Chapter 22

[17] Belloso secured aid from Luis Perez Dasmariñas for the exiled king of Cambodia; but Morga says (p. 46) that this was done against his advice and that of other leading officers.

[18] Francisco Ortega (thus Pérez; but de Ortega in the MSS. which we follow) made profession in the Augustinian order, at Toledo--in 1564, according to Pérez, but various allusions in this document render 1554 a more satisfactory date. Two years later he went to Mexico, and thence (about 1570) to the Philippines. In 1575, when he was a missionary in Mindoro, he barely escaped death at the hands of the natives, and was then appointed prior of the convent of Manila. In 1580 he went to Spain as commissary for the Philippine province of the order; and ten years afterward returned to the Philippines with a considerable body of missionaries. In 1597 Ortega was transferred to Mexico, where he died in 1601.

[19] In MS. _dos_ (two); evidently an error for _doce_ (twelve).

[20] In the original, _las galeras que estan la Havana_. It must be remembered that these Ortega papers are in abstract only--apparently summarized for the use of the royal council by some clerk, who may have been more familiar with affairs in Nueva España than in the Philippines. _La Havana_ is probably his error or conjecture for _á Cavite_.

[21] Carbajal was the captain in whose ship sailed Pedro Bautista, envoy of Dasmariñas to Japan (_Vol_. VIII, note 33). A full account of this embassy is given by La Concepción in _Hist. de Philipinas_, ii, pp. 341--376.

[22] Miguel de Benavides (born about 1550) came to the Philippines as a member of the first Dominican mission band (1587). Three years later he went to China as a missionary; returning to Manila, he accompanied Salazar to Spain (1592). He was created the first bishop of the new diocese of Nueva Segovia, and afterward archbishop of Manila; he died in that city on July 26, 1605. To him was due the foundation of the college of Santo Tomás.

[23] Ignacio de Santibañez, a Franciscan, was appointed first archbishop of Manila; he then went to Nueva España, where he was consecrated in 1596, but did not take possession of his see until 1598. His term of office lasted less than three months, for he died on August 14 of the same year.

[24] The maravedi was a money of account; thirty-four made a real (see _Vol_. III, p. 177). A royal decree dated June 14, 1595, granted to Santibañez an annuity of 500,000 maravedis from Salazar's death until such time as his successor should enter upon his duties as archbishop.

[25] By bulls given at Rome, August 14, 1595, the bishoprics of Nueva Segovia, Cebú, and Nueva Cáceres were established. The right of changing the boundaries of the dioceses was reserved to the papal nuncio in Spain; and the patronage was granted (as in the new archbishopric of Manila) to the king of Spain.

[26] Better known as Yuthia (a name corrupted from the Sanscrit); it was the ancient capital of Siam, and lies on the river Meinam, fifty-four miles above Bangkok.

[27] See the detailed account of the ceremonies with which the royal seal of the Audiencia was received on its arrival at Manila, as related by Morga in his _Sucesos_ (Hakluyt Soc. trans.), pp. 89--91.

[28] The archbishop of Manila, in a letter to the king dated August 15, 1624, makes the following interesting observation on the state of affairs in Manila after the suppression of the Audiencia: "The principal motive that influenced Philippo Second, our sovereign, to reëstablish, in the time of the governorship of Don Francisco Tello, the royal Audiencia in these islands, which had been suppressed some years before, was that, in districts so remote and distant from his royal presence, the governors might not be so absolute, but that there might be a superior arm to check them, and not allow extortions upon an innocent people."

[29] The letter here mentioned is found in a group of papers in the Sevilla archives (see Bibliographical Data for "Instructions to Figueroa"), and is (in somewhat condensed form) as follows: "Since writing the letter of embassy, the king has ordered me to write another for your Lordship, as the former was not necessary on account of the embassy which Diego Beloso was conducting for the king of Canvoxa, whose kingdom the king of Sian has taken. Accordingly he would have your Lordship send the first embassy, or allow commerce, since the road is open to all vessels and persons who desire to go thither from Sian, for he will do the same for that trade as for Malaca. He desires from your Lordship a horse and mare for breeding, and will take it as a mark of esteem from you. He orders Captain Diego Beloso to command this junk, and the latter will negotiate with your Lordship. He carries a number of presents for your Lordship. I recommend Captain Diego Beloso to you, although I know it to be unnecessary after what he has done in Canvoja. He is carrying to your Lordship two elephants, male and female, at his own suggestion, together with a beautiful piece of ivory. Done on October 8, 1594.

_Fray Gregorio da Cruz_."

[30] Champa (Chanpa) was the Malay name of Cambodia (Camboja); it was, however, first applied to a Malay settlement on the eastern coast of the Gulf of Siam. Later, the province of Champa was a part of the kingdom of Anam, and is now part of French Cochin-China.

[31] _Veinte e cuatros_, literally "twenty-fours," aldermen or regidors in the town councils of certain towns in Andalusia.

[32] A decree of like import, and couched in exactly the same language, was issued at the same place and on the same date _in re_ the bishopric of Nueva-Cáceres. This decree is published in _Doc. Inéd. Amér. y Oceania_, xxxiv, pp. 99--101.

[33] Contract for disposing of goods by wholesale.

[34] As early as 1550 a decree was issued that, "when possible, schools should be established for the instruction of the Indians in the Castilian language" (_Recop. leyes Indias_, lib. vi, tit. i, ley xviii); but apparently this was not fully enforced.

[35] See the document here referred to, at the end of _Vol_. V, and completed in _Vol_. VI.

[36] Figueroa, "before leaving Iloilo, made his will, endowing the Jesuit college at Manila with two thousand pesos of income; and directed that in case his daughters should die their inheritance should pass to that college of San José" (Montero y Vidal's _Piratería en Mindanao_, i, p. 140).

[37] See _Discovery of the Solomon Islands_ (Hakluyt Soc. publications, 2d series, nos. 7, 8; London, 1901); this contains Mendaña's and other narratives of his expeditions in the southern Pacific Ocean.

[38] A title given among Mahometans to certain persons of religious profession.

[39] This and other italic headings to paragraphs in this document are, in the original MS., marginal notes in another handwriting--probably made by a clerk, for convenience of reference.

[40] When Figueroa began the conquest of Mindanao (1596) he was accompanied thither by two Jesuits--Juan del Campo, a priest; and Gaspar Gómez, a lay brother. The former was carried off by a fever, dying on August 10, 1596, at the age of thirty years, after little more than a year's stay in the islands. In his place, Juan de Sanlúcar and Pedro de Chirino accompanied Ronquillo's expedition in the following year. Sanlúcar entered the Jesuit order in 1570, and came to the Philippines in time to join the Mindanao expedition; he died at Palápag, April 26, 1612.

Pedro de Chirino entered the Jesuit order in 1580, and arrived at Manila ten years later. He died there on September 16, 1635, at the age of seventy-eight. His noted work, _Relacion de las Islas Filipinas_ (Roma, 1604), will be presented in subsequent volumes of this series. La Concepcion says of him (_Hist. de Philipinas_, v, p. 198): "A man of great industry and of studious habits, who devoted to study and books all the time which was not occupied by his ministry to souls."

[41] _La Caldera_, "the Caldron"--a port in the extreme south of Mindanao, not far from Zamboanga; its primitive name, Cauite.

[42] The original MS. of this document is illegible or torn in many places: these are indicated by leaders (...).

[43] This ship was wrecked on the coast of Japan, driven thither by tempests; and its rich cargo was seized by the Japanese. Detailed accounts of this event and its consequences are furnished by Morga in his _Sucesos_ (Hakluyt Soc. trans.), pp. 75--79; Santa Inés, in the _Crónica_, ii, pp. 252--272; and La Concepcion, in _Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 106--119, 143--148.

[44] Francisco de Ibarra was a prominent Spanish officer in Mexico (1554--72); he subjected to the dominion of Spain the province of Copala, which he named Nueva Vizcaya, founding therein the cities of Durango, Sinaloa, and others.

[45] For accounts of early explorations on North American coasts, see the following works: On the northeastern coast, Winsor's _Narrative and Critical History of America_, iv, pp. 33--102. On the Pacific coast, H.H. Bancroft's _History of the Northwest Coast_, i, pp. 1--136. The voyages mentioned in this document are regarded by Bancroft as apocryphal. Bacallaos ("cod-fish") was an early designation of the island of Newfoundland, but was afterward extended to the mainland of eastern Canada. The cape of Breton evidently refers to Cape Breton, on the island of that name.

[46] Sedeño, as vice-provincial of his order in the islands, governed all its missions there. On a journey of inspection he suffered greatly from the hardships of a stormy voyage, and died at Cebú on September 1, 1595. La Concepcion gives an interesting sketch of his life and labors, in _Hist. de Philipinas_, iii, pp. 7--12. Before coming to the Philippines, Sedeño had accompanied the expeditions of Pedro Melendez in Florida.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898, by E. H. Blair