Chapter 2

[187] This is the book called today "the first book of the Kings."

[188] The original is in folio bound in parchment, with ninety-five good sheets.--Note by Muñoz (cited by Navarrete).

[189] The original is "Ambrosio y Teodosio y Macrobio." The same error was made by Jaime Ferrer, who likewise gives these names as those of three distinct men instead of one, his true name being "Aurelius Theodosius Macrobius." See Dawson's _Lines of Demarcation_, 1899, p. 510.

[190] Referring to the _Ymago Mundi_ (1483?) of Pierre d'Ailly, archbishop of Cambray, and cardinal; regarding this book, see Bartlett's _Bibl. Americana_, part i, pp. 3-5.

[191] This was the title conferred on Christopher Columbus by the Catholic sovereigns.

[192] The individuals of the municipal governing body upon whom devolves the economic government of a city.--_Novisimo diccionario de la lengua castellana_ (Paris and Mexico, 1899). See also _Diccionario enciclopedico hispano-americano_ (Barcelona, 1887-1899), tomo xvii, pp. 302-303.

[193] The Consejo de las Ordenes [Council of the Military Orders] was created by Charles V, from the separate councils of the various military orders. This council consisted of a president and six or eight knights, and both temporal and ecclesiastical powers were conferred upon it. Clement VI approved it, extending its jurisdiction to tithes, benefices, marriages, and other matters of ordinary authority, and both Paul III and Saint Pius V confirmed it. Two important tribunals were created, one called the Tribunal of the Churches, and the other the Apostolic Tribunal. The first was created by Charles V, and was under the charge of a Judge protector, and had charge of the repairs, building, and adornment of the churches of the military orders. The second was created by Philip II, in virtue of the bull of Gregory XIII, of October 20, 1584,--this bull having as its object the amicable adjustment of the disputes between the military orders and the prelates in regard to jurisdiction, tithes, etc. In 1714 the jurisdiction of the council was limited by Felipe IV, to the ecclesiastical and temporal affairs of their own institution. In 1836 the council was reorganized under the name of tribunal. The tribunal of the churches was suppressed, as were also the offices of comptroller and the remaining fiscal officials, and the funds diverted into the national treasury. Jurisdiction in ecclesiastical matters was limited to the four military orders of Santiago, Calatrava, Alcántara, and Montesa. See _Dic.-encic. hisp-amer.,_ tomo v, pp. 821, 822.

[194] Casa de Contratación de las Indias (House of Commerce of the Indies). A tribunal, having as its object the investigation and determination of matters pertaining to the commerce and trade of the Indies. It consisted of a president and several executive officials,--both professional and unprofessional men--and a togated fiscal agent. It was formerly in Seville, but removed later to Cadiz.--_Dic. encic. hisp.-amer.,_ iv, p. 844. The documents relating to the affairs of this house were kept formerly in a special archives, but are housed at present in the Archivo general de Indias in Seville.

[195] The _corregidor_ was the representative of the royal person, and combined both judicial and executive functions; in some large cities he was made president of the city council, with administrative functions--an office nearly equivalent to that of mayor in American cities.

[196] See this document at p. 139, _ante_.

[197] García de Loaisa, a noted Spanish prelate, was born at Talavera (Toledo) in 1479; at the age of sixteen, he entered the Dominican order, of which he became provincial for Spain (1518), and finally general of the order. He was greatly esteemed by the emperor Charles V, who chose Loasia as his confessor; and he soon afterward became bishop of Osma, and president of the Council of the Indies. Later, he was made a cardinal, and elevated to the archbishopric of Seville. He acted as Charles's representative at the court of Rome, and was, less than a year before his death, appointed general of the Inquisition; even in that short time one hundred and twenty persons were burned at the stake, and six hundred more punished in various ways. Loaisa died April 21, 1546.

[198] The military order of Calatrava was formed to hold the town of that name against the Moors, and was organized in 1164; it was annexed to the Castilian crown during the reign of Cárlos I.

[199] It is said that this fair at Medina del Campo is still held (in May and October of each year); and that money was lent by the crown to persons who desired loans--hence the allusion in the text.

[200] Ordinarily the tithes in each diocese were divided into four equal parts--of which one was set aside for the bishop, and one for the chapter. Then the other two were divided into nine portions (_novenii_), whereof one and one-half were for the _fabrica_ of the church (the corporate body who administered its temporalities, consisting of the _cura_ and churchwardens), four for the _parrocos_ (parish priests) and lower clergy, one and one-half for the hospitals, and two for the King--all but this last being variable. See Baluffi's _America en tempo Spagnuola_ (Ancona, 1844) ii, p. 41.--_Rev_. T. C. _Middleton_, O. S. A.

[201] The documents published by Navarrete in full, or in copious extracts, are the most valuable; and they are usually such as are otherwise comparatively or wholly unknown. It is to be regretted that Navarrete has modernized the spelling, and otherwise "improved" the text; but the originals are presented in all essential features, and form a valuable collection of early documentary material.

[202] An extract from Magalhães's first will (December 17, 1504) and the whole of his second (August 24, 1519) are given in English translation in Guillemard's _Life of Magellan_, London, 1890, appendix ii, pp. 316-326.

[203] He therein petitions that the sum of twelve thousand five hundred maravedis, allowed him for his services, be paid to the convent of Vitoria at Triana.

[204] Fernão de Magalhães was a native of Oporto, and of noble lineage. In early life he entered the Portuguese army, in which he rendered distinguished service; from 1505 until probably 1511 he was in India. Finding no opportunity for promotion in Portugal, he transferred his allegiance (1518) to the King of Castile, and promised the latter that he would discover a new route to Moluccas. Magalhães set out on this expedition September 20, 1519, with five ships, and discovered the strait which bears his name; he also discovered and explored partially the Philippine Archipelago. He was slain in a fight with the natives in the island of Matan, April 27, 1521.

[205] Navarrete presents only an analysis of this letter.

[206] An itemized account (condensed) of the expenses involved in the preparation and equipment of the fleet is given by Navarrete, no. xvii, pp. 162-182. An English translation is presented in Guillemard's _Life of Magellan_, appendix iv, pp. 329-336. From a comparison of the two, it appears that the latter had access to the original documents at Seville. Few slight differences occur between them. The figures as given by Navarrete show several errors. The student will do well to examine both of these lists. No. xviii in Navarrete, pp. 182-188, shows the amounts and distribution of the food and other stores carried.

[207] Navarrete says, _ut supra_, p. xiii, that the officials of the House of Trade were always hostile to Magallánes. The Portuguese machinations to cause the defeat and ruin of the expedition and the efforts put forth to induce Magallánes to return to his allegiance are well shown in two documents. The first is a letter written the Portuguese king by Alvaro da Costa, September 28, 1518. Navarrete, no. vi, pp. 123, 124, gives a Spanish extract made by Muñoz from the original in Portugal, and Guillemard, _ut supra_, pp. 114-116 (see also note, p. 116), gives in part an English translation. The second document is a letter written from Seville, July 18, 1519, by the Portuguese factor Sebastian Alvarez to the King of Portugal. Navarrete, no. xv, pp. 153-155, gives a Spanish extract made by Muñoz. The Portuguese of the entire letter is published in _Alguns Documentos_, pp. 431-435. Guillemard, _ut supra_, pp. 130-134, gives an English translation of its essential portions, which is borrowed, in part, by Butterworth in _Story of Magellan_, pp. 46-48, New York, 1899.

[208] All these are synopses of the documents.

[209] _Ibid_.

[210] More than this number actually sailed; see Guillemard, _Life of Magellan_, p. 336.

[211] The matter in brackets is evidently by Navarrete.

[212] This document opens with a list of the various dignities of the King and Queen of Spain, which is omitted here, as being similar to that already given in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

[213] Reference is here made to Juana, Cárlos I's mother, the daughter and nominally the successor of Isabella, and later of Ferdinand. Juana being inflicted with insanity from 1503 until her death in 1555, Ferdinand acted as regent until his death (1516), when Cardinal Ximenes succeeded him in that capacity, acting until Cárlos I attained his majority. (1518)--Juana still being queen of Castile and Aragon.

[214] The original is defective here, and these readings are conjectural.

[215] The title given formerly to the governor of a province.

[216] The Portuguese transcriber was unable to decipher the original of the bracketed words. Navarrete, who prints these instructions to Magalhães and Falero, (_Col. de Viages_, tomo iv, pp. 116-121) reads this passage thus "quien se pase" and continues "é se asiente." _Alguns Documentos_ reads "que ..." and continues "& se entregue." The MS. in Torre do Tombo from which the Portuguese transcript was made read "q enpase," continuing as does the Portuguese version. It must be remembered that Navarrete took his copy from the original document (existing in Seville) of the agreement made with Magalhães and Falero, made March 22, 1518; this was included in the instructions given to Juan de Cartagena, the recipient of the present letter, and was doubtless copied from the original in Seville.

[217] A metal found by Columbus in the Isla Española. It is composed of 18 parts gold, 6 of silver, and 8 of copper.--_Dic. de la Lengua Castellano_.

[218] This must have been the Strait of Magellan.

[219] The Spanish reads literally, "They gave him a blow on the head with a mallet."

[220] The original is defective here, and this reading is only conjectural.

[221] Juan Sebastian del Cano.--_Stevens_.

[222] Pietro Martire d'Anghiera (commonly known as Peter Martyr) was an Italian priest and historian, who was born in 1455. At the age of thirty-two years he went to the Castilian court; at various times, he served in the army (during two campaigns), maintained a school for boys, was sent as an ambassador to other courts, and in many ways occupied a prominent place in the affairs of the Spanish Kingdom. He died in 1526. His most noted work was _De orbe nouo Decades_ (Alcala, 1516); it had numerous editions, and was translated into several other languages. An English translation of the first three Decades was made by Richard Eden (London, 1555); this was reprinted in Arber's _First Three English Books on America_ (Birmingham, 1885).

[223] The name Bacallaos (according to early French writers a Basque appellation of the codfish) was also applied, by a natural extension, to the region afterward known as Canada. According to Peter Martyr, the name Bacallaos was given to those lands by Sebastian Cabot, "because of the great multitudes of fishes found in the seas thereabout." See _Jesuit Relations_ (Cleveland reissue), i, p. 308, and ii, p. 295.

[224] Fifty-six degrees west of the Canaries would be about seventy-four degrees west of Greenwich--Magellan was some ten or twelve degrees out.--_Stevens_.

[225] Among whom was Esteven Gomez; this ship was the "San Antonio."--_Steven's_.

[226] The measure of length known as a mile varies greatly in different countries. The geographical or nautical mile (one-sixtieth of a degree of the equator, and equal to 1.153 English statute miles) is used by mariners of all nations. The _milha_ of Portugal is equivalent to 1.2786 English miles; the Italian _miglio_ varies from O.6214 to 1.3835 English miles; the _legua_ (league) of Spain amounts to 4.2151 English miles.

[227] San Pablo and Tiburones. Cf. Droysen and Andree's _Historischer Hand Atlas_, 1884, Karte 83; also Admiralty Chart, Sec. xv, 767.--_Stevens_.

[228] Inarajan, now confined to the port on the southeast coast of Guajan, the southermost of the Ladrones.--_Stevens_.

[229] Acacan,_i.e._ _Sosan_-jaya, the watering place at the west end of Rota Island, north of Guajan.--_Stevens_.

[230] The Caylon of Magellan, now confined to the port on the southwest side of the island of Leyte, Philippines.--_Stevens_.

[231] The Maasin of Coello, or Masin of Admiralty Chart, Sec. xiii, 943; at south end of island of Leyte, the Selani of text.--_Stevens_.

[232] In the museum of the Colegio de Agustinos Filipinos at Valladolid, Spain, is a tablet bearing the following inscription (in English translation): "On the twenty-sixth of April, 1521, died on this spot, while fighting valiantly, Don Hernando Magallánes, general of the Spanish fleet, whose name alone is his greatest eulogy. Desiring that the memory of the place where so famous and fatal an event took place should not perish, and circumstances not permitting us at this time to erect a monument worthy of the heroic discoverer, this present inscription is religiously and humbly consecrated, as a memorial, by the parochial priest of the island, the reverend father Fray Benito Perez, on the twenty-ninth of February, 1843." This tablet is about three feet by one and one-half feet in size, and is made of molave wood; the letters (capitals) are neatly carved in the wood--the work being done, in all probability, by some native under the priest's supervision. Attached to the tablet is a card, bearing the following inscription: "This inscription, cut in molave wood, was accidentally found by the very reverend father Fray Jorge Romanillos, the present parish priest of Opong, in the island of Mactang, where it stood beside a cross, before the erection of the monument. He sends it as a memento to the royal college of the Augustinian Fathers of the Filipinas, at Valladolid, in the year 1887."

[233] Or Quipit, the port of this name on the northwest part of Mindanao, applied in error to the whole island.--_Stevens_.

[234] Probably Yolo, certainly one of the Sulu islands.--_Stevens_.

[235] _I.e._ Ternate, Moter, Tidore, Maru, Mutjan.--_Stevens_.

[236] "They did not find Cattigara" is as true today as when Maximilian wrote in 1522. For various conflicting authorities upon its site _north_ of the equator, cf. ante p.312, and McCrindle's _Ancient India_, 1885, p.10. Ptolemy however places it (Asia Tab. xi) nine degrees _south_ of the equator. For a curious chapter upon this point see Manoel Godinho de Eredia's _Malacca_, edited by Janssen, Brussels, 1883. 4to, part 3. Why not Kota-Radja at the north end of Sumatra?--_Stevens_.