The Panjab, North-West Frontier Province, and Kashmir

~Delhi Enclave.~--On the transfer of the capital of India to Delhi part of the area of the old district of that name comprising 337 estates was removed from the jurisdiction of...

~Ambála~, 30·2 N.--76·4 E. Population 80,131, of which 54,223 in Cantonments. A creation of British rule. It became the headquarters of the Political Agent for the Cis-Sutlej St...

~Delhi~ (28.38 N., 77.13 E.).--Of imperial cities the most interesting are those which have felt the tragedies as well as enjoyed the glories of Empire. From this point of view...

~The Great Northern Rampart.~--The huge mountain rampart which guards the northern frontier of India thrusts out in the north-west a great bastion whose outer walls are the Hind...

~The Panjáb Rivers.~--"Panjáb" is a Persian compound word, meaning "five waters," and strictly speaking the word denotes the country between the valley of the Jhelam and that of...

~The Province.~--The N. W. F. Province consists of five British districts, Dera Ismail Khán, Bannu, Kohát, Pesháwar, and Hazára with a total area of 13,193 square miles, of whic...

~Phulkian States.~--The three Phulkian States of Patiála, Jínd, and Nábha form a political agency under the Panjáb Government. They occupy, with Baháwalpur and Hissár, the bulk...

~Growth of Population.~--It is probable that in the 64 years since annexation the population of the Panjáb has increased by from 40 to 50 per cent. The first reliable census was...

~Extent of Geological Record.~--Although the main part of the Panjáb plain is covered by a mantle of comparatively recent alluvium, the provinces described in this book display...

~Affinities of Panjáb Flora.~--It is hopeless to describe except in the broadest outline the flora of a tract covering an area of 250,000 square miles and ranging in altitude fr...

~The Ghaznevide Raids.~--In the tenth century the Turks were the janissaries of the Abbaside Caliphs of Baghdád, and ambitious soldiers of that race began to carve out kingdoms....

~Importance of Canals.~--One need have no hesitation in placing among the greatest achievements of British rule in the Panjáb the magnificent system of irrigation canals which i...

~Kashmír.~--Some account has already been given of the topography and scenery of the wide territory, covering an area about equal to that of the Panjáb less the Ambála division,...

~Administrative Arrangements in Panjáb.~--Lord Dalhousie put the government of the province under a Board of Administration consisting of the two Lawrences, Henry and John, and...

~In Hindu period relations of Panjáb were with western kingdoms.~--The large tract included in the British province of the Panjáb which lies between the Jamna and the Ghagar is,...

~Introductory.~--Of the provinces of India the Panjáb must always have a peculiar interest for Englishmen. Invasions by land from the west have perforce been launched across its...

~Types of Climate.~--The climate of the Panjáb plains is determined by their distance from the sea and the existence of formidable mountain barriers to the north and west. The f...

~Classification by Zones.~--In order to give an intelligible account of the huge area embraced by the Panjáb, N.W.F. Province, and Kashmír it is necessary to make a division of...

~Rise of Ranjít Singh.~--The Bhangís held Lahore with brief intervals for 25 years. In 1799, Ranjít Singh, basing his claim on a grant from Sháh Zamán, the grandson of Ahmad Shá...

~Hindu and Buddhist Remains.~--The scholar who ended his study of Indian history with the close of the first millennium of the Christian era would expect to find a fruitful fiel...

~Educational progress.~--According to the census returns of 1911 there are not four persons per 100 in the province who are "literate" in the sense of being able to read and wri...

~Religions in N.W.F. Province.~--In the N.W.F. Province an overwhelming majority of the population professes Islám. In 1911 there were 2,039,994 Musalmáns as compared with 119,9...

~Panjáb Districts.~--The administrative unit in the Panjáb is the district in charge of a Deputy Commissioner. The districts are divided into _tahsíls_, each on the average cont...

~Financial Relations with Government of India.~--Local governments exercise their financial powers in strict subordination to the Government of India, which alone can borrow, an...

~Fauna.~--With the spread of cultivation and drainage the Panjáb plains have ceased to be to anything like the old extent the haunt of wild beasts and wild fowl. The lion has lo...

~Rights of State in Waste.~--Under Indian rule the State claimed full power of disposing of the waste, and, even where an exclusive right in the soil was not maintained, some va...

~Handicrafts.~--The chief handicrafts of the province are those of the weaver, the shoemaker, the carpenter, the potter, and the worker in brass and copper. The figures of the 1...

~Roads.~--The alignment of good roads in the plains of the Panjáb is easy, and the deposits of calcareous nodules or _kankar_ often found near the surface furnish good metalling...

~Municipalities.~--It is matter for reflection that, while the effect of British administration has been to weaken self-government in villages, half a century of effort has fail...

~Trade.~--In 1911-12 the exports from the Panjáb, excluding those by land to Central Asia, Ladákh, and Afghánistán, were valued at Rs. 27,63,21,000 (£18,421,000), of which 61 p....

~Districts and Divisions.~--The Panjáb now consists of 28 districts grouped in five divisions. In descriptions of districts and states boundaries, railways, and roads, which app...