuyler, Topography of, 249; Destroyed by Fire and Flood in 1781, 252, 282; Fort Herkimer or Fort Dayton, 254; Fort Herkimer, Topography of, 255; Fort Plain, Plan and Description of, 261; Fort Clyde-Fort Plank, 262; In Schoharie Valley, 265, 279, 280; In Cherry Valley, 268; Middle Fort, 279; Lower Fort-Fort Hunter, in Mohawk Valley, 280, 290; Fort Paris, in Stone Arabia, 280; Fort Rensselaer, in Mohawk Valley, 283; Fort M'Kean, 295; Fort Orange (now Albany), 301; Fort Nonsense, 306; Fort Lee, 307; Forty Fort and Fort Wintermoot, in Valley of Wyoming, 340, 351; Fort Durkee, 345; Fort Wyoming, 346; Fort Jenkins, at Wyoming, 351; Names and Position of all Forts in Wyoming, 353; Forty Fort, Site of, 365; Fort Dickinson, Wyoming, 373; Fitch's Point, 413: Fort Hale or Little Fort, on Black Rock, New Haven, 424, 425; Old Forts in, at Boston, 451; Fort Independence, Boston Harbor, 478; Of Boston Neck, 513; In Vicinity of Boston after Battle of Lexington, 537, 560, 567, 571; On Breed's Hill, 540: At Boston.574 On Bunker Hill, 539; On Plowed Hill, 571; At Lechmere Point, 555; At Portsmouth. New Hampshire, 568.

Forty Fort, 358, 365.

Fox, Charles James, first Speech of, in Parliament on Boston Port Bill, 503; Satirizes George III., 519. _ __

France acknowledges Independence of United States in 1778, 87.

Francis, Colonel, killed at Battle of Hubbardton, 146.

Franklin, Dr. Benjamin, Christening of, 114; Matures Plan for Convention at Albany in 1754, 303; Invents Stove in 1742, Advocates Stamp Act in Congress at Albany in 1754, 461; Advice to Ingersoll, 466; Republishes Letters of "Pennsylvania Farmer" in London and Paris, 476; Chosen Agent for Massachusetts, 493; Publishes Letters of Hutchinson and others in London, 494; Summoned before Privy Council-Vow on dismissal as Post- master General, 495; Visits Dissenters in North of England to enlist them in American Cause, 517; Sends forth Address to People of England and others, 519; Sails for America, abandoning all Hope of Reconciliation, 521; Appointed by Congress Post master General in 1775- Post-office Account-book, 568; Receives Balance due for Services as Colonial Agent in England-Pays five Hundred Dollars as charitable Donation for Relief of wounded at Lexington and Concord, and Widows and Orphans of the killed, 575.

Franklin, Colonel John, invests Wilkesbarre Fort in 1784.372 Drives Commissioners from Valley of Wyoming-Arrested for Treason, 375; Discharged, 376.

Fraser, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,50 Death of,52 Account of Death of, by Baroness Reidesel-Place of Death of-Last Request of granted,65 Burial of-Humanity of Americans toward,66 Burial-place of, 70.

Free-masonry at Morristown, 307.

Freneau. Philip, Quotations from, 37, 43, 533. 537, 571.

Frey, Major, captured at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 248. _ _

Frontenac. Count Louis, Expedition against Five Nations in 1696, 216.

Frost, Captain, at Darien in 1781, 414.

Fulton, Robert, first Steam boat on Hudson-Price of Passage of, 35.

Gage, General Thomas, Notice of, 478, 480, 483; Arrives in Boston in 1774, 507; Becomes a Tyrant in the Eyes of Bostonians.509 Attempts to seize Arms and Ammunition at Cambridge in 1774, 514; Sends Expedition against Concord in 1775, 523; Restrictions and Perfidy of, in Boston after Battle of Lexington.535 Soliloquy of.537 Summons Council of War on Morning of Battle of Bunker Hill, 540; Burus

Charlestown with Carcass, 545; Recalled to make Explanation to King George after Battle of Bunker Hill-Biographical Sketch of, 573.

Gall, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Gansevoort, Colonel Peter, appointed to Command Fort Schuyler- Biographical Sketch of, 240; Letters to General Schuyler imploring Aid, 241; In Expedition against Onondagas, 270.

Gardinier, Captain, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 247.

Gardner, Henry, appointed Receiver General of Massachusetts in 1774, 516.

Gardner, Colonel, at Battle of Bunker Hill-Death of, dramatized, 546.

Garrick's Couplet on Goldsmith, 504.

Garth, General, Notice of, 427, 428.

Gates, General, superseded by Schuyler,38 Withdrawal,39 Supersedes Schuyler-Arrival at Van Schaick's Island,42 Quarters at Bemis's Heights,47 Advances to Stillwater,48 Increase of Army at Stillwater,59 Kindness to British Invalids at Stillwater,73 Terms proposed to Burgoyne,78 Introduction to Burgoyne,80 Awarded Gold Medal,84 Letter to Burgoyne relative to Massacre of Women and Children, 100; Letter to Burgoyne in 1777, 389.

Geake, Samuel, Notice of, 2-12.

Genesee Valley, Destruction of, its Towns and Property in 1779, 277.

Genesee River, Notice of, 224.

George II., Death of, announced to his Heir, 457.

George 111., Accession of, 456; Biographical Sketch of, 457; Satirized by Fox, 519.

Gerard, M., Minister from France, succeeded by Luzerne, 311.

German Flats, Origin of Name, 253; Stone Church at, 254; Expedition against-Destruction of Settlement by Brant in 1778, 255; Rencounter at, between Wordsworth and Indians, 298.

Gerrish, Colonel, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 544.

Gerry, Elbridge, at Head of Massachusetts Committee of Supply, 522.

Getman, Captain, at Schell's Bush, 299,

Gibbon, Edward, takes Sides with Americans on Eve of Revolution- Biographical Sketch of. 519.

Gi-en-gwa-tah, Seneca Chief, at Battle of Wyoming, 354.

Girty, Simon, Tory, 264.

Glen's Falls, Scenery and Incidents of, 105.

Glover at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Gnadenhutten, Destruction of, 343.

Gotfe, General, English Regicide, concealed at New Haven, 419, 420.

Goldsmith, Oliver, Extracts from "Retaliation"-Epitaph for Burke, 504.

Gore, Governor Christopher, wounded in Riot at Boston when Boy, 489.

Gould, Colonel, Death of, 409.

Government, British, caricatured, 158.

Grafton, Duke of, Augustus Henry-Policy of-Biographical Sketch of, 482.

Grasshopper, Field-piece, Notice of, 279.

Grave of M Richardson Stoddard, 148; Ethan Allen, 161; Near Fort Jenkins, Wyoming, of Victims scalped, 353; Colonel Zebulon Butler, 367; Huguenots at Kingston, 389; General Wooster-Its Marks obliterated, 406; Colonel Humphreys at New Haven-Major Campbell, 424; Arnold's Wife, 429; Vault of Mather Family, 561.

Graves, Admiral, in Command of British Fleet at Battle of Bunker Hill, 540.

Great Tree, Seneca Chief, Treachery of, at Schoharie, 267.

Greene, General, charged with enriching himself at public Expense, 321; In Command at Springfield in 1700.323 Headquarters near Middlebrook, with Washington, in 1778, 332; At Bunker Hill, 566.

Greenland and Iceland, mild Climate of, in former Times, 21.

Green Mountain Boys. Regiment of, at Ticonderoga, 155; Captured Crown Point in 1775, 153.

Greenfield Hill, Notice of, 417.

Gregg, Captain, Adventure of, 252.

Gregg, Colonel, at Battle of Bennington, 394.

Grenville, George, biographical Sketch of-Originator of Stamp Act, 460; Speech of, 471.

Gridley, Captain Samuel, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 539, 543.

Gridley, Colonel Richard, wounded at Battle of Bunker Hill-Biographical Sketch of, 546.

Gross, Captain, Expedition to Currytown, 294.

Grummon's Hill described, 415.

Gunn, Abel, Notice of, 384.

Guy, Park, 234.

Haddin, Lieutenant, at Battle of Stillwater, 54.

Haldimand, Sir Frederick, Threat of, executed against the Oneidas in 1779, 278.

Hale, Captain Nathan, Notice of, 425.

Hale, Colonel, at Battle of Stillwater,51 at Battle of Hubbard-ton- Censured for Cowardice-Death of, 145..

Halleck, Quotation from, 337, 364.

Hamilton, Brigadier General (English), at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Hamilton, General Alexander, Anecdote of, 315; Advocate of the Constitution-Suppresses Doctors' Mob in New York, 384.

Hamilton, Gerard (Single-speech Hamilton), Notice of, 476.

Hamilton, Mr., Anecdote of, at Expedition to Danbury, 403.

Hamilton, Mrs. (Miss Schuyler), Notice of, 315.

llammell, Major, Notice of, 242.

Hammond, Lebbeus, Notice of, 358, 370.

Hand bills issued at Boston, 496, 507, 572.

Hancock, John, Liberality of, 473; Member of Boston Committee of Correspondence in 1774, 513; Captain of Governor's Independent Cadets- Dismissal from, by Gage, 514; Chosen President of Provincial Congress at Concord in 1774, 515; Biographical Sketch of (see Biography of Signers of Declaration of Independence, Appendix)-Retires to Woburn for Safety, 523; Anecdote of, on signing Declaration of Independence, 537; Mementoes of, 561; On Committee to draught Instructions for and Commission of General Washington, 563.

Hancock, John, Nephew of the Patriot, Notice of, 561.

Hand, General Edward, biographical Sketch of-In Sullivan's Expedition, 274. ^

Han Yerry, Oneida Sachem, Notice of, 278.

Hare, Capture and Execution of, 273.

Hardenburg, Lieutenant, in Expedition against Oswegatchie,

Harnage, Major, at Battle of Stillwater, 55.

Harper, Captain Alexander, Capture of, by Tories and Indians,

2/8. Harper, Colonel John, sent to Oghkwaga-Returns to Harpers-field, 237; Destroys Schoyere in 1779,275; In Mohawk Valley, 289.

Harrington, Jonathan, Caleb, and Abijah. Notice of, 553, 554.

Harrison, Robert H., succeeds Joseph Reed as Secretary to Washington, 567.

Hartford, Convention at, in 1779, 321, 432; First Settlement of- Organized as one of the United Colonies of New England in 1643, 433; Incidents of, 434, 435.

Hartley, Colonel, at Wyoming, 363.

Harvard, Reverend John, endows University bearing his own Name in 1638, 555.

Haynes, John, first Governor of Connecticut, 433.

Head quarters of Revolutionary Officers at Bemis's Heights in 1777,45 Of Officers of Northern Army at Albany, 304; Of Washington at Morristown, 306, 309, 310; At New Windsor, on the Hudson, 313; At White Plains in 1778, 331; At Fredericksburgh-Middlebrook, 332; Of Steuben at Middlebrook in 1779, 333; Of Colonel Butler at Wintermoot's Fort in 1778, 353; Of Agnew and Erskiue on Expedition to Danbury in 1777, 403; Of Putnam at Reading in 1779, 411; At Fairfield, 427; At Cambridge in 1775, 555. 556.

Heath, General, in Command of Hudson Highlands in 1777, 307; Receives his Appointment in 1775, 516; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 566.

Hendrick, Mohawk Sachem, Notice of-Anecdote of, 106; His Eloquence, 107; Rebuke to Governor Delaney, 109.

Henry, Patrick, Eloquence and Revolutions of, against Stamp Act in 1765, 466.

Henry, Judge, Notice of-In Expedition to Canada in 1775,198.

Herkimer, Abraham and George, appointed to shoot Brant's Attendants, 238.

Herkimer, General, sent to Oshkwaga-Interview with Brant, 238; At Siege of Fort Schuyler.245 Wounded, 246; Residence of-His Grave, 260; Incidents of his Death, 261.

Herrick, Colonel, at Battle of Bennington, 397.

Hessians, Origin of Name of-At Battle of Stillwater,51 Ludicrous Appearance of, after the Surrender of Saratoga-Advent into Cambridge- Kindness of the People toward,82 Encampment of, near Bennington in 1777, 396.'

Hewett, Captain, at Wyoming, 353.

Howes, George R. T" Member of " Boston Tea Party"-His Character- Patriotism-Death, 509.

Hill, George, Quotation from, 485.

Hill, Thomas, Notice of, 554.

Hillhouse, Captain, at Battle of Milford Hill, 423.

Hillhouse, Honorable James, plants Elms at New Haven, 428.

Hillsborough, Earl of, circular Letter to Colonies, 484.

Historians, Local, of Central New Y'ork, 292.

Historical Society of Connecticut, Relics in Collection of, 437, 438, 439; Of Massachusetts, Relics in Collection of. 562.

History, early, of America,15 Testimony of. relative to Benedict Arnold,55 Of Skenesborough or Whitehall, 137; Of Montreal, 178; Of Quebec, 183,184; Of Syracuse, 229; True Aim of, 248; Of German Flats, 253; Of Tryon County, 292; Of Albany, 301; Of Wyoming, 340; Of Kingston, 385, 386; Of the Huguenots, 386; Of Salem, 416; Of New Haven.418 Of Puritans, 440; Of Boston, 445; Of Quakers, 450; Of Cambridge, 555.

Hobart, John Sloss, one of the first Judges of New Y'ork Supreme Court in 1777, 367.

Holcomb, Luther, at Expedition to Danbury, 403.

Holderness, Lord, Notice of, 302.

Hollenback, Mr., Notice of, 360.

Hompasch. Baron, Daughter of, elopes to America with Boling-broke, 329.

Honeywood, Quotation from, 485.

Hooker, Reverend Thomas, Notice of, 433.

Hoosick Falls, Description of, 391.

House, Reidesel, at Saratoga,89 Block, Fort Plain, 262; Butler. in Mohawk Valley, 285; Sir John Johnson (Hall), 286; Mansion of General Schuyler. Albany, 304; Washington and Schuyler's Head-quarters, Morristown, 315; Mathews, 323; Old Tavern, Elizabethport, 328; Liberty Hall-Elizabethtown Point, 329; Steuben's Head-quarters, Middle-brook.333 Wintermoot's Fort, 351; Red, 375; Van Kleek, Poughkeepsie, 383; Livingston, near Poughkeepsie, 385; Constitution, Kingston, New York, 387; Putnam's Head-quarters, Reading, Connecticut, 411; Buckley, Norwalk, 416, 426; Residence of Arnold in New Haven.421 First Meeting, in Connecticut, 433; Webb, Wethersfield, 436; Province, Boston, 474; Faueuil Hall, Boston, 479; Old South Meeting, Boston, described, 490; Hancock, Boston, 507; Clark, Lexington, Massachusetts, 523, 553; Barrett, Concord, Massachusetts, 526; Washington's Headquarters, Cambridge, 555; Reidesel, Cambridge, 557.

Howe, Lord Viscount George, Expedition of, under Abercrombie, 112; Bravery of, at Ticonderoga, 118; His Death-Biographical Sketch of, 119.

Howe, Admiral, Return of Fleet of, from Newport to New York in 1778, 332; Arrives off Sandy Hook in 1776, 386.

Howe, General Robert, ordered to Pompton by Washington to quell Rebellion in 1781, 314.

Howe. General Sir William, Duplicity of, concerning the Troops of Burgoyne,82 Sent with his Brother Richard on Commission to American Congress in 1777-Their Proclamation, 308; Kits out Expedition to Danbury, 402; Arrival of, at Boston in 1775, after Battle of Lexington, 537; In Command at Battle of Bunker Hill, 541; llis Esteem of Dr. Warren, 548; Left in Command of Boston on recalling of Gage, 573; Issues Proclamations exciting Indignation of Washington, 574.

Hubhardton, first Settlement of-Battle-ground of, 144; Battlefield of, described, 146.

Hubley, Colonel, Notice of, 278.

Huddlestone, Spy, Execution of, 384.

Hudson River, Steam-boats of,35 Difficulty in crossing, in 1777

Hudson, Hendrick, explores North River in 1609, 300.

Huguenots, Colony of, destroyed by Spaniards, in Florida, in 1564,32 History of, 386; Graves of, at Kingston, New York, 389.

Hull, Major, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,50 Biographical Sketch of, 55.

Huntington, Colonel, in Expedition to Danbury, 403.

Humphreys, Colonel David. Quotation from, 427, 428; Soldier-poet of the Revolution, 428,431; Biographical Sketch of-His Monument, 429.

Hurd, Nathaniel, copper-plate Engraver, Notice of, 317.

Hutchinson, Thomas, biographical Sketch of-His House attacked, 467; His other Property attacked in Boston in 1765, 468; appointed Governor of Massachusetts in 1771, 493.

Immigrants. Pilgrim, Influx of, in 1634, 448;

Incursion of Sir John Johnson into Schoharie Country in 1780-Attack on Schoharie Forts-Boldness of Murphy, 279; Johnson's March to Fort Hunter- Destruction of Property, 280.

Incursion of Sir John Johnson with Indians and Tories into Mohawk Valley in 1780, 288; Captures Sammons's Family-Destroys their Dwelling- Cruelties and Crimes of Invaders-Recovery of hidden Plate-Retreat to Canada, 289.

Incursion of Ross and Butler into Mohawk Valley in 1781-Action of Willett-Battle at Johnstown-Adventures of Sammons, 290: Retreat of British-Flight on West Canada Creek-Death of Walter Butler-Last Battle near the Mohawk, 291.

Independence of United States acknowledged by France in

1778. 87. Independents or Separatists, 441.

Indians, American-Aztecs,16 Bahama,25 Origin and Name of,26 At Battle of Still water,59 Hendrick, the Mohawk Sachem, Account of-Anecdote of, 106; Eloquence of, 107; Six Nations, described.109 In Ambush, near Fort Ann, 140; Mo-lang rescues Putnam from, 141; War-Feast of, on Bouquet River, 159; Interview of, with Burgoyne at Bouquet River-Speech of an Iroquois, 160; Jealousy of, near Montreal in 1760, 178; Norridgewockor Abenakes, 191: Natanisand Sabatis,join Arnold's Expedition to Canada, 194; Massacre of Sherburne's Corps, near Cedar Rapids-Caughnawagas-The seven Nations of Canada-Brant, 208; St. Regis Village, 210; Five Nations of New York attacked by Frontenac in 1696, 216; War Feast, under Brant, at Oswego in 1777, 219; Capture at Fort Niagara in 1759, 225; Onondagas- Hostility toward Dupuys, near Syracuse, 229; Massacre French and Spanish, near Oswego, in 1669, 230; Councils of, in Mohawk Valley, 234; In Valley of Charlotte River, 237; Council of Six Nations at Oswego to form Alliance against Bostonians-Seduced by Promises of Rewards by Guy Johnson-Their Coalescence, 239; At Siege of Fort Schuyler, 242; Amusement of, 252; Incursion of Oneidas into Unadilla Settlement-Five Nations, Division of, according to Colden, 256; Caughnawagas and other Tribes threaten Destruction of all the Settlements in Mohawk and Schoharie Valleys in 1778-Oneidas and Tuscaroras neutral-Faithful to their Pledge-Fidelity of White Eyes, 264; Council of, at Johnstown- Disposition of different Nations, 265; Treachery of Great Tree, 267; Onondagas, Expedition against, in 1779, 270; Council of Six Nations

Genesee Valley, 1769,276; Of Genesee Valley-Com Planter, Notice of- Address to President at Philadelphia-An early Temperance Lecturer, 277; Attack on Schoharie Settlements in 1780-Rendezvous, 279; Colonel Lewis Atyataronghta, an Oneida Warrior, at Battle of Klock's Field, 281; Method of Scalping, 293; Plunder and Burn Currytown, 294; Scalp Mary Miller, 295; Skirmish with Captain Woodworth at German Flats, 298; Six Nations, Convention of, at Albany, in 1754, 303; Council of, at Easton, Pennsylvania, in 1758, Diplomatist, at Easton, Pennsylvania, 336; Anecdote of Old Indian at Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, 338; Early Tribes of Wyoming Valley, Notice of, 341; Jealous of Count Zinzendorf-Attempt to murder him, 342; Quarrel between Shawnees and Delawares about Grasshopper, 343; Speech of Messenger John in Wyoming Valley in 1775, 349; Brant not engaged in Invasion of Wyoming, 354; Of Esopus, massacre and capture Whites in 1663-Driven back to Mountains by Crygier, 386; Skirmish near Cambridge, 392; Panic and Flight of, at Battle of Bennington, in 1777, 397; Pequots and other Connecticut Indians, 416; Destruction of Pequots, near Fairfield, in 1637, 417; War of Pequots in 1637, 433; Attack on Pilgrims in 1620, 443; Defy Pilgrims, 444: Measures adopted by Congress for securing Neutrality in 1775,568.

Inglis, Reverend Charles, writes Letter to Joseph Galloway in Cipher, 320.

Inman Family, at Battle of Wyoming, 366.

Irishmen, enlistment of, in American Army in 1775, 565.

Isabella of Castile and Leon, biographical Sketch of,22 Aids Columbus. 23.

Islands, Thousand, in River St. Lawrence, 214; In Boston Harbor, Skirmishes at, after Battle of Lexington, 537.

Isle Aux Noix, proposed attack of British on French, 152; Fortified, 162; Historic Associations of, 167.

Jackson, Colonel, at Battle of Stillwater. 51: At Battle of Springfield, 324.

Jarvis, Stephen, in Expedition to Danbury, 402.

Jay, John, Delegate to first Continental Congress, 383; Advocate of Constitution-Wounded by Stone in Doctor's Mob. New Y'ork.384 Chairman of Committee for draughting and reporting State Constitution in 1776, 386; First Chief Justice of State of New York, 387.

Jeffries, Dr., at Battle of Bunker Hill, 544.

Jenner, biographical Sketch of, 307.

Johnson, Sir John, strengthens Johnson Hall by Scotch Highlanders, 235; Perfidy of, toward Schuyler-Flight from Canshnawaga, 236; In Command of Indians at Oswego.241 At Siege of Tort Schuyler, 245; Recruits Tory Refugees on St. Lawrence, 264; In Western New York, 274; Incursion of, into Schoharie Country-Attack on Schoharie Forts, 279; March of, to Fort Hunter, 280; Flight toward Onondaga Lake-Escape to Canada by Oswego, 282; Flight toward Canada-Invasion of Mohawk Valley in 1780, 288; Retreats from Johnstown-Recovers buried Plate, and conveys it to Montreal, 289; Flight to Canada, 290.

Johnson, Lady of Sir John, conveyed to Albany and kept as Hostage, 236. ?

Johnson, Sir William, Anecdote of, and Mohawk Sachem, 106; Attack on his Camp in 1755, 108; Captures French and Indians at Fort Niagara in 1759,225; Biographical Sketch of-Scat of-Dark Deeds of, in Mohawk Valley-Effect of his Movements on People-Formation of Parties, 232; Indian Diploma-Amusements-Death. 268.

Johnson, Guy, Residence of, in Mohawk Valley, 234; Summons Grand Council of Six Nations at Oswego, 239.

Johnson, Captain Edward, quaint Sayings of, 448.

Johnson Greens, 236, 241, 244, 246.

Johnson, Thomas, nominates Washington for Commander-in-chief, 563.

Johnstone, Reverend Mr., of Johnstone Settlement, 237.

Johnstown. Battle of, in 1781. 290.

Jones, Major, at Battle of Stillwater, 54.

Jones, Lieutenant David, retirement to Canada in consequence of Murder of Jane McRea, 100.

Junius, Letters of-Joint Authorship attributed to Colonel Barré, Marquis of Landsdowne, and Counselor Dunning, 463.

Kalm's Description of Albany in 1749, 301.

Kean, John, Notice of, 329.

Keats, Quotation from, 44.

Kimble's Mountain, 306.

Kine-pox, Discovery of. by Jenner-Introduction of, by Lady Montague, in 172], 307.

Kingston, New York, Place of holding Legislature in 1777, 358; Description and early History of, 385; Indian Troubles-Asylum for Huguenots, 366; Place of holding Convention of Representatives of State of New York, and of draughting and reporting Constitution of State in 1777, 387; Burning of, 368; Scene of Execution of Tories in Revolution, 389; Scenery near-Birth-place of Vanderlyn the Painter, 390.

Kingston, Lieutenant, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50

Kingston, Upper Canada, Notice of, 214.

Kinnison. David, only Survivor of Boston Tea Party, 499; Life and Adventures of, 500; Speech at Free Soil Meeting in 1643, 501.

, Kirke, Tide-waiter-Confinement in Sloop Liberty, 478

Kirkland. Samuel, biographical Sketch of, 234.

Klock, Colonel Jacob, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 245; Descent of Son of, upon Palatine, 298.

Knapp, Benjamin, Notice of 403.

Knickerbocker Magazine, Quotation from, 533.

Knowlton, Captain Thomas, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 539.

Knox, General Henry, Head-quarters of, near Middlebrook, with Washington, in 1778, 332; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 545.

Knyphanaen, General Baron, biographical Sketch of, 321; Invasion of Elizabethtown and Springfield, 322.

Kosciusko, biographical Sketch of, 48.

Labrador, Discovery of, by Cabot, 27.

La Fayette, Marquis De, accompanies Commissioner Duane to Indian Council at Johnstown in 1778-Mans Forts of Schoharie Creek, 265; Escorted by Revolutionary Dragoons in 1825, 413; At Laying of Corner Stone of Bunker Hill Monument, 559.

Lake George, Discovery and Description of, 108; Scene of Massacre in 1757, 110.

Lake, Silver-bottomed, fabled, near Syracuse, 230.

Lamb, Colonel John, Notice of, 459.

Lands, Grants of, extending to Pacific, 123, 343, 399; New Hampshire Grants declared Free and Independent in 1777, 168.

Langdon, Governor John, biographical Sketch of, 393.

Langdon, Dr., Notice of, 459.

Langdon, President, Notice of, 539; Reads Declaration of Congress before Army at Cambridge in 1775, 569.

Latimer, at Battle of Stillwater, 51.

Laws, peculiar, in Connecticut, 433.

League and Covenant entered into by Massachusetts Assembly in 1774, 510.

Leamington, Reverend Mr., Tory, left Norwalk with Tryon, 414.

Learned, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,49 At Siege of Fort Schuyler, 250.

Lee, Ann, Founder of Shaking Quakers in America-Biographical Sketch of, 383.

Lee, Dr. Arthur, biographical Sketch of,85 Card of, 531.

Lee, Major General Henry, at Battle of Springfield, 323; Accompanies Washington to Cambridge, 564.

Lee, Richard Henry, appointed on Committee to draught Instructions for and Commission of Washington, 563.

Legends of Indian Maiden, of Bear Tribe, at Little Falls, 258.

Legislature, New York, Held at Kingston and Poughkeepsie in 1778, 382.

Leslie, Captain William, Notice of, 332.

Letters of Louis XVI. to Charles IV. of Spain,87 Of Junius, 463; Of Pennsylvania Farmer, 476; Of Marque and Reprisal issued by Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, 576; Of Washington to female Slave, Phillis, 556; Of Reverend William Emerson, describing Washington's Camp, 567.

Levi, M., Attempts to recapture Quebec, 189.

Lexington, Skirmish at, in 1775, 190; Topography of, 552; Monument-Clark House and its Associations, 553; Incidents of Battle, 554

Liberty, Sons of, Origin of Name, 463; Places of Meeting in Boston, 478, 479; American Cradles of, 440, 479; Daughters of, in Boston, Meeting of, in 1769, 482; Massachusetts Song of, 487.

Liberty Hall near Elizabethtown, 329.

Lincoln, Benjamin, appointed Secretary of Provincial Congress at Concord in 1774, 516.

Lincoln, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50,58 At Diamond Island and Ticonderoga, 114; At Manchester in 1777, 394.

Linzee, Captain, of British Sloop of War Falcon, repulsed by Captain Manly, 570.

Lipe, Johannes, House of, 263.

Little, Captain, at Battle of Springfield, 323.

Little Falls, described, 253, 257; Rocks at, present Appearance of- Cyclopean Architecture, 257; Attack on, by Indians in 1780, 259.

Livingston, Henry A., Notice of, 385.

Livingston, Colonel Henry, at Battle of Stillwater,51 At Siege of Fort Schuyler, 250.

Livingston, Governor William, former Residence of, near Elizabethtown- Notice of-Property purchased by Lord Boling-broke, 329; Biographical Sketch of-Spirit of his Daughters, 330; Writes against Episcopacy in America, 460.

Livingston, James, at Battle of Stillwater, 51.

Livingston, Philip, Delegate to first Continental Congress, 383.

Livingston, Robert R., Advocate of Federal Constitution, 384; First Chancelor of State of New York, 387.

Lockwood, Lambert, at Expedition to Danbury, 403.

Longfellow, Quotation from, 555.

London, Lord, appointed Commander-in-chief of British Forces in North America in 1757-Anecdote of, related by Franklin, 110.

Louis XVI., Letter of, to Charles IV. of Spain, urging Co-operation in American Cause, 87.

Louisburgh, Siege and Capture of, in 1758, 120.

Lovelace, Thomas, Capture and Execution of, 92.

Low, Isaac, Delegate to first Continental Congress, 383.

Luther, Hymn of, 299.

Luzerne, Chevalier De, arrives from France, 311; Named after 374.

Lyman, General, at Battle of Lake George, 109.

Magellan reaches Pacific Ocean, 16.

Mahew, Reverend Jonathan, Sermon of, against Stamp Act, 467.

Mallory, Edward, Notice of, 365.

Manifesto, pompous, of St. Leger on Arrival at Fort Schuyler in 1777, 242.

Manly, Captain, bravely captures three British Vessels in Boston Harbor, 569; Conflict with Sloop of War Falcon. 570.

Manor, Livingston-Burning of Houses at, in 1777, 388; Of Rensselaer or Rensselaerwyck, 390.

Manufactures, American domestic, at Newport before Revolution, 470.

Marriage, romantic, at Niagara Falls, 228; Of Mint Master's Daughter- Curious Account of, 449.

Marshall, Captain, Death of, 478.

"Massachusettensis," Signature of Tory Writer, 513.

Massachusetts, early Patriotism of, 304; Old Map of Bay ot, 446; Circular Letter of, to all the Colonies, 477; Assembly, Proceedings of, on account of Port Bill in 1774, 506, 509; Gage attempts to Dissolve Assembly-Solemn League and Covenant of Assembly, 510; Last Adjournment of Massachusetts Assembly under Royalty, 511; Prepares for War on Eve of Revolution, 512; Assembly resolve themselves into Provincial Congress- Organize at Concord, 515; Military first organized by Ward and Pomeroy, 516; Provincial Congress orders Purchase of Ammunition and Stores in 1775-Alarmist Companies formed by Citizens-British Troops Arrive, 521; Unity of People after Battle of Lexington-Provincial Congress summoned at Watertown, 531; Benevolence of Provincial Congress, 536; Relics in Collection of, Historical Society, 562.572 Organizes House of Representatives under original Charter in 1775, 568; Provincial Congress passes Law prohibiting Waste of Powder by Sporting in 1775, 570; Pays Franklin Money due for Services as Colonial Agent in England, 575.

Massachusetts Spy, 515.

Mather, Cotton, Tomb of, 561; Letter and Autograph of, 562.

Mather, Dr. Samuel, Tomb of-Library of burned by British at Charlestown in 1775, 561.

Mather, Increase, Tomb of, 561; Portrait of, 562.

Mather, Reverend Moses, Notice of, 414.

Mathews, General, dispatched to Elizabethtown Point in 1780, 322.

Mathews, Mrs., Notice of, 323.

Maxwell, General, in Sullivan's Expedition, 274.

May Flower, Emigrants in-First Birth among-Copy of Compact signed and entered into previous to Landing, 437; Fac eimile of Handwriting of Pilgrims, 438; Described as Cradle of American Liberty, 440; Arrival at Cape Cod Bay, 442.

M'Crea, Jane, Murder of, 48,96 Biographical Sketch of,97 Account of- Death of,99 Reinterment and Grave of, 101.

M'Donald, Captain, in Western New York, 274.

M'Donald, Colonel John, Monument of, 226.

M'Donald, Donald, attempts to burn Shell's Block-house, 299.

M'Kean, Captain Robert, sent to reconnoitre Brant's Encampment at Oghkwaga in 1778-Letter to Brant from Cherry Valley, 266; Challenges Brant, 270; At Battle of Klock's Field, 281; Ordered to Currytown, 294; Death of, 295.

M'Kee, Tory, Notice of, 264.

M'Lellan, Quotation from, 195.

M'Lellan, Lieutenant, in Expedition against Oswegatchie in 1779, 271.

M'Neil, Mrs., abduction of, by Indians, 98

M'Pherson killed at Siege of Quebec, 201.

Mead, General, Ebenezer, Notice of, 411.

Meeker, Timothy, at Battle of Springfield, 324; Idea of Standing Army, 325.

Mellon, Colonel, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 242.

Merchants, Club of American, suggest Stamp Act in 1739, 461; Of Boston express Willingness to pay for Tea destroyed, 512; London, rebuked by George III. lor favoring American Cause, 521.

Mexico, City of, founded, 16.

Middlebrook, Encampment of American Army at, in 1778,79 Howe's Stratagem-Skirmishes-Encampment of seven Brigades of American Army at, 331; Washington's Army at, in 1778, 332.

Mifflin, Thomas, appointed by Washington Quarter-master General, 566.

Milford, Pennsylvania, Notice of, 380.

Miller, Quotation from, 136.

Miller, Mary, scalped by Indians, 295.

Minor, Charles, Historian of Wyoming-Quotation from, 340: Letter to Colonel Stone relative to Invasion of Wyoming, 350.

Miralles, M. Juan De, accompanies Luzerne from France-Death of, 311.

Mississippi River ascended by De Soto in 1542, 31.

Mohawk River, Difficulty in Crossing, 41.

Mohawk Valley, early Hostilities in, 231; Seeds of Rebellion implanted by Stamp Act-Effect of political Movements upon People-Formation of Parties-incidents prior to Revolution, 232; Violence of Loyalists- Assault upon Sammons--Meeting at Cherry Valley-Baronial Hall fortified by Colonel John Johnson, 233; Attempted Removal of Kirkland-Hostile Movements of the Johnsons-Indian Councils, 234; Alarm of People-Congress orders Schuyler to seize Military Stores, 235; Disarming of Tories at Johnson Hall-Perfidy of Johnson-Flight, 236; Repairs at Fort Stanwix- Brant at Oghk-waga-Hostile Movements-Expeditions of Herkimer and Colonel Harper, 237; Conference with Brant-Frankness-Herkimer's precautionary Measure-Haughty Bearing of Brant, 238; Breaking up of Council-Grand Council at Oswego-Seduction of Indians-Coalescence with English, 239; Gloomy Prospects of, in 1781,283; Description of, 284; Last Battle of, 291.

Mol an g rescues Putnam, 141.

Money, Continental-Form of Bills-Devices and Mottoes, 317;, Plans for Redemption-Counterfeits of, by Tories, 318; Depreciation of-Value of, in Specie, 319; Paper, Value of, in 1778, 352.

Money first coined by United States-Fac Simile of, 318; First coined in New England in 1652, 449; First Paper, issued in New England in 1690, 451; Paper, issued by Massachusetts in 1775, 534.

Money Digging at Mount Independence, 148; At Crown Point, 152.

Monkton. General, Landing of, near Montmorenci, 185.

Monocasy Island, Notice of, 356.

Montcalm, Marquis De, Louis Joseph De St. Veran, appointed Successor to Dieskau-Attempt to capture Fort William Henry-Return to Ticonderoga, 110; Second Attack on Fort William Henry-Surrender of Garrison-Perfidy of French and Indians, 111; Position of Army at Quebec, 185; Death and Burial place of-Biographical Sketch of.188 Monument of, 205; Approaches Oswego in 1756-Attack on the Works, 218; Victorious-Courtesy, 219.

Montgomery, General Richard, captures Fort St. John's-Death of, 162; At Battle of St. John's, 170; March upon Montreal-Mutiny in Camp, 181; Approach to Cape Diamond-Attack upon British-Death of, 198; Biographical Sketch of, 200; Tomb of. 201.

Montmorenci, Battle of, 186; Falls of, described, 203.

Montour, Catharine, biographical Sketch of-Captivity with Indians- Accompanies Delegates of Six Nations to Philadelphia, 357.

Montreal, first Settlements of, 178; Captured by English in 1760, 179.

Montressor, Colonel, Notice of, 191.

Monument of Brock and M'Donald, 226; Proposed, in Memory of De Witt Clinton, 259; Caldwell's, at Elizabethtown, 326; Near Troy, in Memory of Battle of Wyoming, 365; Proposed by Congress in Memory of General Wooster, 406; Colonel Dixwell at New Haven, 420; Major Campbell, near Milford Hill.423 Colonel David Humphreys at New llaven, 429; Dr. Joseph Warren on Breed's Hill, 549; At Concord in Memory of the Slain, 531, 552, 553; At Lexington, 531, 553; At Danvers, 531; Bunker Ilill, 558.

Mooers, Benjamin, Notice of, 165.

Moore, Major, killed at Battle of Bunker Hill, 545.

Moravian Missionaries, Notice of, 343.

Morgan, Colonel Daniel, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,50 Censure of, at Battle of Stillwater,62 Joins Camp at Cambridge, 565.

Morgan, John, succeeds Church as Surgeon to Army Hospital in 1775, 568.

Morgan, James, murders Reverend James Caldwell, 327.

Morgan, General Lewis, at Battle of Klock's field, 281; Ordered to Currytown, 294; Death of, 295.

Morris, George P., Quotation from, 382, 480.

Morris, Robert, Notice of, 321.

Morris, Lieutenant, at Battle of Stillwater, 52.

Morristown, New Jersey, Notice of-Fort Nonsense-Headquarters of Washington-Encampment at, in 1777, 306, 310; Room occupied by Washington, 315.

Mottoes on Continental Money, 317: At Celebration of Pluckemin in 1778, 334, 335; On Newspaper Head, 508; On Pine Tree Flag. 570, 576.

Moulton, Mrs., extinguishes flames of Concord Court-house, fired by British in Î775, 526.

Mount Defiance, Ascent of, 130; View from, 131.

Mount Independence, Assent and Topography of, 147.

Mowatt. Lieutenant. Descent of, upon Cape Ann with British Brig of War- Sent to Portland to obtain Supplies, 569.

Mumford, Adjutant, killed at Battle of Bunker Hill, 571,

Munson, Dr. Eneas, Letter of, relative to Vaccination, 307; Senior, Biographical Sketch of, 308; Notice of, 430.

Murphy, Timothy, biographical Sketch of-Account of his killing General Fraser,62 Notice of.267 Escapes from Indians in Western New York, 276; Boldness of, at Schoharie, 279.

Mutiny among Washington's Troops in New Jersey, 312, 314; In Regiment of Colonel Van Rensselaer, near Hoosick Four Corners, in 1781, relative to New Hampshire Grants-General Gansevoort directs Colonels Yates, Van Vechten, and Van Rensselaer to quell Disturbance-Troops raised for the Exigency, 399; End of Insurrection, 400.

Myers, Mrs., Notice of-Incidents of her Life-Escape of her Father and Brother from Indians, 370.

Narvaez's Expedition to Florida and Mexico in 1528-Perishes in Storm at Sea, 30.

Navy, American Colonial, Boards formed in 1775, 569; First Organization of, in 1775, 575; Code of, adopted-Augmentation of, in 1776, 576.

Naval Battle on Lake Champlain in 1776, 163, 164; Operations against Niagara, under Shirley, in 1755, 217; Expedition fitted out at Elizabethtown Point in 1776, 328; Operations of British on Coast after the Battle of Bunker Hill, 569; Manly's Engagement off Cape Ann in 1775, 570.

Neal, John, Quotation from, 539.

Newark, Notice of-Associations of, 305.

Newberry, Capture and Execution of, 273.

New Dorlach (Sharon Springs), Battle of, 294.

New England-Its Associations, 432; Origin of Name, 433; Bounds and Extent of original Territory, 434; People of, aroused to Arms in 1774, 514; Fisheries of, Bill proposed to destroy, 520;-F)ag of, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 541; Colonies sustain and perfect their civil Government during the Revolution, 568.

Newfoundland discovered by Cabot in 1498, 27.

New llaven, Settlement of-East Rock-Red Rock, 418; Organic Law of New Haven Colony-Regicides, 419; Strenuously opposes Proceedings of Stamp Act, 420; Early Patriots of, 421; Landing of Tryon's Troops at, in 1779, 422.

Newport blockaded by the British in 1780-French Fleet at, 435; Domestic Manufactures of, prior to Revolution, 470.

Newspaper Press, political Importance of, during Revolution, 476, 485; Devices, 507, 508; Poetry, 508.

Newspapers, American, during Revolution-Anderson's Constitutional Gazette-Boston News Letter-Boston Post, 513; Boston Journal of the Times, 480; Boston Gazette and Country Journal, 513; Essex Gazette, 467; Federalist, 384; Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Post Boy and Advertiser, 513; Massachusetts Spy, 513, 515; New England Ensigne, 449; New York Mercury, 460, 470; Pennsylvania Journal, 507; Rivington's Political Register, 459; Royal Gazette, 508.

Newspaper, English, London Chronicle, Notice of, 570.

New York, State of, organized at first Session of Legislature at Kingston in 1777-Election for Members of Legislature held in all Counties except New York, Kings, Queens, and Suffolk-Names of State Officers elected, 387.

Niagara Falls, Incidents and Topography of, 328; River, Events of, in War of 1812, 226; Suspension Bridge, 228.

Nichols, Colonel, at Battle of Bennington, 397.

Niemcewicz, Count, Notice of, 329.

Nixon, General John, at Battle of Stillwater,51 Biographical Sketch of,76 wounded at Battle of Bunker Hill, 545.

North-men, early Voyages of, to North America, 17.

Norridgewock Falls. Notice of, 191.

North, Lord Frederick, Earl of Guilford, Policy of, relative to Battle of Saratoga,85 Biographical Sketch of, 483.

Norwalk described, 413; Destroyed bv the British in 1779, 414.

Oak, Charter, at Hartford, 434.

Officers, Public, Insolence of, 474; Names of, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 542; American, Salaries of, in 1775, 564; Genera], under Washington- Stations of, near Boston in 1775, 566.

Ogden, Captain Amos, in Wyoming Valley-Attacked by Yankees, 345.

Ogden, Moses, Grave of, 326.

Ogden, New Jersey Tory, Notice of, 313.

Ogden, Nathan, killed by Speddy, 346.

Ogdensburgh attacked by the British in 1812, 213.

Oghkwaga, Indians at, in 1777, 237.

Oliver, Peter, biographical Sketch of, 506.

Oriskany, Description and View of, Battle-ground, 245.

Osborn, Levi, Founder of Osbornites, 405.

Oswald, Colonel, Notice of, 409.

Oswegatchie, Fort, captured by the English in 1760, 212; Expedition against, under M'Lellan and Hardenburgh, in 1779, 271.

Oswego, Topography of, 215,217,220, 221; Attempt to capture, hy Willett, in 1783-Attack upon, in 1814, 220.

Otis, James, Jun., patriotic Efforts of, 459; Liberality of, 474; Boldness of, 477; Abuse of, 487; Assaulted by Robinson-Recovers Damages by Law, 488; Biographical Sketch of, 492; Anecdote of-Killed by Lightning, 493.

Paine, Robert T., conducts Prosecution of Preston for Murder, 492.

Paine, Thomas, Quotation from, 457.

Palmer, William P., Quotation from, 298.

Paris, Colonel, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 243. ,

Parker, Captain Jonas, killed at Battle of Lexington, 525.

Parker, Capture and Execution of, in Western New York in 1779, 276.

Parliament, British, Proceedings of, relative to Burgoyne,84 Opposition in House of Commons relative to Burgoyne's Defeat,85 Introduces Bill for the more effectual Provision for the Government of the Province of Quebec in 1774, 156; Discuss Right of Taxing Americana, 461; Passage of Stamp Act, 463; Apathy of, after its Passage, 470; Repeal of Stamp Act, 472; Proceedings in, on Eve of Revolution, 517; Warm Debates in, in 1775, 519.

Paterson at Battle of Bunker Hill, 545; At Battle of Bemis's Heights, 49.

Patriots, American-Soundness of their Principles-Not to be bribed, 479; Boldness of, in Boston in 1774, 510; Secretly convey Arms and Ammunition out of Boston in 1775-Detection and seizure of. on Boston Neck, 522; Names of, slain and wounded at Battle of Lexington and Concord, 532.

Patroon, Killian Van Rensselaer, 391.

Peck, Reverend Dr., Wife of, 370.

Penn, Governor John, entered Protest against the boundary Section of the Canada Bill in 1771, 156; Refusal of, to treat with Susquehanna Company in 1769, 345; Calls of, to General Gage for Troops from New York in 1769, 346.

Penn, Governor Richard, refuses to negotiate with Connecticut, 347.

Pennsylvania applies to Congress to appoint Commission relative to Dispute in Wyoming in 1782-Appeal unheeded-Appoints three Commissioners to repair to the Valley, 371.

Pennymites, civil commotion with Yankees at Wyoming Valley in 1770, 345, 346.

Percival, James G., Quotations from, 292, 531.

Percy, Lord, Anecdote of, while marching toward Lexington, 528.

Petrie, Dr., medical Adviser of General Herkimer, 260.

Philadelphia, second Continental Congress held at, in 1775, 125; Riot at. in 1779, 32 L.

Phillips, Major General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Phillis (Wheatley), Female Slave and Poet, Letter of Washington to- Biographical Sketch of-Quotation from, 556.

Phipps, Sir William, attempts to besiege Quebec in 1789, 451.

Pickering. Colonel Timothy, biographical Sketch of, 374; Appointed Commissioner to Wyoming Valley in 1787-Repulsed by Franklin, 375; Escapes to Philadelphia-Returns to Wyoming-Abduction and Treatment, 376.

Pierpont, Reverend John, Quotation from, 447.

Pigot, General, in Command at Battle of Bunker Hill, 541.

Pine Robbers (a Band of Tories), Notice of, 332.

Pitcairn in Expedition to Concord in 1775, 523; Shot by Negro Soldier- His Widow pensioned by British Government, 546.

Pitt, William, Notice of, 457; Resigns his Ministry, 458; Marble Statue of, in New York City, 472; Created Earl of Chatham in 1766,475; Unexpected Appearance in Parliament on Eve of Revolution-Speech on American affairs-Conciliatory Proposition, 518.

Platt, Judge Zephaniah, Notice of, 165.

Pledge, Form of, to sustain Continental Congress by Patriots of New York in 1775. 384.

Pluckemin, Notice of-Washington's Army at, in 1778, 332; Celebration at, in 1779. 33).

Plunkett. Colonel, Expedition to Wyoming in 1775, 348.

Plymouth, Massachusetts, Landing of Pilgrims at-Rock-First Sabbath at, 443; Founded in 1620, 444.

Pokono Mountain, Notice of, 339.

Pollard, Asa, killed at Battle of Bunker Hill, 541.

Pomeroy, Seth, appointed Commander of Massachusetts Militia, 516; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 542.

Ponce De Leon, Voyage to the Bahamas in Search of the fabled "Fountain of Youth" in 1512-Reaches Florida,29 Killed by Indians, 30.

Poor, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,49 In Sullivan's Expedition to Wyoming, 274.

Port Bill, Boston, adopted and passed in 1774, 504.

Poughkeepsie, Origin of Name-Meeting of Legislature at, in 1778-State Convention at, 382.

Powell, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Powder, Scarcity of, after Battle of Bunker Hill-Private Vessels sent to West Indies for Supply, 570; Seasonable Supply of from Africa, 571.

Pownal, Governor, Notice of482 Remarks of, concerning Spirit of American Patriots, 483; Statement of, in Parliament, 484.

Pratt, Chief Justice (afterward Lord Camden), Position of, on Passage of Stamp Act, 472.

Prescott, Colonel William, at Battle of Bunker Ilill-His Bravery- Biographical Sketch of, 539; Anecdote of, 541.

Prescott, Dr. Samuel, at Battle of Lexington, 525.

Prescott. Genera], at Battle of Montreal in 1775-His Brutality toward Allen-Harsh Treatment to American Prisoners, 180; His Flight and Capture, 181.

Prescott, Lieutenant, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 546.

Prescott, William H., Notice of, 539.

Preston, Captain, tried for Murder of Attucks, Gray, and Caldwell, 491.

Preston, Dr., Notice of, 554.

Press, American Newspaper, 507, 508, 513. 515.

Prideaux, General, at Crown Point in 1758, 120.

Pringle, Captain, Naval Command of, on Lake Champlain in 1775, 162.

Prisoners' Island. Lake Champlain, Escape of Prisoners from, 117; Prescott's Brutality toward, 180; American Prisoners at Cedar Rapids released by General Carleton, 209.

Privateering in 1775, 329.

Privateers, American, formidable to British in 1775, 569.

Privy Council, a Cabinet of thirty-five Peers, 494.

Protestant Colony in Florida destroyed by Spaniards in 1564, 32.

Provisions, Fresh, Scarcity of, in British Army in Boston in 1775, 571.

Pulaski, Count, at Morristown in 1780, 310.

Pulpit, Curious, at German Flats, 254.

Puritans, Origin of-Bishops Hooper and Rogers-Henry VIII.-Elizabeth- Puritan Boldness, 440; Position of Elizabeth-The Separatists- Persecutions-Puritans in Parliament-James L-Exile of Puritan Ministers, 441; Character of Puritan Pilgrims-Preparations for sailing to America- Departure from Delfthaven-The May Flower, 442; Exploration of the American Coast-Attacked by Indians-First Sabbath in New England-Landing of, on Plymouth Rock in 1620,443; Founding of Plymouth-Destitution and Sickness-Death of Carver-Election of Bradford-Defiance of Indians, 444; Condition of the Colony-Further Emigration from England-Winslow-Old Colony Seal-Standish-Settlement of Weymouth in 1622-Shawmut, 445; Settlement of Endicott and others at Salem-Arrival of Winthrop-Founding of Boston in 1630-Progress of free Principles, 446; The Puritan Character-Witchcraft-English Law-Delusion, and its Effects in New England, 447; Religious Character of the Puritans-Mildness of their Laws-The representative System-Influx of Immigrants, 448; Trade of the Colony-First coined Money-Marriage of Mint Master's Daughter-Conduct of so-called Quakers-Punishment, 449.

Putnam, Garret, Notice of, 288.

Putnam, General Israel, daring Feats of, 94,96 At Ticonderoga in 1758, 118; Near Fort Ann-Perilous Situation of-Capture of, by French and Indians, 140; Humanity of his Captor, 141; On Lake Champlain-Attack upon French and Indians near Fort Ann, 143; Feat of, at Fort Oswcgatchie, 212; Controls Cantonments between Princeton and the Hudson in 1777, 307; Head quarters of, at Reading, Connecticut, in 1779-Speech of-Encampment at West Greenwich or Horse-neck, 411; Once a Tavern-keeper-His Sign- Letter relative to License of Public Houses, 439; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 541, 566; Anecdote of, 547.

Putnam's Hill, Notice of, 413.

Quakers, Origin, Peculiarities, and Sufferings of, in America, 450.

Quebec, Bishop of, Carleton's Attempt to seduce-Consistency of the Prelate, 158; Early Settlement, Growth, and Topography of, 183, 184; Capitulation of--Levi's Attempt to recapture-llis Retreat, 189; Description of, 204; Historical Localities at, 205; Passage of Quebec Act in 1774, 505; Shows despotic Tendency of parliamentary Enactments ot the Times, 506, 156, 157.

Queen Esther (Catharine Montour), biographical Sketch of, 357.

Quincy, Josiah, defends Captain Preston, 492: Speech in Boston in 1773, 497; biographical Sketch of, 498.

Quo Warranto Writs defined, 434.

Rail-roads of Boston, Number of annual Passengers on, 560.

Ralle, Father, Notice of-Killed by Indians. 191.

Ransom, Captain, in Command at Wyoming in 1776, 350; At Skirmish on Millstone River in 1777, 351.

Rations of Continental Soldiers, 576.

Raymond, Nathaniel, Notiee of, 415.

Read, Colonel John, Notice of, 411.

Red Jacket at Battle of Chemung-Despised by Brant, 279.

Red River descended by De Soto, 31.

Reed, Joseph, Secretary to Washington. 567.

Regicides, Tomb-stones of, at New Haven, 420.

Relics of Pilgrims-Chest, Pot, and Key from May Flower, 437; Chopping- knife and Chair, 438; Governor Carver's Chair-Governor Winslow's Chair- Sword of Miles Standish-Key of Port Royal Gate-King Philip's Samp Pan, 562.

Relics of Revolution-Halbert, 47: Tomahawks,64 Coins, Skull, 10.3; Washington's Pouch and Puff-ball for hair powder, 166; Earthen Pipe at Oriskany, 246; Silver Spoon presented to Mrs. Ford, 314; Carpet at Judge Ford's, Morristown, 315; Tavern, and Franklin Stove at Elizabethport, 328; Treaty Table at Wyoming.359 Grave stone of Abraham De Witt at Kingston, 389; Drum, Musket, Sword, and Cap from Bennington in Senate Chamber at Boston, 395; Cannon-ball lodged in Post at Ridgefield, 411; Buckly House, Norwalk, Connecticut, 416; Putnam's Tavern Sign-Mrs. Washington's Ottoman, 439; Statue nf William Pitt in New Y'ork City, 472; Desk nf Speaker of Massachusetts Colonial Assembly, 562; Washington's Original Commission from Congress at Patent Office in Washington, 564; Franklin's Post-office Book at General Post office in Washington, 568; Hand-bill in Massachusetts Historical Society, 572.

Rescindera in Massachusetts Assembly in 1768, 477.

Resolutions of Continental Congress for emission of Bills, 316.317 Urging Pennsylvania and Connecticut to cease Hostilities in 1775- Unheeded, 348; Adopted at Wilkesbarre in 1777, 350; To erect Monument in Memory of General Wooster 406.

Revenue Laws, enforcement of, in 1762, 460.

Revere, Pan], copper-plate Engraver, 317; Artistic Devices of, 507; Sent as Messenger to Lexington in 1775, 523.

Revolution, American, Events preceding, 349; First Step toward Absolutism-Democratic Colonies-Board of Trade-Courts of Vice Admiralty- Commercial Restrictions.453

First Act of Oppression-Colonial Claims to right of Representation-Right acknowledged-Burnet appointed Chief Magistrate of Massachusetts, 454; Wisdom of Robert Walpole-Restraining Acts-Royalty and Patriotism of Colonies-Heavy voluntary Taxation, 455; Designs of British Ministry- Expenditures of British Government on Account of America-Accession of George 111., 456; Death of George II. announced to the Heir-Influence of Earl of Bute-Cool Treatment of Pitt, 457; Character of Bute, Influences the King-Discontents-Resignation of Pitt, 458; Secret Agents sent to America-Writs of Assistance-Opposition of Bostonians-Episcopacy designed for America, 459; Enforcement of Revenue Laws-Resignation of Bute- Succeeded by Grenville-Opposition to Episcopacy, 460; Stamp Act proposed-Right to tax Americans asserted-Postponement of Action, 461; Opposition to Taxation by the Colonies-Instructions to their Agents- Stamp Act introduced in Parliament-Advocated by Townshend, 462-Barré's Speech rebuking Townshend-His Defense of Americans-Effect of his Speech- Passage of Stamp Act, 463; Excitement in America-A Congress proposed- Circular Letter of Massachusetts to Colonial Assemblies in America, 464; Assembling of Convention in New York-Defection of Ruggles and 'Ogden- Adoption of Declaration of Rights-Petition to the King, and Memorial to both Houses of Parliament-Appointment of Stamp Masters, 465; Franklin's Advice to Ingersoll-Arrival of the Stamps-Patrick Henry's Resolutions- Outbreak in Boston-Effigies hung on Liberty Tree, 466; Destruction of private Property-Attack on Hutchinson's House-Destruction of Liberty Tree, 467; Destruction of Hutchinson's Property-Character of Rioters.468 Proceedings in Boston relative to Stamp Act-Grenville and Huske burned in Effigy on Liberty Tree-Effect of Stamp Act-Non-importation Associations formed, 469; Non-importation Agreements-Rockingham made Prime Minister-Apathy in Parliament-Domestic Manufactures, 470; Meeting of Parliament-Speeches of Pitt and Grenville-Boldness of Pitt- Proposition to repeal Stamp Act, 471; Position of Lord Camden-Repeal of Stamp Act-Causes of Repeal-Rejoicings in England and America, 472; Release of Prisoners for Debt-Erection of Pyramid on Boston Common- Liberality of Hancock, 473; Liberality of Otis and others-New Clause in Mutiny Act-Insolence of Public Officers.474 Pitt created Lord Chatham- Picture of his Cabinet by Burke-New Scheme of Taxation-Commissioners of Customs, 475, Fresh Excitement in the Colonies-Increasing Importance of Newspapers-Letters of a Pennsylvania Farmer, 476; Honors to John Dickinson-Circular Letter of Massachusetts-Boldness of Otis and Samuel Adams, 477; Treatment of a Tide-waiter-Seizure of Sloop " Liberty"- Excitement of People-Public Meeting in Boston, 478; Attempted Bribery of Patriots-Soundness of their Principles-Proposed Convention in Boston, 479; Governor Bernard's Proclamation-Meeting of Convention-Arrival of British Troops at Boston-Origin of Yankee Doodle.480 Landing of the Troops-Imposing Military and Naval Display-Exasperation of the People, 481; Policy of Duke of Grafton-Speech of King, and Response-Proposed re- enactment of a Statute of Henry VIII, 482; Policy of Lord North-Warnings of Colonel Barré-General Gage in Boston-No Co-operation-Dissolution of Assemblies-Petition for Removal of Bernard, 483; Bernard's Departure for England-Effect of non-importation Agreement-Hillsborough's circular Letter, 484; Secret Workings of the Spirit of Liberty-Brief Review- Alternative of the Colonies-Newspaper Press, 485; Bickerstaff's Boston Almanack-Explanation of its Frontispiece-Revival of Terms "Whig" and "Tory,"486 Abuse of Otis-Massachusetts Song of Liberty, 487; Evasion of non importation Agreements-Tea proscribed-Spirit of Women and Boys, 488; Fracas at Lillie's Door-Death of Boy Snyder-Its Effect on Public Mind- Pardon of the Murderer-Riot in Boston, 489; Attack of Mob on Soldiers- Discharge of Musketry-Three Citizens killed-Terrible Excitement, 490; Delegation of Patriots before the Governor-Boldness of second Committee- Removal of Troops-Trial of Captain Preston for Murder, 491; Defense of Soldiers by Adams and Quincy-Result of Trial-New Ministerial Proposition-Effects on Colonies, 492; Boston Patriots-Hutchinson made Governor-Asserted Independence of the Assemblies, 493; Further Agitation in Boston-Committees of Correspondence-Letters of Hutchinson and others- Petition for their Removal, 494; Franklin summoned before Privy Council in England-Abused by Wedderburne-Franklin's Vow-New Taxation-Proposition of East India Company, 495: Tea Ships sail for America-Preparations for their Reception at Boston-Treatment of Consignees-Hand-bills and Placards issued, 496; Arrival of Tea Ships-Monster Meeting in Old South- Speech of Quincy, Breaking up of the Meeting-Destruction of Tea in Boston Harbor-Apathy of Government Officials, 498; East India Company the only Losers-Quiet in Boston-Punishment of a Smuggler-Names of. Members of Tea Party-The only Survivor of, 499: Excitement in Parliament in consequence of Boston Tea Riot, 502; Boston Port Bill proposed and adopted-Debates in Parliament-Apparent Defection of Conway and Barré- Burke begins his series of Orations in favor of American Liberty, 503; Opposition in Parliament to Boston Port Bill-Its Passage, 504; Other oppressive Acts of Parliament-Madness of Ministers-Warnings of Opposition unheeded-Passage of Quebec Act. 505; Proceedings in Massachusetts on account of Port Bill-Recall of Hutchinson-Division of Sentiment.506 Arrival of General Gage in Boston-Meeting in Faneuil Hall to consider Tort Bill-Excitement among Bostonians-Newspaper Devices, 507; Weakness of British Ministry, 508; Tragi Comedy, "Fall of British Tyranny, or American Liberty Triumphant," represents Scene in Boston while Regulars were flying from Lexington-Proceedings of Massachusetts Assembly-Proposition for a General Congress, 509; Boldness of Patriots- Attempt to dissolve Assembly-.Solemn League and Covenant of Patriots in Boston, 510; Appointment of Delegates to Continental Congress- Denunciation of League-Closing of Port of Boston, 511.

Revolution in England in 1688, 451.

Rhinebeck Flats invaded by British in 1777, 388.

Rhode Island Assembly authorize Army of Observation previous to Battle of Bunker Hill, 536.

Rice, Isaac, at Ticonderoga, 121.

Rice, Lieutenant, challenged hy Church at Ticonderoga, 130.

Richardson found Guilty ot murdering Boy Snyder-Pardoned by the King, 489.

Riedesel, Baron De, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50

Riedesel, Baroness De, at Battle of Stillwater,55 Narrative of Battle of Saratoga, 89: Her Reception by General Schuyler,91 Quotation from, 557; Autograph of, 558.

Riedesel Family, Residence of, at Cambridge, 557.

Rio de la Plata discovered by Cabot. 28.

Riot at Philadelphia in 1779, 321; Doctors' Mob in New York in 1787, 384; In Boston in 1765, in consequence of Stamp Act-Destruction of Property, 467; Character of Rioters, 468; In Boston in 1770-Attack of Mob on Soldiers-Discharge of Musketry-Three Citizens killed, 490.

Ripley', Reverend Dr., gives Ground for Monument at Concord, 552.

Rivington, James, King's Printer in New York, Notice of-Anecdote of, and Ethan Allen, 50.8.

Robinson, Colonel, at Battle of Concord, 527.

Robinson, Commissioner, Assault on Otis, 488.

Robinson, Reverend John, exiled Pastor of Pilgrims at Leyden, 438, 441.

Rochambeau, Count De, Conference with Washington, 435.

Rock, Williams's, 106; Rogers's, 116; Putnam's, 142; Split Rock, below Crown Point159 Thunder-struck, 175; Brant's, 297; Washington's, near Middlebrook, 333; At Plainfield, 334; Dial or Campbell's Rock, 353; Queen Esther, 357; Prospect-Bloody, 376; East, New Haven, 417; Savin's, at Orange, Connecticut, 422; Forefathers', at Plymouth, 443.

Rockingham, Charles, Marquis of, made Prime Minister, 470.

Rogers, Major, biographical Sketch of, 116; Near Fort Ann, 140; On Lake Champlain, 143; Narrow Escape of, at Rogers's Slide, 557.

Rome, Notice of, 231.

Rondout Creek, Origin of Name, 385; Scenery near, 390.

Rosenkrans, Reverend Abraham, 254.

Ross, Major, Incursion of, into Mohawk Valley in 1781, 290.

Rowley, Colonel, at Battle of Johnstown, 290.

Ruggles, Timothy, President of Stamp Act Congress-Gets up Counter Associations, called "Associated Loyalists," 522.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, Notice of, 332.

Rutledge, Edward, appointed on Committee to draught Commission of, and Instructions for General Washington, 563.

Sabbath-day Point, Skirmish at, in 1756-Summer Residence of Abercrombie in 1758, 115; Skirmish at, in 1776, 116.

Salary of Washington, 563; Of American Officers, 564.

Salem, Massachusetts, Settlement of, in 1628, 446; Revolutionary town Meetings at, in 1774, 515; Arrival of Gage's Troops to seize Cannon- Repelled by Pickering, 522.

Salt, Manufacture of, near Onondaga Lake, 231.

Sammons, Frederick and Jacob, Adventures of, 290.

Sammons, Jacob, Assault upon, in Mohawk Valley, 233.

Sammons, Sampson, Notice of, 288; Capture of his Family-Burning of his House, 289.

Sammons, Thomas, Notice of, 289.

Sandeman, Founder of Sandemanians. 405.

San Salvador. Discovery of, hy Columbus in 1492, 25.

Saratoga, Heights of, 69,72 Surrender of Burgoyne at, 81.

Scalping Story at Battle of Lexington explained, 527.

Scammel, Colonel, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,50 Notice of-Shot-Epitaph of, 430.

Shell, John Christian, Notice of-Builds a Block-house at Shell's Bush, 299; Death of, 300.

Schenectady burned by Canadians and Indians in 1691-Formerly principal Seat of Mohawks, 302.

Schoharie Settlements attacked by Indians in 1780, 279.

Schuyler, IIon-Yost. Notice of, 251; Death of, 252.

Schuyler, General Philip, in command of the northern Division of the Continental Army in 1777,36 Biographical Sketch of,38 Returns Home on account of Insubordination in his Army,39 Retreat to the Mohawk-Proposed Relief to the Valley,40 Volunteers for Relief of Fort Schuyler-Position of his Forces at Cohoes-Preparations to oppose Burgoyne-Appeal to the Eastern States,41 Superseded by Gates-

Hie noble Conduct,42 Acquittal of Blame, 136; Attempted Abduction by Waltermeyer, 222; Robbery of his House, 223; Receives Orders from Congress to seize military Stores in Mohawk Valley, 235; Ordered to repair Old Fort Stanwix, 236; Treaty with Indians at German Flats in 1777, 238; Appointed Commissioner by Congress to attend Indian Council at Johnstown in 1778, 265; Mansion of, at Albany.304; Headquarters at Morristown with Washington, 315; Receives Directions from Washington at New York in 1775, 564.

Schuylerville, Arrival at,71 Scenery »t, 72.

Scott, General Winfield, Notice of, 226.

Seal, Old Colony (Plymouth), 445.

Sears, David, Notice of, 466.

Seeker, Dr., Archbishop of Canterbury, proposes to establish Episcopacy in America in 1748, 457."Separatists" (Independents), 441.

Shades of Death (Dismal Swamp), Pocono Mountains, Scene of unparalleled Sufferings of Women and Children in 1778, 360.

Shakers, founded in America by Ann Lee in 1774, 383.

Shattuck, Colonel Daniel, Notice of, 552.

Sharon Springs, Battle of, in 1781, 294; Notice of-Analysis of Waters of, 295.

Sheep, Saxony, introduced into Hoosick in 1820; Increase of, in 1845, 400.

Shelly, Quotation from, 34, 240.

Sherburne, Major Henry, massacre of his Troops at Cedar Rapids, 208.

Sheshequin (Queen Esther's Plantation), Notice of, 358.

Shirley, Governor, naval Expedition against Niagara in 1755, 217; Preparations at Albany to re-enforce Oswego in 1756,218.

Sholes's Landing, Scenery of, 149.

Shrieve, Colonel, at Battle of Springfield, 323.

Sigourney, Mrs., Quotation from, 443.

Silliman, General, at Expedition to Danbury, 402; At Destruction of Fairfield, 427.

Silliman, Professor Benjamin, Visit to Wyoming, 365.

Sitz, Peter, Bearer of Dispatches to Cherry Valley, 297.

Skene. Major, Jun., Capture of, 137; Notice of, 393.

Skenesborough, historical Notice of, 137.

Skinner, General, Notice of, 166.

'.Skinners" and " Cow Boys," Notice of, 502.

Skirmish at Sabbath-day Point in 1756, 115; Ditto, in 1776,116; Of Major Sherburne with Indians near Cedar Rapids-Arnold's attempt to release the Prisoners-Menaces of the Indians-Letter from Sherburne, 208; Dishonorable Conduct of British Commander-Washington's Opinion-Final Adjustment, 209; On West Canada Creek in 1781, 291; Of Captain Woodworth and Indians at German Flats, 298; At Shell's Bush-Descent of Tories upon Shell's Block house-Furious Engagement-Capture of M'Donald, 299; Death of Shell and his Son-Cessation of Hostilities, 300; Captain Ogden and Yankees in 1770,345; Near Cambridge, 392; Colonel Baume and Americans at Walloomscoick, 396; At Saugatuck Bridge in 1777, 409; At Compo with Sir William Erskine, 410; At Rye Neck between British and Putnam's Scouts, 412; Near Grummon's Hill, 414; Near Hew Haven in 1779,424; At Lexington, 524; At Concord Bridge, 527; At Hardy's Hill, 528; At West Cambridge and Prospect Hill.529 With British on Islands in Boston Harbor after Battle of Lexington, 537; Near Boston after Battle of Bunker Hill, 569.

Sleight. John, Notice of, 390.

Slocum, Frances, Capture and Discovery of, 368; Interview with her white Kindred-Her Narrative-Condition-Nantes of her Children-Exempted from Removal with the Miamies-Congress grants her a Tract of Land, 369.

Slocum, Jonathan. Murder of, at Wyoming, 363.

Slocum, Joseph, and Family, Sufferers at Wyoming-Abduction of his Sister Frances, 367.

Slocum. Mrs., Presentiment of, 368.

Sloop Liberty, seizure of, in Boston in 1767, 478.

Small, Captain, at Shell's Bush, 299.

Small, Major, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 544.

Small pox appears in American Camp in 1777-Alleged Vaccination in the Army refuted, 307.

Smith, Adam, Author of?* Wealth of Nations," active in writing against American Cause-Biographical Sketch of, 517.

Smith, Captain, killed near Catskill, 267.

Smith, Captain John, gives Name to New England, 433.

Smith, Colonel, in Expedition to Concord in 1775, 523.

Smith, Ebenezer, Notice of, 415.

Smith's Cove, Washington's Army at, in 1777, 332.

Snake, curious Device of (Head-piece of Constitutional Courant), 468, 508.

Snyder, Christopher (Boy), first Martyr in Cause of American Liberty. 489.

Sorel or Richelieu River described, 174.

Spaulding, Captain, at Wyoming, 353, 362.

Speddy, William, tried for Murder of Ogden, 346.

Specht, General, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50

Speedlove. Major, killed at Battle of Bunker Hill, 546.

Spencer, General Joseph, at Battle of Bunker Hill-Biographical Sketch of. 566.

Spencer, Thomas, sent to Canada as a Spy in 1777,

Spinner, Reverend John P., of German Flats, 284.

Spoils of War taken by Colonel Gansevoortin 1777. 252.

Springfield, at Head of Oswego Lake, destroyed by Brant in 1778, 266.

Springfield, New Jersey, burning of, in 1780, 32*1.

Springs. Salt, near Onondaga Lake, 231.

Staats, Abraham, Notice of. 331.

Stacia, Colonel, at Battle of Cherry Valley in 1778, 268.

Stamp Act, Excitement of, produced in Mohawk Valley-Political Movements of the People-Formation of Parties, 232, Violence of Loyalists-Assault upon Sammons-Meeting at Cherry Valley, 233; Attempted Removal of Kirkland-Hostile Movements of the Johnsons-Indian Councils, 234; Treatment of Stamp-master at New Haven-Joy on Repeal of Act, 421, 435; Proposed Postponement of Action-Derived from the Dutch, 461; Suggested by a Club of American Merchants in 1739-Approved by Franklin in Continental Congress at Albany in 1754-Also, by Mr. Huske in Parliament, in 1764, 461; Passage of the Act, 463; Appointment of Stamp-masters, 465; Arrival of the Stamps, 466; Effect in Boston, 469; Repeal of, 472; Rejoicing in Boston off Repeal of the Act, 473.

Standish, Miles, biographical Sketch of. 445.

Stark, General John, biographical Sketch of-Refuses to Accompany Lincoln to the Hudson River-Censured by Congress-Proceeds to Battle at Bennington, 394; Presents Trophies to Massachusetts, 395; Laconic Speech at Battle of Bennington, 397; Popularity after Battle of Bennington- Promoted by Congress for Bravery, 398; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 541.

Stark, Lieutenant, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,49 Vigilance of. at Fort William Henry, 110.

Starr, Major, Notice of, 403.

Staten Island, secret Expedition of Lord Stirling to, 311.

Steam-boats on the Hudson, 35.

Steamer Clermont, Fulton's, described,35 Maid of the Mist. 228.

Steele, John, Notice of, 433.

Steuben, Baron, Notice of, 311; Head quarters near Middle-brook in 1778, 332; Receives gold Medal from King of Prussia, 333.

Stewart, Colonel, in Encampment at Morristown in 1781, 313.

Stewart, Lazarus, at Wyoming Valley in 1770, 345.

Stillwater, first Battle of, in 1777,51 Second Battle of, 60. (See Bemis's Heights and Saratoga.)

Stirling, Lord, secret Expedition to Staten Island in 1780, 311.

Stockwell, Lieutenant, at Siege of Fort Schuyler in 1777, 250.

Stoddard, M. Richardson, Grave of, at Mount Independence, 148.

Stone, ancient Monumental, exhumed near Pompey Hill, 230.

Stone, Colonel William L., Anecdote of, 229; In Error with regard to Brant, 238.

Street, Alfred B., Quotations from, 33, 104, 380.

St. Anthony's Nose, Notice of. 282.

St. Clair, General Arthur, Retreat from Ticonderoga to Fort Edward in 1777-Pursued by tbe British,39 Biographical Sketch of, 132; Acquitted of Blame, 136.

St. John, Peter, made Prisoner in 1779, 414; Quotation from, 415.

St. John's, Expedition of Allen and Arnold against, in 1775,154; Captured by Montgomery, 162; Rendezvous for Troops in the Revolutionary War. 168.

St. Lawrence and its Islands, 214.

St. Lawrence, Gulf of, discovered by Cartier in 1523, 32.

St. Leger, Colonel Barry, Expedition up St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario with Rangers in 1777,38 In Mohawk Valley,40 His Forces disperse,41 Approaches Oneida Lake, 241; Letter to Burgoyne relative to Loss of Fort Schuyler, 247; Character of, described by Arnold, 251; Retreat from Oriskany, 252. '

St. Regis, Incidents of, 210.

Sturgis, Captain, Notice of, 427.

Swain, Charles, Quotation from, 415.

Swartwout, Captain Abraham, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 242.

Sullivan, General John, biographical Sketch of-Expedition against Indians in Western New York in 1779.272 Rendezvous of, in 1778, 336; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 566; At In-trenchments near Bunker Hill, 570.

Sword, Pilgrim Robinson's, at New Haven, 438.

Symonds, Colonel, at Battle of Bennington, 396.

Syracuse, early History of-Region about-Settled by Dupuys in 1655- Hostility of the Indians-Stratagem of the French, 229; Settlements of French and Spaniards in 1669-Evidence of earlier Explorations by Europeans, 230.

Tallmadge, Colonel Benjamin, arrives at Fairfield in 1779, 427.

Taxation, heavy voluntary, 455; New Scheme of, 475.

Tea proscribed, 488; Destruction of. in Boston Harbor, 498.

Tea Party, Boston, Names of Members of, 499.

Teedyuscung, Indian Diplomatist in Council at Easton in 1758, 336; Death of, 344.

Tenbroeck at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 50.

Ten Hills' Farm, Cannon planted on, 571.

Ternay, Chevalier De, in Command of French Fleet at Newport, 435.

Thacher, Dr. James, at Hudson Highlands, 307; Allusion to Inoculation in American Army, 308; Quotations from 308, 310, 311, 312, 574.

Thomas, Colonel John, Death of-Biographical Sketch of, 202; Appointed General in 1775, 516; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 543, 566.

Ticonderoga, Topography of, 115, 118; Capture of, in 1758, 120; Expedition of Ethan Allen to-Plan formed in Connecticut to capture, 123; Arnold joins Allen at Castleton-Dispute about Rank-Surprise of Garrison.124 Interview he-tween Allen and Delaplaee-Allen's Orders to surrender obeyed-Trouble, with Arnold about Command, 125; Ruins of, 127; Present Appearance and Condition of, 128; Invested by Burgoyne-Weakness of the Garrison, 132; Invested by British, 134; Retreat of Americans from, to Mount Independence, 135.

Tories, active and passive,92 Violence of, in Mohawk Valley in 1775, 233; Disarming of, at Johnson Hall, 236; Gort and Platto, 288; Descent of, upon Shell's Bush, 299; Pine Robbers, Notice of, 332; Tories and Indians invade Wyoming, 350; Execution of. at Kingston, 389.

Tory, Elliot, 264; Ogden of New Jersey, 313; Writing in Cipher in 1779, 320; Guides, Benedict and Jarvis, 402, 407; Joseph Dibble, Notice of, 406; Student in Yale College, 431; Tory and Whig, revival of Terms, 486; Writer under Signature Massachusettensis, 513.-

Townshend, Charles, in Parliament in 1765, 462.

Treason, Acts of, proposed to be tried under Statute of Henry VIII., 482.

Treaty of Amnesty with France after Battle of Saratoga,86 General Schuyler with Indians at German Flats, 238; Between Colonel Denison and Continentals at Wyoming in 1778, 358.

Treaty Table at Forty Fort, Notice of, 359, 365.

Tree, Balm of Gilead, at Fort Edward,95 Jane M'Crea,97 Apple, at Springfield, New Jersey, 322; Charter Oak, at Hartford, 434; Liberty, in Boston, 466, 467; Washington Elm, at Cambridge, 558, 564.

Trees, Elm, of New Haven planted by Austin and Hillhouse, 428.

Troops, British, Landing of. near New Haven, 422; Arrival of, in Boston, under Colonels Dalrymple and Carr, 480; Removal, 491; Number of, stationed at Boston on Eve of Revolution, 521; Increase of, in Boston after Battle of Lexington, 537; Condition of, in Boston in 1775, 571.

Trumbull, John, LL.D., Quotation from, 374, 401; Biographical Sketch of- Poem, M'Fingall, 401.

Trumbull, Governor Jonathan, offers to mediate between General Gage and Bostonians in 1775, 522.

Trumbull, Joseph, appointed Commissary General by Washington in 1775, 567.

Tryon County (now Montgomery), Notice of, 232; Armed Settlers of, 266.

Tryon, Governor William, Expedition to Danbury in 1777, 401; Expedition to Horse-neck Landing, 411; Landing of, at Norwalk in 1779, 414, 416; Expedition to New Haven in 1779, 422; Head-quarters at Fairfield, 427; Arrival at New York from England in 1775, 522.

Tucker, Reverend Josiah and Reverend Abraham, Notice of, 519.

United States, relative Position of, to Governments of Europe,86 Independence of, acknowledged by France in 1778,87 Foreign and domestic Debt of, in 1777-81, 319.

University, Harvard, Endowment of, 555.

Van Courtlandt at Battle of Stillwater, 51.

Van Courtlandt, Pierre, first President of Senate of New York, 387.

Vanderburg, Colonel, Notice of, 436.

Van Norden, Mrs. Polly, Notice of, 332.

Van Rensselaer, General Robert, Expedition to Tryon County, 280; Pursues Johnson-His Inaction, 281; Abandons pursuit-Dispatches Messenger to Captain Vrooman at Fort Schuyler, 282.

Van Rensselaer, General Stephen, Notice of, 226.

Van Rensselaer, Colonel Solomon, Notice of, 226.

Van Rensselaer, William, Notice of, 391.

Van Schaick, Colonel, at Cherry Valley, 237; In Expedition against Onondagas, 270; Pursues Sir John Johnson to Ticonderoga, 290.

Van Schaiek's Mill, 391.

Van Slyk, Captain, killed at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 246.

Van Swearingen, Captain, at Battle of Stillwater, 52.

Van Veehten, Colonel, at Battle of Bemis's Heights, 71.

Varnum, Colonel, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 571.

Varrick, Colonel, at Battle of Stillwater-Rupture with Arnold, 56.

Vasco De Gama reaches India via Cape of Good Hope, 26.

Vasquez D'Aillon, Lucas, reaches Combahee River in South Carolina- Kidnaps Natives with Intention of selling them as Slaves, 30.

Veeder, Colonel, at Currytown, 295.

Vergennes, Count De, Policy of, relative to extending Aid to Americans, 86.

Vermont demands Separation from the Union-Declared Free and Independent in 1777, under the Name of New Connecticut, 168.

Verrazani, John, Expedition to North America, 31.

Vespucci, Elena, applies to Congress for Grant of Land, 28;

Vessels of War, Confiance and Saratoga, 143; Constructed on Lake Champlain-Royal Savage, 163; Congress Galley, commanded by Arnold- Carleton, Inflexible, and Maria on Lake Champlain, 164; Camilla and Scorpio, 422; Romney, in Boston, 478; Fleet of Eight, arrive in Boston in 1768, 480; Arrival of the Cerberus, at Boston after Battle of Lexington, 537; Names of, at Boston alter Battle of Lexington, 539; Names of, authorized by Congress in 1775.576 British Sloop Falcon attempts to seize Captain Manly, 570; Names of, first constructed for Continental Navy, 575.

Visit of the Author to Places on the Hudson River,34 Albany-Troy,35 Cohoes Falls-Van Schaick's Island,36 Waterford,43 Bemis's Heights- Saratoga, 44,89 Schuylerville-Dovegat, 88 Fort Edward,94 Rogers's Island, 102; Glenn's Falls, 104; "Big Snake" and "Indian Cave,"105 Caldwell-Lake George, 108; Ruins of Fort George, 112; Rogers's Rock- Prisoner's Island, 116; Ticonderoga, 118, 121, 136; Whitehall or Skenesborough, 137, 142; Fort Anne Village, 139; Putnam's Rock, 142; Battle ground of Hubbardton, 145; Sholes's Landing, 144, 149; Lake Champlain-Mount Independence, 147; Chimney Point, 150; Crown Point, 151; Split Rock, 159; Burlington, Vermont-Grave of Ethan Allen, 161 Rousse's Point-Isle Aux Noix, 167; St.John's, 168; Chambly, 174; Longueuil, 175, 182; Montreal, 177; Sorel-River St. Lawrence-Quebee, 183; Falls of Montmorenei-Point Levi, 203; Plains of Abraham, 204; Lachine-St. Ann's Rapids, 206; Cedars Rapids, 207; Scotch Canadian Cairn, 209; St. Regis- Ogdensburgh, 210; Kingston, Upper Canada, 214; Oswego, 215; Genesee and Niagara Rivers, 224; Niagara Falls, 227; Suspension Bridge, 228; Syracuse, 229; Rome-Mohawk Valley-Fort Stanwix (Rome), 231; Battleground of Oriskany, 243; Whitesboro'-Utica-Little Falls-German Flats, 253; Fort Plain, 261; Mohawk Valley-Fulton ville-Fonda, 284; Caughnawaga- Johnstown, 285; Canajoharie-Currytown, 2112; Sharon Springs, 295; Cherry Valley.296 Albany, 300; Newark-Morristown, 305; Springfield, New Jersey, 322; Elizabethtown, 326; Elizabethtown Point, 327; Middlebrook, 331, 332; Camp ground near Middlebrook-Washington's Rock, 333; Somerville- Easton, Pennsylvania, 335; Pokono Mountain-Valley of Wyoming, 339, 370; Wilkesbarre, 340, 370; Toby's Eddy, 343; Kingston and Forty Fort, 364; Monument to the Martyrs of Wyoming, 365; Carbondale, Pennsylvania, Coal Mines, 377; Milford-Sawkill, 380; Port Jervis; Neversink Valley, 381; Poughkeepsie, 382; Kingston, New York, 385; Hoosick Valley-Bennington Battle-ground, 391, 398; Walloomscoiek Valley, 398 Bennington, 399; Housatonie Valley-Danbury, 400; Ridgefield, 407, 412; Putnam's Hill, 412; Norwalk, 413; Gregory's Point-Grummon's Hill,414; Fairfield, 416: Greenfield Hill-New Haven-East Rock, 417, 428; Westbridge and Milford Hill, near New Haven, 423, 428; Yale College, 431; Hartford, 432; Boston, 439, 561; Concord, 551; Lexington, 552; Cambridge, 555; Bunker Hill Monument, 558; Dorchester Heights, 560; Massachusetts Historical Society, 561.

Visscher, Colonel, at Siege of Fort Schuyler, 245.

Volunteers from New Hampshire join Army at Cambridge previous to Battle of Bunker Hill, 536.

Vrooman, Captain, in Command of Fort Schuyler-Captured by Brant-Taken to Canada as Prisoner by Johnson, 282.

Wagner directed to shoot Brant, 238.

Wales's Hill, Roxbury, Massachusetts, Notice of, 565.

Walker, Captain, at Battle of Springfield in 1780, 323; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 543.

Walloomscoiek, Orthography and Signification of, 398.

Walloomscoiek River, Notiee of, 395.

Walpole, Sir Robert, enlightened Views of, in regard to Taxation, 454.

Wampum described, 302.

War between England and France in 1756 ("Seven Years' War"),95 Civil, between Yankees and Pennymites in Valley of Wyoming, 1769-Erection of Forts-Capture of Durkee-Surrender of Ogden, 345; Treatment of Ogden- Nathan Ogden killed by Speddy-Another Attack on Yankees-Pennymites expelled-New Fortifications, 346; Hostilities cease in 1771, 347; Revival of the War in 1782-Decree of Trenton Its Effect-Injustice toward Yankees-Inaction of Congress, 371; Great Deluge-Danger and Distress of Inhabitants-Reappearance of the Soldiers-Renewal of Hostilities, 372; Armstrong's Expedition-Stratagem-Change in publie Sentiment-Censors hold Septennial Meeting-Appeal for Relief.373 New Difficulties-Commissioners repulsed by Franklin-His Arrest for Treason, 375; Discharged-Pickering's escape to Philadelphia-Returns to the Valley-Abducted-Difficulties cease, and the Vale ever after a Picture of Prosperity and Repose.376 King Philip's, in 1675, 420; Virtual Declaration of, against the Americans in 1775, 519.

Ward, General Artemas, appointed temporary Commander-inchief in 1775, 190; Biographical Sketch of, 516; At Battle of Bunker Hill, 541, 556.

Warner, Colonel Seth, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,49 Biographical Sketch of, 153; At Battle of Bennington, 393, 394.

Warren, James, Biographical Sketch of, 494.

Warren. Dr. Joseph, Oration» of, in Boston Old South Church, 522; Presides in Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in

1775, 531, 564; At Battle of Bunker Hill.542 Killed, 546; Biographical Sketeh of, 548; Masonic Honors to his Memory-Monument on Breed's Hill, 549.

Warren, Mrs. Mercy, Quotation from, 487; Biographical Sketch of 464.

Washington, General George. Manifesto of, issued at Middle-brook in 1777, 133; Recommends Arnold, 136; Visit to Boston in 1789, 143; Appointed Commander-in-chief of Continental Forces in 1775-Takes Command of Army at Cambridge-His Generals-Sends Arnold on Expedition to Canada, 190; Manifesto to Arnold, 194; Censure of Butterfield and Bedell, 207; Opinion in regard to Convention of British at Cedar Rapids, 209; Head quarters at Morristown, 306; Establishes Cantonments from Princeton to the Hudson, under control of Putnam. 307: Proclamation of, counter to that of Brothers Howe, 308; Opposition to his Policy-His Independence and Sagacity-Leaves Head-quarters at Morristown, and proceeds to Middlebrook.309 Head-quarters of, at New Windsor, on the Hudson-Holds Council of War to quell Rebellion at Princeton, 313; Recognition of Ford at Mount Vernon-Illustration of his Character, 314; Prohibits Gambling- His religious Toleration, 315; Deprecation of paper Money as legal Tender, 320; Deceived by Clinton at Short Hills, 323; Head quarters of at White Plains in 1778, 331; First Conference with Rochambeau and Ternay at Newport in 1780-Returns to Camp at West Point-Second Conference with Rochambeau at Wethersfield, 435; Conference at Webb House, Wethersfield, to Concert plan of Campaign in 1781-Menaces New York-Abandons Siege-Proceeds with Forces to Yorktown-Extract from Diary, 436; Headquarters at Cambridge, 555; Letter of to Poet Slave, Phillis, 556; Chantrey's Statue of in State House, Boston, 561; Appointed Commander-in-chief of American Forces in 1775-Acceptance and Reply- Salary of-Modesty, 563; Leaves Philadelphia for Cambridge-Reception at New York. Watertown, and Cambridge-Takes Command of Army, 504; Calls Council of War-Organizes Army-Issues general Order, 565; Sends armed Vessels to intercept British Supplies from Boston, 569; Sends Forces to Plowed Hill and Charlestown Road, 571; Writes President of Congress, charging that body with Neglect-Camp on Bunker Hill-Calls Council of War, 573; Proclamations of Howe-Retaliates by ordering Sullivan and others to seize all Officers of Government unfriendly to Patriots, 575; Renders Account to Government for Expenses incurred by Lady Washington in visiting Camp during War-Explanation, 576.

Washington, Lady, with her Husband at Head-quarters, near Middlebrook, in 1778, 332; Arrival at Cambridge in 1775. 576. Waterbury, Colonel, at Expedition to Danbury in 1777, 402. Water Gap, Pennsylvania, Notice of, 338.

Watts, Major, at Siege of Fort Schuyler in 1777, 244.

Wayne, General, in Command of Pennsylvania Troops in 1781, 312.

Webb, Colonel, at Battle of Springfield, 324.

Webb, General. Perfidy and Cowardice of, 110.

Webb, Dr., Notiee of, 562. .

Webster, Daniel, Orations at Bunker Hill Monument, 1825, 1843, 559.

Weed, David, Notiee of, 402.

Wells, Charles F., Notiee of, 365.

Wells, Eleazer, Notiee of, 286.

Wemple, Colonel, Notice of. 263.

Wentworth, Governor Banning, Flight to Boston for Safety in 1775. 568.

Wesson, Colonel, at Battle of Stillwater,51 At Siege of Fort Schuyler in 1777, 242.

West Point, Washington's Army at, in 1778, 332.

Weymouth, Massachusetts. Settlement of, in 1622, 445. Whalley, General, English Regicide, concealed at New Haven, 419."Whig" and " Tory." Origin of,71 Renewal of Terms, 486. Whigs. Meeting of, at Cherry Valley in 1775, 233.

Whipple, William, at Battle of Bemis's Heights,49 At Battle of Bennington, 393.

White Eyes. Indian Chief, Fidelity of, 264.

Whitefield. Reverend George, biographical Sketch of, 336; Acquaints Dr. Langdon with Secret of attempt to establish Episcopacy in America, 489.

Whitehall the Theater of hostile Preparations in 1812, 139. Whittier, J. G., Quotation from. 150, 432.

Wilcox, Quotation from, 253, 305, 306.

Wilkes, John, biographical Sketch of, 520.

Wilkinson. General James, at Battle of Stillwater,56 Biographical Sketch of-Speeeh before Congress, 84.

Willard, Counselor, at Battle of Bunker Hill, 541.

Willett. Colonel Marinus, joins the Garrison of Fort Schuyler, 242, 244; Biographical Notiee of, 244; Volunteers to he ji Messenger, 250; Left in Command of the Garrison, 252; Patriotism in Mohawk Valley-His Command of Tryon County Militia, 283; At Fort Hunter, Mohawk Valley, 290; Sends Expedition, to Currytown, 294.

Williams, Colonel Ephraim,. Rock where shot, 106; Biographical Sketch of, 107.

Williams, Colonel, at Battle of Bennington, 394.

Williams, Major, killed at Battle of Bunker Hill, 546.

Williams, Otho H" Notice of, 565.

Willie, Walter, Notice of, 302.

Willis, Quotation from, 113.

Wilson cruelly treated by Indians-Speeeh of Indian Messenger John, 349.

Wind Gap, Pennsylvania, Notice of, 338.

Windmill Point. Post of Canada Patriots in 1837, 210.

Windsor, Connecticut, Notice of, 436.

Wine, Madeira, Seizure of, in Boston in 1767, 478.

Winslow. Edward, Biographical Sketch of, 445,

Wintermoot's Fort, 351.

Winthrop, Governor John, Arrival of, in New England, 416, Expedition to Montreal, 451.

Witchcraft in New England, 447.

Woodworth, Captain Ephraim, at Battle of Stillwater, 58. Woodworth, Captain Solomon, Skirmish of, with Indians at German Flats, 298.

Wolcott at Battle ol Bemis's Heights. 50.

Wolfe, Genera] James, Appointment of, in 1758,120; Approach of. to Quebec, 184; Death of-Biographical Sketeh of, 188; Monument of, 189, 205.

Women, Patriotism in Revolution, 352, 488, 512.

Wool, General, Notice of, 226. _

Woolsey, Major, at Middle Fort, Schoharie, 279.

Wooster, General David, at Expedition to Danbury, 402; Honor conferred on, by Congress, unheeded-Marks of Grave obliterated, 406; Attacks British at Danbury-Killed-Biographical Sketch of, 408. . .

Wordsworth, Captain, Conceals Charter of Connecticut in Oak Tree at Hartford, 435.

Wormwood, Lieutenant, sent to Cherry Valley-Killed, 297. Writs, Quo Warranto, defined, 434; Of Assistance, 459.

Wyllys, Honorable Samuel, Owner ot Charter Oak, 435. Wyoming Valley- Flight of the People over the Pocono-Incidents of the Flight- Providential Aid of Hollenbaek-Preservation of Papers.360 Picture of the Flight-Bad Faith of Invaders, 361; Their Departure from the Valley- Indian Cruelties-Arrival of Succor-Expedition against the Indians, 362; Return of Settlers-Continued Alarm-Murder of Sloeuh-Sullivan's Expedition-The Valley a Scene of War, Blond, and Suffering, 363; Efforts to erect a Monument-Ladies form Luzerne Monumental Association-Success, 366; Residence and Grave ol Colonel Z. Butler-History of Slocum Family- Abduction of Frances Slocum, 367; Singular Discovery of her, 368; Interview with White Kindred-Narrative and Condition-Names of her Children, 369; A Sabbath at Wyoming-Incidents of Life ol Mrs. Myers- Escape of her Father and Brother from Indians, 370; Revival of Civil War-Decree of Trenton-Its Effect-Injustice toward the Yankees-Inaction ot Congress, 371; Great Deluge-Danger and Distress of Inhabitants- Reappearance of Soldiers-Renewal of Hostilities.372 Armstrong's Expedition-Stratagem-Change of Public Sentiment-Censors-Appeal lor Relief, 373; Organization of Luzerne County-New Difficulties- Commissioners repulsed by Franklin-His Arrest for Treason-Visited by Colonel Ethan Allen, 375; Discharged-Pickering's Escape to Philadelphia- Returns to the Valley-Abduction and Treatment-Difficulties cease, and the Vale ever after a Picture of Repose and Prosperity, 376. Wyoming. Authors on-Campbell, 341, 364: Minor, 340, 341, 350, 352, 357, 361. 362, 363, 365, 367, 376; Colonel Stone, 350, 354: Mallory, 365; Wells, 365; Silliman, 365; Stone, 376; Gordon, Chapman, 376.

Wyoming, Description and Incidents of, 340;341 Purchase of, from Indians, 344; Civil War at, in 1769-71, 345; Democratic Government established in 1771, 347; Under Protection of Connecticut in 1771-Enjoys Peace until 1775-Hostilities renewed by Northumberland Militia- Inhabitants petition Congress for Redress, 348; Identified with General History of the Union-Exposed Position, 349; Alarm at. in 1778-Condition of Settlement-Apathy of Congress-Patriotism of Women, 352; Approach of Indians and Tories-Preparations for Defense-Council of War-Position ot Forts, 353; Decision of People-Preparations for Battle-Forces of the Enemy-Campbell's Injustice to Brant, 354; Disposition of Belligerents lor Battle-Speech of Colonel Z Butler-Attack, 355; Battle-Order of Denison mistaken-Retreat of Americans-Scenes of Blood at Monocasy Island.356 Escape of Butler and Denison-Cruelties-of Indians-Scene at Esther's Rock, 357; Cruelties of Queen Esther (Catharine Montour)-Scenes at Forty Fort-Negotiations for Surrender-Escape of Colonel Z. Butler,.358; Surrender of the Fort-Treaty Table-Conduct of Tories-Bad Faith of Indians. 359

Yale College, Notice of-Political Character of, in Revolution. 431.

Yankee Doodle, Origin of, 81, 480; Played at Surrender of Burgoyne,81; Played in Lord Percy's Regiment at Roxbury, 528; Yankee Lumberman, Anecdote of, 371.

Yankees and Pennymites, Hostilities between, 345; Injustice toward Yankees in Valley of Wyoming in 1783, 371.

Yates. Robert, one of first Judges of N. Y. Supreme Court, 387 Yest, François, biographical Sketeh and Reminiscences of, 175.

Zinzendorf, Count Nicholas L., biographical Sketch of-First Explorer in Wyoming Valley-Adventures with Indians, 342, In His Camp ground, 343.In His Campground, 343.