Part 15

Nor does the religious mind of Whittier fail to remember the gates of pearl, for in "Ego" he speaks of

The pearl gates of the Better Land.

Carlyle makes reference to the gem in a line greater in conception and more poetic than most of those which occur in the rhymes of the poets—"She died in beauty, like a pearl dropped from some diadem."

In Ruffini's "Dr. Antonio," man and woman are set in marriage as a foil and complement of each other though the metaphor shows some misunderstanding of the qualities of gems, for black diamonds are not as fiery as others. The lines are:

The fiery black diamond casting lustre over the Oriental pearl: the Oriental pearl in return lending softness to the black diamond.

Dryden does not forget pearls when he caparisons the royal mighty and in "Palamon and Arcite" fitly thus describes Emetrius, King of Inde:

His surcoat o'er his arms was cloth of Thrace, Adorned with pearls all orient, round and great.

It is remarkable that so many poets have seen in the pearl a simile for raindrops and dew. Among them, Browning in the song from "Pippa Passes," sees—

The hill-side's dew-pearled.

At its best, the pearl is not luminous, neither does it flash nor sparkle: the quality of it is softly lustrous as of light that smolders; but transferring by imagery the mist-white texture of dew when it is spread over leaf and grass blade, to the transparent dew-drop, poets see in the sparkling globule, which in the sun is of diamantine brilliancy, a simile of the pearl.

In "By the Fireside" however, Browning creates a rain of pearls, a truer figure than pearly raindrops:

Break the rosary in a pearly rain, And gather what we let fall.

The metaphors of Lowell are more true to the nature of the pearl and its characteristics than those of many poets. One, seldom used though most appropriate, occurs in "The First Snow Fall."

And the poorest twig on the elm-tree Was ridged inch deep with pearl.

Another instance of combined truth and poetry may be found in "An Invitation":

A cloud Byzantium newly born, With flickering spires and dome of pearl.

And in "Pictures from Appledore" the same poet in the embodiment of a delightful idea in words says of the moon:

Rather to call it the canoe Hollowed out of a single pearl.

In these illustrations, imagination is true to nature on either hand, for the beady ridges of the half melted or frozen snow on the tree twigs, the soft luster of a white cloud dome and the pale round moon, alike are characterized by beauties which are pearly. In his more involved metaphor the same nice avoidance of incongruity is noticeable. Though raindrops are not pearly, the white fringe of a shore-driven wave is, which he notes in "Sea-Weed":

For the same wave that rims the Carib shore With momentary brede of pearl and gold.

There is a hint of Cleopatra and Sir Thomas Gresham in his lines "To H. W. L."

Let them drink molten pearls nor dream the cost;

and in the lines from "Memoria Positum" there is an understanding of the processes by which the gem grows:

This death hath far choicer ends Than slowly to impearl in hearts of friends;

and in the poetic fancy in "A Familiar Epistle to a Friend"—

Old sorrows crystallized into pearls.

Nor does he omit the time-honored custom of poets to place the gem among the chief jewels of the great and in the mouth of beauty, for in "The Singing Leaves" he makes the King's eldest daughter ask of her royal father when he journeys:

O, bring me pearls and diamonds great,

and in "A Fable for Critics" he says:

Your goddess of freedom, a tight, buxom girl, With lips like a cherry and teeth like a pearl.

Bryant does not often allude to pearls, but in two instances, both in "The Flood of Years," they appear in beautiful setting. In the first:

A beam like that of moonlight turns the spray To glistening pearls.

Later on, describing the ocean of the past, he sees—

Dim glimmerings of lost jewels, far within The sleeping waters, diamond, sardonyx, Ruby and topaz, pearl and chrysolite.

The general use of pearls in the barbaric splendor of the great in the days of Rome and Egypt and Persia, appears in Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered." In the wizard's dwelling:

Nor failed there urns of crystal, pearl, and gold,

and,

High on the Soldan's helm, in scales of pearl A rampant dragon grinn'd malignant things;

and also,

The Pastors of the flocks Have on their sacerdotal albs, which pass In front divided o'er their golden frocks, Clasp'd with aigraffes of pearl.

In the review of the oriental hordes, Armida's car is thus described,

Her car, that glorious as Aurora's roll'd, With rubies, pearls, and hyacinths glisten'd clear.

Among those who passed the Egyptian prince, were:

The Islanders with fleecy curls, Whose homes are compassed by th' Arabian waves; By whom those shells which breed the Persian pearls Are dived and fish'd for, in their green sea caves.

The name of the gem is used in rare fashion in picturing the enchanted wood through which Rinaldo wanders:

Impearl'd with manna was each fresh leaf nigh.

And twice does the sweat of the human face become pearly in the poet's imagination: once when Armida watches Rinaldo sleeping:

The living heat-dews that impearl'd his face, She with her veil wiped tenderly away.

In the second instance, speaking of Armida, the poet says:

She dies Of the sweet passion, and the heat that pearls, Yet more her ardent aspect beautifies.

Thomson sees pearls only in the dew-impearled earth, and one must admit, after looking upon the liquid globules hanging in rows from the spreading twigs of trees before the morning sun has found them in their shaded quarters, that the pendent spheres are suggestive, and that the poet's eye needs but little assistance from imagination to see in them the soft round gems of the ocean.

In all ages, prose and fiction have treated of pearls as a form of exceeding preciousness and a chief evidence of high station and barbaric splendor. The lute of poetry has held few additional strings. Modern writers have added little to the imaginations of the ancients. All the changes made by successive poets have been rung on the tears, dew-drops, and beauty's teeth, handed down from long ago.

The wide ranges of the pearl's modest worth, exalted purity, and singular beauty, yet remain to illustrate the thoughts of future genius. Imagination has not yet brooded often over the humble and distorted creatures, whose gnarled and twisted forms, lying among their myriad shapely brethren are evidence of a precious sacrifice of self to leave a heritage of beauty; nor dreamed of the silent acres under turbulent waters where the gem, one day to adorn the neck of beauty or the diadem of royalty, is reared. What play for imagination lies between the birth of this creation of one of the humblest of Earth's creatures, and the high placement to which it rises as soon as it is discovered.

There are deserted wastes of sand and water under torrid skies, populated almost momentarily with teeming multitudes whose jargon fills the former silences with a world wide medley of tongues. As in a dream, the tremulous air is stirred by the struggling movement of naked slaves, turbanned orientals, men from all lands of the occident, the moving throng weaving constantly new patterns from the variegated colors and fantastic costumes of living threads. And everywhere, beneath the prosaic motion of labor and trading, is the quiver of hope, the excitement of the gambler; the poetry of human passions, unseen, but felt.

There are in unfrequented seas, where some lonely atoll draws its circle round a still lagoon, treasures greater than its cargo and the stately ship sailing heedless by. So like the undiscovered pearls of the ocean's bed, the universe holds an exhaustless store of thoughts and truths for those who come after the discoverers of this age. Thought runs in grooves and the grooves outlast many generations; scarcely in a cycle does one look over the ridge and find a species foreign to the rut.

Within the walls which the past builds for the present it is more easy to adopt than to bring forth, and so the ancient metaphors, age after age, are with some changes of raiment thrown back upon the world again. But in this new era of acquisition, while this sea-gem is again lifted to the serene heights of most exalted favor, perhaps it will not only shine upon the persons of the fair, but adorn, in simile and metaphor as beautiful as the old, the pages of romance and poetry.

GLOSSARY

ABALONE.—Name given on the California coast and in the United States to the Haliotis.

BALL-PEARL.—Name given to round pearls by pearlers at the inland fisheries of the United States.

BAROQUE.—A pearly formation of irregular shape.

BASE.—A basic price, subject to the square of the pearl's weight.

BASKETS.—Brass sieves used in India for separating pearls of different sizes.

BLACK-SHELL.—Pearl oyster shells of which the nacreous lining has a black-edge.

BLISTER.—A piece of the mother-of-pearl lining of a pearl-oyster shell, raised above the surface like a blister.

BLUEBACKS.—Shell of a variety of Haliotis.

BLUE-PEARLS.—Dark, slaty blue-white pearls, principally from the Mexican coast.

BOMBAY PEARLS.—Fine pearls from the Arabian and Red Seas, so named because marketed through that city.

BUTTON PEARLS.—Shaped like a dome, high or low, rising from a plane and called "high buttons," "buttons" or "low buttons," accordingly.

CLAMMER.—One who fishes for mussels by dredging for the shells principally.

DEAD PEARLS.—Pearls with a chalky or waxy skin having little or no luster.

DRESS.—Diving apparatus consisting of a one piece dress from the neck down, corselet, helmet, air-pipes and life-line.

DROP-PEARL.—Ovoid, or obovoid, not necessarily of perfect shape.

DRILLED PEARLS.—Pearls with one hole for setting on peg, or quite through the centre for stringing. Chinese drill two or three small holes half way between circumference and bottom, for holding-wires.

EGG PEARLS.—Ovoid: shaped like an egg.

FLAT.—In connection with price quotation means, price per grain regardless of size.

FRESH-WATER PEARLS.—Pearls taken from inland streams.

GREEN EARS.—Shell of Haliotis having green mother-of-pearl lining.

HALF PEARLS.—Round pearls sawed in half.

HELMET.—Diving head-gear.

LINGAHS.—Pearl oyster shells from the Arabian Sea and others of similar size and quality.

MADRAS PEARLS.—Fine white pearls from the Ceylon fisheries, so called because marketed principally in that city.

MANUL.—Loose or soft sand sea bottom (Ceylon).

MULTIPLE.—Price of pearls subject to the multiple of weight.

MUSSEL-EGG.—Name given to pearls by Tennesseans.

NACRE.—The substance of which pearls and the lining of pearl-shells consists.

NAKED DIVING.—Diving without any appliances.

ORIENT.—As applied to pearls, the luster of the skin.

ORIENTAL PEARLS.—Generally, pearls from salt water; specifically, pearls from the Indian Seas.

OUNCE PEARLS.—Poor grades sold by the ounce.

PAAR.—Ceylon name for rock or hard bottom oyster-bed.

PEARLER.—One who fishes for mussels for the pearls.

PEAR-SHAPE.—Shaped like a pear; obovoid.

PEELER.—A pearl with an imperfect skin, the removal of which would improve the pearl.

RED-EARS.—Abalone shell with pearly red interior.

ROSE-PEARLS.—Pink, iridescent, fresh-water baroques.

SEED-PEARLS.—Very small round pearls.

SLUGS.—Nacreous excrescences from the Unio.

SKIN.—As applied to pearls, the outer layer of nacre.

SQUARE.—Method of reckoning the cost of a pearl of any size at a lot price, by the square of price given, with the grain as a unit.

STRAWBERRY-PEARLS.—Large, pink, iridescent and lustrous baroques, fairly regular in shape, with the appearance of being thickly sanded under the nacre.

SWEET-WATER PEARLS.—Pearls from fresh-water.

TRUE-PEARLS.—Pearls formed of nacre as distinguished from similar formations which are not nacreous.

TWINNED-PEARLS.—Pearls enveloped together in one or more layers of nacre.

WHITE-SHELL.—Pearl-oyster shells with nacre white to the edge.

YELLOW-SHELL.—Pearl-oyster shells with yellowish nacre.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PEARLS AND SHELLS FROM THE VARIOUS FISHERIES

ARABIAN SEA.—Pearls have fine orient, but the color inclines to yellow.

Shells are larger than those of Ceylon but of little value for mother-of-pearl: iridescent, black-edge m. of p.; known as Lingahs.

AROE.—Pearls usually good orient; many of irregular shape.

Shells are of medium size, black-edge and iridescent.

AUCKLAND.—Pearls white, but not remarkable for luster.

Shells, medium size, black-edge m. of p.

AUSTRALIA.—Pearls of Australia generally are of good color, but not as lustrous as those of other sections.

Shells usually large and heavy and the nacre is white.

BANDAS.—Pearls good.

Shells are small but heavy and good; black to greenish edge nacre.

CEYLON.—Pearls average finest in the world for orient and color.

Shells, small and valueless for m. of p.

COSTA RICA.—Pearls good average.

Shells, medium size, greenish yellow edge.

EGYPTIAN (RED SEA).—Pearls good but run yellow.

Shells, medium size and nacre has greenish edge.

FIJI.—Practically the same as the Bandas.

GAMBIER.—Pearls good, many fancy colors.

Shells, large, fine nacre with very black edge.

HAITI.—Pearls fine, shells good.

MANILLA.—(Includes Batjan, Bima, Ceram, Salawatti, Sooloo, etc.) Pearls, good color and orient.

Shells, large, good, yellow edge nacre.

MERGUIAN ARCHIPELAGO.—Pearls and shells similar to the Manillas.

MEXICO AND PANAMA.—Pearls fair; blacks, grays and fancy colors often fine.

Shells, medium size: nacre has greenish edge.

SOUTH SEA ISLANDS.—Pearls usually fine.

Shells generally large, heavy and fine black edge m. of p.

VENEZUELA.—Pearls, good luster and color—many fine baroques.

Shells: small, beautifully iridescent, but valueless.

PEARLS.

Hardness, 3.5-4 Sp. Gr., 1.59-1.62

COMPOSITION.

Carbonate of Lime 91.72 Organic matter 5.94 Water 2.34

INDEX

A

Abalone, 92, 170, 199, 244.

Acapulco, 203.

Advance of price, 277.

Aelonians, 93.

Alexander, 50.

Ancient fisheries, 212.

Angel's tears, 315.

Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, 49.

Aquila Jewels, 85.

Arabian Sea, 49, 51, 201.

Aragonite, 167.

Aripo, 219.

Arkansas, discovery of pearls in, 259.

Aroo Islands, 199, 202.

Aryans, 64.

Atokha, Virgin of, 329.

Auris Marina, 246.

Aurora Shells, 246.

Australia, 201, 249.

Avicula fucata, 127. squamulosa, 127, 239.

B

Bagdad, 213.

Bahamas, 95.

Bahrein, 212.

Ball pearl, 44.

Banda Islands, 202.

Baroques, 82, 91, 155, 161.

Base price, 276.

Baskets, 228.

Batjan, 200.

Bazaruto Islands, 200, 233.

Beira, 233.

Beresford Hope pearl, 324, 326.

Black-Shell, 144.

Blister, 92.

Blue-point, 268.

Bochart, 57.

Bones, pearls called, 50, 61.

Boss, 140.

Breastplate, Jewish High Priest's, 56, 61.

Breeding of pearls, 312.

Brown pearls, 329.

Bull-head, 266.

Butterfly, 268.

Byssus, 243.

C

Cacique, 76.

Calcospherules, 154.

Caligula, 52.

Campeche, Gulf of, 241.

Cape San Lucas, 242.

Cariaco, Gulf of, 238.

Castiglione necklace, 84.

Catifa, 326.

Celebrated Pearls, 324.

Ceram, 200.

Cestodes, 173.

Chank, 15, 98.

Charles V., 47.

Charlotte Bay, 249.

Cheval paar, 221.

Chilaw pearl banks, 219.

Chiriqui, 237.

Chunam, 231.

Clammers, 262, 282.

Clam pearls, 97.

Cleopatra's pearl, 52, 320, 326.

Clinch River, 260, 263.

Clione, 154.

Clodius, 52, 327.

Coatzacoalcos, 241.

Coche, 238.

Colombia, 236, 241.

Color of pearls, 101.

Columbus, 46.

Conch, 16, 94.

Conchiolin, 133.

Cortez, 46, 242.

Cracked pearls, 119, 301.

Crotalia, 53, 80.

Cubagua, 46, 238.

Culture pearls, 299.

D

Dahlak, 212.

Dasyus, 64.

Death of Pearls, 316.

Deer-horn, 267.

De Soto, 46, 47, 76.

Devadatta, 98.

Dew-drop origin of P., 311.

Diamonds, 44, 56, 70.

Diving, Dress, 178, 188, 192. Naked, 178.

Dredging, 282.

Dress, 189.

Dudley pearls, 329.

Dutch Indies, 200, 232.

E

Ear of Venus, 93.

Ear-shell, 93, 245.

Ecuador, 203, 237.

Edward VII., 82.

Elenchi, 80.

Elizabeth, Queen, 48.

El Tirano, 237.

Exmouth Gulf, 249.

F

Facts and Fancies, 311.

Farsan, 212.

Fiji Islands, 202.

File-fish, 174.

Fisheries, Arabian Sea, 212. Ancient, 201, 255. Australian, 194, 202, 249.

Fisheries, British, 255. Campeche, gulf of, 241. Ceylon, 201, 215, 289. Colombia, 237, 241. Dutch Indies, 232. Ecuador, 237. English, 242. German East Africa, 234. Haiti, 248. Indian, 214. Irish, 255. La Paz, 242. Lower California, 242. Madras, 215. Merguian archipelago, 201, 234. Mexican, 242. New Caledonia, 234. Nicaragua, 236. Omagh, 256. Panama, 237. Persian Gulf, 212. Philippines, 248. Portuguese East Africa, 233. Red Sea, 211. Scotch, 256. So. African, 257. Venezuela, 237, 239.

Fishing, Ceylon gov't notification, 221. Depth of, 225, 232. Mexican, Season of, 243. U. S. mussel, 258. Polynesian, 183. primitive method, 179. time under water, 225. Tongarewa Islands, 186. with dress, 188. prices realized, 227, 289.

Flodden Field, 320.

Fluter mussel, 260.

Francis I., 48.

Fresh-water pearls, 90.

G

Gambier, 199, 203, 328.

Genesis of Pearls, 127.

Gilbert, Bishop of Limerick, 49

Goajira, 239.

Government Notification, 221.

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 48, 321.

Guatemala, 242.

Guayaquil, 237, 287.

Gulf of California, 203. Campeche, 204, 241.

Gwaai River, 257.

H

Habitat of oysters and mussels, 199.

Haiti, 205, 248.

Haliotis, 16, 93, 206, 244. cracherodii, 247. iris, 246. mida, 246. rufescens, 247. splendens, 247. tuberculata, 245.

Heel-splitter, 268.

I

Ichiaha, 76.

Illinois, discovery of pearls, 259.

Imitation pearls, 295.

Imperfections, 111.

Incas, 44, 46, 76.

Inhambane, 200.

Interference, 130.

Iridescence, 130.

J

Jamboneau, 235.

James IV., 320.

Japan, 202.

Jolo, 248.

Julius Cæsar, 52, 81, 256, 327.

K

Kalanchu, 231.

Katar, 212.

Kshattriya, 27, 64.

L

Lampsilis anodontoides, 267. fallaciosus, 267. ligamentinus, 267. rectus, 267.

La Pellegrina, 324, 326.

La Paz, 242.

La Peregrina, 324, 327.

Largest Pearl, 326.

Lesbos, 50.

Lingah, 201, 212.

Lohia, 211.

Lollia Pollena, 52.

Loreto, 242.

Louis XIII., 49.

Lower California, 242.

M

Macanao, 238.

Macassar, 233.

Madura, 215.

Mafia, 206, 234.

Malabar, 63, 179.

Manaar, 216.

Manchadi, 231.

Manduck, 179.

Mantle, 132.

Maracaibo, 239.

Margarita, 238.

Maria Theresa, 49.

Marichchikaddi, 221.

Mary Queen of Scots, 48.

Massawa, 211.

Mathilde, Princess, 84.

Maturity of Pearl Oysters, 205.

Mazatlan, 242.

Meleagrina, 90, 127.

Merguian Archipelago, 200, 234.

Methods of Fishing, 177.

Mindanao, 248.

Montezuma, 46.

Moros, 182.

Mother-paar, 219.

Mounds, Indian, 40, 45, 76, 257.

Mucket, 266.

Mud-blisters, 92.

Multiple, 276.

Mussel, 90, 257.

Mussel-egg, 43, 116.

Mussel Anodonta herculea, 297. blue-point, 268. bull-head, 266. butterfly, 268. deer-horn, 267. fluter, 260. Hatchet-back, 268. heel-splitter, 268. Lake, 260. margaritifera, 255. mucket, 266. nigger-head, 266. painter's, 255. pearl, 255. red, 234. swollen-river, 255. sand-shell, 267. warty-back, 266. wash-board, 260.

Mutton-fish, 245.

Mytilene, 50.

N

Nassau pearls, 96.

Nautillus, 16.

New Caledonia, 172, 202, 234.

New Guinea, 202.

Nicaragua, 204.

Nigger-head, 136, 266.

Nomenclature, 56.

Notch Brook pearl, 258, 330.

Nuclei of pearls, 153, 174, 272.

O

Oahu, 206.

Ohio pearls, 258.

Old Testament reference, 56.

Omagh, 49, 256.

Oriental pearls, 89.

Origin of pearls (fables), 311.

Ormer, 93, 246.

P

Painter's mussel, 255.

Panama, 203.

Paraguana, 239.

Parasites, 174.

Pearls, Abalone, 92, 156. assortment of, 228. baroque, 155, 161, 279. black, 97, 105. blister, 92. blue, 104, 278. Bombay, 213. button, 155, 160. clam, 97, 156. colors of, 101. conch, 94, 156. cracked, 119. culture, 298. fancy, 105, 202. free, 154. fresh-water, 89, 90, 279. hammered, 120. hinge, 91. imitation, 295. Japan, 298. Madras, 102, 215, 277. Nassau, 96. oriental, 89. Panama, 104, 204. pear-shape, 80, 161. rose, 91. seed, 231. Shah of Persia, 326. slugs, 280. soft, 116. strawberry, 91. true, 89. twinned, 159. wing, 91, 280.

Pearl-Oysters, 199.

Pearlers, 262, 282.

Peelers, 115, 248, 302.

Peeling pearls, 115, 302.

Periya paar, 220.

Persian Gulf, 50, 201.

Perthshire Tay pearls, 256.

Peru, 46, 204.

Philip II., 241.

Pinna, 16, 206, 235.

Plagiola securis, 268.

Pleurobena aesopus, 266.

Pliny, 52, 54, 66.

Polynesians, 183.

Pope Leo X. pearl, 328.

Price of pearls, 275.

Punta de Santa Cristoval, 243.

Q

Quadrula ebena, 266. pustulosa, 266. undulata, 268.

Queen pearl, 330.

R

Rana of Dholpur, 78.

Ravaillac, 320.

Red Current, 253.

Red Sea, 51, 200.

Rhodesia, Southern, 206.

Rio, Hacha, 237.

Roman fashions, 80, 342.

Rose pearls, 91, 266.

S

Sandalchin, 57.

Sandaztros, 57.

Sand-shells, 267.

San Juan del Norte, 236.

Season for mussel fishing, 270.

Seed pearls, 231.

Shankar, 15, 31.

Shangani River, 257.

Shankhásura, 98.

Sharks Bay, 249.

Shark-charmer, 224.

Shell Australian, 145, 202. black, 144, 199, 202. bullock, 204, 236. distorted, 172, 252. Egyptian, 200. grayish, 145, 200. greenish, 145, 211. Lingah, 212.

Shell Mexican, 204. Panama, 204, 236. Port Darwin, 249. price of, 235, 251, 270, 290. red-ears, 206. Sydney, 249. Tuamotu, 170, 200. Unio, 136, 200, 211. Venezuelan, 200. West Australian, 249. white, 145, 171. yellow, 145, 200. young, 205.

Shoulder of mutton, 235.

Sir Thomas Gresham, 48, 328.

Sleeping Lion, 328.

Slugs, 280.

Soliman Pearl, 328.

Sophie, Queen, 84.

Southern Rhodesia, 206, 257.

Spat, 169.

Spawning time, 271.

Spice Islands, 202.

Spiritu Santo, 46.

Spruce, John, 284.

Strawberry-pearls, 91, 266.

Strombus gigas, 94, 206.

Sugar River, 264.

Sulu Islands, 202, 248.

Superstitions, 181, 311.

Suran, 253.

Sweet-water pearls, 90, 279.

Swollen River mussel, 255.

Symphynota complanata, 268.

T

Tahiti, 203.

Tampa Bay, 46.

Targum, 57.

Tavernier, 49, 325.

Tiburon, 242.

Tinnevalli, 215.

Tongarewa Islands, 186.

Travancore, 25, 98.

Tremellius, 57.

Tritigonia verrucosa, 267.

True pearls, 89.

Tuamotu Archipelago, 200, 203.

Turbinella Scolymus, 98.

Turtle-backs, 92.

Tuticorin, 215.

U

Umbo, 139.

Unio, 90, 127, 136, 206.

Unit of weight, 276.

V

Variation in weight of P., 241.

Varieties, 89.

Venezuela, 96, 237.

Venus ear-shell, 16, 93, 245.

Venus Genetrix, 81.

Veragua, 237.

Vishnu, 15, 98.

W

Warty-back, 266.

Weight of mussel shells, 269. meat, 269.

Westphalia Queen necklace, 84.

White bones, 50, 61.

White shell, 145, 199.

Wisconsin pearls, 259.

X

X Rays, 231.

Y

Yellow shells, 200.

Z

Zanzibar, 200, 234.

Transcriber's Notes

Page 113: changed pear-shape to pear-shaped (pear-shaped pearls) Page 322: changed aquaintance to acquaintance Page 341: changed villany to villainy Page 349: changed Throgh to Through