Chapter III) came into favour, with or without underbraces, and late

in the eighteenth century the other great cabinet-makers came along, each with his distinctive styles and characteristics. The first of these is Hepplewhite, who never achieved the success of Chippendale, who preceded him, nor of Sheraton, who succeeded him, yet whose work is often very beautiful. He did not, of course confine himself to any one style of foot or leg, yet on many of his chairs, tables, and sideboards he used what is called the "spade foot." This was varied in many ways, but the most common form is shown in Figure 100.

Both Hepplewhite and Sheraton, as well as the other makers of the eighteenth century, used a variety of shapes of feet, for bureaus, desks, bookcases, and other pieces which were in no way distinctive. Each maker used the bracket foot as suited him best, adding curves to suit his fancy or the exigencies of the case, or inlay or even carving. A plain bracket foot is shown in Figure 100. The French foot (Fig. 100) is more ornate and slender, and comes on chests of drawers, bureaus, etc. Inlay is very often used for its decoration, and it adds a graceful line to the piece it is used on, which is always of choice wood inlaid or painted.

The tapering fluted foot which we associate with Sheraton is also shown in Figure 100. Under his treatment it was nearly always decorated, either inlaid or carved, or sometimes both. Although we are most familiar with Sheraton style furniture in mahogany, he made much other furniture besides, as the following description of drawing-room chairs shows:

"These drawing-room chairs are finished in white and gold, or the ornaments may be japanned, but the French finish them in mahogany with gilt mouldings. The figures in the tablets above the front rails are on French printed silk or satin, sewed onto the stuffing with borders round them. The seat and back are of the same kind, as is the ornamented tablet at the top of the chair. The top rail is pannelled, a small gold bead mitred round, and the printed silk pasted on. Chairs of this kind have an effect which far exceeds any conception we can have of them from an uncoloured engraving, or even a coloured one."

This does not seem like the furniture we know as "Sheraton", yet in his books are many similar descriptions. After Sheraton gave up manufacturing furniture, and wrote only books of descriptions and patterns, France had passed through the throes of the Revolution, when the old _régime_ was swept away. Napoleon had been proclaimed First Consul, and then, in 1802, confirmed for life, and took under his charge even such minor details as furniture and dress. The styles arranged to suit his whim found an echo in England. The English Empire, both at its best and worse estate, could boast of nothing better than a feeble imitation of the antique, while the French Empire was at least an expression of the conquests and successes of one man.

Thomas Hope was perhaps the best exponent of this style in England, and he industriously mingled emblems of the gods and goddesses, Phrygian caps and Roman fasces, Greek amphoræ, and fabulous animals on the furniture which he designed. In Figure 100 is shown one side of a chair designed by him, as also an Empire pillar-and-claw leg, as rendered by American cabinet-makers. Less ornate and ambitious, the American treatment of this period is preferable, for the chief use to which they put brass and bronze, the too-abundant use of which was so characteristic of this style, was to tip columns or pillars, and, to some extent, the feet of tables.

The best old furniture which is to be found in the United States is of this period, which was succeeded by what may be denominated the black-walnut age, the chief characteristic of which was abundant coarse carving. Our cabinet-makers were very successful in their treatment of mahogany, both solid and veneered. The latter work has never been excelled, and shows its perfection by the good condition in which much of this furniture, seventy and eighty years old, is found to-day.

The smaller affairs of life which go to make up the sum of necessaries were woefully wanting in the households of pioneers who battled with the American wilderness. The importance of the iron pot, weighing thirty or forty pounds, which descended by will through three or four generations, has already been pointed out. Pewter and brass ware were equally esteemed, and pewter, while by no means expensive, was not so plentiful but that many people managed with a small supply. Pewter spoons bent and broke, and a substitute, at least in the Connecticut Valley, was a small clam-shell set in a cleft stick. However much pewter was owned, whenever the Revolutionary heroes called for bullets, what there was was cheerfully run into those missiles of war, and there were many "bees" held all through the Colonies where bullets were run, and wooden trenchers were whittled out by the young lads to take the place of the sacrificed pewter. This wooden ware later was smoothed down by the women of the household with broken glass, and polished with sand made of powdered limestone.

Some of these wooden articles, made of maple, poplar or apple-wood, have descended to show with what simple appliances our ancestors were content. How simple were their pleasures the records of the time show. In fact, anything so enlivening as a hanging was looked upon as sport for a holiday. The first State's prison was opened in 1797 at the foot of Tenth Street, New York city. It was in use for thirty years, till the structure at Sing Sing superseded it. Grant Thorburn, referring to a man who was reprieved through the efforts of the Society of Friends, writes as follows:

"One day I went up to the park to see a man hung. After gazing two hours at the gallows, the sheriff announced a reprieve. I must own I was disappointed."

Though amusements and pleasures were few, even such as came along could not well be enjoyed if the weather were stormy, and in Washington's diary the entry for November 29, 1789, is, "Being very snowy, not a single person appeared at the Levee." Clothes could not be risked; they were too valuable to be subjected to bad weather. Romalls, amens, casserillias, and ribdilures were high-sounding but perishable. Even while luxury was considered, health was neglected in many ways, such valuable adjuncts as tooth-brushes not being in use until about 1782.

Many advertisements appear in the papers of men who combined several vocations, dentistry being one of them, and in 1789 General Washington, after much pain during the summer, went into the hands of John Greenwood, dentist, of 56 William Street, New York, who made him a set of "sea-horse teeth". This had been a very trying summer, and one newspaper has it that "raw rum has been found exceeding pernicious in this extreme," and something lighter, like a "Bishop" or "Lawn sleeves" was recommended, and study of a book published in England called "Oxford Night-caps" was suggested as furnishing recipes for various healthful beverages though it was added that the rum had better be omitted, "as it is very intoxicating, and therefore pernicious."

The President's guests could choose from among Madeira, claret, champagne, sherry, arrack, spirits, brandy, cordials, porter, beer, and cider, yet, with it all, unseemly intoxication seems to have been the exception.

Domestic discipline in New York was enforced on servants, whether bound or free, by means of an official who was stationed at the calaboose on the common, and who, for a fee of one shilling, gave a thorough whipping.

Education was fostered and colleges throve. By 1760 the records state that the "King's College (Columbia) buildings were so far completed that the officers and students began to lodge and mess therein."

This was in accordance with the terms of the charter, which further provided that the students were to wear caps and gowns and to be within the gates at a certain hour. The plan of education, like our belongings, was copied from England, and our college was, in the most material parts, to be like Queen's College, Oxford. The tuition fee when General Washington entered his step-son, John Parke Custis, there, was five pounds per annum, with room-rent four pounds, and board at the rate of eleven shillings weekly.

The late Andrew P. Peabody, writing of college life at Harvard in 1820, says:

"Coal, just then coming into use, had hardly found its way into college. The student's rooms, several of the recitation-rooms as well were heated by open fires. Friction matches, which according to Faraday were the most useful invention in our age, were not yet."

He says that the feather-bed was a valuable asset (this article had held its own for centuries), but that ten dollars would have covered the other contents of a student's room. It had no carpet, and a pine bedstead, a washstand, table and desk, and three or four chairs were all it contained, besides a cannon-ball to be heated on extra-cold nights, and rolled down stairs on warm ones, "at such time as might most nearly bisect a proctor's night's sleep."

Our maternal great-great-grandmothers must have had little leisure to spare from the duties that occupied their time. Yet many of them had still-rooms where they not only compounded the medicaments whereby many a family was raised from infancy, but where they made extracts and essences as well. They made, too, from the flowers and herbs that grew in their gardens, pomander-balls, which were used instead of vinaigrettes, the outer case being of silver or gold, and often as large as an orange.

Those whose stock of trinkets did not boast one of these metal cases used the rind of an orange, the inside being carefully extracted, and a sponge with vinegar and spices being inserted in its place. Rose-balls made of leaves beaten to pulp, mixed with sweet spices, and rolled into a ball, soon became hard, resembling the rosaries made in the south of France. When held in the hand they became very fragrant from its warmth. Simpler than any of these was a rosy apple stuck full of cloves and giving out a fragrance years after the apple had lost all appearance or consistency of being a fruit, and awakening in the mind an image of her who made it in some quiet garden long ago. Like an antique spice-ball, all this old furniture that we have passed in review has an aroma of its own compounded by the hand that built it, the person that owned it, and the scenes that it has lived through.

Many a sober old chair could discourse of experiences ranging from grave to gay, from lively to severe, and every one of these antiques, whether a treasured heirloom or a reclaimed derelict, has a charm that is not easily excelled.

INDEX.

"A Brief Description of New York", 35

Adam Brothers, 49, 68, 73, 74, 75, 80, 85

Adam, Robert, 55, 73, 74, 75, 175, James 73, 74

Addison, 56

Advertisements, 124, 125, 129, 137, 138, 144, 205, 214, 215, 228

Albany, City of, 22, 28, 29, 45

Albany Historical Society, 29, 37, 105, 135, 145, 194

Allyn, Alexander, 32

Almacks, 64

Amboise, 148

Amboyna wood, 222

Amelia Sophia, Princess, 64

André, Major, 83

"Annals of New York," Watson, 112

Anne of Austria, 149

Antiquarian Society, Concord, Mass., 114

Aubusson, 154, 158

Auction Sales, 67, 68

Ball-and-Claw, 53, 66, 70, 119, 123, 229, 230

Bancker, Gerard, 134

Bank of England, 11

Barjeer, 81

Baroque, 4

Bartolozzi, 74

Bass viol, 192, 193

Battle Abbey, 68

Bayard, Colonel and Mrs., 107

"Bear's Paw", 53, 54

Beaufait, 111

Beaumanor Park, 5

Beauvais, 156, 158, 159

Beaver skins, 38

Beds: 7, 38, 114, 115, 116, 118, 119, 126, 127, 133, 137, 138, 139, 169, 170, 223, 224 Canopy, 72 Chinese, 72 Dome, 72 Elizabethan, 8 English, 137 Field, 72, 137, 138 French, 137, 139 Flock, 27 Folding, 76 Gothic, 72 High four post, 72, 137 Low four post, 137, 139 Press, 81 Sofa, 72, 86 Summer, 86 Tent, 72

Bed-curtains, 9, 114, 137, 138, 139, 223

Bedsteads, 7, 56, 170

Bedford springs, 109, 110

Bellomont, Lord, 107

Belvoir, 117

Bergavenny, Lady Joanne, 7

Beverly, Robert, 98, 116

Bibles, 45

Bills of exchange, 11

"Bird's claw", 54

Block foot, 82

Blois, 149

Blondel de Nesle, 190

"Blue Boar Inn", 5

Bookcases, 57

Book of Sun-Dials, 197

Boston, 100, 101, 119, 121, 141

Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 23

Boucher, 156, 157

Boulle, 4

Boulle, André, Charles, 159, 160, 161, Sons 160

Bowdoin, James, 144

Bracket foot, 132, 230

Bradley, Sarah, 36

Brass, 226

Brasses, 226, 227, 228

Bricks English, 96, 97 Dutch, 97 New England, 97, 121

Brickmakers, 97

Britten, Charles, 209

British Museum, 207

Broglie, Prince de, 126

Buchanan, President, 110

Bull-baiting, 129

Bureau, 19

Burnet, Governor, 123

Butler, Captain Lawrence, 126

Byrd, Colonel, 97

Cabinet, 42 Makers, 137, 140, 141, 146, 147, 226, 227, 232

"Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer, and General Artists Encyclopedia, By T. Sheraton", 86, 88

Cabriole, 53, 66, 70, 229

Caffieri, 163, 164

Cane furniture, 24, 59

Candles, 123, 124

Candlewood, 123

Cards, Dutch, 44, 45 English, 122

Card tables, 63, 80

Carpets, 44, 113

Carriages, 113

Casement, 76

Castors, 228

Catherine of Braganza, 24, 59, 63, 208

Cedar, 56

Chairs, 22, 123, 134, 187, 229, 230 French, 48, 58 Hepplewhite, 77 Leather, 23 Russia Leather, 98 Rush bottom, 106 Sets of, 106 Spanish, 23, 229 Windsor, 88, 112, 113

Chambers, Sir William, 55

Chambord, 148

"Chancelleries", 155, 157

Chapin, Abel, 142

Chapin, Mistress David, 34

Charles I, 15, 202, 203. II, 24, 25, 26, 154, 202, 203

Charleston, 96, 180, 181, 182, 195

Chenonceau, 148

Chests, 11-21, 40, 112, 132, 141, 163

Chicopee, 34

"Chinese and Gothic Architecture", 49

Chinese designs, 48, 58 Furniture, 55, 56 Style, 43, 48, 56 Taste, 49, 55, 62

Chippendale, 48-72, 77, 86, 87, 119, 123, 135, 213, 230 Ornaments, 52, 57, 58, 66, 69

Choir singing, 184

Clavichord, 174

Clement, William, 209

Clepsydra, 199

Clocks, 71, 163, 197-221, 200 Banjo, 219 Brass works, 215 French, 214 Lantern, 202 Long case, 209, 218 Mantel, 219 Mottoes, 212 Price of, 215, 216

Springs, 216 Wooden works, 216

Clockmakers Burnap, Daniel, 215 Carmichael, John, 213 Clark, Herman, 216 Clement, William, 209 Clowes, James, 212 Downs, Ephraim, 220 Fox, Isaac, 207 Francis, Basil, 215 Gould, Christopher, 213 Graham, George, 204 Hanks, Benjamin, 215 Harland, Thomas, 216 Harris, Richard, 201 Harrison, J., 210 Hoadley, Silas, 216 Hopkins, Asa, 216 Huyghens, 203 Ives, Chauncey, 220 Knibb, Joseph, 212 Lepante, 214 Le Roy, Julien, 214 Lownes, James, 212 Merriman, Silas, 216 Monks, 213 "N. O.", 200 Peck, Timothy, 216 Quare, Daniel, 204 Rittenhouse, David, 217 Rose, Joseph, 207 Tenny, William, 215 Terry, Silas B., 217 Terry, Eli, 215 Thomas, Seth, 216 Tompion, Thomas, 202 Vick, Richard, 213

Villiamy, 201 Willard, Simon, Aaron, Benjamin, Simon, Jr., 219

Cocoa-Tree Club, 64

Colbert, 154, 155

Cold Spring, 133

"Colonial Furniture", 201

Colonial furniture, 95-148

Colonial houses, 101

Connecticut chest, 20, 108, 141

Continental Congress, 134

Cooper Institute Museum, 31, 46, 74, 167, 172

Cornbury, Governor, 137, 138

Costume, 29, 59, 60, 100-103, 106, 107, 120, 129, 136, 142, 144, 145, 151-153, 162, 167-169, 233

Counters, 65

"Court Records of New Amsterdam", 11, 42

Cowles House, 113

Cox, William, 36

Coytemore, Widow, 100

Cressent, Charles, 161

Cristofori, 174, 176, 177

Cromwell, Oliver, 202, 203

Culpeper, Thomas, 6

Cupboards, 43, 46, 111, 136, 140

Curaçao, 30

Current moneys, 34

Curtains, 114, 223

"Cymbeline", 12

Danvers, 100

David, 170

Dedham, 100

Deerfield Memorial Hall, 99, 108, 141, 192, 193

Denton, Daniel, 35

Desks, 132, 135

"Designs for Household Furniture" T. Sheraton, 86

Desmalter, Joseph, 171

D'Estaing, Count, 143

Diggs, Mrs., 98

Dilke, Lady, 149, 159

Dining-rooms, 112

Dining-tables, 78

Domestic discipline, 234

"Domestic Life of Thomas Jefferson", 186

Dorchester, 100

Drinks, 234

Drop handles, 42

"Duchess", 81

Dudley, Robert, 98

Dutch Cards, 44, 45 Chests, 46 Costume, 29 Foot, 229, 230 Furniture, 18, 28-47, 56, 59, 91, 99 Silver, 45 Silversmiths, 40, 41 Utensils, 34 Wills, 32

Earl of Arundel, Richard, 7

Eaton, Theophilus, 21

Easy chairs, 54, 82

East India, 48, 80, 223

Ébénisté, 222

Ebony, 43

Embroidery, 166

Empire furniture, 90, 91

Empire style, 88, 92, 135, 146, 170, 171, 172, 225, 231, 232

England, 112, 145, 197, 199, 206, 218

Epes, Colonel Francis, 17, 139

Escutcheons, 224, 226, 227, 228

Esopus, 133

Evelyn's Diary, 59, 154

"Fairfield", 104

Faneuil, Andrew, 119, 120

Faneuil, Hall, 121, 143

Faneuil, Peter, 120, 121, 122

Feet, 228, 229

Fiot, Julius, 196

Fire-buckets, 31

Fireplace, 145

Flaxman, John, 75

Flemish foot, 228, 229

Flemish Style, 25

Flock beds, 27

Fontainebleau, 148, 149, 154, 161, 169, 170, 171

Foot-bank, 24

Forks, 98, 120, 132

Fox, Charles James, 64

Fox-hunting, 128

France, 148-150, 154, 168, 169, 231

Francis I, 148, 149, 154. II, 148

French chairs, 48, 58 Court, 150 Foot, 82, 230 Furniture, 52, 148-173 Revolution, 90, 157, 169 Taste, 59, 71

"French Furniture of the XVIII Century", 149, 159

"Fret", heraldic, 208

Fretwork, 62

Frigate Brandywine, 221

Frison, John, 98

Frost, Miss Sarah, 66, 147

"Furniture of Our Forefathers", 28, 223

Gaine, Hugh, 124, 125

Galileo, 201

Gambling, 63-65, 162

Gardiner, Lion, 22

Gatty, Mrs., 197

Gautier, William, 112, 113

Geib, John & Sons, 194, 195

"Gentleman's Magazine", 199, 207

George I, 60 II, 60, 64, 65 III, 55, 74, 213 IV, 64

"Gesso", 73, 175

Gillow, 91

Glass, 226, 227

Gnomon, 197

Gobelin, 154-157

Goler, George W., 213

Graham, George, 204

Grand Trianon, 170

"Great Bed of Ware", 8

Greek and Roman Style, 73

Guildford, 100, 102

Guildhall Museum, 210

Hadley Chest, 20, 141

Halfpenny, William, 49

Hancock, John, 143, 144

Hampton Court Palace, 210

Handles, 132, 140, 146, 222-236 Bail, 224 Brass, 226 China, 225 Drop, 224 Glass, 225 Rosette, 225 Watergilt, 226

Willow, 224

Harmonica, 193

Harps, 188, 189, 190, 191

Harpists, 190, 191

Harpsichord, 174, 176, 185, 187, 188, 193

Harris, Richard, 201

Harvard College, 103

Haward, John, 174

"Hawkin's History of Music", 179

Haynes, John, 21

Hempstead, 35, 45 Plains, 128

Henrico County, 98, 139

Hepplewhite, 69, 71, 76-80, 85, 87, 119, 132, 138, 224

Hessians, 135

"Highboy", 140

"History of Boston." Drake, 179

"History of Music in Boston." Dwight, 191

"History of Music in New England." Hood, 182

"History of New England." Palfrey, 102

"History of New York." Smith, 66, 67

"History of South Carolina." McCrady, 96

"History and Present State of Virginia.", 115

"Historic Landmarks of Maryland and Virginia.", 185

Hitchcock, Deacon Justin, 192

Hitchcock, Thomas and John, 174

Hobbs, Richard, 98

Hochbrücker, 188

Hogarth, 59

Hollingbourne Manor, 6

Hooker, Robert, 203

Hope, Thomas, 231

Horologe, 209

Horse-racing, 128, 129

Hotel Montmorency, 1

Hour-glass, 199, 200

Hoyt, William M., 80, 107, 139, 213, 219

Ince & Mayhew, 48, 49

Independence Hall, Philadelphia, 112

Inns, 142

Inventories, 17, 21, 22, 26, 32, 33, 37, 38, 41, 45, 98, 100, 102, 103, 105, 108, 109, 117, 122, 123, 133-136, 139, 142, 187

Italian Work, 150

Italy, 148

Jacobean Furniture, 9, 10, 12

James I., 9, 11, 15, 205 II., 64

Jamestown, 95

Japanning, 5

Jefferson, Thomas, 48, 186

Joined Work, 5

Johnson, Thomas, 48

Johnson Hall, 187

Josephine, Empress, 169, 170, 171

"Journal of the Pilgrims at Plymouth", 26

"Journeyman's Cabinet and Chair-Makers Philadelphia Book of Prices", 109

Kauffmann, Angelica, 73, 74

Kidd, Captain William, 37

Killgore, A., 92 Misses, 93, 111

King's Chapel, 179, 180

King's College, 234, 235

King David, 189

"King Hooper House", 114

"King Richard's Bed", 6

Knife-boxes, 82, 89

Kitchen Utensils, 122

Lacquer, 4, 145, 210

Lady Joanne Bergavenny, 7

Lady Moody, 13

Lake, Mrs., 21, 119

Lamb, Charles, 199

Lamberton, George, 26

Lamps, 123, 124

Lanterns, 120

Le Brun, 154, 155

Lemaire, 156

Le Notre, 150

"Letters of Pacification", 183

Library, 118

Lignum-vitæ, 122

"Lining-out", 182, 183

Little Trianon, 165, 169

Lloyd, Cornelius, 97

Lock, Matthias, 48

Lockwood, 141, 201, 219

London, 97, 120, 122, 141

London Cabinet-Maker's Society, 76

London Clock-Maker's Company, 201

Long Island, 45

Long Island Dutch, 34

Looking Glasses, 43, 70

Louis XII., 149 XIII., 148 XIV., 71, 150-155, 157-159, 161, 172 XV., 52, 57, 161-163, 165, 172, 173, 176 XVI., 158, 165, 167, 172, 173

Louvre, 148, 160

"Lowboy", 143

Luynes, Duc de, 157

Madison, Dolly, 84

Mahogany, 43, 44, 51, 54, 58, 61, 81, 84, 86, 90, 91, 109, 117, 123, 132, 138, 140, 172, 232

Maintenon, Madame de, 151

Manwaring, Robert, 49

Mansart, 151

Marie Antoinette, 165, 166, 169, 172, 188, 222

Marlborough, Duke and Duchess, 67

Marquetry, 3, 46

Martin Brothers, 164, 165

Maryland, 96

Massachusett's General Court, 101

Memorial Hall, Philadelphia, 15, 56, 61, 70, 196

Metal mounts, 55, 139, 146, 163-167, 171-173, 211

Metropolitan Museum, New York, 46, 177, 188

"Mischianza", 83

Michaud, Doctor, 83

Monticello, 186, 187

Montgomery, General, 164

Morris, Mrs., 126

Moulding, 19

Mount Vernon, 116, 117, 185, 197, 219

Mott, Charles, 33

"Music in America." Ritter, 184

Musical glasses, 193

Musical Instruments, 174-196

Musical Societies, 195

Naderman, 188

Napoleon, 146, 149, 170, 171, 231

Napoleonic style, 91

New Amsterdam, 28, 31, 35, 36, 45 Court records of, 11, 42

Newbury, 101

New England, 26, 28, 99, 103, 108, 141, 180

New Haven Colony, 20, 26, 201

New Jersey, State Library, 135

New York, City of, 32, 34, 44, 45, 126, 128, 198, 215

"New York Gazette and Weekly Mercury", 109, 113, 129, 144

"New York Records of the Revolution", 134

Newport, 218, 219

Nutwood, 31, 223

Oak, American, 18 English, 10 Spanish, 59

Oeben, 165

"Old Manse", 88

"Old Palace Yard", 200, 201

Old Songs, 185, 186, 195

"Old State House", Boston, 111

"Old Stone House", 100

"Olden-Time Music", Brooks, 185

Olive-wood, 14, 15

Oliver, Mrs. B. H., 105

Oort, John, 36

Organs, 178-182, 184, 191

Organists, 179, 181

Ormolu, 4, 163, 164, 169, 211

"Overdoors", 49

"Over-mantels", 71

Panelling, oak, 2

Peabody, A. P., 235

Pembroke Tables, 82

Pendulum, 208-211, 215, 217

Penn, William, 104, 105

Pennsylvania, 104

"Pennsylvania Stoves", 113

Pepys's Diary, 63, 175, 191, 205, 207, 208

Percier & Fontaine, 90

Percy, George, 97

Pergolese, 73, 74

Pesaro, Domenico di, 175

Pewter, 232, 233

Philadelphia, 83, 84, 103, 106, 109, 112, 126, 127, 134, 215, 217

Piano, 174, 176-178, 191, 193-196

Pickering, Rev. Theophilus, 108

Pomander Balls, 235, 236

Pompadour, Madame de, 162

Pratt, Phineas, 141

Pringle House, 96

Psaltery, 189

Quare, Daniel, 204, 210

Queen Anne, 59, 64, 211, 229

Queen Caroline, 60

Queen Catherine, 63

Quincy, Josiah, 97, 181

Rails, 18

Raleigh, Sir W., 51

Rappahannock, 98

"Record of the Damages done by the British," etc., 135

Regency, 160, 161

Renaissance, French, 148, 149 Furniture, 10, 14

Revolution, 82, 97, 127, 132, 133

Rich, Charles, 84

Richard Coeur de Lion, 190

Riesener, 165, 166, 222

Ripley, Rev. Ezra, 88, 108, 114

Rittenhouse, David, 217

Rochefoucauld, Duc de La, 151

Rococo, 3

Roelantsen, Adam, 35

Rosewood, 54, 147

Salem, 84, 108, 121

Santvoordt, Cornelis Van, 133

Satin-wood, 73, 80, 81

Schenectady, 28

"Set-work.", 22, 27

Sèvres, 146, 163

Sewall, Rev. Samuel, 17

Shaw, Henry, 6, 8

Shearer, Thomas, 69, 76-78, 91

Sheets, 137

Sheraton, Thomas, 69, 71, 77, 78, 84-91, 99, 113, 140, 146, 147, 224, 230, 231

" foot, 85

Sideboards, 69, 77, 78, 86, 90

Silver Furniture, 10

Singleton, Miss, 28

Singing-schools, 183

Sleeping-bunk, 42

Smith, George, 91

Smith, Captain John, 15, 95

South Carolina, 180, 181

South Carolina College, 53

South Kensington Museum, 8, 25, 54, 188

"Spade-foot", 74, 81, 230

Spandrels, 212, 213

Spanish chairs, 23 Foot, 23, 229 Leather, 22, 23, 223 Style, 25, 229

"Specimens of Early Furniture", 6

"Spectator", 59

Spinet, 174, 175, 185

Splat, 53, 58, 66, 77, 123, 229, 230

St. Cecilia Society, 181

St. Martin's Lane, 52

St. Paul's Chapel, 164, 183

St. Philip's Church, 181

St. Simon, 153

Staffordshire, 93

Steenwych, Madam, 30

Stiles, 18

Stillrooms, 235

Stools, 10

Stoves, 145

Strawberry Hill, 56, 75, 138

"Strong-box", 134

Stuarts, 15

"Style" French, 149

Sun-dials, 197, 199

Table, old oak, 9

Tadema, Alma, 73

Taine, M., 152

Tapestry, 154, 159

Tayloe House, 94

Tea, 62, 144 Caddies, 57 Tables, 61, 62

Temple, Sir William, 198, 199

Terry, Eli and Silas, 215, 220

Testers, 8

"The Cabinet-Maker & Upholsterer's Guide, or Repository of Designs for Every Article of Household Furniture, etc." By A. Hepplewhite, 77, 78

"The Cabinet-Maker & Upholsterer's Drawing Book.", By T. Sheraton, 86

"The Decorative Part of Civil Architecture", 55

"The Gentlemen's & Cabinet-Maker's Director", 50, 52, 54, 65, 72, 123

"The Journeyman's Cabinet and Chair-Makers Philadelphia Book of Prices", 138, 228

"The London Cabinet-Maker's Book of Prices", 76

"The Maccaroni Magazine or Monthly Intelligence of the Fashions & Diversions", 129

"The Magazine a la Mode, or Fashionable Miscellany", 129

Tinder and Steel, 42

Tobacco, 96

Tompion, Thomas, 202, 208, 211, 213

Trundle-bed, 42

"Turkey-work", 23

Turned-wood work, 24

"Twenty New Designs of Chinese Lattice and other Works for Staircases, Gates, Pailings, etc.", 49

"Universal System of Household Furnishing", 48

Upholstery stuffs, 223

Van Rensselaer, 40, 41, 45, 140, 146

Vatican, 91

Veneering, 3

Venetian paste, 124

Vernis-Martin, 164, 165

Versailles, 150-153, 159, 168, 170, 171

Virginal, 174

Virginia, 96-98, 115, 116, 126, 140, 185, 219

Wainscot, 51, 111, 112, 149

Wall papers, 113, 114, 157

Walpole, Horace, 56, 64, 138

Wardrobes, 72, 164

Ware, Isaac, 50

Waring Galleries, London, 19, 25, 42, 47, 81, 87, 89, 159, 169

Washington, D. C., 94

Washington, General, 90, 116, 117, 197, 220, 233, 234

Watches, 200-202, 206

Watches, striking, 206

Watteau, 168

Wayside Inn, 143

Wedgwood, Josiah, 75, 124

West India Company, 35

West Indies, 112

Weymouth, 141

Whipple House, 90, 99, 137

Whitfield's House, 102

Wigs, 125

William III., 211

Willards, Simon, Aaron, Benjamin, Simon, Jr., 219

Wine coolers, 61, 89, 90

Winthrop, Governor, 100

" Mrs., 101

"Wooden ware", 117, 233

Woods, 108, 136, 137, 141, 222, 223, 226

Worcester, 52

"Works in Architecture by Robert and James Adam, Esquires", 74

Yale University Library, 123

Youghal, 51

Zucchi, 74

End of Project Gutenberg's The Old Furniture Book, by N. Hudson Moore