CHAPTER XXXI. SEVEN CENTURIES IN ASIA (CIRCA 50 B.C. TO A.D. 650)

§ 1. Justinian the Great 614

§ 2. The Sassanid Empire in Persia 616

§ 3. The decay of Syria under the Sassanids 619

§ 4. The first message from Islam 623

§ 5. Zoroaster and Mani 624

§ 6. Hunnish peoples in Central Asia and India 627

§ 7. The great age of China 630

§ 8. Intellectual fetters of China 635

§ 9. The travels of Yuan Chwang 642

LIST OF MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

Life in the Early Palæozoic 11

Time-chart from Earliest Life to 40,000,000 Years Ago 14

Life in the Later Palæozoic Age 19

Australian Lung Fish 26

Some Reptiles of the Late Palæozoic Age 27

Astronomical Variations Affecting Climate 33

Some Mesozoic Reptiles 40

Later Mesozoic Reptiles 42

Pterodactyls and Archæopteryx 45

Hesperornis 48

Some Oligocene Mammals 53

Miocene Mammals 58

Time-diagram of the Glacial Ages 60

Early Pleistocene Animals, Contemporary with Earliest Man 64

The Sub-Man Pithecanthropus 65

The Riddle of the Piltdown Sub-Man 71

Map of Europe 50,000 Years Ago 77

Neanderthal Man 78

Early Stone Implements 81

Australia and the Western Pacific in the Glacial Age 82

Cro-magnon Man 87

Europe and Western Asia in the Later Palæolithic Age 89

Reindeer Age Articles 90

A Reindeer Age Masterpiece 93

Reindeer Age Engravings and Carvings 94

Diagram of the Estimated Duration of the True Human Periods 97

Neolithic Implements 107

Restoration of a Lake Dwelling 111

Pottery from Lake Dwellings 112

Hut Urns 115

A Menhir of the Neolithic Period 128

Bronze Age Implements 132

Diagram Showing the Duration of the Neolithic Period 133

Heads of Australoid Types 139

Bushwoman 141

Negro Types 142

Mongolian Types 143

Caucasian Types 144

Map of Europe, Asia, Africa 15,000 Years Ago 145

The Swastika 147

Relationship of Human Races (Diagrammatic Summary) 149

Possible Development of Languages 155

Racial Types (after Champollion) 163

Combat between Menelaus and Hector 176

Archaic Horses and Chariots 178

The Cradle of Western Civilization 185

Sumerian Warriors in Phalanx 189

Assyrian Warrior (_temp._ Sargon II) 193

Time-chart 6000 B.C. to A.D. 196

The Cradle of Chinese Civilization (Map) 202

Boats on Nile about 2500 B.C. 211

Egyptian Ship on Red Sea, 1250 B.C. 212

Ægean Civilization (Map) 214

A Votary of the Snake Goddess 215

American Indian Picture-Writing 225

Egyptian Gods--Set, Anubis, Typhon, Bes 236

Egyptian Gods--Thoth-lunus, Hathor, Chnemu 239

An Assyrian King and His Chief Minister 243

Pharaoh Chephren 248

Pharaoh Rameses III as Osiris (Sarcophagus relief) 249

Pharaoh Akhnaton 251

Egyptian Peasants (Pyramid Age) 257

Brawl among Egyptian Boatmen (Pyramid Age) 260

Egyptian Social Types (From Tombs) 261

The Land of the Hebrews 280

Aryan-speaking Peoples 1000-500 B.C. (Map) 301

Hellenic Races 1000-800 B.C. (Map) 302

Greek Sea Fight, 550 B.C. 303

Rowers in an Athenian Warship, 400 B.C. 306

Scythian Types 319

Median and Second Babylonian Empires (in Nebuchadnezzar’s Reign) 321

The Empire of Darius 329

Wars of the Greeks and Persians (Map) 333

Athenian Foot-soldier 334

Persian Body-guard (from Frieze at Susa) 338

The World According to Herodotus 341

Athene of the Parthenon 348

Philip of Macedon 368

Growth of Macedonia under Philip 371

Macedonian Warrior (bas-relief from Pella) 373

Campaigns of Alexander the Great 381

Alexander the Great 389

Break-up of Alexander’s Empire 393

Seleucus I 395

Later State of Alexander’s Empire 398

The World According to Eratosthenes, 200 B.C. 405

The Known World, about 250 B.C. 406

Isis and Horus 413

Serapis 414

The Rise of Buddhism 419

Hariti 428

Chinese Image of Kuan-yin 429

The Spread of Buddhism 432

Indian Gods--Vishnu, Brahma, Siva 437

Indian Gods--Krishna, Kali, Ganesa 439

The Western Mediterranean, 800-600 B.C. 446

Early Latium 447

Burning the Dead: Etruscan Ceremony 449

Statuette of a Gaul 450

Roman Power after the Samnite Wars 451

Samnite Warriors 452

Italy after 275 B.C. 453

Roman Coin Celebrating the Victory over Pyrrhus 455

Mercury 457

Carthaginian Coins 468

Roman _As_ 471

Rome and its Alliances, 150 B.C. 481

Gladiators 489

Roman Power, 50 B.C. 506

Julius Cæsar 512

Roman Empire at Death of Augustus 518

Roman Empire in Time of Trajan 524

Asia and Europe: Life of the Period (Map) 544

Central Asia, 200-100 B.C. 547

Tracks of Migrating and Raiding Peoples, 1-700 A.D. 555

Eastern Roman Empire 561

Constantinople (Maps to show value of its position) 563

Galilee 571

Map of Europe, 500 A.D. 608

The Eastern Empire and the Sassanids 620

Asia Minor, Syria, and Mesopotamia 622

Ephthalite Coin 629

Chinese Empire, Tang Dynasty 633

Yuan Chwang’s Route from China to India 643