CHAPTER XII

AMERICAN BLOOD AND IMMIGRANT BLOOD

As I sought to show, near the end of my initial chapter, the conditions of settlement of this country caused those of uncommon energy and venturesomeness to outmultiply the rest of the population. Thus came into existence the pioneering breed; and this breed increased until it is safe to estimate that fully half of white Americans with native grandparents have one or more pioneers among their ancestors. Whatever valuable race traits distinguish the American people from the parent European stocks are due to the efflorescence of this breed. Without it there would have been little in the performance of our people to arrest the attention of the world. Now we confront the melancholy spectacle of this pioneer breed being swamped and submerged by an overwhelming tide of latecomers from the old-world hive. In Atlanta still seven out of eight white men had American parents; in Nashville and Richmond, four out of five; in Kansas City, two out of three; and in Los Angeles, one out of two; but in Detroit, Cleveland, and Paterson one man out of five had American parents; in Chicago and New York, one out of six; in Milwaukee, one out of seven; and in Fall River, one out of nine. _Certainly never since the colonial era have the foreign-born and their children formed so large a proportion of the American people as at the present moment._ I scanned 368 persons as they passed me in Union Square, New York, at a time when the garment-workers of the Fifth Avenue lofts were returning to their homes. Only thirty-eight of these passers-by had the type of face one would find at a county fair in the West or South.

In the six or seven hundred thousand strangers that yearly join themselves to us for good and all, there are to be found, of course, every talent and every beauty. Out of the steerage come persons as fine and noble as any who have trodden American soil. Any adverse characterization of an immigrant stream implies, then, only that the trait is relatively frequent, not that it is universal.

In this sense it is fair to say that the blood now being injected into the veins of our people is "sub-common." To one accustomed to the aspect of the normal American population, the Caliban type shows up with a frequency that is startling. Observe immigrants not as they come travel-wan up the gang-plank, nor as they issue toil-begrimed from pit's mouth or mill gate, but in their gatherings, washed, combed, and in their Sunday best. You are struck by the fact that from ten to twenty per cent. are hirsute, low-browed, big-faced persons of obviously low mentality. Not that they suggest evil. They simply look out of place in black clothes and stiff collar, since clearly they belong in skins, in wattled huts at the close of the Great Ice Age. These oxlike men are descendants of those _who always stayed behind_. Those in whom the soul burns with the dull, smoky flame of the pine-knot stuck to the soil, and are now thick in the sluiceways of immigration. Those in whom it burns with a clear, luminous flame have been attracted to the cities of the home land and, having prospects, have no motive to submit themselves to the hardships of the steerage.

To the practised eye, the physiognomy of certain groups unmistakably proclaims inferiority of type. I have seen gatherings of the foreign-born in which narrow and sloping foreheads were the rule. The shortness and smallness of the crania were very noticeable. There was much facial asymmetry. Among the women, beauty, aside from the fleeting, epidermal bloom of girlhood, was quite lacking. In every face there was something wrong--lips thick, mouth coarse, upper lip too long, cheek-bones too high, chin poorly formed, the bridge of the nose hollowed, the base of the nose tilted, or else the whole face prognathous. There were so many sugar-loaf heads, moon-faces, slit mouths, lantern-jaws, and goose-bill noses that one might imagine a malicious jinn had amused himself by casting human beings in a set of skew-molds discarded by the Creator.

Our captains of industry give a crowbar to the immigrant with a number nine face on a number six head, make a dividend out of him, and imagine that is the end of the matter. They overlook that this man will beget children in his image--two or three times as many as the American--and that these children will in turn beget children. They chuckle at having opened an inexhaustible store of cheap tools and, lo! the American people is being altered for all time by these tools. Once before, captains of industry took a hand in making this people. Colonial planters imported Africans to hoe in the sun, to "develop" the tobacco, indigo, and rice plantations. Then, as now, business-minded men met with contempt the protests of a few idealists against their way of "building up the country."

Those promoters of prosperity are dust, but they bequeathed a situation which in four years wiped out more wealth than two hundred years of slavery had built up, and which presents to-day the one unsolvable problem in this country. Without likening immigrants to negroes, one may point out how the latter-day employer resembles the old-time planter in his blindness to the effects of his labor policy upon the blood of the nation.

IMMIGRATION AND GOOD LOOKS

It is reasonable to expect an early falling off in the frequency of good looks in the American people. It is unthinkable that so many persons with crooked faces, coarse mouths, bad noses, heavy jaws, and low foreheads can mingle their heredity with ours without making personal beauty yet more rare among us than it actually is. So much ugliness is at last bound to work to the surface. One ought to see the horror on the face of a fine-looking Italian or Hungarian consul when one asks him innocently, "Is the physiognomy of these immigrants typical of your people?" That the new immigrants are inferior in looks to the old immigrants may be seen by comparing, in a Labor Day parade, the faces of the cigar-makers and the garment-workers with those of the teamsters, piano-movers and steam-fitters.

Even aside from the pouring in of the ill-favored, the crossing of the heterogeneous is bound to lessen good looks among us. It is noteworthy that the beauty which has often excited the admiration of European visitors has shown itself most in communities of comparative purity of blood. New England, Virginia, and Kentucky have been renowned for their beautiful women, but not the commonwealths with a mixed population. It is in the less-heterogeneous parts of the Middle West, such as Indiana and Kansas, that one is struck by the number of comely women.

Twenty-four years ago the greatest living philosopher advised inquiring Japanese statesmen to interdict marriages of Japanese with foreigners, on the ground that the crossings of the too-unlike produce human beings with a "chaotic constitution." Herbert Spencer went on to say, "When the varieties mingled diverge beyond a certain slight degree, the result is inevitably a bad one." The greatest students of hybridism to-day confirm Spencer's surmise. The fusing of American with German and Scandinavian immigrants was only a reblending of kindred stocks, for Angles, Jutes, Danes, and Normans were wrought of yore into the fiber of the English breed. But the human varieties being collected in this country by the naked action of economic forces are too dissimilar to blend without producing a good many faces of a "chaotic constitution." Just as there is a wide difference in looks between Bretons and Normans, Dutch and Hanoverians, the Chinese of Hu-peh and the Chinese of Fukien, so broad contrasts in good looks may in time appear between the pure-blood parts of our country and those which have absorbed a motley assortment of immigrants.

STATURE AND PHYSIQUE

Although the Slavs stand up well, our South Europeans run to low stature. A gang of Italian navvies filing along the street present, by their dwarfishness, a curious contrast to other people. The Portuguese, the Greeks, and the Syrians are, from our point of view, undersized. The Hebrew immigrants are very poor in physique. The average of Hebrew women in New York is just over five feet, and the young women in the garment factories, although well developed, appear to be no taller than native girls of thirteen.

On the physical side the Hebrews are the polar opposite of our pioneer breed. Not only are they undersized and weak-muscled, but they shun bodily activity and are exceedingly sensitive to pain. Says a settlement worker: "You can't make boy scouts out of the Jews. There's not a troop of them in all New York." Another remarks: "They are absolute babies about pain. Their young fellows will scream with a hard lick." Students observe that husky young Hebrews on the foot-ball team lack grit, and will "take on" if they are bumped into hard. A young Ontario miner noticed that his Hebrew comrades groaned and wept over the hardships of the trail. "They kept swapping packs with me, imagining my pack must be lighter because I wasn't hollering."

Natural selection, frontier life, and the example of the red man produced in America a type of great physical self-control, gritty, uncomplaining, merciless to the body through fear of becoming "soft." To this roaming, hunting, exploring, adventurous breed what greater contrast is there than the denizens of the Ghetto? The second generation, to be sure, overtop their parents and are going in for athletics. Hebrews under Irish names abound in the prize-ring, and not long ago a sporting editor printed the item, "Jack Sullivan received a letter in Yiddish yesterday from his sister." Still, it will be long before they produce the stoical type who blithely fares forth into the wilderness, portaging his canoe, poling it against the current, wading in the torrents, living on bacon and beans, and sleeping on the ground, all for "fun" or "to keep hard."

VITALITY

"The Slavs," remarks a physician, "are immune to certain kinds of dirt. They can stand what would kill a white man." The women do not have puerperal fever, as our women would under their conditions. The men violate every sanitary law, yet survive. The Slavs come from a part of the world in which never more than a third of the children have grown up. In every generation, dirt, ignorance, superstition, and lack of medical attention have winnowed out all but the sturdiest. Among Americans, two-thirds of the children grow up, which means that we keep alive many of the tenderer, who would certainly have perished in the Slavic world. There is, however, no illusion more grotesque than to suppose that our people is to be rejuvenated by absorbing these millions of hardy peasantry, that, to quote a champion of free immigration, "The new-comers in America will bring fresh, vigorous blood to a rather sterile and inbred stock." The fact is that the immigrant stock quickly loses here its distinctive ruggedness. The physicians practising among rural Poles notice a great saving of infant life under American conditions. Says one: "I see immigrant women and their grown daughters having infants at the same time, and the children of the former will die of the things that the children of the latter get well of. The same holds when the second generation and the third bear at the same time. The latter save their children better than the former." The result is a marked softening of fiber between the immigrant women and the granddaughters. Among the latter are many of a finer, but frailer, mold, who would be ruined in health if they worked in the field the third day after confinement, as grandmother did. In the old country there were very few of this type who survived infancy in a peasant family.

There is, then, no lasting revitalization from this tide of life. If our people has become weak, no transfusion of peasants will set it on its feet again; for their blood too, soon thins. The trouble, if you call it that, is not with the American people, but with the wide diffusion among us of a civilized manner of life. Where the struggle for existence is mitigated not merely for the upper quarter of society, as formerly in the Old World, but for the upper three-quarters, as in this and other democratic countries, the effects of keeping alive the less hardy are bound to show. The remedy for the alleged degeneration of our stock is simple, but drastic. If we want only constitutions that can stand hardship and abuse, let us treat the young as they are treated in certain poverty-stricken parts of Russia. Since the mother is obliged to pass the day at work in distant fields, the nursling of a few months is left alone, crawling about on the dirt floor of the hut and comforting itself, when it cries from hunger, by sucking poultices of chewed bread tied to its hands and feet.

MORALITY

That the Mediterranean peoples are morally below the races of northern Europe is as certain as any social fact. Even when they were dirty, ferocious barbarians, these blonds were truth-tellers. Be it pride or awkwardness or lack of imagination or fair-play sense, something has held them back from the nimble lying of the southern races. Immigration officials find that the different peoples are as day and night in point of veracity, and report vast trouble in extracting the truth from certain brunet nationalities.

Some champions of immigration have become broad-minded enough to think small of the cardinal virtues. The Syrians, on Boston testimony, took "great pains to cheat the charitable societies" and are "extremely untrustworthy and unreliable." Their defender, however, after admitting their untruthfulness, explains that their lying is altruistic. If, at the fork of a road, you ask a Syrian your way, he will, in sheer transport of sympathy, study you to discover what answer will most please you. "The Anglo-Saxon variety of truthfulness," she adds, "is not a Syrian characteristic"; but, "if truthfulness includes loyalty, ready self-denial to promote a cause that seems right, the Syrian is to that extent truthful." Quoting a Syrian's admission that his fellow-merchants pay their debts for their credit's sake, but will cheat the customer, she comments, "This, however, does not seem to be exclusively a Syrian vice." To such miserable paltering does a sickly sentimentality lead.

* * * * *

In southern Europe, team-work along all lines is limited by selfishness and bad faith. Professor Fairchild notes "the inveterate factionalism and commercial dishonesty so characteristic of the [Greek] race," "the old dishonesty and inability to work together." "One of the maxims of Greek business life, translated into the American vernacular, is 'Put out the other fellow's eye.'" "These people seemed incapable of carying on a large coöperative business with harmony and success."

Nothing less than verminous is the readiness of the southern Europeans to prey upon their fellows. Never were British or Scandinavian immigrants so bled by fellow-countrymen as are South Italian, Greek and Semitic immigrants. Their spirit of mutual helpfulness saved them from _padrone_, "banker," and Black Hand. Among our South Italians this spirit shines out only when it is a question of shielding from American justice some cut-throat of their own race. The Greek is full of tricks to skin the greenhorn. A grocer will warn fellow-countrymen who have just established themselves in his town that he will have the police on them for violating municipal ordinances unless they buy groceries from him. The Greek mill-hand sells the greenhorn a job, and takes his chances on the foreman giving the man work. A Greek who knows a little English will get a Greek peddler arrested in order that he may get the interpreter's fee. The Greek boot-black who has freed himself from his serfdom, instead of showing up the system, starts a place of his own, and exploits his help as mercilessly as ever he was exploited.

The Northerners seem to surpass the southern Europeans in innate ethical endowment. Comparison of their behavior in marine disasters shows that discipline, sense of duty, presence of mind, and consideration for the weak are much more characteristic of northern Europeans. The southern Europeans, on the other hand, are apt, in their terror, to forget discipline, duty, women, children, everything but the saving of their own lives. In shipwreck it is the exceptional Northerner who forgets his duty, and the exceptional Southerner who is bound by it. The suicide of Italian officers on board the doomed _Monte Tabor_, the _Notice_, and the _Ajace_, is in striking contrast to the sense of responsibility of the Northerners in charge of the _Cimbria_, the _Geiser_, the _Strathcona_, and the _City of Paris_. Compare the mad struggle for the boats among the southern Europeans on _La Bourgogne_, the _Ailsa_, and the _Utopia_, with the self-possession of the Scandinavian emigrants on the _Waesland_ and the _Danmark_, and the consideration for women and children shown on the sinking _Mohegan_, the _Waesland_, and the _Titanic_. Among all nationalities the Americans bear the palm for coolness, orderly saving of life, and consideration for the weak in shipwreck, but they will lose these traits in proportion as they absorb excitable mercurial blood from southern Europe.

NATURAL ABILITY

The performance of the foreign-born and their children after they have had access to American opportunities justifies the democrat's faith that latent capacity exists all through the humbler strata of society. On the other hand, it also confirms the aristocrat's insistence that social ranks correspond somewhat with the grades of natural ability existing within a people. The descendants of Europe's lowly are to be met in all the upper levels of American society, _but not so frequently_ as the descendents of those who were high or rising in the land they left.

In respect to the value it contains, a stream of immigrants may be _representative_, _super-representative_, or _sub-representative_ of the home people. When it is a fair sample, it is _representative_; when it is richer in wheat and poorer in chaff, it is _super- representative_; when the reverse is the case, it is _sub- representative_. What counts here, of course, is not the value the immigrants may have acquired by education or experience, but that fundamental worth which does not depend on opportunity, and which may be transmitted to one's descendants. Now, in the present state of our knowledge, it is perhaps risky to make a comparison in ability between the races which contributed the old immigration and those which are supplying the new immigration. Though backward, the latter may contain as good stuff. But it is fair to assume that a _super-representative_ immigration from one stock is worth more to us than a _sub-representative_ immigration from another stock, and that an influx which sub-represents a European people will thin the blood of the American people.

Many things have decided whether Europe should send America cream or skimmed milk. Religious or political oppression is apt to drive out the better elements. Racial oppression cannot be evaded by mere conformity; hence the emigration it sets up is apt to be representative. An unsubdued and perilous land attracts the more bold and enterprising. The seekers of homesteads include men of better stuff than the job-seekers attracted by high wages for unskilled labor. Only economic motives set in motion the sub-common people, but even in an economic emigration the early stage brings more people of initiative than the later. The deeper, straighter, and smoother the channels of migration, the lower the stratum they can tap.

It is not easy to value the early elements that were wrought into the American people. Often a stream of immigration that started with the best drained from the lower levels after it had worn itself a bed. It is therefore only in a broad way that I venture to classify the principal colonial migrations as follows:

_Super-representative_: English Pilgrims, Puritans, Quakers, Catholics, Scotch Covenanters, French Huguenots, German sectaries.

_Representative_: English of Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas, Scotch-Irish, Scotch Highlanders, Dutch, and Swedes.

_Sub-representative_: English of early Georgia, transported English, eighteenth-century Germans.

In our national period the Germans of 1848 stand out as a _super-representative_ flow. The Irish stream has been _representative_, as was also the early German migration. The German inflow since 1870 has brought us very few of the élite of their people, and I have already given reasons for believing that the Scandinavian stream is not altogether _representative_. Our immigration from Great Britain has distinctly fallen off in grade since the chances in America came to be less attractive than those in the British Empire. However, no less an authority than Sir Richard Cartwright thinks that "between 1866 and 1896 one-third at least of the whole male population of Canada between the ages of twenty and forty found their way to the United States," and this "included an immense percentage of the most intelligent and adventurous." To-day we reciprocate by sending Western farmers with capital into the Canadian Northwest. Our loss has amounted to as many as 100,000 in a single year.

Oppression is now out of fashion over most of Europe, and our public lands are gone. Economic motives more and more bring us immigrants, and such motives will not uproot the educated, the propertied, the established, the well connected. The children of success are not migrating, which means that we get few scions from families of proved capacity. Europe retains most of her brains, but sends multitudes of the common and the sub-common. There is little sign of an intellectual element among the Magyars, Russians, South Slavs, Italians, Greeks, or Portuguese. This does not hold, however, for currents created by race discrimination or oppression. The Armenian, Syrian, Finnish, and Russo-Hebrew streams seem _representative_, and the first wave of Hebrews out of Russia in the eighties was superior. The Slovaks, German Poles, Lithuanians, Esthonians, and other restive subject groups probably send us a fair sample of their quality.

RACE SUICIDE

The fewer brains they have to contribute, the lower the place immigrants take among us, and the lower the place they take, the faster they multiply. In 1890, in our cities, a thousand foreign-born women could show 565 children under five years of age to 309 children shown by a thousand native women. By 1900 the contribution of the foreign women had risen to 612, and that of the American women had declined to 296. From such figures some argue that the "sterile" Americans need the immigrants in order to supply population. It would be nearer the truth to argue that the competition of low-standard immigrants is the root cause of the mysterious "sterility" of Americans. Certainly their record down to 1830 proved the Americans to be as fertile a race as ever lived, and the decline in their fertility coincides in time and in locality with the advent of the immigrant flood. In the words of General Francis A. Walker, "Not only did the decline in the native element, as a whole, take place in singular correspondence with the excess of foreign arrivals, but it occurred chiefly in just those regions"--"in those States and in the very counties," he says elsewhere--"to which those newcomers most frequently resorted."

"Our immigrants," says a superintendent of charities, "often come here with no standards whatever. In their homes you find no sheets on the bed, no slips on the pillows, no cloth on the table, and no towels save old rags. Even in the mud-floor cabins of the poorest negroes of the South you find sheets, pillow-slips, and towels, for by serving and associating with the whites the blacks have gained standards. But many of the foreigners have no means of getting our home standards after they are here. No one shows them. They can't see into American homes, and no Americans associate with them." The Americans or Americanized immigrants who are obliged to live on wages fixed by the competition of such people must cut somewhere. If they do not choose to "live in a pig-pen and bring up one's children like pigs," they will save their standards by keeping down the size of the family. Because he keeps them clean, neatly dressed, and in school, children are an economic burden to the American. Because he lets them run wild and puts them to work early, children are an asset to the low-standard foreigner.

When a more-developed element is obliged to compete on the same economic plane with a less-developed element, the standards of cleanliness or decency or education cherished by the advanced element act on it like a slow poison. William does not leave as many children as 'Tonio, because he will not huddle his family into one room, eat macaroni off a bare board, work his wife barefoot in the field, and keep his children weeding onions instead of at school. Even moral standards may act as poison. Once the women raisin-packers at Fresno, California, were American-born. Now the American women are leaving because of the low moral tone that prevails in the working force by reason of the coming in of foreigners with lax notions of propriety. The coarseness of speech and behavior among the packers is giving raisin-packing a bad name, so that American women are quitting the work and taking the next best job. Thus the very decency of the native is a handicap to success and to fecundity.

As they feel the difficulty of keeping up their standards on a Slav wage, the older immigrant stocks are becoming sterile, even as the old Americans became sterile. In a generation complaint will be heard that the Slavs, too, are shirking big families, and that we must admit prolific Persians, Uzbegs, and Bokhariots, in order to offset the fatal sterility that attacks every race after it has become Americanized. Very truly says a distinguished economist, in praise of immigration: "The cost of rearing children in the United States is rapidly rising. In many, perhaps in most cases, it is simpler, speedier, and cheaper to import labor than to breed it." In like vein it is said that "a healthy immigrant lad of eighteen is a clear $1000 added to the national wealth of the United States."

Just so. "The Roman world was laughing when it died." Any couple or any people that does not feel it has anything to transmit to its children may well reason in such fashion. A couple may reflect, "It is simpler, speedier, and cheaper for us to adopt orphans than to produce children of our own." A nation may reason, "Why burden ourselves with the rearing of children? Let them perish unborn in the womb of time. The immigrants will keep up the population." A people that has no more respect for its ancestors and no more pride of race than this deserves the extinction that surely awaits it.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX

TABLE I

ANNUAL IMMIGRATION 1820-1913

Year ending Sept. 30 1820 8,385 1821 9,127 1822 6,911 1823 6,354 1824 7,912 1825 10,199 1826 10,837

Year ending Sept. 30 1827 18,875 1828 27,382 1829 22,520 1830 23,322 1831 22,633

15 months ending Dec. 31 1832 60,482

Year ending Dec. 31 1833 58,640 1834 65,365 1835 45,374 1836 76,242 1837 79,340 1838 38,914 1839 68,069 1840 84,066 1841 80,289 1842 104,565

9 months ending Sept. 30 1843 52,496

Year ending Sept. 30 1844 78,615 1845 114,371 1846 154,416 1847 234,968 1848 226,527 1849 297,024 1850 310,004

3 months ending Dec. 31 1850 59,976

Year ending Dec. 31 1851 379,466 1852 371,603 1853 368,645 1854 427,833 1855 200,877 1856 200,436 1857 251,306 1858 123,126 1859 121,282 1860 153,640 1861 91,918 1862 91,985 1863 176,282 1864 193,418 1865 248,120 1866 318,568 1867 315,722

6 months ending June 30 1868 138,840

Year ending June 30 1869 352,768 1870 387,203 1871 321,350 1872 404,806 1873 459,803 1874 313,339 1875 227,498 1876 169,986 1877 141,857 1878 138,469 1879 177,826 1880 457,257 1881 669,431 1882 788,992 1883 603,322 1884 518,592 1885 395,346 1886 334,203 1887 490,109 1888 546,889 1889 444,427 1890 455,302 1891 560,319 1892 623,084 1893 439,730 1894 285,631 1895 258,536 1896 343,267 1897 230,832 1898 229,299 1899 311,715 1900 448,572 1901 487,918 1902 648,743 1903 857,046 1904 812,870 1905 1,026,499 1906 1,100,735 1907 1,285,349 1908 782,870 1909 751,786 1910 1,041,570 1911 878,587 1912 838,172 1913 1,197,892 1914 (11 months) 1,254,548

TABLE II

TOTAL NUMBER OF IMMIGRANTS, BY DECADES

1821-1830 143,439 1831-1840 599,125 1841-1850 1,713,251 1851-1860 2,598,214 1861-1870 2,314,824 1871-1880 2,812,191 1881-1890 5,246,613 1891-1900 3,687,564 1901-1910 8,795,386

TABLE III

INCREASE OF FOREIGN-BORN IN POPULATION BY DECADES

Population. Increase. Increase. CENSUS YEAR. Foreign-Born Percentage 1850 2,244,602 1860 4,138,697 1,894,095 84.4 1870 5,567,229 1,428,532 34.5 1880 6,679,943 1,112,714 20.0 1890 9,249,560 2,569,617 38.5 1900 10,341,276 1,091,716 11.8 1910 13,343,583 3,129,766 30.6

TABLE IV

FOREIGN-BORN IN UNITED STATES IN 1910 Per cent COUNTRY OF BIRTH. Number. of total. Total foreign born. 13,515,886 100.0

========== =====

Europe 11,791,841 87.2 _Northwestern Europe_ 6,740,400 49.9 Great Britain 1,221,283 9.0 England 877,719 6.5 Scotland 261,076 1.9 Wales 82,488 0.6 Ireland 1,352,251 10.0 Germany 2,501,333 18.5 Scandinavian countries 1,250,733 9.3 Norway 403,877 3.0 Sweden 665,207 1.9 Denmark 181,649 1.3 Netherlands (Holland), Belgium, and Luxemburg 172,534 1.3 Netherlands 120,063 0.9 Belgium 49,400 0.4 Luxemburg 3,071 France 117,418 0.9 Switzerland 124,848 0.9 _Southern and Eastern Europe_ 5,048,583 37.4 Portugal 59,360 0.4 Spain 22,108 0.2 Italy 1,343,125 9.9 Russia and Finland 1,732,462 12.8 Russia 1,602,782 11.9 Finland 129,680 1.0

Per cent COUNTRY OF BIRTH. Number. of total.

Austria-Hungary 1,670,582 12.4 Austria 1,174,973 8.7 Hungary 495,609 3.7 Balkan peninsula 220,946 1.6 Roumania 65,923 0.5 Bulgaria 11,498 0.1 Servia 4,639 Montenegro 5,374 Greece 101,282 0.7 Turkey in Europe 32,230 0.2 Country not specified 2,858

Asia 191,484 1.4 --------- China 56,756 0.4 Japan 67,744 0.5 India 4,664 Turkey in Asia 59,729 0.4 All other countries 2,591

America 1,489,231 11.0 --------- Canada and Newfoundland 1,209,717 9.0 Canada--French 385,083 2.8 Canada--Other 819,554 6.1 Newfoundland 5,080 West Indies 47,635 0.4 Mexico 221,915 1.6 Central and South America 9,964 0.1 All other 43,330 0.3

TABLE V

PER CENT. OF IMMIGRANTS FROM NORTHERN AND WESTERN EUROPE AND FROM SOUTHERN AND EASTERN EUROPE, 1820 TO 1910

Northern Southern Total Other and and from specified PERIOD. Western. Eastern. Europe. countries.

1820-1830 87.0 2.9 89.9 10.1 1831-1840 92.5 1.1 93.7 6.3 1841-1850 95.9 .3 96.2 3.8 1851-1860 94.6 .8 95.5 4.5 1861-1870 88.5 1.5 89.9 10.1 1871-1880 73.7 7.1 80.8 19.2 1881-1890 72.0 18.3 90.3 9.7 1891-1900 44.8 52.8 97.5 2.5 1901-1910 21.8 71.9 93.7 6.3

TABLE VI

OLD AND NEW IMMIGRATION COMPARED WITH RESPECT TO ABILITY OF THE FOREIGN-BORN TO READ, BY RACE[1] (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES)

[1] Vol. I, p. 443. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission.

Per cent. able to OLD IMMIGRATION. read.

Canadian, French 88.1 Canadian, other 98.9 Dutch 97.6 English 98.8 German 98.0

Per cent. able to NEW IMMIGRATION. read.

Bulgarian 78.1 Croatian 70.9 Greek 80.5 Hebrew, Russian 93.1 Hebrew, other 92.5

Per cent. able to OLD IMMIGRATION. read.

Irish 95.8 Scotch 99.5 Swedish 99.8 Welsh 98.1

Per cent. able to NEW IMMIGRATION. read.

Italian, North 83.3 Italian, South 67.5 Lithuanian 77.3 Magyar 91.0 Polish 79.9 Portuguese 47.5 Roumanian 82.6 Russian 74.5 Ruthenian 65.8 Servian 71.3 Slovak 84.4 Slovenian 87.5 Spanish 98.1 Syrian 63.6

TABLE VII

OLD AND NEW IMMIGRATION COMPARED WITH RESPECT TO FOREIGN-BORN HUSBANDS REPORTING WIFE ABROAD, BY RACE.[2] (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES)

[2] Vol. I, p. 460. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission.

Per cent Reporting Wife OLD IMMIGRATION. Abroad.

Canadian, French 1.5 Dutch 3.8 English 3.4

Per cent Reporting Wife NEW IMMIGRATION. Abroad.

Bulgarian 90.0 Croatian 59.3 Greek 74.7

Per cent Reporting Wife OLD IMMIGRATION. Abroad.

German 4.3 Irish 1.2 Scotch 3.2 Swedish 2.9 Welsh 1.4

Per cent Reporting Wife NEW IMMIGRATION. Abroad.

Hebrew, Russian 12.5 Italian, North 31.6 Italian, South 36.9 Lithuanian 23.3 Magyar 43.3 Polish 23.0 Portuguese 15.9 Roumanian 73.9 Russian 45.5 Servian 64.5 Slovak 34.2 Slovenian 33.7

TABLE VIII

OLD AND NEW IMMIGRATION COMPARED WITH RESPECT TO ABILITY TO SPEAK ENGLISH.[3] (STUDY OF EMPLOYEES)

[3] Vol. I, p. 477. Abstracts of Reports of the Immigration Commission.

OLD IMMIGRATION. Nationality. Per cent.

Danish 96.5 Dutch 86.1 French 68.6 German 87.5 Norwegian 96.9 Swedish 94.7 ---- Average 82.2

NEW IMMIGRATION. Nationality. Per cent.

Bulgarian 20.3 Croatian 50.9 Greek 33.5 South Italian 48.7 Lithuanian 51.3 Macedonian 21.1 Magyar 46.4 Montenegrin 38.0 Polish 43.5

OLD IMMIGRATION. Nationality. Per cent.

NEW IMMIGRATION. Nationality. Per cent.

Roumanian 33.3 Ruthenian 36.8 Russian 43.6 Servian 41.2 Slovak 55.6 Slovenian 51.7 Syrian 54.6 Turkish 22.5 ---- Average 40.8

TABLE IX

FOREIGN-BORN IN URBAN AND RURAL COMMUNITIES, 1910

OLD IMMIGRATION.

Per Per Country Cent Cent of Birth. Urban. Rural.

Belgium 59.6 40.4 Denmark 48.3 51.7 England 72.6 27.4 France 69.9 30.1 Germany 66.7 33.3 Holland 54.9 45.1 Ireland 84.7 15.3 Norway 42.2 57.8 Scotland 72.4 27.6 Sweden 60.6 39.4 Switzerland 53.9 46.1

NEW IMMIGRATION.

Per Per Country Cent Cent of Birth. Urban. Rural. Austria 72.4 27.6 Balkan States 50.9 49.1 Finland 50. 50. Greece 71.4 28.6 Hungary 77.3 22.7 Italy 78.1 21.9 Portugal 69.6 30.4 Roumania 91.9 8.1 Russia 87. 13. Turkey, in Asia 86.7 13.3 Turkey, in Europe 79.5 20.5

INDEX

Ability, natural, 10, 12, 13; Irish, 40-44; Germans, 50, 58, 64; Scandinavians, 83-85; Italians, 113, 114; Slavs, 138, 139; Hebrews, 157-164; Finns, 169; Portuguese, 176; Levantines, 190, 193; foreign-born, 285-287, 296-299.

Abstractness, Hebrew, 159-160.

Agriculture, German immigrants in, 52-53, 62; Scandinavians, 73-74, 86; Italians, 103-104; Slavs, 126-127; Hebrews, 147, 160; Finns, 169; Magyars, 174; Portuguese, 181; foreign-born, 195, 202-204.

Alcoholism, Irish, 32-33; German, 60-61; Scandinavian, 72-73; comparative, 104-105; Slavic, 127-128, 229; Finnish, 169-170; Magyar, 175; Levantine, 190; foreign-born, 215, 229, 255.

American traits, 23, 290, 295-296.

Americanism, origins of, 22-23.

Anti-semitism, 164, 165.

Assimilation, of Germans, 49-52; of Scandinavians, 75-81; of Italians, 111-112, 213; of Slavs, 134-138; of Hebrews, 154, 165-167; of Finns, 170; of Magyars, 175; of Portuguese, 182; of Levantines, 194; of foreign-born, 245, 250-254, 279-281, 300-303.

"Assistance" for naturalized voters, 271.

Attention to details, comparative, 44, 66.

Avarice, 34, 150-155, 182-183, 188-193, 244, 246, 303.

Azorean immigrants, 176, 179, 181.

Balch, Professor, quoted, 127.

Bankruptcy, fraudulent, 150.

Bar, immigrants at the, 39, 40, 41, 89, 153.

Bargain, the individual, 193.

Bath houses, Finnish, 169.

Bingham, Gen., quoted, 108-111.

Bohemian immigrants, 123, 124, 126, 134, 135, 138, 139, 220, 252, 253.

"Boss," methods of the, 269-275.

Boston, 29, 244, 260.

Bound boys, Greek, 187-190.

Bremer, Frederika, quoted, 69.

Browning, quoted, 106.

Bryce, James, quoted, 51.

Bushee, Dr., quoted, 29, 145, 180, 244.

Cahan, Abram, cited, 164.

Camorra, the, 107.

Canadian immigrants, 182, 253, 298.

Cape Cod Portuguese, 179.

Cape Verde immigrants, 168, 179.

Capitalists and immigration, 198, 201, 210, 213-219, 286, 287.

Cartwright, Sir Richard, quoted, 298.

Caste spirit, growth of, 216, 219, 234-235.

Caterers, Greek immigrants as, 184, 187.

"Cavaliers," in Virginia, 7.

Celtic race traits, 39-44, 64, 85-89.

Charity-seekers, immigrants as, Irish, 29; Germans, 59; Italians, 117, 243; Hebrews, 149; Magyars, 173; Syrians, 293; foreign-born, 105, 240-245.

Child delinquency, 245-246.

Child exploitation, 112, 127, 137, 157, 180, 181, 187-190, 244, 246, 247, 303.

Children, proportion of, 22.

Chinese immigrants, 111, 226.

Cicero, on the Jews, 143.

Cities, immigrants in, 76, 112, 126, 145, 182, 202, 239-240, 244, 260, 282.

Citizenship, interest of immigrants in acquiring, 101, 112, 136, 170, 175, 181-182, 264-266, 269-273.

Civil War, the, 13, 41, 58.

Clannishness of immigrants, Germans, 54, 57; Italians, 112; Slavs, 136-137; Hebrews, 154, 166-167; Portuguese, 182; Levantines, 193-194; Irish, 260-263; foreign-born, 253.

Clericalism, 123, 135, 136, 252-253, 279-280.

Coal miners, wages of, 213.

Colonies, Hebrew agricultural, 147.

Colonization, of immigrants, 203-204.

Commercialization, 153, 238, 250.

Commercialized immigration, 183-4, 195-197, 204, 226.

Congestion, of Irish, 30; of Germans, 60; of Scandinavians, 76; of Italians, 112, 117-118; of Slavs, 126; of Hebrews, 145; of Magyars, 173-174; of Portuguese, 180; of Levantines, 194; of foreign-born, 238-240, 244, 300-303.

Convict element in the Colonies, 8-9.

Cost of living, causes of high, 201-202.

Courage, 30, 125-126, 262, 295.

Crises and immigration, 222.

Cranberry pickers, 179.

Criminality, Irish, 33, 34; German, 61; Greek, 62; Scandinavian, 72; Italian, 98, 101, 106-111; Slavic, 129; Hebrew, 34, 62, 155-157; Finnish, 33, 169; Magyar, 175; Portuguese, 175-176.

Criminals, elimination of, in the Colonies, 9.

Crossing, effects of, 288-289.

Cumings, quoted, 22.

Dalmatians in horticulture, 203.

Danish immigrants, 74, 81.

Deforestation, 203.

Democracy, immigrants and, 42, 54-57, 76, 91-92, 119, 136, 158, 256, 263, 264, 269, 276-281.

_Deutschtum_ in America, 50-51, 76.

Displacement, industrial, 207-209.

Dutch immigrants, 4, 70, 298.

Economic character of present immigration, 183-184, 195-197, 225, 298, 299.

Education, interest of immigrants in, 79, 98, 112, 136, 148, 157-159, 170, 181, 189, 190, 236, 246, 251-254.

Elimination, 16-20, 290-292.

Emigration-promoting, 195-197, 226.

Emigration to Canada, 298.

Emotional instability of Italians, 118-119.

English immigrants, 3-9, 297, 298.

English, ability to speak, 76, 112, 136-137, 169, 176, 236-237, 253-254.

Ethical endowment, race contrasts in, 293-295.

Fairchild, Professor, quoted, 184, 294.

Family size, 21-23, 30, 47, 71-72, 127, 130-134, 136, 139, 236, 244, 287, 292, 299-304.

Fecundity, early American, 21-23; Irish, 26, 29; Scandinavian, 71-72; Italian, 95; Slavic, 130-134, 136, 139-140; Portuguese, 180; foreign-born, 236, 287, 299-304.

Ferrero, quoted, 280.

Feudalism, industrial, 214, 215; political, 269-272.

Finnish immigrants, 168, 173, 299.

Foreign stock, proportion of, 239-240, 282-285.

"Forty-eighters," the, 47, 50, 57, 64.

Franklin, Benjamin, quoted, 11.

French immigrants, 10, 14, 62, 298.

Frontier, selective influence of the, 20-23.

Galician Jews, degradation of, 146, 165.

Gambling, 98, 105, 156.

Genoese, 111.

German immigrants, 10, 17, 46-66; numbers, 46-48; motives of emigration, 46-48; distribution, 49; assimilation, 49, 52; influence, 52-58, 79; drinking customs, 53; conviviality, 54; politics, 54-55, 259, 262, 263, 276; free-thinking, 57-58, 252; economic condition, 59-60; alcoholism, 60-61; criminality, 61-62; occupations, 35, 36, 41, 62-63; traits, 29, 32, 63-66, 73, 81, 83, 91, 149, 160, 238; illiteracy, 70; in science, 39, 84; in agriculture, 44, 52, 53, 62, 86, 202, 260; race affinities, 101; in music, 103; mortality, 113; displacement, 220; quality, 298.

Germany, conditions in, 48, 225, 280.

Ghetto, the, 145, 149, 290.

Good looks, among immigrants, 85, 113, 179, 193, 285, 286-289.

Grant, Gen., quoted, 164.

Greek immigrants, 62, 182-190, 214, 236, 238, 243, 289, 294, 299.

Greek physicians, memorial of, 189.

Gregariousness, Italian, 117-118; Hebrew, 145; Levantine, 194.

Hebrew immigrants, numbers, 143, 196; sobriety, 61; poverty, 30, 180; quality, 145, 146, 299; occupation, 146-148; morals, 149-155; crime, 34, 62, 155-157; children, 114, 245; traits, 31, 118, 157-164, 289-290, 294; in politics, 148, 158, 263, 274; prospects, 164-167.

Helmold, quoted, 120-121.

Heterogeneity, effects of, 229, 276-280.

Horticulture, immigrants in, 104, 187, 202, 203.

Honesty, German, 64-65; Scandinavian, 72, 83, 91; Finnish, 169; Magyar, 173; North European, 294.

Housing of immigrants, 26, 30, 60, 76, 112, 117, 126, 145, 169, 173, 174, 180, 216-222, 244, 300, 301.

Huguenot immigrants, 10, 14, 298.

Hungarian Jews, 173.

Iceland, 67.

Idealism, 3-4, 50, 57, 64, 81, 91, 149, 170, 269.

Illiteracy, immigrant, 70; Italian, 98; Slavic, 124, 136, 138; Hebrew, 145; Magyar, 174; Portuguese, 176; foreign-born, 228, 230-233.

Imagination, Celtic, 40-41; Slavic, 138; Hebrew, 159; Scandinavian lack of, 85-89.

Immigration Commission, quoted, 107, 135, 140, 189.

Immigration policy, Jewish efforts to control, 144-145, 150.

Immodesty, 228.

_Independent_, the, quoted, 237.

Industry, immigrants in, 35, 62-63, 75, 125-126, 148, 174, 179-201, 207-209, 215-216.

Infant mortality, 130, 133, 228, 201, 292.

Inquisition, the, in Mexico, 14.

Insanity, Irish, 28; German, 61; Scandinavian, 70; among the foreign-born, 249-250.

Instability of employment, growing, 221, 222.

Ireland, conditions in, 26-28; early discrimination against, 31.

Irish immigrants, 24-45; numbers, 24-25; motives to emigrate, 25-26; quality, 26-28, 298; economic condition, 28-32; pauperism, 29-30; unthrift, 29-31; alcoholism, 32-33, 60; criminality, 33-34; loyalty, 34; occupations, 35-39, 220; progress, 35-39, 63; gifts, 40-45; traits, 40-5, 64, 89, 158, 159; fecundity, 71, 133; illiteracy, 70; skill, 62; in agriculture, 202; displacement, 207; in politics, 41, 42, 91, 135, 148, 259-263, 272; in science, 84; assimilation, 49.

Italian-American Civic League, 112.

Italian immigrants, distribution, 96; social characteristics, 61, 70, 97, 234, 236, 238; types, 97-101; occupations, 102-104, 207, 208, 213, 220; vices, 104-106; crime, 33-34, 62, 72, 106-111, 129; assimilation, 111-112; ability, 113-117; traits, 117-119, 150, 219, 243; poverty, 180, 244; in agriculture, 103-104, 181, 202-203; in politics, 271, 275, 276; quality, 289, 293-295, 299.

Job-buying, by immigrants, 198, 214.

Journalism, immigrants in, 41, 81, 135, 146, 276.

Judaism, 165-167.

Kidnapping, for the Colonies, 8.

Kollar, quoted, 128.

Labor organizations, 41, 89, 209-210, 235.

Labor, political weight of, 266.

Lawlessness, 106-111, 150-157.

Levantine immigrants, 190-194, 299.

Like-mindedness, value of political, 276-280.

Lithuanian immigrants, 62, 70, 124, 134, 140, 208, 230, 252, 254.

Litigiousness, Finnish, 169.

Log houses, Finnish, 168.

Lottery-gambling, 98, 105, 106.

Love of liberty as motive for emigration, 14, 46, 47, 145, 169, 297-299.

Lying, Italians, 117; Hebrews, 150; Levantines, 193; South Europeans, 293.

Macedonians, 123, 175.

Machine, the political, 229, 261-263, 269-275.

Mafia, the, 107.

Magyar, immigrants, 33, 34, 61, 168, 169, 173-175, 198, 202, 207, 208 220, 225, 238, 243.

Malaria, ravages of, 19-20.

Male ascendency, 129-134, 180, 193, 219, 235-237.

Manners, Irish, 40; Germans, 53-54, 64; Scandinavians, 80, 82-83, 89; Italians, 118; Hebrews, 149-150; Slavs, 228.

Marine disasters, race behavior in, 295-296.

Maryland, convicts transported to, 8.

Mechanical aptitude, want of in Italian immigrants, 113; in Greeks, 187.

Medicine, immigrants in, Irish, 35, 39, 41; Germans, 35, 41; Hebrews, 148.

Mediterranean race, the, 97-101, 293-295.

Merit system, the, 42, 57, 261-262.

Michaux, quoted, 21.

Middle Ages, our, 133-136, 228-230, 232, 254-255, 279-280.

Mining, immigrants in, 35, 74, 125, 207, 208, 213, 214-216, 228.

Mining conditions in West Virginia, 214-215.

Mittelberger, quoted, 18.

Mixed marriages, 166.

Mongolian immigrants, 168-175.

Morals, 34, 64-65, 72, 90-91, 101, 105-106, 117, 129, 149-155, 169, 180-181, 193, 238, 255, 293-295.

Mortality, immigrant, 17-20, 30, 71, 113, 126, 130-134, 136, 189, 234, 244, 263, 273-274, 291-292.

Municipal Government, 229; Irish in, 259-263; foreign-born in, 269-275.

Music, immigrant contribution to, 50, 54, 62, 90, 103, 138, 279.

Naturalization, extent of, 264-266.

Naturalization frauds, 272-273.

Natural selection, 14-23, 61, 145, 290, 292.

Neapolitans, 98-101, 105-106, 107, 113, 117-118, 243.

New Bedford whalers, 176, 179.

New York, insane of, 249, 250.

New York State Hospital Commission, quoted, 249.

Niceforo, Professor, cited, 98-101.

Norwegian immigrants, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 82-83.

Nationalism, revival of Slavic, 134-135.

Occupational preferences, Irish, 35-36; German, 62-63; Scandinavian, 73-75; Italian, 102-104; Slavic, 124-127; Hebrew, 31; 146-148; Finnish, 169; Magyar, 174; Portuguese, 179-180; Greek, 184-188; Levantine, 193; foreign-born, 202-203.

Oriental traits, 190, 193, 237.

Oversea passage, conditions of, 17-18, 196.

_Padrone_, the, 188-190, 272.

Parks, abuse of, 149.

Parties, immigrants and political, 54-57, 66, 76, 91, 117, 158, 170, 261-263.

Patriotism, 136, 170, 251, 269.

Pauperism, Irish, 29; Germans, 59; Scandinavians, 59; Hebrew, 149; Portuguese, 180; natives, 209; foreign-born, 240-245.

Peasantism, 135-137; 181-182, 228-233, 237, 254-256, 286, 292.

Pecorini, quoted, 112.

Penal transportation, 8.

Penn, William, 10, 17.

Pennell, Joseph, quoted, 146.

Pennsylvania Germans, 10-12, 52, 298.

Peonage among immigrants, 233-234.

"Personal liberty," 53, 76, 276, 279.

Physiognomy of immigrants, 85, 113, 285-289.

Pioneer breed, the, 20-23, 282, 290, 300.

Polish immigrants, 124, 126, 127, 133, 135-137, 139-140, 181, 207, 208, 220, 230, 236, 238, 244, 252, 253, 275, 291.

Political mysticism, 280-281.

Political psychology of races, 40-42, 66, 91-92, 119, 194, 261-262, 294-296.

Political tendencies of naturalized immigrants; of Irish, 39, 41, 42; of Germans, 47, 54-55, 66; of Scandinavians, 76, 83, 91-92; of Italians, 119; of Slavs, 136; of Hebrews, 144, 148, 158, 279; of Finns, 170; of Levantines, 194; of foreign-born, 229-230, 232, 255-256, 259-281.

Polyandry, 180-181, 238.

Portuguese immigrants, 105, 175-182, 202, 236, 289.

Prejudice in politics, 263.

Presbyterian immigrants, 12-13.

Press, the foreign, 50, 135, 146, 156, 276.

Pride, Magyar, 173, 174.

Prostitutes, immigrant, 155, 156, 164.

Public service, Irish in the, 35-39, 259-262; Hebrews, 148.

Puritans, 3-4, 19, 54, 57, 76, 163, 238, 297.

Pytheas, quoted, 72.

Quakers, 10, 11, 13.

Race suicide, 133-134, 299-304.

Raisin packers, displacement of American, 303.

Religion, immigrants and, 39, 46, 47, 57, 71, 82, 90, 135, 137, 157, 166, 182, 237, 252, 253.

Retardation of school children, 98, 114, 119, 139, 158, 181.

Roman Catholic policy, 136, 182, 251-254.

Royalists, migration of, to Virginia, 7.

Russia, as source of immigrants, 140, 144-145, 169.

Russo-Jewish immigration, 144-146.

Ruthenian immigrants, 124, 128, 236.

Sabbath keeping, 166.

Saloon keepers, foreign-born, 35, 36, 73, 111, 127, 137, 255, 272, 275-276.

Saracen blood, 97, 168.

Scandinavian immigrants, 67-92; numbers, 67; distribution, 68, 69; social characteristics, 70-72; criminality, 72; alcoholism, 72-73; occupations, 44, 73-75, 202, 260; assimilation, 75-79; reaction to America, 79-81; national contrasts, 81-83; intellectual ability, 83-85, 298; traits, 32, 42, 43, 85-92, 263, 294.

School, immigrants and the church, 136, 137, 182, 251-254, 256, 279, 280.

School, immigrants and the public, 79, 93, 112, 114, 119, 136, 139, 158, 159, 170, 181, 182, 246, 250-254, 256, 279-280, 303.

Science, immigrants in, 39, 58, 66, 81, 148.

Scotch immigrants, 12, 70, 298.

Scotch-Irish immigrants, 12-13, 298.

Servants, indentured, 7-8.

Servians, 123, 124, 134, 175.

Servitude of Greek bootblacks, 188-190.

Sexes, proportion of the, 70, 96, 124, 145, 169, 174, 179, 183, 237-238.

"Sexual hospitality," 180-181.

Shoe-shining parlors, Greek, 187-190.

Shrine, a miracle-working, 232.

Sicilian immigrants, 101, 107, 118, 119.

Slavic immigrants; race, 120-123, 173; groups, 123-124; quality, 174, 299; occupations, 124-127, 207, 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 220; alcoholism, 33, 127-129, 229; crime, 72, 129; fecundity, 129-134, 303; assimilation, 134-138, 239; in agriculture, 126, 127, 203; ability, 138-139, 246; future, 139-140; traits, 34, 219, 243, 244, 252, 254, 289, 291, 292.

Slovak immigrants, 86, 124, 130, 137, 208, 238, 252, 253.

Sociability, 32, 40-42, 64, 82, 89-90, 117-118, 194, 261-262.

Social decline, 127, 133-138, 145, 155-157, 228-230, 254-256.

Social evil, the, 34, 107, 129, 150, 153, 155-157, 164, 174, 175, 180-181, 228, 237-238, 245, 274.

Socialism, 40, 66, 82, 159, 160, 170.

Social pressure, rise of, 222-226.

South, the; Germans in, 49; attitude toward Italians, 104; political spirit, 263.

Spanish-American colonies, 14.

Spencer, Herbert, quoted, 288.

Split-family immigration, 96, 124, 137, 174, 238.

Sports, immigrants in athletic, 43, 63, 90, 289, 290.

Standards, contrast of, 216, 300-303.

Stature of immigrants, 63, 98, 101, 102, 126, 289.

Steerage traffic, volume of, 197.

"Sterility," American, 299-304.

Strike-breakers, immigrants as, 207, 208, 219, 236.

Survival of the fittest, 17-21, 290-292.

Swedish immigrants, 68, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 81, 82, 83, 85, 168, 169.

Syrian immigrants, 61, 176, 190-194, 243, 289, 293.

Tammany Hall, 274.

Tariff, the protective, 198, 201.

Teachers of foreign stock, 36, 43, 75, 89, 148, 254.

Team work, 108, 294, 295.

Temperance Finns, 170.

Thomas, Professor, quoted, 129.

_Trachoma_, 190.

Trade, immigrants in, 65, 86, 103, 144-148, 150-153, 159, 184-187, 190, 193.

Trade immorality, 150-153.

Trade unionism, 209-210.

Trickiness, 150-155.

Tuberculosis, among the Scandinavian immigrants, 71.

Teutonic traits, 29, 32, 35, 41, 42, 44, 63-66, 81, 91, 160, 262, 293, 295.

"United Societies," the, 276.

United States Steel Corporation, 210.

Universities, immigrants' children in, 39, 79, 81, 148, 170, 236.

Veracity, Norwegians, 83; North Europeans, 293.

Violence, tendency to, 33, 98-99, 105-111, 118-119, 128, 129, 136, 169-70, 175, 193.

Virginia, peopling of, 4-9.

Von Hupka, quoted, 130.

Wages, effect of immigrants on, 210-213.

Walker, Francis A., quoted, 300.

Wells, H. G., quoted, 255.

Wergeland, Dr., quoted, 80.

West, influence of the, 21-23.

Wife desertion, 34, 255.

Will, strength of, 13, 163.

Women, position of immigrant, 40, 47, 52, 103, 128, 129-134, 136, 149, 170, 180, 190, 193, 219, 235-237, 255, 295, 303.

Woods, quoted, 22.

Wood's Run, 239.

Work conditions, immigrants and, 214-219.

Yellow journalism and immigration, 233.

Zangwill, quoted, 144.

* * * * *

Transcriber's note:

Minor typographical and punctuation errors have been corrected without note. Irregularities and inconsistencies in the text have been retained as printed.

The illustrations have been moved so that they do not break up paragraphs, thus the page number of the illustration might not match the page number in the List of Illustrations. In the list of illustrations: referring to page 201 - "Sunday Group of Roumanian Street Workers". "Street" changed to "Steel".

The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Old World in the New, by Edward Alsworth Ross