The Outline of History: Being a Plain History of Life and Mankind
CHAPTER XXXIII. CHRISTENDOM AND THE CRUSADES
§ 1. The Western world at its lowest ebb 40
§ 2. The feudal system 42
§ 3. The Frankish kingdom of the Merovingians 46
§ 4. The Christianization of the western barbarians 48
§ 5. Charlemagne becomes emperor of the West 54
§ 6. The personality of Charlemagne 59
§ 7. The French and the Germans become distinct 61
§ 8. The Normans, the Saracens, the Hungarians, and the Seljuk Turks 64
§ 9. How Constantinople appealed to Rome 72
§ 10. The Crusades 76
§ 11. The Crusades a test of Christianity 84
§ 12. The Emperor Frederick II 86
§ 13. Defects and limitations of the papacy 90
§ 14. A list of leading Popes 96