CHAPTER VII
THE LATER SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY HERBALS
"Come into the fields then, and as you come along the streets, cast your eyes upon the weeds as you call them that grow by the walls and under the hedge-sides."--W. COLES, _The Art of Simpling_, 1656.
The later seventeenth-century herbals are marked by a return to the belief in the influence upon herbs of the heavenly bodies, but it is a travesty rather than a reflection of the ancient astrological lore. The most notable exponent of this debased lore was the infamous Nicholas Culpeper, in whom, nevertheless, the poor people in the East End seem to have had a boundless faith. It is impossible to look at the portrait of that light-hearted rogue without realising that there must have been something extraordinarily attractive about the man who was the last to set up publicly as an astrologer and herb doctor. He was the son of a clergyman who had a living somewhere in Surrey. After a brief time at Cambridge he was apprenticed to an apothecary near St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and shortly afterwards set up for himself in Red Lion Street, Spitalfields, as an astrologer and herbalist. Culpeper was a staunch Roundhead and fought in at least one battle. All through the war, however, he continued his practice and he acquired a great popularity in the East End of London. In 1649 he issued his _Physical Directory_, which was a translation of the _London Dispensatory_. This drew down on him the fury of the College of Physicians, and the book was virulently attacked in a broadside issued in 1652, entitled "A farm in Spittlefields where all the knick-knacks of astrology are exposed to open sale." By this time his works were enjoying an enormous sale. No fewer than five editions of his _English Physician Enlarged_ appeared before 1698, and it was reissued even as late as 1802 and again in 1809. There is a vivid description of Culpeper in _The Gentleman's Magazine_ for May 1797:--
"He was of a middle stature, of a spare lean body, dark complexion, brown hair, rather long visage, piercing quick eyes, very active and nimble. Though of an excellent wit, sharp fancy, admirable conception and of an active understanding, yet occasionally inclined to melancholy, which was such an extraordinary enemy to him that sometimes wanting company he would seem like a dead man. He was very eloquent, a good orator though very conceited and full of jest, which was so inseparable to him that in his most serious writings, he would mingle matters of levity and extremely please himself in so doing. Though his family possessed considerable property it appears he was exceedingly restricted in his pecuniary concerns, which probably was the cause of his early leaving the University, as he observes; though his mother lived till he was twenty-three years of age and left him well provided, yet he was cheated or nearly spent all his fortune in the outset of life. Another author observes it is most true that he was always subject to a consumption of the purse, notwithstanding the many ways he had to assist him. His patrimony was also chiefly consumed at the University. Indeed he had a spirit so far above the vulgar, that he condemned and scorned riches any other way than to make them serviceable to him. He was as free of his purse as of his pen.... He acknowledged he had many pretended friends, but he was rather prejudiced than bettered by them, for, when he most stood in need of their friendship and assistance they most of all deceived him."
Culpeper wrote a number of medical works which do not concern us here, but his name will always be associated with his Herbal. His reason for having written it he affirms to be that, of the operation of herbs by the stars he found few authors had written, "and those as full of nonsense and contradiction as an Egg is full of meat. This not being pleasing and less profitable to me, I consulted with my two brothers Dr. Reason and Dr. Experience and took a voyage to visit my Mother Nature, by whose advice together with the help of Dr. Diligence I at last obtained my desire and, being warned by Mr. Honesty (a stranger in our days) to publish it to the world, I have done it." It is impossible to read any part of this absurd book without a vision arising of the old rogue standing at the street corner and not only collecting but holding an interested crowd of the common folk by the sort of arguments which they not only understand but appreciate. In his preface he warns his readers against the false copies of his book "that are printed of that letter the small Bibles are printed with ... there being twenty or thirty gross errors in every sheet." He is withering in his criticism of those who quote old authors as authorities. "They say Reason makes a man differ from a beast; if that be true, pray what are they that instead of Reason for their judgment quote old authors?" In his preface, as throughout his book, he affirms his belief in the connection between herbs and stars. Diseases, he asserts, vary according to the motions of the stars, "and he that would know the reason for the operation of the herbs must look up as high as the stars. It is essential to find out what planet has caused the disease and then by what planet the afflicted part of the body is governed. In the treatment of the disease the influence of the planet must be opposed by herbs under the influence of another planet, or in some cases by sympathy, that is each planet curing its own disease." Elsewhere he directs that plants must always be picked according to the planet that is in the ascendant. Culpeper asserts that herbs should be dried in the sun,[124] his ingenious reasoning being this:--"For if the sun draw away the virtues of the herb it must needs do the like by hay, which the experience of every farmer will explode for a notable piece of nonsense." He also pours scorn on those who say that the sap does not rise in the winter. Here his argument is even more remarkable, and yet one cannot help realising how effectual it would be with the class of folk with whom he dealt. "If the sap fall into the roots in the fall of the leaf and lies there all the winter then must the root grow all the winter, but the root grows not at all in the winter as experience teaches, but only in the summer. If you set an apple kernel in the spring you shall find the root to grow to a pretty bigness in the summer and be not a whit bigger next spring. What doth the sap do in the root all the winter that while? Pick straws? 'Tis as rotten as a rotten post." He gives as his own version of what happens to the sap that "when the sun declines from the tropic of cancer, the sap begins to congeal both in root and branch. When he touches the tropic of capricorn and ascends to uswards it begins to wax thin again." One cannot help suspecting that Culpeper knew perfectly well what nonsense he was talking, but that he also realised how remunerative such nonsense was and how much his customers were impressed by it. In his dissertation on wormwood one feels that he was writing with his tongue in his cheek, especially in the conclusion, which is as follows:--
"He that reads this and understands what he reads hath a jewel of more worth than a diamond. He that understands it not is as little fit to give physick. There lies a key in these words, which will unlock (if it be turned by a wise hand) the cabinet of physic. I have delivered it as plain as I durst ... thus shall I live when I am dead. And thus I leave it to the world, not caring a farthing whether they like it or dislike it. The grave equals all men and therefore shall equal me with all princes.... Then the ill tongue of a prating fellow or one that hath more tongue than wit or more proud than honest shall never trouble me. Wisdom is justified of her children. And so much for wormwood."
Less popular than Culpeper's numerous writings, but far more attractive and altogether of a different stamp, are Coles's two books, _Adam in Eden_ and _The Art of Simpling_. The title of the latter runs thus:--
"The Art of Simpling. An Introduction to the Knowledge and Gathering of Plants. Wherein the Definitions, Divisions, Places, Descriptions, Differences, Names, Vertues, Times of flourishing and gathering, Uses, Temperatures, Signatures and Appropriations of Plants are methodically laid down. London. Printed by J. G. for Nath. Brook at the Angell in Cornhill. 1656."
The preface is quaint and so typical of the spirit of the later seventeenth-century herbals that I transcribe a good deal of it:--
"What a rare happiness was it for Matthiolus that famous Simpler, to live in those days wherein (as he himself reports) so many Emperors, Kings, Arch-Dukes, Cardinalls and Bishops did favour his Endeavour, and plentifully reward him! Whereas in our times the Art of Simpling is so farre from being rewarded, that it is grown contemptible and he is accounted a simple fellow, that pretends to have any skill therein. Truly it is to be lamented that the men of these times which pretend to so much Light should goe the way to put out their owne Eyes, by trampling upon that which should preserve them, to the great discouragement of those that have any mind to bend their Studies this way. Notwithstanding, for the good of my Native Countrey, which everyone is obliged to serve upon all occasions of advantage and in pitty to such Mistakers, I have painfully endeavoured plainly to demonstrate the way of attaining this necessary Art, and the usefulnesse of it, in hopes that this Embryo thrown thus into the wide world, will fall into the Lap of some worthy persons that will cherish it, though I knew not any to whose protection I might commend it. However I have adventured it abroad, and to expresse my reall affection to the publick good have in it communicated such Notions, as I have gathered, either from the reading of Severall Authors, or by conferring sometimes with Scholars, and sometimes with Countrey people; To which I have added some Observations of mine Owne, never before published: Most of which I am confident are true, and if there be any that are not so, yet they are pleasant."
There is something very attractive in the last inconsequent remark!
Coles deals mercilessly with old Culpeper. "Culpeper," he says, "(a man now dead and therefore I shall speak of him as modestly as I can, for were he alive I should be more straight with him), was a man very ignorant in the forme of Simples. Many Books indeed he hath tumbled over, and transcribed as much out of them as he thought would serve his turne (though many times he were therein mistaken) but added very little of his own." He even comments on the fact that either Culpeper or his Printer cannot spell aright--"sure he or the Printer had not learned to spell."
The Doctrine of Signatures he accepts unquestioningly. "Though Sin and Sathan have plunged mankinde into an Ocean of Infirmities Yet the mercy of God which is over all his Workes Maketh Grasse to grow upon the Mountaines and Herbs for the use of Men and hath not onely stemped upon them (as upon every man) a distinct forme, but also given them particular signatures, whereby a Man may read even in legible Characters the Use of them. Heart Trefoyle is so called not onely because the Leafe is Triangular like the Heart of a Man, but also because each leafe contains the perfect Icon of an Heart and that in its proper colour viz a flesh colour. Hounds tongue hath a forme not much different from its name which will tye the Tongues of Hounds so that they shall not barke at you: if it be laid under the bottomes of ones feet. Wallnuts bear the whole Signature of the Head, the outwardmost green barke answerable to the thick skin whereunto the head is covered, and a salt made of it is singularly good for wounds in that part, as the Kernell is good for the braines, which it resembles being environed with a shell which imitates the Scull, and then it is wrapped up againe in a silken covering somewhat representing the _Pia Mater_."
Of those plants that have no signatures he warns the reader not to conclude hastily that therefore they have no use. "We must cast ourselves," he says, "with great Courage and Industry (as some before us have done) upon attempting the vertues of them, which are yet undiscovered. For man was not brought into the world to live like an idle Loyterer or Truant, but to exercise his minde in those things, which are therefore in some measure obscure and intricate, yet not so much as otherwise they would have been, it being easier to adde than invent at first." He then gives his own curious but naïvely interesting theory of plants "commonly accounted useless and unprofitable." "They would not be without their use," he argues, "if they were good for nothing else but to exercise the Industry of Man to weed them out who, had he nothing to struggle with, the fire of his Spirit would be halfe extinguished in the Flesh." After pointing out that weeding them out is in itself excellent exercise, he proceeds:--"But further why may not poysonous plants draw to them all the maligne juice and nourishment that the other may be more pure and refined, as well as Toads and other poysonous Serpents licke the venome from the Earth?... So have I seen some people when they have burned their fingers to goe and burne them again to fetch out the fire. And why may not one poyson fetch out another as well as fire fetch out fire?" "For should all things be known at once," he wisely concludes, "Posterity would have nothing left wherewith to gratifie themselves in their owne discoveries, which is a great encouragement to active and quick Wits, to make them enquire into those things which are hid from the eyes of those which are dull and stupid."
Coles's _Art of Simpling_ is the only herbal which devotes a chapter to herbs useful for animals--"Plants as have operation upon the bodies of Bruit Beasts." This chapter is full of curious folk lore. He gives the old beliefs that a toad poisoned by a spider will cure itself with a plantain leaf; that weasels when about to encounter a serpent eat rue; that an ass when it feels melancholy eats asplenium; that wild goats wounded by arrows cure themselves with dittany; that the swallow uses celandine ("I would have this purposely planted for them," he adds); that linnet and goldfinch (and have any birds brighter eyes?) constantly repair their own and their young one's eyesight with eyebright; that if loosestrife is thrown between two oxen when they are fighting they will part presently, and being tied about their necks it will keep them from fighting; that cocks which have been fed on garlick are "most stout to fight and so are Horses"; that the serpent so hates the ash tree "that she will not come nigh the shadow of it, but she delights in Fennel very much, which she eates to cleer her eyesight;" that, if a garden is infested with moles, garlic or leeks will make them "leap out of the ground presently." Perhaps the most remarkable effects of herbs are the two following. "Adders tongue put into the left eare of any Horse will make him fall downe as if he were dead, and when it is taken out againe, he becomes more lively than he was before." And "if Asses chance to feed much upon Hemlock, they will fall so fast asleep that they will seeme to be dead, in so much that some thinking them to be dead indeed have flayed off their skins, yet after the Hemlock had done operating they have stirred and wakened out of their sleep, to the griefe and amazement of the owners."
There is one chapter--"Of plants used in and against Witchcraft"--in which, amongst other things, we learn that the ointment that witches use is made of the fat of children, dug up from their graves, and mixed with the juice of smallage, wolfsbane and cinquefoil and fine wheat flour; that mistletoe, angelica, etc. were regarded as being of such sovereign power against witches that they were worn round the neck as amulets. Also, that in order to prevent witches from entering their houses the common people used to gather elder leaves on the last day of April and affix them to their doors and windows. "I doe not desire any to pin their Faiths upon these reports," says Coles, "but only let them know there are such which they may believe as they please." "However," he concludes, "there is no question but very wonderful effects may be wrought by the Vertues which are enveloped within the compasse of the green mantles wherewith many Plants are adorned."
Coles, nevertheless, treats with scorn, and by arguments peculiarly his own, the old belief in the connection between the stars and herbs. "It [the study of herbs] is a subject as antient as the Creation, yea more antient than the Sunne or the Moon, or Starres, they being created on the fourth day whereas Plants were the third. Thus did God even at first confute the folly of those Astrologers who goe about to maintaine that all vegetables in their growth are enslaved to a necessary and unavoidable dependence on the influences of the starres; whereas Plants were even when Planets were not." In another passage, however, he writes, "Though I admit not of Master Culpeper's Astrologicall way of every Planets Dominion over Plants, yet I conceive that the Sunne and Moon have generall influence upon them, the one for Heat the other for Moisture; wherein the being of Plants consists."
The most attractive parts of the _Art of Simpling_ are the chapters devoted to the "Joys of Gardening." Coles tells us that "A house, though otherwise beautifull, if it hath no garden is more like a prison than a house." Of what he has to say about gardens and the happiness to be found in gardening I quote much because it is all so pleasant.
"That there is no place more pleasant [than a garden] may appear from God himselfe, who after he had made Man, planted the Garden of Eden, and put him therein, that he might contemplate the many wonderful Ornaments wherewith Omnipotency had bedecked his Mother Earth.... As for recreation, if a man be wearied with over-much study (for study is a weariness to the Flesh as Solomon by experience can tell you) there is no better place in the world to recreate himself than a Garden, there being no sence but may be delighted therein. If his sight be obfuscated and dull, as it may easily be, with continuall poring, there is no better way to relieve it, than to view the pleasant greennesse of Herbes, which is the way that Painters use, when they have almost spent their sight by their most earnest contemplation of brighter objects: neither doe they onely feed the Eyes but comfort the wearied Braine with fragrant smells. The Eares also (which are called the Daughters of Musick, because they delight therein) have their recreation by the pleasant noise of the warbling notes, which the chaunting birds accent forth from amongst the murmuring Leaves...."
"Of the profits" [of a garden] he says, "First for household occasions, for there is not a day passeth over our heads but we have of one thing or other that groweth within their circumference. We cannot make so much as a little good Pottage without Herbes, which give an admirable relish and make them wholsome for our Bodies.... Besides this inestimable Profit there is another not much inferior to it, and that is the wholsome exercise a man may use in it.... If Gentlemen which have little else to doe, would be ruled by me, I would advise them to spend their spare time in their gardens, either in digging, setting, weeding or the like, then which there is no better way in the world to preserve health. If a man want an Appetite to his Victuals the Smell of the Earth new turned up by digging with a spade will procure it,[125] and if he be inclined to a Consumption it will recover him.
"Gentlewomen if the ground be not too wet may doe themselves much good by kneeling upon a Cushion and weeding. And thus both sexes might divert themselves from Idlenesse and evill company, which oftentimes prove the ruine of many ingenious people. But perhaps they may think it a disparagement to the condition they are in; truly none at all if it were but put in practise. For we see that those fashions which sometimes seem ridiculous if once taken up by the gentry cease to be so." He quotes the Emperor Diocletian, who "left for a season the whole Government of the Empire and forsaking the Court betook himself to a meane House with a Garden adjoyning, wherein with his owne hands, he both sowed set and weeded the Herbes of his Garden which kinde of life so pleased him, that he was hardly intreated to resume the Government of the Empire." "By this time," he concludes, "I hope you will think it no dishonour to follow the steps of our grandsire Adam, who is commonly pictured with a Spade in his hand, to march through the Quarters of your Garden with the like Instrument, and there to rectify all the disorders thereof, to procure as much as in you lyes the recovery of the languishing Art of Simpling, which did it but appeare in lively colours, I am almost perswaded it would so affect you that you would be much taken with it. There is no better way to understand the benefit of it, than by being acquainted with Herballs and Herbarists and by putting this Gentle and ingenious Exercise in practise, that so this part of knowledge as well as others, may receive that esteem and advancement that is due to it, to the banishment of Barbarisme and Ignorance which begin again to prevaile against it."
The real descendants, so to speak, of the herbal are the quaint old still-room books, many of which survive not only in museums and public libraries, but also in country houses. These still-room books, which are a modest branch of literature in themselves, are more nearly akin to herbals than to cookery books, with which they are popularly associated. For they are full of the old herb lore and of the uses of herbs in homely medicines. It must be remembered that even as late as the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries every woman was supposed to have some knowledge of both the preparation and the medicinal use of herbs and simples. When the herbal proper ceased and the first books on botany began to make their appearance the old herb lore did not fall into disuse, and the popularity of the still-room books in which it was preserved may be gathered from the fact that one of the first of these to be printed--_A Choice Manual of rare and select Secrets in Physick & Chirurgerie Collected and practised by the Countesse of Kent[126] (late dec'd)_--went through nineteen editions. There are some old books which merely inspire awe, for one feels that they have always lived in dignified seclusion on library shelves and have been handled only by learned scholars. But there are others whose leaves are so be-thumbed and torn that from constant association with human beings they seem to have become almost human themselves. Of this type are these old still-room books. They were an integral part of daily life and their worn pages bear mute witness to the fact.
One of the most interesting is the Fairfax still-room book.[127] Its first owner was probably Mary Cholmeley, born during the closing years of Elizabeth's reign, and married in 1626 to the Rev. the Hon. Henry Fairfax (uncle of the great Parliamentarian General--Lord Fairfax).[128] In common with the majority of MS. still-room books, the Fairfax volume contains much that has no immediate connection with a still-room, but is full of human interest. It is a curious medley of culinary recipes, homely cures, housewifely arts such as bleaching, dyeing, brewing and preserving, to say nothing of hastily scribbled little notes regarding lost linen (including no fewer than "xxiii handkerchares!") and the number of fowls, etc., in the poultry-yard. This last entry, which runs all down one side of a page, is as follows: "I Kapon, XVI Torkies, XVIII dowkes, IIII henes, II cokes, X chekins, X giese, IV sowes."
But the most charming entry of all is: "A note of Mistress Barbara her lessons on ye virginalle which she hath learned and can play them," followed by a list of songs, the majority of which have the entry "Mr. Bird" beside them. William Bird was organist to Queen Elizabeth, and he presumably was "Mistress Barbara's" music-master. She apparently also had lessons from Dr. Bull, then at the height of his fame, for his name appears in connection with some of the items. Amongst the songs we find "My trew Love is to ye grene Wood gon," and there are quite a number of dances--pavanes and courantes--which she played. One feels very sure that "Mistress Barbara" was a fascinating person, but she could not have been more lovable than her sister Mary, who married Henry Fairfax. A love-letter, written in Charles I.'s reign, is doubtless quite out of place in a book on old herbals, but I cannot refrain from quoting the following, written by Mary to her husband about six years after their marriage, because it very clearly reveals the character of one of the many types of women who wrote these still-room books.
"MY EVER DEAREST LOVE,
"I received a letter and horse from Long on Thursday (Jan. 31) and will use meine [endeavour] to send Procter's horse to Denton. I did nott so much rejoys att thy safe passage as at that Bleised and al suficiente gide whoss thou art, and whom I know thou truely sarves yt hath for a small time parted us, and I fearmly hope will give us a joyfull meeting. Dear heart, take eassy jernays and preferr thy owne heilth before all other worldly respects whatsoever.... I pray y{u} beg a blessing for us all, for I must needs comitt y{u} to his gracious protection yt will never fail us nor forsake us. Thine ever,
"MARY FAIRFAX. "_Ashton, February 2, 1632._"
I quote only three recipes from this attractive MS.: "A Bath for Melancholy," "Balles for the face" and "For them theyr speech faileth."
"To make a bath for Melancholy. Take Mallowes, pellitory of the wall, of each three handfulls; Camomell flowers, Mellilot flowers, of each one handfull; hollyhocks, two handfulls; Isop one greate handfull, senerick seede one ounce, and boil them in nine gallons of Water untill they come to three, then put in a quart of new milke and go into it bloud warme or somthing warmer."
"Balles for the face. Take greate Allecant reasons [raisins] a quarter of a pounde, stone them but wash them not and beate them in a morter very fine, take as many almonds, not Jordans, but of ye comon sort and blanch them and drye them in a cloth very well and beate them in a stone morter also very fine, when you have done thus to them bothe, mingle them bothe together and beate them againe, and putt to it half a quarter of a pounde of browne leavened bread, wheaten bread, and beate them altogeather and mingle them well togeather and then take it and make it in little balles and then wash yor face at night with one of them in fayre water. Yf you will have this only to wash yor hands put in a little Venice soape but putt none of that in for youre face."
"For them theyr speech faileth. Take a handfull of ye cropps of Rosemary, a handfull of sage and a handfull of Isop and boile them in malmsey till it be soft, then put them into Lynen clothes and laye about the nape of the neck and the pulses of the armes as whott [hot] as it may be suffred daily, as it shal be thought mete and it will help it by God's grace. For the same. Take staves acre and beate it and sowe it in a linnen cloth and make a bagg noe bigger than a beane; if he can chow it in his mouth lett hym, if not then lay it upon his tongue."
To the modern mind the medical recipes to be found in these still-room books sound truly alarming, but in _The Lady Sedley her Receipt book_ they are not more so than the prescriptions which were contributed by the most eminent physicians of that day. In his paper[129] on this MS. Dr. Guthrie quotes many of these recipes, amongst them one from the famous Dr. Stephens,[130] so frequently quoted by Sir Kenelm Digby and in other still-room books of the period. In Lady Sedley's book his recipe is introduced thus: "A copy to make the sovreigns't water that ever was devised by man, which Dr. Stephens a physician of great cuning and of long experience did use and therewith did cure many great cases, and all was kept in secret until a little before his death; when the Archbishop of Canterbury got it from him." Amongst the other contributors to this MS. were no fewer than three of the doctors who attended Charles II. in his last illness, and if they gave the king even in a mild form medicines resembling those we find in this book, Macaulay's description that "they tortured him for some hours like an Indian at the stake" can hardly have been exaggerated. There is a "Receipt for Convulsion Fitts" from Sir Edward Greaves (the first physician to be created a baronet) consisting of peony roots, dead man's skull, hoofs of asses, white amber and bezoar; and the famous Dr. Sydenham contributed a "Prescription for the head" in which, not content with the seventy-two ingredients of which Venice treacle consisted, he added Wormwood, orange peel, angelica and nutmeg. Another distinguished contributor to this MS. was the ill-fated Duke of Monmouth. A prescription for stone from Judge Ellis consisted of Venice turpentine distilled with various herbs and spices in small ale. It was to be made only in June and taken "three days before the full and three days before the change of the Moone" (incidentally a survival of Saxon moon lore), but the Duke of Monmouth's prescription for the same complaint is quite different and is compounded of ripe haws and fennel roots distilled in white wine and taken with syrup of elder. Lady Sedley, the first owner, and presumably author of the book, was the wife of Sir Charles Sedley, one of Charles II.'s intimate friends and notorious for his mad pranks. Between her husband and her daughter her life must have been almost unbearable, and it is not surprising that the unfortunate woman ended her days in a mad-house.
Of the MS. still-room books in the British Museum undoubtedly the most interesting is _Mary Doggett: Her Book of Receipts_, 1682.[131] On the first page is affixed a note: "This Mary Doggett was the wife of Doggett the Player who left a legacy of a yearly coat and badge to be rowed for."[132] The MS. is beautifully written and contains an astonishing amount of information on every housewifely art, from washing "parti-coloured stockings" to making perfumes and "Sweete Baggs." Indeed the reading of the headlines alone gives one some idea of the multifarious duties of a mistress of a large house in those days. We find--and I quote only a few--recipes "to make morello cherry cakes," "apricock marmalett," "to preserve Cherrys white," "to candy oranges or lemons or any kind of sucketts," "to preserve almonds," "to preserve damsons," "orange butter," "pippin creame," "to make molds for apricock Plumbs," "apricock wine," "to keep cherrys all the year," "to make cowslip wine," "cakes of clove gilly flowers," "curran wine," "grapes in jelly," "cleer cakes of goosberys," "fine cakes of lemons," "to preserve Rasps whole," "to make Lemon Creame," "lemon Syllibub," "orange biskett," "cheese caks of oranges," "to preserve pippins in slices," "to make plumb biskett," "to pickle Quinces," "to preserve Wallnutts," "to preserve double blew violetts for Salletts," "to candy Double marygold, Roses, or any other flowers," "to make good sorrell wine," "sweet powders for linnen," "to perfume gloves after the Spanish maner," "to souse a pigg," "Almond milk," "to pickle cucumbers," "drinks to cause sleep," "snaile broth," "plasters for bruises," "to make pomades" and "past for the hands." The receipts for "A Pomander," for "Balme water," "to dry roses for sweet powder," and "a perfume for a sweet bagg" are particularly attractive, and I give them below.
"A Pomander. Take a quarter of an ounce of Civitt, a quarter and a half-quarter of an ounce of Ambergreese, not half a quarter of an ounce of ye Spiritt of Roses, 7 ounces of Benjamin, allmost a pound of Damask Rose buds cutt. Lay gumdragon in rose water and with it make up your Pomander, with beads as big as nutmegs and color ym with Lamb [_sic_] black; when you make ym up wash your hands wth oyle of Jasmin to smooth ym, then make ym have a gloss, this quantity will make seaven Braceletes."
"A receipt for Balme. Take 6 or 7 handfulls of balme, cut it a little, put it in an Earthen pott wth a handfull of cowslip flowers, green or dry, half an ounce of Mace, a little bruised pow[d]er in ym, 4 quarts of strong ale, let ym stand a night to infuse: in ye morning put it into your still, poure upon it a quart of brandy. Past up your Still; you may draw about 2 quarts of water. Sweeten it with Sugar to your Tast and tye up too pennyworth of Saffron in a ragg, put it into ye water and let it lye till it be colored. Squeeze it out and bottle it for your use."
"To dry Roses for sweet powder. Take your Roses after they have layen 2 or 3 days on a Table, then put them into a dish and sett ym on a chafering dish of Charcole, keeping them stirred, and as you stir ym strew in some powder of orris, and when you see them pretty dry put them into a gally pot till you use them."
"A perfume for a sweet bagg. Take half a pound of Cypress Roots, a pound of Orris, 3 quarters of a pound of Rhodium, a pound of Coriander Seed, 3 quarter of a pound of Calamus, 3 orange stick wth cloves, 2 ounces of Benjamin, and an ounce of Storax and 4 pecks of Damask Rose leaves, a peck of dryed sweet Marjerum, a pretty stick of Juniper shaved very thin, some lemon pele dryed and a stick of Brasill; let all these be powdered very grosely for ye first year and immediately put into your baggs; the next year pound and work it and it will be very good again."
The "Countesse of Kent's" still-room book, which was one of the first to be published, contains more recipes against the Plague than most, and with one of these we find the instruction that it must be taken three times, "for the first helpeth not." Amongst much that is gruesome there is a pleasant recipe entitled "A comfortable cordial to cheer the heart," which runs thus: "Take one ounce of conserve of gilliflowers, four grains of the best Musk, bruised as fine as flower, then put it into a little tin pot and keep it till you have need to make this cordial following: Viz.: Take the quantity of one Nutmeg out of your tin pot, put to it one spoonful of cinnamon water, and one spoonful of the sirrup of gillifloures, ambergreece, mix all these together and drink them in the morning, fasting three or four hours, this is most comfortable." The _chef d'[oe]uvre_ of the collection, at least in the author's opinion, is one introduced with this flourish, but it is too long for me to quote more than the comprehensive title:--"The Countesse of Kent's powder, good against all malignant and pestilent diseases, French Pox, Small Pox, Measles, Plague, Pestilence, Malignant or Scarlet Feavers, good against melancholy, dejection of Spirits, twenty or thirty grains thereof being exhibited in a little warm Sack or Hartshorn Jelly to a Man and half as much or twelve grains to a Childe."
Far more attractive than the volume which bears the "Countesse of Kent's" name are the little-known books by Tryon. They are full of discourses and sermons, introduced at the most unexpected moments. Indeed, there are few subjects on which Tryon does not lecture his readers, from giving servants extra work on Sundays by having "greasy platters and Bloody-Bones more on Sunday than any other Day," to sleeping in feather beds. It is interesting to find that women had already taken to smoking in the seventeenth century, and Tryon admonishes them thus:--"Nor is it become infrequent, for women also to smoak Tobacco. Tobacco being an Herb of Mars and Saturn, it hath its fiery Quality from Mars, and its Poysonous fulsome attractive Nature from Saturn: the common use of it in Pipes is very injurious to all sorts of people but more especially to the Female Sex." Tryon seems to have been somewhat of a Socialist, and he takes great delight in commiserating "Lords, Aldermen, the Rich and the Great," who are driven to "heartily envying those Jolley Swains, who feed only with Bread and Cheese, and trotting up to the knees in Dirt, do yet with lusty limbs, and vigorous stomach, and merry Hearts, and undisturbed Heads, whistle out more sollid joys than the others, with all their Wealth and State can purchase."
The most famous of all still-room books was that written by Sir Kenelm Digby, the friend of Kings and philosophers and himself a man of science, a doctor, an occultist, a privateer and a herbalist. Indeed it would be impossible to catalogue his activities, and he has always been recognised as the type _par excellence_ of the gifted amateur. Sir Kenelm was the elder son of the Digby who was one of the leaders in the Gunpowder Plot. Himself a man of European reputation, he numbered among his friends Bacon, Ben Jonson, Galileo, Descartes, Harvey and Cromwell. Queen Marie de' Medici was only one of many women who fell in love with him, but his one love was his wife, one of the most beautiful women of her day--Venetia Anastasia Stanley, immortalised by Van Dyck and Ben Jonson. Sir Kenelm Digby was the intimate friend of Charles I. and Henrietta Maria, and after the Restoration he was a prominent figure at the Court of Charles II. When the Royal Society was inaugurated in 1663, he was one of the Council, and his house in Covent Garden was a centre where all the wits, occultists and men of letters forgathered. Aubrey tells us that after the Restoration he lived "in the last faire house westward in the north portico of Covent Garden where my lord Denzill Hollis lived since. He had a laboratory there."[133] One reads so much of the extravagances and excesses of Restoration days that it is all the pleasanter to remember the people of whom little has been written, the thousands of quiet folk who loved their homes and gardens and took delight in simple pleasures. It is of these people Sir Kenelm Digby's book reminds us, and even the names of his recipes are soothing reading--syllabubs, hydromel, mead, quidannies, tansies, slipp-coat-cheeses, manchets, and so forth. Moreover, there is no savour of the shop in these recipes, the book being full rather of flowers and herbs. It is also very leisurely, and in these days that, too, is soothing. Time we frequently find measured thus:--"Whiles you can say the Miserere Psalm very slowly" or "about an Ave Maria while." It takes us back to a simple old world when great ladies not only looked well to the ways of their households, but attended themselves to the more important domestic matters. Sir Kenelm collected these recipes assiduously from his friends, and each housekeeper's pride in her speciality is very evident. To mention only a few of these, we find:--"Scotch Ale from my Lady Holmeby," "A very pleasant drink of Apples," "Master Webb's Ale and Bragot," "Apples in Gelly," "To make Bisket," "Sir Paul Neal's way of making Cider," "My Lord of St. Alban's Cresme Fouettee," "The Queen's Barley Cream," "To pickle capons my Lady Portland's way," "Pickled Champignons," "A Flomery-Caudle," "My Lord Hollis Hydromel," "Master Corsellises Antwerp Meath," "My own considerations for making of Meathe," "Meathe from the Muscovian Ambassadors Steward," "White Metheglin of my Lady Hungerford's which is exceedingly praised," "My Lord of Denbigh's Almond March-pane," "My Lord Lumley's Pease-pottage," "Pease of the seed, buds of Tulips," "A soothing Quiddany or Gelly of the Cores of Quinces," "Sack with clove gilly-flowers," "My Lord of Carlile's Sack-posset," "To make a whip Syllabub," "Sucket of Mallow-stalks," "The Countess of Newport's Cherry Wine." We may forget the recipes themselves, but the memory of them is associated with the fragrance of gillifiowers, roses, cowslips, elder flowers, violets, thyme, marjoram and the like. I give but these few below, and I wish there were space for more; for not only are they excellent in themselves, but, in common with all those in Sir Kenelm Digby's book, they give more, perhaps, of the atmosphere of the old still-rooms than is to be found in any other collection.
"Sweet meat of Apples. My Lady Barclay makes her fine Apple-gelly with slices of John apples. Sometimes she mingles a few pippins with the Johns to make the gelly. But she liketh best the Johns single and the colour is paler. You first fill the glass with slices round-wise cut, and then the Gelly is poured in to fill up the vacuities. The Gelly must be boiled to a good stiffness. Then when it is ready to take from the fire, you put in some juyce of Lemon, and of Orange too, if you like it, but these must not boil; yet it must stand a while upon the fire stewing in good heat, to have the juyces incorporate and penetrate well. You must also put in some Ambergreece, which doth exceeding well in this sweet-meat."
"Wheaten Flommery. In the West Country they make a kind of Flommery of wheat flower, which they judge to be more harty and pleasant then that of Oat-meal, thus; take half, or a quarter of a bushel of good Bran of the best wheat (which containeth the purest flower of it, though little, and is used to make starch), and in a great wooden bowl or pail, let it soak with cold water upon it three or four days. Then strain out the milky water from it, and boil it up to a gelly or like starch. Which you may season with Sugar and Rose or Orange-flower-water and let it stand till it be cold, and gellied. Then eat it with white or Rhenish-wine, or Cream, or Milk, or Ale."
"A Flomery Caudle. When Flomery is made and cold, you may make a pleasant and wholesome caudle of it by taking some lumps and spoonfuls of it, and boil it with Ale and White wine, then sweeten it to your taste with Sugar. There will remain in the Caudle some lumps of the congealed flomery which are not ungrateful."
"Conserve of Red Roses. Doctor Glisson makes his Conserve of red Roses thus: Boil gently a pound of red Rose-leaves (well picked, and the nails cut off) in about a pint and a half (or a little more, as by discretion you shall judge fit, after having done it once; the Doctor's Apothecary takes two pints) of Spring water; till the water have drawn out all the Tincture of the Roses into itself, and that the leaves be very tender, and look pale like Linnen; which may be in a good half hour, or an hour, keeping the pot covered whiles it boileth. Then pour the tincted Liquor from the pale leaves (strain it out, pressing it gently, so that you may have Liquor enough to dissolve your Sugar) and set it upon the fire by itself to boil, putting into it a pound of pure double refined Sugar in small Powder; which as soon as it is dissolved, put into it a second pound, then a third, lastly a fourth, so that you have four pounds of sugar to every pound of Rose-leaves. (The Apothecary useth to put all the four pounds into the Liquor altogether at once.) Boil these four pounds of Sugar with the tincted Liquor, till it be a high Syrup, very near a candy height (as high as it can be not to flake or candy). Then put the pale Rose-leaves into this high Syrup, as it yet standeth upon the fire, or immediately upon the taking it off the fire. But presently take it from the fire, and stir them exceeding well together, to mix them uniformly; then let them stand till they be cold, then pot them up. If you put your Conserve into pots whiles it is yet thoroughly warm, and leave them uncovered some days, putting them in the hot Sun or stove, there will grow a fine candy on the top, which will preserve the conserve without paper upon it, from moulding, till you break the candied crust to take out some of the conserve.
"The colour both of the Rose-leaves and the Syrup about them, will be exceedingly beautiful and red, and the taste excellent, and the whole very tender and smoothing, and easie to digest in the stomack without clogging it, as doth the ordinary rough conserve made of raw Roses beaten with Sugar, which is very rough in the throat. The worst of it is, that if you put not a Paper to lie always close upon the top of the conserve, it will be apt to grow mouldy there on the top; especially après que le pot est entamé."
Under another "conserve of red roses" we find this note:--"Doctor Bacon useth to make a pleasant Julip of this Conserve of Roses, by putting a good spoonful of it into a large drinking glass or cup; upon which squeeze the juyce made of a Lemon, and slip in unto it a little of the yellow rinde of the Lemon; work these well together with the back of a spoon, putting water to it by little and little, till you have filled up the glass with Spring water: so drink it. He sometimes passeth it through an Hypocras bag and then it is a beautiful and pleasant Liquor."
These still-room books are as much part of a vanished past as the old herb-gardens, those quiet enclosures full of sunlight and delicious scents, of bees and fairies, which we foolish moderns have allowed to fall into disuse. The herb garden was always the special domain of the housewife, and one likes to think of the many generations of fair women who made these gardens their own, tending them with their own hands, rejoicing in their beauty and peace and interpreting in humble, human fashion something of the wonder and mystery of Nature in the loveliness of a garden enclosed. For surely this was the charm of these silent secluded places, so far removed from turmoil that from them it was possible to look at the world with clear eyes and a mind undisturbed by clamour. And what of the fairies in those gardens? We live in such a hurrying, material age that even in our gardens we seem to have forgotten the fairies, who surely have the first claim on them. Does not every child know that fairies love thyme and foxgloves and the lavish warm scent of the old cabbage rose? Surely the fairies thronged to those old herb-gardens as to a familiar haunt. Can you not see them dancing in the twilight?
The dark elves of Saxon days have well-nigh vanished with the bogs and marshes and the death-like vapours which gave them birth. With the passing of centuries the lesser elves have become tiny of stature and friendly to man, warming themselves by our firesides and disporting themselves in our gardens. Perhaps now they even look to us for protection, lest in this age of materialism they be driven altogether from the face of the earth. As early as the twelfth century we find mention of creatures akin to the brownies, whom we all love; for the serious Gervase of Tilbury tells us of these goblins, less than half an inch high, having faces wrinkled with age, and dressed in patched garments. These little creatures, he assures us, come and work at night in the houses of mankind; but they had not lost their impish ways and elvish tricks, "for at times when Englishmen ride abroad in the darkness of night, an unseen Portunos [Brownie?] will join company with the wayfarer; and after riding awhile by his side will at length seize his reins and lead his horse into the slough wherein he will stick and wallow while the Portunos departs with mocking laughter, thus making sport of man's simplicity." Perhaps they still make sport of our simplicity, but we shall be the losers if they vanish altogether from the earth. If in impish mood they lead the wayfarer into sloughs, do not the sheen-bright elves lighten some of the darkest paths of pain which human beings are forced to tread? Are not these Ariel-like creatures links between the flowers of earth which they haunt and the stars of heaven whence they seem to derive their radiance? The fairies have almost deserted us, but perhaps they will one day come back to our gardens and teach us that there is something true, though beyond what we can know, in the old astrological lore of the close secret communion between stars and flowers. Do not flowers seem to reflect in microscopic form those glorious flowers which deck the firmament of heaven? In many flowers there is something so star-like that almost unconsciously our minds connect them with the luminaries in the great expanse above us, and from this it seems but a short step to the belief that there is between them a secret communion which is past our understanding.
"This is the enchantment, this the exaltation, The all-compensating wonder, Giving to common things wild kindred With the gold-tesserate floors of Jove; Linking such heights and such humilities, Hand in hand in ordinal dances, That I do think my tread, Stirring the blossoms in the meadow-grass Flickers the unwithering stars."[134]
Mystics of all ages and of all civilisations have felt this secret bond between what are surely the most beautiful of God's creations--flowers and stars; and its fascination is in no small part due to the exquisite frailty and short-lived beauty of the flowers of earth and the stupendous majesty of the flowers in the heavens, those myriad worlds in whose existence a thousand years is but as a passing dream.
Goddis grace shall euer endure.
(_Inscription at the end of "The vertuose boke Of Dystyllacyon of the waters of all maner of Herbes." 1527._)
FOOTNOTES:
[124] John Archer (one of the Physicians in Ordinary to Charles II.) also asserts in his _Compendious Herbal_ (1673) that "the Sun doth not draw away the Vertues of Herbs, but adds to them." Archer gives full astrological directions for the gathering of herbs:--
"I have mentioned in the ensuing Treatise of Herbs the Planet that Rules every Herb for this end, that you may the better understand their Nature and may gather them when they are in their full strength, which is when the Planet is especially strong, and then in his own Hour gather your Herb; therefore that you may know what hour belongs to every Planet take notice that Astrologers do assign the seven days of the week to the seven planets, as to the Sun or [~Sun~] Sunday; to the Moon or [~Moon~] Monday; to Mars or [~Mars~] Tuesday; to Mercury or [~Mercury~] Wednesday; to Jupiter or [~Jupiter~] Thursday; to Venus or [~Venus~] Friday; to Saturn or [~Saturn~] Saturday. And know that every Planet governs the first Hour after Sun Rise upon his day and the next Planet to him takes the next Hour successively in this order, [~Saturn~], [~Jupiter~], [~Mars~], [~Sun~], [~Venus~], [~Mercury~], [~Moon~], [~Saturn~], [~Jupiter~]. So be it any day every Seventh Hour comes to each Planet successively, as if the day be Thursday then the first hour after Sun Rising is Jupiter's, the next [~Mars~], the next [~Sun~], next [~Venus~]. So on till it come to [~Jupiter~] again. And if you gather Herbs in their Planetary Hour you may expect to do Wonders, otherwise not; to Astrologers I need say nothing; to others this is as much as can easily be learnt."--_The Compendious Herbal_, by John Archer, One of his Majesties Physicians in Ordinary.
[125] In this connection he quotes Dr. Pinck, Warden of New College, Oxford, who, when he was "almost fourscore yeares old, would rise very betimes in the morning and going into his Garden he would take a Mattock or Spade, digging there an hour or two, which he found very advantageous to his health."
[126] Published 1651. The earliest copy in the British Museum is the second edition, 1653.
[127] See _Arcana Fairfaxiana_.
[128] Lord Fairfax had only a daughter (who married the Duke of Buckingham), and the son of Henry and Mary Fairfax succeeded to the title.
[129] Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1913.
[130] Dr. Stephens was the author of the _Catalogue of the Oxford Botanical Gardens_.
[131] Sloane 27466.
[132] The competition for "Doggett's Coat and badge" amongst Thames Watermen still takes place every August.
[133] This house is to be seen in Hogarth's "Morning."
[134] Francis Thompson, _An Anthem of Earth_.
BIBLIOGRAPHIES
I
MANUSCRIPT HERBALS, TREATISES ON THE VIRTUES OF HERBS, ETC.
MANUSCRIPTS WRITTEN IN LATIN AFTER 1400 ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS LIST.
_9th (?) century._ Liber dialogorum Gregorii cum libro medicinali in duabus partibus quarum altera tractat de virtutibus herbarum et "Herbarium" vulgo dicitur altera de virtutibus lapidum.
Hutton 76. Bodleian.
(This is the translation of Gregory's Dialogues made by Bishop Werefirth of Worcester. The MS. formerly belonged to Worcester Cathedral.)
_10th century (Lacnunga)._ Liber medicinalis de virtutibus herbarum.
Harleian 585. British Museum.
_10th century._ S. Columbarii Epist. versibus Adonicis scripta. Ad frontem prima paginæ hujus codicis scribuntur manu contemporanea quæ dam de virtutibus herbarum et versiculi nonnuli.
Harleian 3091. British Museum.
_10th century._ Leech Book of Bald.
Royal 12 D. British Museum.
_11th century._ Peri Didaxeon. (Saxon translation.)
Harleian 6258. British Museum.
_11th century._ Herbarium Apuleii Platonici quod accepit ab Ascolapio.
Cott. Vit. C. III. British Museum.
_11th century._ Incipiunt Capites (capita) libri medicinalis.
Payne 62. Bodleian.
(This is a version of Herbarium Apuleii Platonici.)
_11th (?) century._ De herba Betonica. Apuleius or Antonius Musa.
CLXXXIX. Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
_11th century._ Herbarium Apuleius.
Ashmole 1431.
_11th (?) century._ Herbarium Apuleius.
CLXXX. Corpus Christi College, Oxford.
(This copy once belonged to John Holyngborne.)
_11th century._ Incipiunt nomina multarum rerum Anglice.
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
(In the list occurs Nomina herbarum.)
_12th (?) century._ Dioscorides de virtutibus herbarum.
Jesus College, Cambridge.
(Formerly at Durham.)
_12th century._ Exceptiones de libro Henrici de herbis variis.
Digby 13 (VIII). Bodleian.
(The above was compiled, according to Leland and others, by Henry of Huntingdon.)
_12th century._ Herbarium Apuleius.
Harleian 4986. British Museum.
_12th century._ Herbarium Apuleius.
Harleian 5294. British Museum.
_12th century._ De virtutibus herbarum.
Sloane 1975. British Museum.
_Late 12th century._ Imago Medici Conjurantis Herbas.
Harleian 1585. British Museum.
_12th century._ De viribus herbarum.
Harleian 4346. British Museum.
(In verse, commonly ascribed to Macrus.)
_12th century._ Macer de viribus herbarum.
Sloane 84. British Museum.
_12th century._ De viribus herbarum. Liber Omad.
Digby 13 (VII). Bodleian.
(It is not known who Omad was.)
_12th century._ Macer de virtutibus herbarum.
Digby 4 (XI). Bodleian.
(The last folio is in thirteenth-century hand.)
_12th century._ Macer de virtutibus herbarum.
Library of Lincoln Cathedral.
_12th century._ Herbarium Apuleius.
Library of Eton College.
_12th or 13th century._ De negociis specierum. Inc. circa instans negocium in simplicibus.
Trinity College, Cambridge.
_13th century._ Epistola antonii muse ad agrippam de herba betonica.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_13th century._ Antonii Musæ libellus de virtutibus herbæ betonicæ.
Ashmole 1462 (VIII). Oxford.
_13th century._ [Synopsis libelli Antonii Musæ.]
Ashmole 1462 (II).
_13th century._ Synopsis Herboralii Apuleii.
Ashmole 1462 (III).
_13th century._ Herboralium Apuleii Platonis.
Ashmole 1462 (IX).
(The names of the herbs are given in English in rubric by a hand of the fourteenth century.)
_13th century._ Herbarium apuleii platonici.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_13th century._ Aemilii Macri de viribus Herbarum.
Royal 12 B. British Museum.
_13th century._ Aemilii Macri Carmen de viribus herbarum.
Ashmole (1398. II. v).
_13th century._ Liber Macri de viribus Herbarum.
Ee. VI. 39. II. Cambridge University Library.
_Late 13th century._ Aemilii Macri de Herbarum viribus.
(Formerly belonged to St. Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury.)
Royal 12 E. XXIII. (III). British Museum.
_Late 13th century._ Liber Macri de Naturis herbarum.
Kk. IV. 25. (XVI). Cambridge University Library.
_13th (?) century._ Liber Macri de viribus herbarum.
438 (III). Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
_13th century._ De simplicibus medicinis.
505 (II. 2). Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
_13th century._ Poema de virtutibus herbarum macro vulgo adscriptum.
Arundel 283 (I). British Museum.
_13th century._ Aemilius Macri (Fragment).
Library of Lord Clifden, Lanhydrock, Cornwall.
_13th century._ Le livre de toutes herbes appele "Circa instans."
Sloane 1977. British Museum.
_13th century._ Le livre de toutes herbes appele "Circa instans."
Sloane 3525. British Museum.
Incipit [liber de simplicibus medicinis ordine alphabetico qui appellatur] "Circa Instans" Platearii.
Ashmole 1428 (II).
_Late 13th century._ Circa Instans.
All Souls College, Oxford.
_13th century._ De medicinis simplicibus sive de virtutibus Herbarum libellus.
Balliol College, Oxford.
_Late 13th century._ De simplicibus medicinis.
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
_13th-14th century._ Liber cogitanti michi de virtute simplicium medianarum.
Trinity College, Cambridge.
_13th-14th century._ Herbarium.
Addit. 22636 (XIII). British Museum.
_13th-15th century._ [Lines on the virtues of the scabious plant.]
Addit. 33381 (XXXVIII). British Museum.
_Late 13th century._ De collectione herbarum.
Arundel 369 (II). British Museum.
_13th century._ De Naturis Herbarum.
Royal 8c IX. (X). British Museum.
(From St. Mary's, Reading.)
_13th century._ De virtutibus herbarum rhythmice.
Sloane 146 (III). British Museum.
_13th century._ Præfatiuncula in totum præsens volumen.
_Inc._ In hoc continentur libri quattuor medicine Ypocrates Platonis Apoliensis urbis de diversis herbis.
Ashmole 1462 (I).
_Late 13th century._ Hic sunt virtutes scabiose distincte.
Digby 86 (LXXXV). Bodleian.
_13th (?) century._ De proprietate herbarum.
Laud Latin 86 (XIII). Bodleian.
_13th-14th century._ Liber qui vocatur "Circa Instans."
Peterhouse College, Cambridge.
_13th-14th century._ Circa instans Platearii.
Trinity College, Cambridge.
_13th-14th century._ Versus de Ysope (Hyssop).
Harleian 524 (CLXI). British Museum.
_Circ. 1300._ De herba Basilisca seu Gentiana.
Harleian 2851 (XXIX). British Museum.
(Written in England.)
_13th century._ Beginning of a history of trees and plants which ends abruptly on page 3.
Harleian 4751. British Museum.
_Late 13th-14th century._ [Verses--including 19 lines on various herbs.]
Royal 12 c. VI. (VI). British Museum.
(Belonged to Bury St. Edmunds Abbey.)
_Circ. 1360-70._ Le liure de herberie en français qui est apele "Circa Instans," translated from Johannes Platearius, _De simplici medicina_.
Bodley 76 I. Bodleian.
_14th century._ MS. on the virtues of herbs.
Library of Eton College.
_14th century._ Macri p[oe]ma de Viribus herbarum; præmittitur tabula.
Harleian 2558 (XXIV). British Museum.
_14th century._ De viribus herbarum p[oe]ma.
Sloane 420 (XL). British Museum.
_14th century._ De viribus herbarum.
Rawl. C. 630. British Museum.
_14th century._ Macer de virtutibus herbarum.
Sloane 340 (XV). British Museum.
_14th century._ De virtutibus herbarum.
Digby 95. Bodleian.
_Early 15th (?) century._ Macer. Of virtues of herbis.
Hutton 29. Bodleian.
_14th century._ Aemilii Macri de Herbarum viribus.
Royal 12 B. III (I). British Museum.
_14th century._ Aemilii Macri Carmen de viribus medicinalibus herbarum cum nominibus earum Anglia explicatis.
Ashmole 1397 (E. XV). Oxford.
_14th century._ Macer de viribus herbarum.
Ff. VI. 53 (X). Cambridge University Library.
_14th century._ Macer de Herbarum viribus.
36 (I. i). Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
_Early 14th century._ Aemilius Macer. Carmen de viribus herbarum.
Arundel 225 (II). British Museum.
_14th century._ De viribus herbarum.
Harleian 3353 (I). British Museum.
_14th century._ [De virtutibus Ros marine in English.]
759 (XI). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_14th century._ Herbal in alphabetical order with descriptions.
Arch. Selden 335. Bodleian.
_14th century._ On simples. Latin and English.
1398 (III). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_Late 14th century._ Herbarium.
C. XIII (IV). St. John's College, Oxford.
_14th century._ Here begynnyt a tretys of diverse herbis and furst of Bytayne (Old English poem of 43 couplets).
Begins--
"To tellyn of bytayne I have grete mynde And sythen of othur herbys os I fynde. Furst at bytayne I wyl begynne Yat many vertues berys wt inne."
Last line--
"Yche stounde whyle it mai on erthe be founde."
Ashmole 1397 (II-IV).
_Early 14th century._ Experimenta Alberti Magni de herbis lapidibus et animalibus.
Addit. 32622. British Museum (III).
_14th century._ Secreta fratris Alberti de Colonia ordinis fratrum predicatorum super naturis quarundum herbarum et lapidum et animalium in diversis libris philosophorum reperta et in unum collecta.
Digby 147 (XXIV). Bodleian.
_14th century._ Secreta fratris Alberti ordinis fratrum predicatorum (i) de herbis xvi (ii) de lapidibus (iii) de animalibus (xviii).
Digby 153 (IX). Bodleian.
_14th century._ Bartholomæus Anglicus de proprietatibus rerum.
Royal 12 E. III. British Museum.
_14th century._ Bartholomæi Mini de Senis Tractatus de herbis figuris quam plurimis colorati[=o] instructus.
Egerton 747 I. British Museum.
_14th century._ ? Gardener. Of the virtues of the herb rosemary, etc.
In the Earl of Ashburnham's library at Ashburnham Place. 122 (2. II).
_14th century._ Diversitates herbarum omnium que ad medicinas pertinent.
Addit. 29301 (III). British Museum.
(The above has fine pen-and-ink drawings of 68 English wild plants, with their names written in English. The MS. belonged to the Countess of Hainault, Philippa, Queen of England, and, lastly, to Mr. Pettiford.)
_14th century._ Herbal.
Dd. VI. 29. VII. University Library, Cambridge.
_14th (?) century._ List of herbs: English names also given.
198 (III). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
(The above once belonged to John Argenteux, Provost of King's.)
_14th (?) century._ A list of remedies with English equivalents and marginal additions in another hand.
200. Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_14th century._ [Recipes in Physicke] Glossary containing many herbs.
Pepys Library 1661. Magdalene College, Cambridge.
_14th century._ Here begynneth medecines gode for divers euelys on mennes bodys be callen erchebysschopes auicenna and ypocras Icoupo[=n] (? cophon) _i. e._ de and on hole materie a[gh]en brou[gh]t and ferst of herbis.
Pepys Library 1661. Magdalene College, Cambridge.
(Various simples are described. After the "vertues of rose maryne" a series of sections in verse written as prose beginning "I wil [gh]ou tellyn by & bi as I fond wretyn in a book. Þat in borwyng I be took of a gret ladyes prest þat of gret name þe mest." The following sections are on centaurea, solsequium, celidonia, pipernella, materfemia, mortagon, pervinca, rosa, lilium, egrimonye. Ends "Oyle of mustard seed is good for ache and for litarge and it is mad on þe same maner.")
_Circ. 1400._ A treatise in rhyme on the virtues of herbs.
Sloane 147 (V). British Museum.
It begins--
"Of erbs xxiiij I woll you tell by and by Als I fond wryten in a boke at I in boroyng toke Of a gret ladys preste of gret name she barest At Betony I wol begyn at many vertuos het within."
_14th century._ De virtutibus herbarum quarundam.
Ashmole 1397.
(On the medical uses of some herbs. Begins, "Bytayne and wormewode is gode for woundes.")
_14th (?) century._ List of names of herbs in Latin and English.
1377 II. Trinity College, Cambridge.
Begins, "Apium Commune Smalache."
_1352._ De preperacione herbarum. A treatise on the medicinal qualities of and modes of preparing herbs, quoting Serapion. A short list giving first the Latin and then the Irish name, etc.
23 F. 19. Royal Irish Academy.
_14th century._ Vocabulary of herbs in Latin and Welsh.
Addit. 14912. British Museum.
_14th century._ Meddygon myddfai or the Practice of Physic of the Myddvai Doctors: a collection of Recipes for various diseases and injuries, prognostics, charms, virtues of herbs, etc., by the physicians of Myddvai co. Caermarthen.
Addit. 14912 (I). British Museum.
(In Welsh.)
_14th century._ Nomina herbarum. Latin and English.
Addit. 17866. British Museum.
_14th century._ De virtutibus herbæ.
Arundel 507. British Museum.
(The above once belonged to Richard Seybrok, a monk of Durham.)
_14th-15th century._ Nomina quarundam ... plantarum arborum.
Harleian 210 (XI). British Museum.
(In French and English.)
_14th-15th century._ Names of herbs in Latin and English.
Harleian 2558 (I). British Museum.
_14th century._ Herbal. Latin and English.
(Directions in gathering herbs, flowers, roots, etc.)
Sloane 2584. British Museum.
_14th century._ Liber cinomorum (synonomorum) de nominibus herbarum.
(Latin, French, English.)
Bodleian 761.
_1360-70._ Nomina herbarum. (Latin, French, English.)
Bodleian 761 (VI. B.).
Two texts from this MS. were published by E. Mannele Thompson, _Chronicon Galpedi de Baker de Swynebroke_. Clarendon Press, 1889. He gives a list of the contents of this volume, calling this item fol. 158, "Medicinal notes from Roger Bacon in Latin." Interpolated by fifteenth-century writer in spaces left vacant by the fourteenth-century scribe are many recipes and much astrology.
_14th century._ Virtues of rosemary in prose and verse.
Digby 95 (VII). Bodleian.
_14th century._ Of the virtues of herbs.
Digby 95 (VIII). Bodleian.
_Late 14th century._ Herbarium Anglo-Latinum, with many recipes interpolated in a later hand.
MS. Grearerd. Bodleian.
_Late 14th century._ Names of herbs in alphabetical order with a few English interpolations. The MS. comes from Llanthony Priory and was given by R. Marchall.
312 (X). Library of Lambeth Palace.
_14th century._ De simplici medicina John Platearius.
(This MS. is supposed to have belonged to the Countess of Hainault and subsequently to Queen Philippa of Hainault.)
Addit. 29301 (IV). British Museum.
_14th century._ Nomina Herbarum Medicinalium, with some English and French names.
Phillipps MS. 4047 (II) now in the library of T. Fitzroy Fenwick, Esq., Thirlestaine House, Cheltenham.
_14th century._ Here ben the virtues of Rosemarye (purporting to be taken from "the litel boke that the scole of Sallerne wroat to the Cuntasse of Henowd and sche sente the copie to hir dou[gh]ter Philip the quene of England").
_Inc._ "Rosemarye is boþe tre and herbe hoot and drie."
_Exp._ "Wasche him þerwiþ and he schal be hool."
Royal 17 A. III. (III). British Museum.
_1373._ Translation of Macer _De viribus herbarum_ by John Lelamour, Schoolmaster of Hereford.
Sloane 5. British Museum.
_14th century._ Particulars of simples arranged under the various months.
754. Trinity College, Cambridge.
_14th century._ A herbal in Latin and English beginning with Allium.
(Given by Thomas Gale Dean of York.)
759 (VII). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Aemili Macri de virtutibus herbarum. The names of the plants are explained in English in the margins, and there are also some remedies in English.
Ashmole 1481 (III).
_15th century._ Macer. De Virtutibus Herbarum. The English names of the herbs are also given. (Written by Nicholas Kyrkeby of Saint Albans.)
VI. 15. Bishop Cosin's Library, Durham University.
_15th century._ Herbal in three books.
_Inc._ "Mogworte or brotheworte ys clepid archemisia ... and this medicine ys a nobil medycyne."
_Ends_, "Here endeth the third part of Macer. And here begynneth a fewe herbes which Macer foryete no[gh]t nor thei ben nort founden in his book."
Addit. 37786 (II). British Museum.
_15th century._ The treatise of Macer intitled "De viribus Herbarum," translated into English.
"Here followeth the cunnynge and sage clerk Macer tretynge and opynly shewy{th} the vertuys worthy and Commendable propyrtes of many & dyuerse herbys and her vertuys of the whyche the firste is mugworte or modirworte."
Sloane 393. British Museum.
_15th century._ The vertuys of Erbys aftyr Galyon Ypocras and Socrates.
Lansdowne 680 I. British Museum.
_15th century._ Here folwythe the vertu of Erbis. Isop is hoot and drie in ij degreis so seith Ipocrace if a man drynke it fastynge.
Ashmole 1477 (III-IV).
_15th century._ Aemilius Macer. Of the virtues of herbs. English translation.
Sloane 140. British Museum.
_15th century._ Aemilius Macer. Of the virtues of herbs. English translation.
Sloane 2269. British Museum.
_15th century._ Aemilius Macer. De virtutibus Herbarum. English translation.
In the library of the Right Hon. Lord Amherst of Hackney at Didlington Hall, Norfolk.
_15th century._ List of herbs in Latin and English.
Sloane 3548. British Museum.
_15th century._ Herbal.
_Inc._ "Of herbys now I Will you telle by and by. As I fynde wryten in a boke That in borrowyng I betoke Of a gret ladyes preste," etc.
_Expl._ "It dryveth away all foul moysteris And distroyeth venym and wykyd humours It distroyeth the morfew And dispoyling to the leper."
Dd. X. 44 (VIII). Cambridge University Library.
_15th century._ An Herbary þe whiche ys draw out of Circa Instans and hyt towcherþ schortlyche þ{e} principal vertuys and þ{e} special effectes of herbis and droggis þ{t} be þ{e} most comyne in use, and her dyvers grees of qualites or yher complexions and her propur and most special kynd of worcheyng.
(At the end of every alphabetical division of this work is left a page or more, blank, for the purpose of inserting additional matter. There are several additions by old hands. Some additions on the margins have been torn off.)
Ashmole 1443 (IV).
_15th century._ Treatise on herbs. 169 chapters, with table of Contents prefixed.
_Inc._ "Agnus castus is a herbe that men clep Tutsayne or Park levis."
Arundel 272 (II). British Museum.
_15th century._ An Herbal. Arranged alphabetically to the letter P.
_Inc._ "Agnus castus is an herbe," etc. Breaks off in "pulegium rurale." (Other copies--both ending with S--are in Addit. 4698, f. 16_b_, and Arundel 272, f. 36.)
Royal 18 A. VI. (VI). British Museum.
_15th century._ A treatise on the virtues of Herbs; beginning "Agnus castus ys Anglice herbe that men cally the tutsayne or ells parkelenus."
Ashmole 1432 (V. i).
_Mid 15th century._ Herbal with book of recipes.
_Inc._ "Agnus castus is an herbe."
Bodleian 463 (A).
_15th century._ Liber de Herbarum virtutibus.
_Inc._ "Agnus castus ys an herbe that cleepeth Toussane."
Laud Misc. 553 (i). Bodleian.
_15th century._ An Herbal with the properties of the different herbs in alphabetical order, with a table prefixed.
_Inc._ "Agnus castus ys an herbe that me clapys Tustans or Porke levys."
329. Balliol College, Oxford.
_15th (?) century._ "An English Herbal."
Begins, "Agnus Castus," etc.
Harleian 3840 (II). British Museum.
_15th century._ A treatise on the virtues of herbs.
Begins, "A bed ymade of Agnus Castus."
Sloane 297 (XVIII). British Museum.
_15th century._ Latin-English dictionary of herbs.
_Inc._ "Alleluya Wodsoure stubwort."
_Expl._ "Quinquefolium fyveleved gras."
Dd. XI. 45 (XII). Cambridge University Library.
_15th century._ A book of the medical virtues of herbs, described in alphabetical order.
_Inc._ "Anet ys an herbe that ys clepyt anet oþer dylle."
_Expl._ "doyth a way the fow[gh]e or the fragelys."
Ashmole 1447 (IV. i).
_15th century._ "Yes ben y{e} vertuse of betayn."
Ashmole 1438 (II. vii).
_15th century._ A treatise of the virtues of certain herbs. Begins, "Betaigne is hot and drie in þre degrees, and so seyth Ypocras, and it is an herbe of many faire vertues."
Ashmole 1438 (XXV).
_15th century._ Aemilius Macer. De virtutibus herbarum. (In French, Latin and English.)
Digby 29 (XXXVII). Bodleian.
_15th century._ Of the virtues of herbs--seemingly out of Macer. The following verse is prefixed:
"This booke ys drawe be fesyke That Macer made for hem that ben seeke The vertu of herbis h[=e]t descrieth ryght wel And help of mannys helthe every del."
Sloane 963 (XVIII). British Museum.
_15th century._ Macer on the virtues of herbs.
_Inc._ "Mugworte or brotheworte is clepid Arthemisia."
_Exp._ "drynkys juse of thys erbe."
Ee. I. 15 (III_a_). University Library, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Macer. "Vertues worthe & commendable propertees of many & diverse herbes." In three books.
Rawl. C. 81 (V). Bodleian.
_15th century._ Part of the poem De virtutibus Herbarum. The English names of plants are occasionally given in the margin. In the volume containing Froucestre's History of the Monastery.
Library of Gloucester Cathedral.
_15th century._ A treatise of the medical properties of herbs and other simples; arranged alphabetically, being a translation from the treatise of Johannes Platearius, _De medicinis simplicibus_.
Sloane 706 (IV). British Museum.
_15th century._ English Herbal, Secundum magistrum Gilbertum Kemor, arranged alphabetically.
Sloane 770. British Museum.
_15th century._ Of the virtues of Rosmaryne.
_Inc._ "Rosmaryne is both tre and erbe."
Sloane 7 (VI). British Museum.
_15th century._ The virtues of Rosmaryn.
_Inc._ "Rosmaryn is bothe tre and herbe."
Sloan 962 (VI). British Museum.
_15th century._ These ben sum of þe vertues of Rosemary, as the Clerke of Sallerne seyde and wrote tho the Cowntes of Hynde, and sche sende hem tho here dow[gh]tur Phylype þ{t} was weddyde tho þe Kyng of Engelond.
_Inc._ "Rosmary ys bothe tre and herbe."
Ashmole 1438 (II-XX).
_15th (?) century._ This is ye lityl boke of ye vertuys of rosmaryn yt y{e} scole of Salerne gaderyd & compiled at instance of ye Cowntese of Henowde.... I danyel bain translatyd into vulgar ynglysch worde for werde as fonde in latyn. (The translator adds that before 1432 Rosemary was unknown in England and that it was first sent from the Countess of Hainault to her daughter Queen Philippa.)
1037 (1) (XIV). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_15th or early 16th century._ The medical virtues of Rosemary in prose. Begins, "Rosus marinus is called rose mary, the virtue of this herbe is goode." Ends, "ne brennyng of unkynd hete be at þi stomake ne at þ{e} hert." (At the foot of page 3 is written "Robert Hychys is the ower of thys boke.")
Ashmole 1379 (I).
_15th century._ Here is vertues and seltyng of Rosmary by the ij doctours of fysyk followyng. per Galyen and Platery, and a poem beginning "As in a booke wretyne y fownd Of wise doctours in dyvers lond."
Ashmole 1379 (II).
_15th century._ Here follwyth y{e} wertues off ye rosses mare.
_Inc._ "Take rosmare and bynd hem ynne a lynnene clothe."
_Exp._ "Allsso make a bathe off ye floure and y{t} wyll make ye yonglyche."
Ashmole 1432 (V. iii).
_15th century._ The vertu of rose mary. Tak þe flower of þe rose mary and bynd hem.
(The above is part of a series of herbal notes, etc., interspersed by a later hand in the course of and following on a fifteenth-century book of medicine.)
Ashmole 1391 (VIII).
_15th century._ "Here men may see þe vertus of dyuerse herbes, whiche ben hoot and whiche ben coold, and to how many þinges they arne goode." (Other copies are in Sloane 393, f. 13; 1592, f. 39_b_; 3466, f. 78; Addit. 12056, f. 3; Lansdowne MS. 680, f. 2 and 17 B., XLVIII, f. 2, where, however, the arrangement is somewhat different. On page 2 there is the entry, "This is John Rice is boke, the which cost him xxv d.")
_15th century._ "Here men may se the vertu of dyverse herbes, and what thei be, and whiche ben hoote and which ben colde. And for howgh many thynges they ben goode."
(This MS. ends abruptly in "Calamynte.")
Ashmole 1444 (I. iii).
_15th (?) century._ "The virtues of diuerse herbes which ben hoote and which ben coolde." (With a large table of Contents prefixed.)
Sloane 393 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ Treatise on the virtues of herbs. Begins, "Aristologia rotunda. The virtue of this herbe os Ypocras says."
Sloane 962 (XII). British Museum.
_15th century._ An Herbary or alphabetical Materia Medica of herbs & other drugs; beginning with Aloen, Aloes, Aurum, and ending with Zelboarium.
_Inc._ "Aloen. To purge fleume and malancoly and colore."
_Exp._ "Zelboarium. To moysten and to norschen and to clensen and wyth cold þinges to akelen. Amen."
Ashmole 1481 (II. ii).
_15th century._ An alphabeticall catalogue of Herbes.
_Inc._ "Aloen hath virtue to purge flewne."
Ee. I. 13 (I). Cambridge University Library.
_15th century._ A collection of remedies in English (with additions in other handwritings). Begins with "Aloe" and ends with "verveyn."
609 (II). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ In Latin and English. Herbal. Aloe--Zucarium, with notes on Egrimonia, Acacia, in Latin, and on Cassia lignea and Castorium in English.
43. Jesus College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ The makynge of oyles of divers herbys.
905 (II. 4). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ These ben the precious watris & vertuous for diverse ejvellys.
_Inc._ "Water of wormode is gode ... grete lordes among the Saracens usen to drink hitt."
Addit. 37786 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ Of the Herb Moon-wort.
_Inc._ "I schal you tel of an Erbe þat men cal Lunarie, He ys clepit Asterion; wych ys an Erbe þat men calleth Lunarie."
Harleian 2407 (IX). British Museum.
_15th century._ Virtues of the onion, garlic and pennyroyal.
Begins, "Here beeth þe vertues of the Oynoun."
Royal 17 B. XLVIII. (II). British Museum.
_15th century._ Miscellaneous recipes and extracts from herbals.
Begins, "Rosa rebia [_sic_] ys an herbe that men clepyth rede rosys."
Royal 18 A. VI. (VII). British Museum.
_15th (?) century._ A treatise of herbs and the several medicaments compounded from them.
Begins, "The roose as saith the philosopher Plinius hath doble verteus."
Sloane 67 (II). British Museum.
_15th century._ A treatise of herbs, alphabetically arranged. (Imperfect.)
Begins, "Carabana id est wylde hempe."
Sloane 297 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ A treatise of the temperature and virtues of simples alphabetically arranged.
Sloane 965 (VII). British Museum.
_15th century._ "Here men may se the vertues of herbes."
Bodley 463 (B. iii).
_15th century._ Liber de herbarum virtutibus.
_Inc._ "Here may men se the vertu of herbes which ben hot and which ben colde."
Laud Misc. 553 (II). Bodleian.
_15th century._ Vertues of Herbes.
_Inc._ Apium is an herbe that men call smallache or marche.
Addit. A. 106 (A. IV). Bodleian.
_15th century._ "Here begynnythe to mak waters of erbys sondry and þer vertues and howe þei schalle be made in stillatorie."
_Inc._ "In þe fyrst of dyl. The water is of gret vertue."
Ashmole 141 B (II. v).
_15th century._ Instructions for the proper time of gathering simples by name.
_Inc._ "Medysines ben done, some by leves [som] bi sedis, som by flowres and some bi fretes."
Ashmole 1481 (II. iii). Oxford.
_15th century._ The medical use "Of waters distilled from Sundry plants & flowers."
(The above belonged to Richard Saunders, the Astrologer.)
Ashmole 1489 (II. ii).
_15th century._ Alphabetical Herbary.
_Inc._ "Agrymonia is an herbe."
Bodley 463 (B. ii).
_Late 15th century._ Virtues of herbs.
_Inc._ "Here a man maye see."
Selden, _supra_ 75 (E. VI). Bodleian.
_Late 15th century._ A treatise on the properties of plants, fruits, meat and drinks as food and medicine. (In Welsh.)
Jesus College, Oxford.
_15th century._ Names of herbs.
(Given by Humphrey Moseley, 1649).
69. Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Verses in English and Latin on herbs and spices.
(Given by W. Moore.)
176 (I. 2). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Recipes in English and Latin.
(Given by W. Moore.)
230 (II). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Herbes for a saled.
(This once belonged to Nicholas Butler.)
414 (_d_). Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Collection of recipes in English, probably all by John Ardern of Newark. Illustrated with rough coloured drawings of herbs, instruments and patients. It begins, "This is a mirrour of bloodletynge in þe weche þey þt wolen beholden it diligently," etc. There is a recipe in French for Greek fire. _Exp._ "tabula libri Sirurgice." Mag. Joh. Arderne de Newerk.
(Given by Humphrey Moseley, 1649.)
69. Emmanuel College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Here begynnythe an herball of namys & vertues of diverse herbys aftyr letterys of the a, b, c, etc.
905 (I). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ Virtues of various plants.
905 (II. 4). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_15th century._ On the virtues of herbs.
_Inc._ "This booke is drawe be Fesyk. That Macer made for hem þat been seck. Y{e} vertu of herbis it discryeth ryght wel."
1637 (I. i). Trinity College, Cambridge.
_1485._ A collection of the Latin and English names of plants with their descriptions and medical virtues.
National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth.
_15th century._ Alphabetical list of herbs. (Names partly in Latin and partly in Irish.)
2306. Royal Irish Academy.
_15th century._ Alphabetical treatise on herbs and their uses. In Latin and Irish.
1315. Trinity College, Dublin.
_15th-16th century._ List of plants used in medicine. (In Latin and Irish.)
1334 (V). Trinity College, Dublin.
_15th century._ Vertues of rose maryne þat er contened & compyled in þis space & ar gadirde out of bukes of gude philosofirs & of oþer wyse clerkes.
V. IV. 1. Durham University, Bishop Cosins Library.
_Late 15th century._ Herbal in Welsh.
In Mr. Wynne's library at Peniarth, Merioneth.
_15th century._ The vertu of Rose-marry & other Secrets.
Harleian 1735 (XII). British Museum.
_15th century._ Verses on the virtues of Rosmaryne.
Sloane 3215. British Museum.
_15th century._ Vertues of the herb betayne.
Rawl. C. 211 (II). Bodleian.
_15th century._ Treatise on the vertues of herbs.
Addit. 12056. British Museum.
_15th century._ Treatise on the vertues of herbs & metals in alphabetical order. In Irish.
Addit. 15403. British Museum.
_Late 15th century._ Herbal.
_Inc._ Agnus Castus is an herbe.
Harleian 3840 (III). British Museum.
_15th century._ A fragment of a treatise on the virtues of herbs.
Sloane 7 (III). British Museum.
_15th century._ An alphabetical herbal.
Sloane 297 (VII). British Museum.
_15th century._ "Of the vyrtues of the Asche tree," etc.
Sloane 297 (XVII). British Museum.
_15th century._ The first part of an intended complete body of Pharmacy in seven parts. The first part treats of herbs, which are alphabetically arranged in 150 chapters.
Sloane 404 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ On the virtues of herbs, with recipes for various disorders. The last is a charm "for alle maner woundys."
Sloane 540 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ For to knowe the ix Sauge levys.
Sloane 706 (VIII). British Museum.
_15th century._ Treatise on the virtues of herbs alphabetically arranged.
Sloane 1088 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ Herbes necessarie for a Gardyn.
Sloane 120 (I). British Museum.
_15th century._ On the virtues of herbs.
Sloane 2403. British Museum.
_15th century._ Poem on the virtues of herbs.
Sloane 2457. British Museum.
_15th century._ Treatise on the virtues of herbs.
Sloane 2460. British Museum.
_Early 15th century._ A fewe othre dyverse herbes with her vertues wich be not yfound in the bokes of Macer.
Rawl. C. 212 (II). Bodleian.
_15th (?) century._ A treatise on medicinal herbs. (In Irish.)
Royal Irish Academy, 23 H 19.
_15th century._ A fragment of a treatise on the medicinal properties of herbs. (In Irish.)
Royal Irish Academy, 2306.
_15th (?) century._ A treatise on herbs and their medicinal qualities and the mode of preparing and administering them. (In Irish.)
Royal Irish Academy, 2395.
_15th-16th century._ Alphabetical list of plants used in medicine and the manner of preparing them. (In Latin and Irish.)
1334 (II). Trinity College, Dublin.
_1415._ Alphabetical list of plants used in medicine. At the end is the transcriber's name, "Aedh Buide O'Leigin," and the date 1415. Also the name of the person from whom the original MS. was purchased--"Tad hg O'Cuinn bachelor in physic." (In Irish.)
1343 (II). Trinity College, Dublin.
_15th century._ A dictionary of herbs in Latin and English.
In the Marquis of Bath's library at Longleat, Wilts.
_15th century._ Treatise without title on the virtues of herbs.
In Lord Leconfield's library at Petworth House, Sussex.
_15th century._ Medicinal qualities of herbs.
Phillipps MS. 11077, now in the library of T. Fitzroy Fenwick, Esq., Thirlestaine House, Cheltenham.
II
ENGLISH HERBALS
(Printed books)
The Herbals are listed according to authors, or, in the case of anonymous works, according to the names by which they are usually known, and all known editions are given. In cases where only one copy of an edition is known the library where it is to be found is indicated. Editions mentioned in Ames, Hazlitt, etc., but of which no copies are now known, are listed, but in each case the fact that the only mention of them is to be found in one of the above is stated. [] indicates books which are not strictly herbals, but whose omission would make any bibliography of herbals incomplete.
_Bartholomæus Anglicus._
1495. [Bartholomæus Anglicus. De proprietatibus rerum.] The seventeenth book of the above--containing nineteen chapters--is on herbs. It was the first original work on plants by an English writer to be printed, and the woodcut at the beginning of the book was probably the first botanical illustration to be printed in an English book.
There is the following note on a slip in the copy of this edition in the British Museum. "This is generally considered to be the finest copy known of a work which is certainly the _chef d'[oe]uvre_ of Winkin de Worde's press. The paper on which it is printed is said to be the first ever made in England for the press. See Douce, ii. 278. Dibdin, _Typt. Ant._ ii. 310."
1535. Bartholomeus de Proprietatibus Rerum. Londini in Aedibus Thomæ Berthelete. Regii Impressoris.
1582. Batman uppon Barth[=o]lome His Booke De Proprietatibus Rerum. Newly corrected, enlarged and amended: with such Additions as are requisite unto every seuerall Booke: Taken foorth of the most approved Authors, the like heretofore not translated in English. Profitable for all Estates as well for the benefite of the Mind as the Bodie. London. Imprinted by Thomas East, dwelling by Paules Wharfe.
(For foreign editions, French, Dutch and Spanish translations, see Bibliography of Foreign Printed Herbals, p. 225.)
_Banckes's Herbal._
1525. ¶ Here begynnyth a new mater / the whiche sheweth and | treateth of y{e} vertues & proprytes of her- | bes / the whiche is called | an Herball | ['.'] | ¶ Cum gratia & priuilegio | a rege indulto |
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprynted by me Rycharde Banckes / dwellynge in | L[=o]d[=o] / a lytel fro y{e} Stockes in ye Pultry / y{e} xxv day of | Marche. The yere of our Lorde, M.CCCCC. & XXV. Black-letter 4to.
1526. Second edition of above. Only known copy is in the Cambridge University Library. Title and colophon identical except for slight differences in spelling.
¶ Here begynneth a newe marer / y{e} whiche sheweth and | treateth of the vertues & propertes of her- | bes / the whiche is callyd | an Herball | [.'.] | ¶ Cum priuilegio. |
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprynted by me Rycharde Banckes / dwellynge in | L[=o]d[=o] / a lytell fro y{e} Stockes in y{e} Pultry / ye xxv daye of June. The yere of our Lorde, M.CCCCC. & XXVI. Black-letter 4to.
1530. (approximate date assigned in the catalogue of the British Museum). A boke of | the propertyes | of herbes the | whiche is | called an | Herbal | [~cross pattée~] |
_Colophon._ Imprynted at | London in Fletestrete at | the sygne of the George by | me Robert Red- | man [.'.] | [~cross pattée~] | Black-letter 8vo.
1532-1537 (approximate date assigned by Mr. H. M. Barlow). "'A boke of the propertyes of herbes the which is called an Herbal.' Contains k{4}. 'At the end, Imprynted at London by me John Skot dwellynge in Fauster Lane.' This over his device which is his cypher on a shield, hung on a rose-tree, flowering above the shield, supported by two griffins: at the bottom is a dog nearly couchant; I. S., the initials of his name, one on each side of the trunk of the tree. In the collection of Mr. Alchorne. Twelves."
The above is quoted from Herbert's edition of Ames, 1785. No copy of the work can now be found in any of the chief British libraries. Mr. Gordon Duff in his list of books printed by John Skot mentions "The Book of Herbes. 12mo. undated."
The following editions printed by Robert Wyer are all undated. The dates assigned in the British Museum Catalogue are 1530, 1535, 1540.
¶ If A newe Her- | ball of Macer, | Translated | out of La- | ten in to | Englysshe.
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprynted by | me Robert wyer, | dwellynge in saint Martyns pa | ryshe, at the sygne of saynt | Joh[=n] Euangelyst | besyde Charyn | ge Crosse. | [~cross pattée~] | Secretary type, 8vo.
¶ Hereafter folo | weth the know- | ledge, proper | ties, and the | vertues of | Herbes.
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprynted by | me Robert Wyer, | dwellynge in saynt Martyns pa- | rysshe, at the sygne of saynt | Joh[=n] Euangelyst, | besyde Charyn | ge Crosse. | [~cross pattée~] | Secretary type 8vo.
Macers | Herbal | Practy- | syd by | Doctor | Lynacro | Translated out of laten, | into Englysshe, which | shewynge theyr Ope- | raycions & Vertues, | set in the margent | of this Boke, to | the extent you | myght knowe | theyr Ver- | tues.
_Colophon._ Imprynted by | me Robert wyer | dwellynge in seynt Martyns Pa- | rysshe at the sygne of seynt | Ioh[=n] Euangelyst, besyde Charyn- | ge Crosse. Black-letter 8vo.
The only known copies of the two following editions are in the Bodleian Library.
1541. A boke of | the propertyes | of herbes the whiche | is called an Har | bal, MD. | XLI. |
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprynted at London | in Paules Churchyearde, | at the Sygne of the may- | dens head by Tho- | mas Petyt. | M.D.X.(I.) Black-letter 8vo.
1546. A boke of | the propertyes | of herbes the | whiche is | called an | Herbal.
_Colophon._ Imprinted | at London in Fletstrete | at the sygne of the George | nexte to seynt Dunstones churche | by me Wyllyam Myddylton | in the yere of our Lorde | M.CCCCC.XLVI. | The thyrde day | of July | Black-letter 8vo.
1548 (date assigned in the catalogue of the library of the Manchester Medical Society. Only known copy.) ¶ A boke of | the propertes | of herbes the | which is cal | led an her | bal. | [~cross pattée~] |
_Colophon._ Imprynted at | London by | Johan Waley, | dwellynge in | Foster Lane. | Black-letter 8vo.
1550 (date assigned in the British Museum Catalogue). A boke of the | properties of Herbes called an her- | ball, whereunto is added the tyme y{e} | herbes, floures and Sedes shoulde | be gathered to be kept the whole ye- | re, with the vertue of y{e} Herbes wh[=e] | they are stylled. Also a generall rule | of al manner of Herbes drawen out | of an auncient boke | of Physycke by | W. C. |
_Colophon._ Imprinted at London by Wyllyam | Copland. | Black-letter 8vo.
1552 (date assigned in the British Museum Catalogue). A boke of the | propreties of Herbes called an her | ball, whereunto is added the time y{e} | herbes, floures and Sedes shold | be gathered to be kept the whole | yere | wyth the vertue of y{e} Her- | bes when they are stilled. Al- | so a generall rule of all ma- | ner of Herbes drawen | out of an auncyent | booke of Phisyck | by W. C. |
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprynted at London in the | Flete strete at the sygne of | the Rose Garland by | me Wyllyam Copland. | for John Wyght |. Black-letter 8vo.
The two following editions published by Anthony Kitson and Richard Kele may be ascribed to Copland's press. No copies exist in the chief British libraries. The titles are quoted from Ames.
"A booke of the properties of Herbes, called an Herball. Whereunto is added the tyme that Herbes, Floures and Seedes should bee gathered to bee kept the whole yeare, wyth the vertue of the Herbes when they are stylled. Also a generall rule of all maner of Herbs, drawen out of an auncient booke of Physicke by W. C. _Walter Carey._ Contains besides X{4} in eights. For him."
1550 (date assigned by Mr. Gordon Duff, but in Ames 1552). "The book of the properties of herbes, called an herball, etc., drawn out of an ancient book of phisyck by W. C."
1550. A lytel | herball of the | properties of her- | bes newely amended & corrected, | with certayne addicions at the ende | of the boke, declaryng what herbes | hath influence of certaine Sterres | and constellations, wherby may be | chosen the beast & most luckye | tymes and dayes of their mini- | stracion, accordynge to the | Moone being in the sig- | nes of heauen, the | which is dayly | appoynted | in the Almanacke, made & gathered | in the yere of our Lorde god | M.D.L. the xii day of Fe- | bruary by Anthonye | Askham Phi- | sycyon.
_Colophon._ Imprinted at | London in Flete- | strete at the signe of the George | nexte to Saynte Dunstones | Churche by Wylly- | am Powell. In the yeare of oure Lorde | M.D.L. the twelfe day of Marche. Black-letter 8vo.
1550 A litle Her- | ball of the properties of Herbes, | newly amended & corrected, wyth | certayne Additions at the ende of | the boke, declaring what Herbes | hath influence of certain Sterres | and constellations, whereby maye | be chosen the best & most lucky | tymes & dayes of their mini- | stracion, according to the Moone | beyng in the signes of heau[=e] | the which is daily appo[=i] | ted in the Almanacke, | made and gathe- | red in the yeare | of our Lorde | God. | M.D.L. the xii daye of Febru | ary by Anthony Askh[=a] | Physycyon |
_Colophon._ Imprynted at London, in | Paule's churchyarde, at the signe of the Swanne, by | Ihon Kynge. | Black-letter 8{vo}.
1555-1561 (approximate date assigned by Mr. H. M. Barlow). ¶ A boke of the | propreties of Herbes called an her | ball, whereunto is added the time y{e} | herbes, floures and Sedes shold | be gathered to be kept the whole | yere, with the vertue of y{e} Her | bes when they are stilled. Al- | so a general rule of al ma- | ner of Herbes drawen out of an auncient | boke of Phisyck | by W. C. |
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprinted at London by | Iohn kynge, for | Abraham Wely |. Black-letter 8{vo}.
_The Grete Herball._
1516. The Grete Herball. Imprented at London in Southwark by me Peter Treveris. MD XVI. the xx day of June.
(Mentioned by Ames. No copy of this edition in any of the chief British libraries and no other record of it.)
1525(?). The Grete herball, which is translated out ye Frensshe into Englysshe. With the Mark of Peter Treveris. Undated.
(Mentioned by Hazlitt, who ascribes the date 1525-6. There is no other record of this edition.)
1527. The grete herball. MDXXVII. 18 April.
(Mentioned by Ames as having been printed by Treveris for Laurence Andrew. No copy of this edition in any of the chief British libraries and no other record of it.)
1526. The grete herball | whiche geueth parfyt knowlege and under- | standyng of all maner of herbes & there gracyous vertues whiche god hath | ordeyned for our prosperous welfare and helth, for they hele & cure all maner | of dyseases and sekenesses that fall or mysfortune to all maner of creatoures | of god created, practysed by many expert and wyse maysters, as Auicenna and | other &c. Also it geueth full parfyte understandynge of the booke lately pryn | ted by me (Peter treueris) named the noble experiens of the vertuous hand | warke of Surgery.
_Colophon._ ¶ Imprentyd at London in South- | warke by me peter Treueris, dwel- | lynge in the sygne of the wodows. | In the yere of our Lorde god. M.D. | XXVI. the xxvii day of July. Black-letter folio.
1529. Second edition of the above also printed by Treveris. Wording of the title is the same.
_Colophon_ differs from the first edition in that it does not contain the printer's address.
¶ Imprynted at London in South | warke by me Peter Treueris. In | the yere of our Lorde god. M.D.XXIX. | the xvii day of Marce. Black-letter folio.
1539. The great herball | newly corrected. | The contents of this boke. | A table after the Latyn names of all | herbes, | A table after the Englyshe names of all | herbes. | The propertees and qualytes of all | thynges in this booke, | The descrypcyon of urynes, how a man | shall haue trewe knowledge of all seke- | nesses. | An exposycyon of the wordes obscure and | not well knowen. | A table, quyckly to fynde Remedyes | for all dyseases. | God saue the Kynge. | Londine in Edibus Thome Gybson. | Anno | M.D.XXXIX. Black-letter folio.
This edition contains no cuts.
1550. Edition of "The Grete Herball" mentioned in Ames and Pulteney. No copy of this edition in any of the chief British libraries.
1561. The greate Herball, which | geueth parfyte knowledge & un- | derstandinge of al maner of her | bes, and theyr gracious vertues, whiche God hath ordeyned for | our prosperous welfare and health, for they heale and cure all ma- | ner of diseases and sekenesses, that fall or mysfortune too all | maner of creatures of God created, practysed by many | experte and wyse maysters, as Auicenna, Pandecta, | and more other, &c. ¶ Newlye corrected and dili | gently ouersene. | In the yeare of our Lord | God. M.CCCCC.LXI.
_Colophon._ Imprynted at London in | Paules churcheyarde, at the signe of the Swane, | by Jhon Kynge. In the yeare of our | Lorde God. M.D.LXI. Black-letter folio.
_"The vertuose boke Of Distyllacyon of the waters of all maner of Herbes."_
1527. [The vertuose boke of Distyllacyon of the waters of all maner of Herbes / with the figures of the styllatoryes / Fyrst made and compyled by the thyrte yeres study and labour of the most conynge and famous mayster of phisyke / Master Jherom bruynswyke And now newly Translate out of Duyche into Englysshe. Not only to the synguler helpe and profyte of the Surgyens / Physycyens / and Pothecaryes / But also of all maner of people / Parfytely and in dewe tyme and ordre to lerne to dystyll all maner of Herbes / To the Profyte / cure / and Remedy of all maner dysseases and Infirmytees Apparant and not apparant. ¶ And ye shall understand that the waters be better than the Herbes / as Auicenna testefyeth in his fourthe Conon saynge that all maner medicynes ysed with theyr substance / febleth and maketh aged / and weke.
¶ Cum gratia et preuilegio regali.
_Colophon._ Imprinted at London in the flete strete by me Laurens Andrewe / in the sygne of the golden Crosse. In the yere of our lorde M.CCCC.XXVII (_sic_) the xvii daye of Apryll.
Goddis grace shall euer endure.
Second edition. Title identical with above.
_Colophon._ Imprynted at London in the flete strete by me Laurens Andrewe / in the Sygne of the golden Crosse. In the yere of our Lorde MCCCCCXXVII, the xviii daye of Apryll.
¶ Goddys grace shall euer endure.]
(This edition, although professedly printed one day later, varies considerably from the preceding.)
_William Turner._
1538. [Libellus de | re herbaria novus | in quo herbarum aliquot no- | mina greca, latina & Anglica | habes, vna cum nomini- | bus officinarum, in | gratiam stu- | diose | iuuentutis nunc pri- | mum in lucem | æditus. Londini apud Ioannem Bydellum | Anno d[=n]i. 1538.]
1877. [Libellus de re herbaria novus by William Turner, originally published in 1538. Reprinted in facsimile, with notes, modern names, and A Life of the author, by Benjamin Daydon Jackson, F.L.S. Privately printed. London, 1877.]
1544. Historia de Naturis Herbarum Scholiis et Notis Vallata. Printed at Cologne.
(This book is mentioned by Bumaldus, but is not otherwise known.)
1548. The na | mes of herbes in | Greke, Latin, Englishe, | Duche, and Frenche wyth | the commune names | that Herbaries | and Apoteca | ries use, | Gathered by Wil- | liam Tur | ner.
_Colophon._ Imprinted | at London by John Day | and Wyllyam Setes, dwel- | lynge in Sepulchres Parish | at the signe of the Resur- | rection a litle aboue Hol- | bourne Conduite. | Cum gratia & priuilegio | ad imprimendum solum.
1881. The names of Herbes by William Turner, A.D. 1548. Edited (with an introduction, an index of English names, and an identification of the plants enumerated by Turner) by James Britten, F.L.S. London. Published for the English Dialect Society, by N. Trübner & Co.
1551. A new Her- | ball, wherein are conteyned the names of Herbes in Greke, La- | tin, Englysh, Duch, Frenche, and | in the Potecaries and Herbari- | es Latin, with the properties | degrees and naturall places of | the same, gathered & made | by Wylliam Turner, | Phisicion unto the | Duke of So- | mersettes | Grace. | Imprinted | at London by Steven | Mierdman. | Anno 1551. | Cum Priuilegio ad imprimendum solum. | And they are to be sold in Paules Churchyarde.
_Colophon._ Imprinted at London, By Steuen Myerdman, and they are to be soolde in Paules | churchyarde at the sygne of the sprede Egle by | John Gybken.
1562. The seconde parte of Vui- | liam Turners herball, wherein are conteyned the | names of herbes in Greke, Latin, Duche, Frenche, and in the | Apothecaries Latin, and somtyme in Italiane, wyth the ver- | tues of the same herbes | with diuerse confutationes of no small errours, that men of no small learning haue committed in the intreatinge of herbes | of late yeares |
Imprinted at Collen by Arnold Birckman | In the yeare of our Lorde M.D. LXII. | Cum gratia et Priuilegio Reg. Maiest.
1568. The first and seconde partes of the Herbal of William Turner Doctor in Phisick lately ouersene corrected and enlarged with the Thirde parte / lately gathered / and nowe set oute with the names of the herbes / in Greke Latin / English / Duche / Frenche / and in the Apothecaries and Herbaries Latin / with the properties / degrees / and naturall places of the same.
God saue the Quene.
Imprinted at Collen by Arnold Birckman / In the yeare of our Lorde M.D. LXVIII.
_Albertus Magnus._
1560 (?). [The boke | of secretes of Albartus Mag | nus, of the vertues of | Herbes, stones and certaine beastes. | Also a boke of the same au | thor, of the marvaylous thin | ges of the world: and of | certaine effectes, cau | sed of certayne | beastes.]
_Williyam Bullein._
1562. ¶ BVLLEINS | Bulwarke of def[=e]ce | againste all Sicknes, Sornes, and woundes, that dooe | daily assaulte mankinde, whiche Bulwarke is | kepte with Hillarius the Gardiner, Health the | Phisician, with their Chyrurgian, to helpe the | wounded soldiors. Gathered and pra- | ctised fr[=o] the moste worthie learn- | ned, bothe old and newe: to | the greate comforte of | mankinde: Doen | by Williyam | Bulleyn, | and ended this Marche, | Anno Salutis. 1562 | ¶ Imprinted at London, by Jhon Kyngston.
1579. BVLLEINS | Bulwarke of Defence against | all Sicknesse, Soarenesse | and VVoundes that | doe dayly assaulte mankinde: Which Bulwarke is | kept with Hilarius the Gardener, and Health | the Phisicion, with the Chirurgian, to helpe the | Wounded Souldiours. Gathered and practised from | the most worthy learned, both olde and new: | to the great comfort of Mankinde: by | VVilliam Bullein, Doctor of Phi- | sicke. 1562. Imprinted | At London by Thomas Marshe, dwellinge | in Fleete streete neare unto Saincte | Dunstanes Chur (_sic_)| 1579. | Eccle. 38. Altissimus creauit de terra medicinam, & vir prudens non abhorrebit illam.
_John Maplet._
1567. A greene Forest, or a naturall Historie, Wherein may bee seene first the most sufferaigne Vertues in all the whole kinde of Stones & Mettals: next of Plants, as of Herbes, Trees, & Shrubs, Lastly of Brute Beastes, Foules, Fishes, creeping wormes & Serpents, and that Alphabetically: so that a Table shall not neede. Compiled by John Maplet M. of Arte, and student in Cambridge: extending hereby y{t} God might especially be glorified: and the people furdered. Anno 1567. Imprinted at London by Henry Denham, dwelling in Pater-noster Rovve at the Starre. Anno Domini. 1567. June 3. Cum Priuilegio.
(The dedicatory epistle is to the Earl of Sussex, "Justice of the Forrestes & Chases from Trent Southward; and Captaine of the Gentlemen Pensioners, of the house of the Queene our Soueraigne Ladie, Eliz.").
_Pierre Pena and Matthias de l'Obel._
1571. Stirpium Adversaria Nova, | perfacilis vestigatio, luculentaque accessio ad Priscorum, presertim | Dioscoridis et recentiorum, Materiam Medicam. | Quibus propediem accedat altera pars. | Qua | Coniectaneorum de plantis appendix, | De succis medicatis et Metallicis sectio, | Antiquæ e[t] nouatæ Medicine lectiorum remedior[=u] | thesaurus opulentissimus, | De Succedaneis libellus, continentur. | Authoribus Petro Pena & Mathia de Lobel, Medicis. |
_Colophon._ Londini, 1571 | Calendis Januariis excudebat prelum Tho- | mæ Purf[oe]tii ad Lucretie symbolum. | Cum gratia Priuilegii. |
1605. Petrus Pena & Matthias de L'Obel. Dilvcidæ simplicivm medicamenorvm explicationes, & stirpivm adversaria, perfacilis vestigatio, luculentaque accessio ad priscorum, præsertim Dioscoridis & recentiorum materiæ medicæ solidam cognitionem. Londini 1605.
1654. Matthiæ de l'Obel M.D. Botanographi Regii eximii Stirpium Illustrationes. Plurimas elaborantes inauditas plantas, subreptitiis Joh: Parkinsoni rapsodiis ex codice MS insalutato sparsim gravatæ Ejusdem adjecta sunt ad calcem Theatri Botanici Accurante Guil: How, Anglo. Londini Typis Tho: Warren, Impensis Jos: Kirton, Bibliopolæ, in Cæmeterio D. Pauli. 1654.
_John Frampton._
1577. Ioyfull | Nevves ovt of | the newe founde worlde, wherein is | declared the rare and singular vertues of diuerse | and sundrie Hearbes, Trees, Oyles, Plantes, and Stones, with | their applications, as well for Phisicke as Chirurgerie, the saied be- | yng well applied bryngeth suche present remedie for | all deseases, as maie seme altogether incredible: | notwithstandyng by practise founde out, | to bee true: Also the portrature of the saied Hearbes, very apt- | ly discribed: Engli- | shed by Jhon | Framp- | ton | Marchaunt |
¶ Imprinted at London in | Poules Churche-yarde, by | Willyam Norton. | Anno Domini. | 1577 |.
1580. Second edition.
1577. The Three | Bookes written in the | Spanishe tonge, by the famous | Phisition D. Monardes, resid[=e]t in the | Citie of Seuill in Spaine and | translated into Englishe by | Jhon Frampton | Marchant |
¶ Imprinted at London in | Poules Churche-yarde, by | Willyam Norton. | 1577 |.
(A duplicate of the preceding with a different title-page.)
1596. Ioyfull newes | out of the new-found | worlde | Wherein are declared the rare and | singuler vertues of diuers Herbs, Trees, | Plantes, Oyles & Stones, with their ap- | plications, as well to the vse of phisicts, as of | chirurgery, which being well applyed bring | a present remedie for al diseases, et may | seeme altogether incredible: Notwith- | standing by practice found out | to be true. | Also the portrature of the said Hearbs | very aptlie described: | by John Frampton, Marchant | Newly corrected as by conference with | the olde copies may appeare. Wher- | vnto are added three other bookes | treating of the Bezaar-stone, the herb | Escuerconera, the properties of Iron | and Steele in medicine and the be- | nefit of snow. Printed by E. Allde by the assigne of | Bonham Norton | 1596.
(For the Spanish original and Latin, Italian, French, Flemish and German translations see Bibliography of Foreign Herbals.)
_Henry Lyte._
1578. A Niewe Herball | or Historie of Plantes: | wherein is contayned | the whole discourse and perfect description of all sortes of Herbes | and Plantes: their diuers & sundry kindes: | their straunge Figures, Fashions, and Shapes: | their Names, Natures, Operations, and Ver- | tues: and that not onely of those whiche are | here growyng in this our Countrie of | Englande, but of all others also of forrayne Realmes, commonly | used in Physicke. | First set foorth in the Doutche or Almaigne | tongue, by that learned D. Rembert Do- | doens Physition to the Emperour: | And nowe first translated out of French into English, by Hen- | ry Lyte Esquyer. | At London | by me Gerard Dewes, dwelling in | Paules Churchyarde at the signe | of the Swanne. | 1578.
_Colophon._ Imprinted at Antwerpe, by me | Henry Loë Bookeprinter, and are to be | solde at London in Powels Churchyarde, | by Gerard Dewes.
1586. A New Herball or Historie of Plants: Wherein is contained the whole discourse and perfect description of all sorts of Herbes and Plants: their diuers and sundrie kindes: their Names, Natures, Operations & Vertues: and that not onely of those which are heere growing in this our Countrie of England, but of all others also of forraine Realms commonly used in Physicke. First set foorth in the Dutch or Almaigne toong by that learned D. Rembert Dodoens Physition to the Emperor: And now first translated out of French into English by Henrie Lyte Esquier. Imprinted at London by Ninian Newton. 1586.
1595. Title identical with above, except for the addition of "Corrected and Amended. Imprinted at London by Edm: Bollifant, 1595."
1619. A New Herbal or Historie of Plants: Wherein is contained the whole discourse and perfect description of all sorts of Herbes and Plants: their diuers and sundry kindes their Names, Natures, Operations and Vertues: and that not onely of those which are here growing in this our Country of England but of all others also of forraine Realmes commonly used in Physicke. First set forth in the Dutch or Almaigne tongue by the learned D. Rembert Dodoens Physicion to the Emperor; and now first translated out of French into English by Henry Lyte Esquire. Corrected and Amended. Imprinted at London by Edward Griffin. 1619.
_William Ram._
1606. Rams little Dodoen. A briefe Epitome of the New Herbal, or History of Plants. Wherein is contayned the disposition and true declaration of the Phisike helpes of all sortes of herbes and Plants, under their names and operations, not onely of those which are here in this our Countrey of England growing but of all others also of other Realmes, Countreyes and Nations used in Phisike: Collected out of the most exquisite newe Herball, or History of Plants first set forth in the Dutch or Almayne tongue by the learned and worthy man of famous memory, D. Rembert Dodeon, (_sic_) Phisicion to the Emperour; And lately translated into English by Henry Lyte, Esquire; And now collected and abbridged by William Ram, Gent. Pandit Oliua suos Ramos.
Imprinted at London by Simon Stafford, dwelling in the Cloth Fayre, at the signe of the three Crownes. 1606.
_William Langham._
1579. The Garden of Health: containing the sundry rare and hidden vertues and properties of all kindes of Simples and Plants. Together with the manner how they are to bee used and applyed in medicine for the health of mans body, against diuers diseases and infirmities most common amongst men. Gathered by the long experience and industry of William Langham, Practitioner in Physicke. London. Printed by Thomas Harper with permission of the Company of Stationers.
1633. Second edition. Identical title with the addition "The Second edition corrected and amended."
_Thomas Newton._
1587. An | Herbal For | the Bible. | Containing A Plaine | and familiar exposition | of such Similitudes, Parables, and | Metaphors, both in the olde Testament and | the Newe, as are borrowed and taken from | Herbs, Plants, Trees, Fruits, and Simples, | by obseruation of their Vertues, qualities, natures, proper- | ties, operations, | and effects: | And | by the Holie Pro- | phets, Sacred Writers, | Christ himselfe, and his blessed Apostles | usually alledged, and unto their heauenly | Oracles, for the better beautifieng | and plainer opening of | the same, profitably | inserted | Drawen into English by Thomas | Newton. | Imprinted at London by Ed- | mind Bollifant | 1587 |
(The dedicatory epistle is to the Earl of Essex.)
_John Gerard._
1596. [Catalogus arborum fruticum ac plantarum tam indigenarum quam exoticarum, in horto Ioannis Gerardi civis et Chirurgi Londinensis nascentium-Londini. Ex officina Roberti Robinson 1596.]
1599. Second edition. Londini. Ex officina Arnoldi Hatfield, impensis Ioannis Norton. (The only known copy of the first edition is in the Sloane collection in the British Museum.)
1876. Modern reprint with notes, etc., by B. D. Jackson.
1597. The | Herball | or Generall | Historie of | Plantes. | Gathered by John Gerarde | of London Master in | Chirurgerie. | Imprinted at London by | John Norton. | 1597.
_Colophon._ Imprinted at London by Edm Bollifant, | for Bonham & John | Norton M.D.XCVII.
1633. The | Herball | or Generall | Historie of | Plantes. | Gathered by John Gerarde | of London Master in | Chirurgerie | Very much Enlarged and Amended by | Thomas Johnson | Citizen and Apothecarye | of London.
1636. Second edition of the above.
_John Parkinson._
1629. [Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris. A Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flowers Which Our English Ayre will Permitt to be noursed up: with A Kitchen garden of all manner of herbes, rootes, & fruites, for meate or sause used with us, and An Orchard of all sorte of fruit bearing Trees and shrubbes fit for our Land together With the right orderinge planting & preseruing of them and their uses & vertues. Collected by John Parkinson Apothecary of London 1629.
_Colophon._ London. Printed by Humfrey Lownes and Robert Young at the signe of the Starre on Bread-Street hill. 1629.
1656. Second edition. Title, etc., identical with above.
1904. Facsimile reprint. Paradisi in Sole. Paradisus Terrestris by John Parkinson. Faithfully reprinted from the edition of 1629. Methuen & Co.]
1640. Theatrum Bo | tanicum: | The Theater of Plants | or a Herball of | a | large extent: | containing therein a more ample and | exact History and declaration of the Physicall Herbs | and Plants that are in other Authors, encreased by the accesse of | many hundreds of newe, | rare and strange Plants from all parts of | the world, with sundry Gummes and other Physicall Materi | als than hath been hitherto published by any before, and | a most large demonstration of their Names and Vertues. | Shewing withall the many errors and differences & | oversights of Sundry Authors that have formerly written of | them, and a certaine confidence, or most probable con | jecture of the true and Genuine Herbes | and Plants. | Distributed into Sundry Classes or Tribes for the | more easie knowledge of the many Herbes of one nature | and property with the chief notes of Dr. Lobel, Dr. Bonham | and others inserted therein. | Collected by the many yeares travaile, industry and experience in this subject, by John Parkinson Apothecary of London, and the King's Herbalist. And Published by the King's Majestyes especiall priviledge. London. Printed by Tho. Cotes. 1640.
_Leonard Sowerby._
1651. [The Ladies Dispensatory, containing the Natures, Vertues, and Qualities of all Herbs, and Simples usefull in Physick. Reduced into a Methodicall Order, for their more ready use in any sicknesse or other accident of the Body. The like never published in English. With An Alphabeticall Table of all the Vertues of each Herb, and Simple. London. Printed for R. Ibbitson, to be sold by George Calvert at the Halfe-Moon in Watling Street. 1651.]
_Robert Pemell._
1652. [Tractatus, De facultatibus Simplicium, A Treatise of the Nature and Qualities of such Simples as are most frequently used in Medicines. Methodically handled for the benefit of those that understand not the Latine Tongue. By Robert Pemell, Practitioner of Physick, at Cranebrooke in Kent. London, Printed by M. Simmons, for Philemon Stephens, at the guilded Lyon in St. Pauls Church-yard. 1652.
1653. Second Part of the above "Treatise." London, Printed by J. Legatt, for Philemon Stephens, at the guilded Lion in Paul's Church-yard. 1653.]
_Nicholas Culpeper._
1652. The English Physician Or an Astrologo-physical Discourse of the Vulgar Herbs of this Nation Being a Compleat Method of Physick whereby a man may preserve his Body in health; or cure himself, being sick, for three pence charge, with such things one-ly as grow in England, they being most fit for English Bodies.
Herein is also shewed,
1. The way of making Plaisters, Oyntments, Oyls, Pultisses, Syrups, Decoctions, Julips, or Waters of all Sorts of Physical Herbs, that you may have them ready for your use at all times of the year.
2. What Planet governeth Every Herb or Tree used in Physick that groweth in England.
3. The Time of gathering all Herbs, but vulgarly and astrologically.
4. The way of drying and Keeping the Herbs all the year.
5. The way of Keeping the Juyces ready for use at all times.
6. The way of making and keeping all Kinde of usefull Compounds made of Herbs.
7. The way of mixing Medicines according to Cause and Mixture of the Disease, and Part of the Body afflicted.
By N. Culpeper, Student in Physick and Astrology.
London, Printed for the benefit of the Common-wealth of England. 1652.
(This is the edition repudiated by the author in subsequent editions as incorrect and unauthorised.)
Subsequent editions 1653, 1661, 1693, 1695, 1714, 1725, 1733, 1784, 1792, 1814, 1820.
1818. (_Welsh translation._) Herbal, Neu Lysieu-Lyfr. Y Rhan Gyntaf, Yn Cynnwys Go o Gynghorion Teuluaidd Hawdd iw cael; Wedi ei casglu allan o Waith. N. Culpeper. Ag amrywiol eraill, a'r rhan fwyaf o honynt wedi eu profi yn rhinwellol ac effeilhiol i symud yr amrywrol ddoluriau ac y mae ein Cyrph llygredig yn ddarostyngedig iddynt: Ac y maent yn hollawl ilw defnyddw o Ddail a Llysiau ein bwlad ein hunain. Cewch hefyd gyfar wyddyd i ollwng Gwaed, ac y gymeryd Purge. Yr ail argraphiad. Gan D. T. Jones. Caernarfon, Argraphwyd Gan L. E. Jones. 1818.
1862. Second edition of the above.
_William Coles._
1656. The Art of Simpling. An Introduction to the Knowledge and Gathering of Plants. Wherein the Definitions, Divisions, Places, Descriptions, Differences, Names, Vertues, Times of flourishing and gathering, Uses, Temperatures, Signatures and Appropriations of Plants, are methodically laid down. Whereunto is added A Discovery of the Lesser World. By W. Coles. London. Printed by J. G. for Nath: Brook at the Angell in Cornhill. 1656.
1657. Adam in Eden, or Nature's Paradise. The History of Plants, Fruits, Herbs and Flowers. With their several Names, whether Greek, Latin, or English; the places where they grow; their Descriptions and Kinds; their times of flourishing and decreasing; as also their several Signatures, Anatomical Appropriations, and particular Physical Vertues; together with necessary Observations on the Seasons of Planting, and gathering of our English Simples, with Directions how to preserve them in their Compositions or otherwise. A Work of such a Refined and Useful Method that the Arts of Physick and Chirurgerie are so clearly Laid Open, that Apothecaries, Chirurgions, and all other ingenuous Practitioners, may from our own Fields and Gardens, best agreeing with our English Bodies, on emergent and Sudden occasions, compleatly furnish themselves with cheap, easie, and wholesome Cures for any part of the body that is ill-affected. For the Herbalists greater benefit, there is annexed a Latin and English Table of the several names of Simples; with another more particular Table of the Diseases, and their Cures, treated of in this so necessary a Work. By William Coles, Herbalist. Printed by J. Streater for Nathaniel Brooke.
_Robert Lovell._
1659. +PAMBOTANOLOGIA.+ Sive Enchiridion Botanicum. Or a compleat Herball, Containing the Summe of what hath hitherto been published either by Ancient or Moderne Authors both Galenicall and Chymicall, touching Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Fruits, Flowers, etc. In an Alphabeticall order: wherein all that are not in the Physick Garden in Oxford are noted with asterisks. Shewing their Place, Time, Names, Kindes, Temperature, Vertues, Use, Dose, Danger and Antidotes. Together with an Introduction to Herbarisme, etc. Appendix of Exoticks. Universall Index of plants: shewing what grow wild in England. By Robert Lovell. Oxford. Printed by William Hall for Ric Davis. An. 1659.
1665. Second edition. +PAMBOTANOLOGIA.+ Sive Enchiridion Botanicum. Or a compleat Herball, Containing the Summe of Ancient and Moderne Authors, both Galenical and Chymical, touching Trees, Shrubs, Plants, Fruits, Flowers, etc. In an Alphabetical order: wherein all that are not in the Physick Garden in Oxford are noted with Asterisks. Shewing their Place, Time, Names, Kinds, Temperature, Vertues, Use, Dose, Danger and Antidotes. Together with An Introduction to Herbarisme, etc. Appendix of Exoticks. Universal Index of Plants: shewing what grow wild in England. The second Edition with many Additions mentioned at the end of the Preface. By Robert Lovell.
Oxford. Printed by W. H. for Ric. Davis. 1665.
_John Josselyn._
1672. [New England's Rarities Discovered in Birds, Beasts, Fishes, Serpents, and Plants of that country. Together with the Physical and Chyrurgical Remedies wherewith the Natives constantly use to Cure their Distempers, Wounds and Sores. Also A perfect Description of an Indian Squa in all her Bravery; with a Poem not improperly Conferr'd upon her. Lastly A Chronological Table of the most remarkable Passages in that Country amongst the English. Illustrated with Cuts. By John Josselyn Gent.
London Printed for G. Widdowes at the Green Dragon in St. Pauls Church-yard, 1672.]
_W. Hughes._
1672. The American Physitian; Or a Treatise of the Roots, Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Fruit, Herbs, etc., growing in the English Plantations in America. Describing the Place, Time, Names, Kindes, Temperature, Vertues and Uses of them, either for Diet, Physick, etc. Whereunto is added A Discourse of the Cacao-Nut-Tree, and the use of its Fruit, with all the ways of making Chocolate. The like never extant before. By W. Hughes.
London, Printed by J. C. for William Crook, at the Green Dragon without Temple-Bar. 1672.
_John Archer._
1673. A Compendious Herbal, discovering the Physical Vertue of all Herbs in this Kingdom, and what Planet rules each Herb, and how to gather them in their Planetary Hours. Written by John Archer, One of His Majesties Physicians in Ordinary. London, Printed for the Author, and are to be sold at his House at the Sign of the Golden Ball in Winchester Street, near Broad Street. 1673.
_Robert Morison._
1680. [Plantarum Historiæ Universalis Oxoniensis. Pars Secunda seu Herbarum Distributio Nova, per Tabulas Cognationis & Affinitatis Ex Libro Naturæ Observata & Detecta. Auctore Roberto Morison. Medico & Professore Botanico Regio, nec non Inclytæ & Celeberrimæ Universitatis Oxoniensis P. B. ejusdemque Hort. Botan. Præfecto primo. Oxonii, E Theatro Sheldoniano Anno Domini M.D.C.LXXX.
1699. Pars tertia. Partem hanc tertiam, post Auctoris mortem, hortatu Academiæ explevit & absolvit Jacobus Bobartius forte præfectus.]
(The first part was never published.)
_John Ray._
1686. [Historia Plantarum Species hactenus editas aliasque insuper multas noviter inventas & descriptas complectens. In qua agitur primo De Plantis in genere, Earumque Partibus, Accidentibus & Differentiis; Deinde Genera omnia tum summa tum Subalterna ad Species usque infimas, Notis suis certis & Characteristicis Definita, Methodo Naturæ vestigiis insistente disponuntur; Species Singulæ accurate describuntur, obscura illustrantur, omissa supplentur, superflua resecantur, Synonyma necessaria Adjiciuntur; Vires denique & Usus recepti compendiò traduntur. Auctore Joanne Raio, E Societate Regiâ & S.S. Individuæ Trinitatis Collegii apud Cantabrigienses Quondam Socio.
Londini Mariæ Clark: Prostant apud Henricum Faithorne Regiæ Societatis Typographum ad Insigne Rosæ in Cæmeterio. D Pauli.
CI[C] I[C] CLXXXVL]
_Leonard Plukenet._
1690. [Leonardi Plukenetij Phytographia. Sive Stirpium Illustriorum & minus cognitarum Icones, Tabulis Æneis, Summa diligentia elaboratæ, Quarum unaquæg Titulis descriptorijs ex Notis Suis proprijs, & Characteristicis desumptis, insignita; ab alijs ejusdem Sortis facile discriminatur. Pars prior Meminisse juvabit. Londini MDCXC, Sumptibus Autoris.]
_William Westmacott._
1694. +THEOLOBOTANOLOGIA.+ Sive Historia Vegetabilium Sacra: or, a Scripture Herbal; wherein all the Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, Plants, Flowers, Fruits, &c., Both Foreign and Native, that are mentioned in the Holy Bible, (being near Eighty in Number) are in an Alphabetical Order, Rationally Discoursed of, Shewing, Their Names, Kinds, Descriptions, Places, Manner of Propagation, Countries, various Uses, Qualities and Natural Principles, &c. Together with their Medicinal Preparations, Virtues and Dose, Galenically and Chymically handled and Performed according to the newest Doctrines of Philosophy, Herbarism and Physick. The whole being Adorned with variety of Matter, and Observations, not only Medicinall, but Relating to the Alimental and Mechanical Uses of the Plants. Fit for Divines, and all Persons of any other Profession and Calling whatsoever, that use to read the Holy Scriptures, wherein they find not only Physick for the Soul, but also with the help of this Herbal, (may the better understand the Bible, which also yields them) safe Medicines for the Cure of their Corporal Diseases. The like never extant before. By William Westmacott of the Borough of Newcastle under Line, in the County of Stafford, Physican. Adoro Scripturæ Plenitudinem. Tertul. London, Printed for T. Salusbury, at the King's-Arms next St. Dunstan's Church in Fleet-street. 1694.
_John Pechey._
1694. The Compleat Herbal of Physical Plants. Containing All such English and Foreign Herbs, Shrubs and Trees, as are used in Physick and Surgery. And to the Virtues of those that are now in use, is added one Receipt, or more, of some Learned Physician. The Doses or Quantities of such as are prescribed by the London Physicians, and others, are proportioned. Also Directions for Making Compound-Waters, Syrups Simple and Compound, Electuaries, Pills, Powders, and other Sorts of Medicines. Moreover, The Gums, Balsams, Oyls, Juices, and the like, which are sold by Apothecaries and Druggists, are added to this Herbal; and their Virtues and Uses are fully described. By John Pechey, Of the College of Physicians, in London. Printed for Henry Bonwicke, at the Red Lyon in St. Paul's Church-yard. 1694.
_William Salmon._
1710. Botanologia. The English Herbal: or History of Plants. Containing I. Their Names, Greek, Latine and English. II. Their Species, or various Kinds. III. Their Descriptions. IV. Their Places of Growth. V. Their Times of Flowering and Seeding. VI. Their Qualities or Properties. VII. Their Specifications. VIII. Their Preparations, Galenick and Chymick. IX. Their Virtues and Uses. X. A Complete Florilegium, of all the choice Flowers cultivated by our Florists, interspersed through the whole Work, in their proper Places; where you have their Culture, Choice, Increase, and Way of Management, as well for Profit as for Delectation. Adorned with Exquisite Icons or Figures, of the most considerable Species, representing to the Life, the true Forms of those Several Plants. The whole in an Alphabetical Order. By William Salmon, M.D. London: Printed by I. Dawks, for H. Rhodes, at the Star, the Corner of Bride-Lane, in Fleet-Street; and J. Taylor, at the Ship in Pater-noster-Row. M.DCC.X.
(The dedicatory epistle is to Queen Anne.)
_James Petiver._
1715. [Hortus Peruvianus Medicinalis: or, the South-Sea herbal. Containing the names, figures, vse, &c., of divers medicinal plants, lately discovered by Pere L. Feuillee, one of the King of France's herbalists. To which are added, the figures, &c., of divers American gum-trees, dying woods, drugs, as the Jesuits bark-tree and others, much desired and very necessary to be known by all such as now traffick to the South-Seas or reside in those parts.]
(Undated.) Botanicum Londinense, or London Herbal. Giving the Names, Descriptions and Virtues &c. of such Plants about London as have been observed in the several Monthly Herborizings made for the Use of the young Apothecaries and others, Students in the Science of Botany or Knowledge of Plants.
(Undated.) Botanicum Anglicum, or The English Herball: Wherein is contained a curious Collection of Real Plants being the true Patterns of such Trees, Shrubs and Herbs as are observed to grow Wild in England. By which any one may most easily attain to the Speedy and True Knowledge of them. With an Account (affixed to each Plant) of their Names, Places where Growing, and Times of Flourishing: As also what Parts and Preparations, of Each Physical Plant, are most in Use. And for the farther Instruction and Satisfaction of such, who are Lovers of Plants, The Composer of this Collection chose to make his chiefest References to the General History, Catalogue and Synopsis of that Learned Author, and most Judicious Botanist, Mr. John Ray: As also to our Two most Esteemed English Herballs, Johnson upon Gerard and Parkinson; and for your more speedy finding each Plant, he hath quoted the Page, wherein you may observe its Name, Figure or Description.
Sold by Samuel Smith at the Princes-Arms in St. Paul's Church-yard, London.
[Undated. The Virtues of several Sovereign Plants found wild in Maryland with Remarks on them.]
_Tournefort's Herbal._
1716. The Compleat Herbal: or, the Botanical Institutions of Mr. Tournefort, Chief Botanist to the late French King. Carefully translated from the original Latin. With large Additions, from Ray, Gerard, Parkinson, and others, the most celebrated Moderns; Containing what is further observable upon the same Subject, together with a full and exact Account of the Physical Virtues and Uses of the several Plants; and a more compleat Dictionary of the Technical Words of this Art, than ever hitherto published: Illustrated with about five hundred Copper Plates, containing above four thousand different Figures, all curiously engraven. A Work highly Instructive, and of general Use.
In the Savoy: Printed by John Nutt, and Sold by J. Morphew near Stationers-Hall, and most Booksellers in Great-Britain and Ireland. 1716.
_Joseph Miller._
1722. Botanicum Officinale; or a Compendious Herbal: giving an account of all such Plants as are now used in the Practice of Physick. With their Descriptions and Virtues. By Joseph Miller. London: Printed for E. Bell in Cornhill, J. Senex in Fleet-Street, W. Taylor in Pater-noster-Row, and J. Osborn in Lombard-Street. M.DCC.XXII.
(The book is dedicated to Sir Hans Sloane.)
_Patrick Blair._
1723. Pharmaco-Botanologia: or, An Alphabetical and Classical Dissertation on all the British Indigenous and Garden Plants of the New London Dispensatory. In which Their Genera, Species, Characteristick and Distinctive Notes are Methodically described; the Botanical Terms of Art explained; their Virtues, Uses, and Shop-Preparations declared. With many curious and useful Remarks from proper Observation. By Patrick Blair, M.D., of Boston in Lincolnshire and Fellow of the Royal Society. London: Printed for G. Strahan at the Golden Ball over-against the Royal Exchange in Cornhill; W. and J. Innys at the West End of St. Paul's Church-yard; and W. Mears at the Lamb, without Temple Bar. MDCCXXIII.
_Elizabeth Blackwell._
1737. A Curious Herbal, Containing Five Hundred Cuts, of the most useful Plants, which are now used in the Practice of Physick. Engraved on folio Copper Plates, after Drawings, taken from the Life. By Elizabeth Blackwell. To which is added a short Description of y{e} Plants; and their common Uses in Physick. London. Printed for Samuel Harding in St. Martin's Lane. MDCCXXXVII.
1757. Herbarium Blackwellianvm Emendatvm et Anetivm id est Elisabethæ Blackwell Collectio Stirpium Qvæ in Pharmacopoliis ad Medicvm vsvm asservantvr Qvarvm Descriptio et Vires ex Anglico idiomate in Latinvm conversæsistvntvr figuræ maximam partem ad naturale Exemplar emendantvr floris frvctvsqve partivm repræsentatione avgentvr et Probatis Botanicorvm nominibvs cum præfatione Tit. Pl. D.D. Christoph. Iacobi Trew. Excvdit figvras pinxit atqve in æs incidit Nicolavs-Fridericvs Eisenbergervs sereniss. Dvcis Saxo-Hildbvrg. Pictor avlicvs Norimbergæ Degens. Norim bergæ Typis Christiani de Lavnoy Anno MDCCLVII.
_Thomas Short._
1747. Medicina Britannica: or a Treatise on such Physical Plants, as are Generally to be found in the Fields or Gardens in Great-Britain: Containing A particular Account of their Nature, Virtues, and Uses. Together with The Observations of the most learned Physicians, as well ancient as modern, communicated to the late ingenious Mr. Ray, and the learned Dr. Sim. Pauli. Adapted more especially to the Occasions of those, whose Condition or Situation of Life deprives them, in a great Measure, of the Helps of the Learned. By Tho. Short of Sheffield, M.D. London. Printed for R. Manby & H. Shute Cox, opposite the Old Baily on Ludgate-Hill. MDCCXLVII.
1748. [A complete History of Drugs. Written in French By Monsieur Pomet, Chief Druggist to the late French King Lewis XIV. To which is added what is farther observable on the same Subject, from Mess Lemery and Tournefort, Divided into Three Classes, Vegetable, Animal, and Mineral; With their Use in Physic, Chemistry, Pharmacy, and several other Arts. Illustrated with above Four Hundred Copper-Cuts, curiously done from the Life; and an Explanation of their different Names, Places of Growth, and Countries where they are produced; with the Methods of distinguishing the Genuine and Perfect, from the Adulterated, Sophisticated and Decayed; together with their Virtues, &c. A Work of very great Use and Curiosity. Done into English from the Originals. London. Printed for J. and J. Bonwicke, S. Birt, W. Parker, C. Hitch, and E. Wicksteed. MDCCXLVIII.]
(The above is dedicated to Sir Hans Sloane.)
_James Newton._
1752. A compleat Herbal of the late James Newton, M.D., Containing the Prints and the English Names of several thousand Trees, Plants, Shrubs, Flowers, Exotics, etc. All curiously engraved on Copper-Plates. London: Printed by E. Cave at S. John's Gate; and sold by Mr. Watson, an Apothecary, over-against St. Martin's Church, in the Strand; Mr. Parker, at Oxford; Mr. Sandby, at the Ship, in Fleet-street. M,DCC,LII.
_"Sir" John Hill._
1755. The Family Herbal, or an account of all those English Plants, which are remarkable for their virtues, and of the Drugs which are produced by Vegetables of other Countries; with their descriptions and their uses, as proved by experience. Also directions for the gathering and preserving roots, herbs, flowers, and seeds; the various methods of preserving these simples for present use; receipts for making distilled waters, conserves, syrups, electuaries, Juleps, draughts, &c., &c., with necessary cautions in giving them. Intended for the use of families. By Sir John Hill, M.D., F.R.A. of Sciences at Bourdeaux.
Subsequent editions, 1812, 1820.
1756. The British Herbal; An History of Plants and Trees, Natives of Britain, cultivated for use, or raised for beauty. By John Hill, M.D. London. Printed for T. Osborne and J. Shipton, in Grays-Inn; J. Hodges, near London-Bridge; J. Newbery in S. Paul's Church-Yard; B. Collins; And S. Crowder and H. Woodgate, in Pater-noster-Row. MDCCLVI.
1769. Herbarium Britannicum Exhibens Plantas Britanniæ Indigenas secundum Methodum floralem novam digestas. Cum Historia, Descriptione, Characteribus Specificis, Viribus, et Usis. Auctore Johanne Hill, Medicinæ Doctore, Academiæ Imperialis Naturæ Curiosorum Dioscoride quarto, &c. Londini: Sumptibus auctoris. Prostant apud Baldwin, Ridley, Nourse, Becket, Davies, Cambell, Elmsly Bibliopolis. MDCCLXIX.
_Timothy Sheldrake._
1759 (_circ._). Botanicum Medicinale; An Herbal of Medicinal Plants on the College of Physicians List. Describing their Places of Growth, Roots, Bark, Leaves, Buds, Time of Flowering, Blossoms, Flowers, Stiles, Chives, Embrio's, Fruits, Farina, Colours, Seeds, Kernels, Seed-Vessels, Parts used in Medicine, Preparations in the Shops, Medicinal Virtues, Names in Nine Languages. Most beautifully engraved on 120 Large Folio Copper-Plates, From the Exquisite Drawings of the late Ingenious T. Sheldrake. English Plants are drawn from Nature to the greatest Accuracy, Flowers, or Parts, too small to be distinguished, are magnified. Nothing in any Language exceeds this Thirty Years laborious Work, of which may truly be said that Nature only equals it, every Thing of the Kind, hitherto attempted, being trivial, compared to this inimitable Performance. Designed to promote Botanical Knowledge, prevent Mistakes in the Use of Simples in compounding and preparing Medicines, to illustrate, and render such Herbals as want the Just Representations in their proper Figures and Colour more useful. Necessary to such as practise Physic, Pharmacy, Chemistry, &c., entertaining to the Curious, the Divine and Philosopher, in contemplating these wonderful Productions,--useful to Painters, Heralds, Carvers, Designers, Gardeners, etc. The Colours of every part are minutely described; for Utility it must be esteemed to any Hortus Siccus extant. The Means to preserve Fruits, or to dry Flowers, in their Native Form and Colour are not yet discovered; Plants cannot be preserved to Perfection. The Flowers, when coloured, are represented in their original Bloom, and Fruits in the inviting Charms of Maturity. To which is now added His Tables for finding the Heat and Cold in all Climates, that Exotic Plants may be raised in Summer, and preserved in Winter. London. Printed for J. Millan, opposite the Admiralty, Whitehall.
_John Edwards._
1770. The British Herbal containing one hundred Plates of the most beautiful and scarce Flowers and useful Medicinal Plants which blow in the open Air of Great Britain, accurately coloured from Nature, with their Botanical Characters, and A short account of their Cultivation, etc., etc. By John Edwards. London: Printed for the Author; and sold by J. Edmonson, Painter to Her Majesty in Warwick Street, Golden Square; and J. Walter at Homer's Head, Charing-Cross. MDCCLXX.
1775. A select Collection of One Hundred Plates; consisting of the most beautiful exotic and British Flowers which blow in our English Gardens, accurately drawn and Coloured from Nature, with their Botanic Characters, and a short account of their Cultivation, Their uses in Medicine, with Their Latin and English Names. By John Edwards. London: Printed for S. Hooper, No. 25 Ludgate-Hill. M.DCC.LXXV.
_William Meyrick._
1789. The New Family Herbal; or Domestic Physician: Enumerating with accurate Descriptions, All the known Vegetables which are any way remarkable for medical efficacy; with an account of their Virtues in the Several Diseases incident to the Human Frame. Illustrated with figures of the most remarkable plants, accurately delineated and engraved. By William Meyrick, Surgeon. Birmingham, Printed by Pearson and Rollason, and Sold by R. Baldwin, Pater-noster Row London. MDCCLXXXIX.
1790. Second edition--Title, etc., identical with above.
_Henry Barham._
1794. Hortus Americanus: Containing an account of the Trees, Shrubs, and other Vegetable Productions, of South-America and the West India Islands, and particularly of the Island of Jamaica; Interspersed with many curious and useful Observations, respecting their Uses in Medicine, Diet, and Mechanics. By the late Dr. Henry Barham. To which are added a Linnæan Index, etc., etc., etc. Kingston, Jamaica: printed and published by Alexander Arkman, Printer to the King's most Excellent Majesty, and to the Honourable House of Assembly. MDCCXCIV.
_Robert John Thornton._
1810. A Family Herbal: a Familiar Account of the Medical Properties of British and Foreign Plants, also their uses in dying, and the various Arts, arranged according to the Linnæan System, and illustrated by two hundred and fifty-eight engravings from plants drawn from Nature by Henderson, and engraved by Bewick of Newcastle. By Robert John Thornton, M.D., Member of the University of Cambridge, and of the Royal London College of Physicians; Lecturer on Botany at Guy's Hospital; Author of a Grammar of Botany, the Philosophy of Medicine, etc. London: Printed for B. & R. Crosby and Co., Stationer's Court, Ludgate Street.
1814. Second edition.
_Jonathan Stokes._
1812. A Botanical Materia Medica, Consisting of the Generic and Specific Characters of the Plants used in Medicine and Diet, with Synonyms, And references to Medical authors, By Jonathan Stokes, M.D. In Four volumes. London, Printed for J. Johnson and Co. St. Paul's Churchyard. 1812.
_Thomas Green._
1816. The Universal Herbal; or, Botanical, Medical, and Agricultural Dictionary. Containing an account of All the known plants in the World, arranged according to the Linnean System. Specifying the uses to which they are or may be applied, whether as Food, as Medicine, or in the Arts and Manufactures. With the best methods of Propagation, and the most recent agricultural improvements. Collected from indisputable Authorities. Adapted to the use of the Farmer--the Gardener--the Husbandman--the Botanist--the Florist--and Country Housekeepers in General. By Thomas Green. Liverpool. Printed at the Caxton Press by Henry Fisher, Printer in Ordinary to His Majesty. Sold at 87, Bartholomew Close, London.
1824. Second edition.
_John Lindley._
1838. Flora Medica; A Botanical Account of all the more important plants used in Medicine, in different parts of the world. By John Lindley, Ph.D., F.R.S., Professor of Botany in University College, London; Vice-Secretary of the Horticultural Society, etc. etc. etc. London: Printed for Longman, Orme, Brown, Green, and Longmans, Paternoster-Row. 1838.
* * * * *
The majority of sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century gardening books devote considerable space to herbs. See especially:--
1563. Thomas Hill. The proffitable Arte of Gardening.
1594. Sir Hugh Platt. The Garden of Eden.
1617. Gervase Markham. The Country Housewife's Garden.
1618. William Lawson. A new Orchard and Garden with the Country Housewife's Garden.
III
FOREIGN HERBALS
(Printed books)
This list includes only the chief works, and those which have some connection with the history of the herbal in England. With the exception of the _Arbolayre_, copies of all the incunabula herbals mentioned below are to be found in the British Museum. Copies in American libraries are noted in the list.
_Bartholomæus Anglicus._
1470. Bartholomæus Anglicus. Liber de proprietatibus rerum. Printed at Basle with the type used by both Richel and Wensler.
1470(?) Liber de proprietatibus rerum Bartholomei Anglici. Printed at Cologne by Ulrich Zell.
Subsequent editions, 1480, 1481, 1482, 1483, 1485, 1488, 1491, 1492, 1519, 1601.
(_French translation._)
(A translation was made by Fr. Jehan Corbichon in 1372 for Charles V. of France.)
1482. Cy commence vng tres excellent liure nomme le proprietaire des choses par Fr. Jehan Corbichon. Printed at Lyons.
Subsequent editions printed at Lyons, 1485, 1491, 1498 (?), 1525, 1530 (?), 1539, 1556.
1485. (_Dutch translation._) Printed at Haarlem by Jacop Bellaert.
1494. (_Spanish translation._) El libro de propietatibus (_sic_) rerum trasladado de latin en romance por Vincente de burgos.
1529. Another edition printed at Toledo.
_Das p[ou]ch der natur._
1475. Konrad von Megenburg. Das p[ou]ch der natur. Printed at Augsburg by Hanns Bämler.
(There are a large number of MSS. of the above extant, eighteen of them being in the Vienna library. Eighty-nine herbs and their virtues are described. The woodcuts in this book are exceptionally fine. (There is only one of plants.) In some copies the woodcuts are coloured by a contemporary artist, possibly Bämler himself, for he was well known as an illuminator before he began printing. Though not strictly a herbal, the above is included in this list, as this and _Liber de Proprietatibus Rerum_ are the earliest printed books containing a section on herbs.)
1478. Another edition.
1499. Another edition. Printed at Augsburg by Hanns Schönsperger. Cuts are copies of those in the first edition, with the addition of two others from the Strassburg Hortus Sanitatis of _circa_ 1490.
_Albertus Magnus._
1478. Albertus Magnus. Liber aggregationis seu liber secretorum. Alberti Magni de virtutibus herbarum animalium et mirabilis mundi. (_Colophon_) per Johannem de Annunciata de Augusta.
1500. Edition printed at Rouen by Thomas Laisne.
(This book claims Albertus Magnus as its author, but is wholly unworthy of that great scholar.)
_Herbarium Apuleii Platonici._
1480 (_circ._). Incipit Herbarium Apuleii Platonici ad Marcum Agrippam. Printed at Rome by Philippus de Lignamine, courtier and physician to Sixtus IV. First impression dedicated to Cardinal de Gonzaga. Second impression to Cardinal de Ruvere. The copy in the British Museum has the Ruvere dedication.
America: Library of Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears, Boston.
_The Latin Herbarius._
1484. Herbarius Maguntie impressus. Anno [et] CLXXXIV. Printed at Mainz by Peter Schöffer.
(This is the book sometimes spoken of as Aggregator, but this word was never used as the actual title in any edition. The work is a Compilation from mediæval writers and consists of homely herbal remedies. The figures of plants are pleasing and decorative. The copy in the British Museum is not perfect, but there is a perfect copy in the Kew Library.)
America: Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
1485. Herbarius Pataviæ impressus Anno domi [et] cetera LXXXV. Printed at Passau by Conrad Stahel.
(This edition is sometimes known as Aggregator Patavinus.)
America: John Crerar Library, Chicago.
1486. Another edition printed at Passau.
Undated editions. There are several in the British Museum. It is believed that one of them belonged to Sir Thomas More.
America: J. P. Morgan Library, New York.
1484. (_Flemish translation._) Flemish translation printed by John Veldener Kiulenborg.
1500. Edition evidently a reprint of above printed by W. Osterman at Antwerp.
America: Hawkins Collection, Annmary Brown Memorial, Providence.
(_Italian editions._)
1491. Edition printed at Vicenza by Leonard of Basel and William of Pavia.
America: Boston Medical Library, Boston.
1499. Edition printed at Venice by Simon of Pavia.
America: Surgeon-General's Library, Washington.
1502. Edition printed at Venice by Christ. de Pensa.
1509. Edition printed at Venice by W. Rubeum et Bernardinum Fratres Vercellenses.
1534. (_Italian translation._) Herbolario Volgare nel quale le virtu de la herbe, etc., con alcune belle aggionte noua m[=e]t[=e] de latino in Volgare tradulto. Printed at Venice.
Subsequent editions, 1536, 1539, 1540.
(In the Italian editions and translations the book is erroneously attributed to Arnold de Nova Villa, whose name is mentioned on the title-page with that of Avicenna. This error is pointed out in the British Museum Catalogue.)
1485 (_circ._) (_French edition._) Printed at Paris by Jean Bonhomme.
_Herbarius zu teutsch._
1485. Herbarius zu Teutsch. Printed at Mainz by Peter Schöffer.
America: Surgeon-General's Library, Washington, and library of Mrs. Montgomery Sears, Boston.
The illustrations in this herbal are evidently drawn from nature, and are generally held to be only surpassed by those in the herbals of Brunfels and Fuchs. The preface is singularly beautiful. Though the preface enjoins the name "Ortus Sanitatis, in German, a Garden of Health," the title in this and subsequent editions is Herbarius zu teutsch.
1485 (a few months later than the above). Pirated edition printed at Augsburg, probably by Schönsperger. It is interesting to note that in this edition a pine cone, the badge of Augsburg, appears on the title-page. Figures of plants are very inferior to those in the first edition.
1486. Edition printed at Augsburg by Schönsperger.
Subsequent editions, 1487 (?), 1488, 1493, 1496, 1499, 1502. There are several undated editions.
America: Copy of edition printed in 1493 in Library of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia.
_Arbolayre._
1485 (_circ._) Arbolayre conten[=a]t la qualitey et virtus proprietey des herbes gômes et sim[=e]ces extraite de plusiers tratiers de medicine co[=m]ent davicene de rasis de constatin de ysaac et plateaire selon le co[=n]u usaige bien correct.
(Supposed to have been printed by M. Husz at Lyons. It is believed that there are now only two copies of this book extant. One is in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris. The other was sold in London, March 23, 1898.)
_Le Grand Herbier._
Before 1526. Le Grand Herbier en Francoys, contenant les qualites vertus et proprietes des herbes, arbres gommes. Printed at Paris by Pierre Sergent.
_Ortus Sanitatis._
1491. Ortus Sanitatis. Printed at Mainz by Jacob Meydenbach.
(This is often regarded as a Latin translation of the Herbarius zu teutsch, but it is much larger and owes very little to that work. The woodcuts are copied from the Herbarius zu teutsch, but they are inferior.)
America: Surgeon-General's Library, Washington; John Crerar Library, Chicago; Arnold Arboretum, Boston; Mrs. J. Montgomery Sears Library, Boston; and J. P. Morgan Library, New York.
1511. Edition printed at Venice.
There are several undated editions.
America: Library of Congress, Washington; Arnold Arboretum, Boston; Surgeon-General's Library, Washington; Dr. G. F. Kunz's Library, New York.
1500 (_circ._) (_French translation._) Ortus Sanitatis translaté de Latin en francois. Printed at Paris by A. Vérard.
(The copy in the British Museum belonged to Henry VII.)
1539 (?) Edition printed at Paris by Philippe le Noir with the title "Le Jardin de Sante translate de latin en francoys nouvellement Imprime a Paris. On les vend a Paris en la rue sainct Jacques a lenseigne de la Rose blanche couronnee. (_Colophon_) Imprime a Paris par Philippe le noir."
_Aemilius Macer._
1491 (?). Macer floridus De viribus herbarum. Printed at Paris.
1500 (?). Another edition. (Paris?)
1506. Herbarum varias [qui] vis cognoscere vires Macer adest: disce quo duca doct'eris. (_Colophon_) Impressus Parisius per magistrum Johannem Ieune. Pro Magistro Petro Bacquelier. 1506.
1588. (_French translation._) Les fleurs du livre des vertus des herbes, composé jadis en vers Latins par Macer Floride. Le tout mis en François par M. Lucas Tremblay, Parisien ... Rouen.
_Jerome of Brunswick._
1500. Liber de arte distillandi de Simplicibus. Johannes Grüeninger, Strassburg. 1500.
(_English translation._) See Bibliography of English Herbals.
_Johann Czerny._
1517. Kineha lekarska kteraz slowe herbarz. Hieronymous Höltzel. Nürnberg. 1517.
_Otto von Brunfels._
1530. Herbarum vivæ eicones ad nature imitationem, su[=m]a cum diligentia et artificis effigiate.... Argentorati apud Ioannem Schottum.
Subsequent editions, 1530, 1531, 1532, 1536, 1537.
(The illustrations in this herbal are much superior to the text, which is based chiefly on the writings of the Italian herbalists. Brunfels was a Carthusian monk who turned Protestant. Jacob Theodor (Tabernæmontanus) was a pupil of Brunfels.)
_Eucharius Rhodion._
1533. Kreutterb[ou]ch von allem Erdtgewachs Anfenglich von Doctor Johan Cuba zusamen bracht Jetzt widerum new Corrigert.... Mit warer Abconterfeitung aller Kreuter.... Zu Franckfurt am Meyn, Bei Christian Egenolph. 1533.
(The above was not an original work, but merely a revised and improved edition of the German Herbarius. The illustrations are copies of those in Brunfels's herbal.)
_Iean Ruel._
1536. De Nature stirpium libri tres, Ioanne Ruellio authore.... Parisiis Ex officina Simonis Colinæi. 1536.
(Jean Ruel was a physician and a professor in the University of Paris.)
_Leonhard Fuchs._
1542. De historia stirpium effectis & expressis Leonharto Fuchsio.... Basileæ, in officina Isingriniana. Anno Christi 1542.
Subsequent editions, 1546, 1547, 1549, 1551, 1555.
1543. (_German translation._) New Kreüterb[ou]ch.... Bedruckt zu Basell durch Michael Isingrin.
1557. (_Spanish translation._) Historia de yeruas y plantas de Leonardo Fuchsio.... En Anvers por los herederos de Arnald Byrcman.
_Conrad Gesner._
1542. Catalogus plantarum.... Authore Conrado Gesnero.... Tiguri apud Christoph Froschouerum.
(Gesner's most important work--a general history of plants--was never published, for he died of plague before it was finished. The illustrations he had collected were published by Christopher Jacob Trew 150 years later.)
_Hieronymus Bock._
1546. Kreuter B[ou]ch. Darin Underscheid Würckung und Namen der Kreuter so in Deutschen Landen Wachsen. Wendel Ribel. Strasburg.
Subsequent editions, 1539, 1560, 1572, 1577, 1595, 1630.
(The first edition (1539) has no illustrations. The illustrations in the second edition (1546) are generally supposed to have been copied from Fuchs's Herbal (1542), but many of them are original. Bock's Herbal is remarkable for the accurate descriptions of the plants.)
_Rembert Dodoens._
1554. Kruydeboeck.... Rembert Dodoens Medecijn van der stadt van Mechelen. Ghedruckt Tantwerpen by Jan vander Loe.
Subsequent editions, 1563, 1603, 1608, 1618.
1557. (_French translation._) Histoire des plantes.... Nouvellement traduite de bas Aleman en François par Charles de l'Escluse. En Anvers De l'Imprimerie de Jean Loë.
1578. (_English translation._) See Henry Lyte in Bibliography of English Herbals.
1566. Frumentorum, leguminum, palustrium et aquatilium herbarum aceorum quæ eo pertinent, historia.... Antverpiæ Ex officina Christophori Plantini.
Second edition, 1569.
1568. Florum et Coronarium odoratarumque nonnullarum herbarum historia.... Antverpiæ Ex officina Christophori Plantini.
1583. Remberti Dodonæi mechliniensis medici Cæsarei. Stirpium historiæ pemptades sex sive libri xxx.... Antverpiæ Ex officina Christophori Plantini.
Second edition, 1616.
_Pierandrea Mattioli._
1563. Neuw Kreüterbuch ... von dem Hochgelerten und weitberümbten Herrn Doctor Petro Andrea Matthiolo.... Gedruckt zu Prag durch Georgen Delantrich von Auentin.
Subsequent editions ("gemehret unnd verfertigt Durch Joachimum Camerarium"), 1590, 1600.
_Antoine Mizauld._
1565. Alexikepus, seu auxiliaris hortus.... Lutetiæ Apud Federicum Morellum.
1575. (_German translation._) Artztgartem ... neuwlich verteutschet durch Georgen Benisch von Bartfeld ... zu Basel bey Peter Perna.
_Nicolas Monardes._
1569. Dos libros, el veno que trat a de tod as las cosas que traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales.... Impressos en Sevilla en casa de Hernando Diaz, en la calle de la Sierpe.
1571. Segunda parte del libro de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales. Sevilla en casa Alonso Escriuano, Impressor.
1574. Primeray segunda y tercera partes de la Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales en Medicina.... En Sevilla. En casa de Alonso Escriuano.
Second edition, 1580.
1574. (_Latin translation._) De simplicibus medicamentis ex occidentali India delatis quorum in medicina usus est.... Interprete Carolo Clusio Atrebate. Antverpiæ Ex officina Christophori Plantini. Subsequent editions, 1579, 1582, 1605.
1576. (_Italian translation._) Due Libri Dell' Historia de I Semplici, Aromati, et altre cose, che Vengono portate dall' Indie Orientali, di Don Garzia Dall' Horto ... et due Altri libri parimente di quelle che si portano dall' Indie Occidentali, di Nicolo Monardes, Hora tutti tradotti dalle loro lingue nella nostra Italiana da M. Annibale Briganti.... In Venetia.
Subsequent editions, 1582, 1589, 1605, 1616.
1600. (_Flemish translation._) Beschriivinge van het heerlijcke ende vermaerde Kruydt wassende in de West Indien aldaer ghenaemt Picielt, ende by den Spaenaerden Tabaco, en van desselv[=e] wonderlijcke operatien e[=n] Krachtengemaert by D. Monardes Medecijn dez stede Sivillen e[=n] overgheset Door Nicolaes Iansz vander Woudt. Tot Rotterdam, By Jan van Waesberghe.
(The title-page has a charming illustration of a little Indian boy smoking a long carved pipe, and a figure of the tobacco-plant.)
1619. (_French translation._) Histoire des Drogues.... La seconde composée de deux liures de maistre Nicolas Monard, traictant de ce qui nous est apporté de l'Amerique. Le tout fidellement translaté en François par Antoine Colin, maistre Apoticaire juré de la ville de Lyon.... A Lyon, au despens de Iean Pillehotte, à l'enseigne du nom de Iesus.
(_English translation._) See John Frampton in Bibliography of English Herbals.
1895. (_German translation of the 1579 Edition._) Die Schrift des Monardes über die Arzneimittel Americas nach der lateinischen Übertragung des Clusius aus dem Jahre 1579. Übersetzt und erläubert von Kurt Stünzner, Dr. med. Mit einem Vorwort von Prof. Dr. Erich Harnack in Halle a S.
_Bombast von Hohenheim_ (Paracelsus).
1570. [Ettliche Tractatus des hocherfarnen unnd berumbtesten Philippi Theophrasti Paracelsi.... I. Von Natürlichen dingen. II. Beschreibung etlichen Kreütter. III. Von Metallen. IV. Von Mineralen. V. Von Edlen Gesteinen. Strassburg. Christian Müllers Erben.]
(The "doctrine of signatures" is usually associated with the name of Paracelsus, but the greatest exponent of this theory was Giambattista Porta.)
_Nicolaus Winckler._
1571. Chronica herbarum, florum seminum.... Authore Nicolao Wincklero, Forchemio, Medico Halæ.... Augustæ Vindelicorum in officina Typographica Michaëlis Mangeri.
(The above is an astrological calendar giving the times when herbs should be gathered.)
_Bartholomaus Carrichter._
1575. Kreutterb[ou]ch des edlen v[=n] Hochgelehrten Herzen Doctoris Bartholomei Carrichters von Reckingen.... Gedruckt z[ou] Strassburg an Kornmarck bey Christian Müller.
Subsequent editions, 1577, 1589, 1597, 1615, 1618, 1619, 1625, 1652, 1673, 1739.
(In this Herbal every plant is assigned to one of the signs of the zodiac.)
_Charles de l'Escluse._
1576. Caroli Clusii atrebat. Rariorum aliquot stirpium per Hispanias obseruatarum historia, Libris duobus expressa.... Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini.
1583. Caroli Clusii atrebatis. Rariorum aliquot Stirpium, per Pannoniam, Austriam & vicinas quasdam Prouincias obseruatarum Historia, Quatuor Libris Expressa: ... Antverpiæ, Ex officina Christophori Plantini.
1601. Caroli Clusii Atrebatis.... Rariorum Plantarum Historica.... Antverpiæ Ex officina Plantiniana Apud Joannem Moretum.
(A republication of the two works cited above with some additional matter.)
For De simplicibus medicamentes ex occidentali India, see N. Monardes.
_Mathias de L'Obel._
1576. Plantarum seu stirpium icones. Antverpiæ Ex officina Christophori Plantini.
1581. (_Flemish translation._) Kruydtboeck.... Deur Matthias de L'Obel Medecyn der Princ' exc{en}. T'Antwerpen. By Christoffel Plantyn.
(The Flemish translation is dedicated to William of Orange and the Burgomasters of Antwerp.)
_Leonhardt Thurneisser zum Thurn._
1578. Historia sive descriptio plantarum.... Berlini Excudebat Michael Hentzke.
Second edition, 1587.... Coloniæ Agrippinæ apud Joannem Gymnicum.
1578. (_German translation._) Historia unnd Beschreibung Influentischer Elementischer und Natürlicher Wirckungen, Aller fremden unnd Heimischen Erdgewechssen ... Gedruckt zu Berlin, bey Michael Hentzsken.
(Thurneisser was one of the foremost exponents of astrological botany. He gives astrological diagrams showing when the various herbs should be picked. The illustrations are not particularly good, but they are attractive owing to the quaint ornamental border which surrounds each figure.)
_Andrea Cesalpino._
1583. De plantis libri xvi. Florentiæ Apud Georgium Marescottum.
_Geofroy Linocier._
1584. L'histoire des plantes traduicte de latin en françois: ... à Paris Chez Charles Macé.
(The above is based chiefly on the works of Fuchs and Mattioli.)
_Castor Durante._
1585. Herbario nuovo di Castore Durante, medico et cittadino romano.... In Roma. Per Iacomo Bericchia & Iacomo Tormerij.
Subsequent editions, 1602, 1617, 1636, 1667, 1684.
1609. Hortulis Sanitatis. Das ist ein heylsam[es] vnd nützliches Gährtlin der Gesundheit.... Erstlich von Castore Durante ... in Italianischer Sprach verfertigt. Nunmehr aber in unsere hoch Teutsche Sprach versetzt, Durch Petrum Uffenbachium Getruckt zu Franckfort am Mayn durch Nicolaum Hoffman.
(It is uncertain whether this is a translation of Herbario nuovo. See Meyer, _Gesch._, IV. p. 383.)
_Jacques d'Aléchamps._
1586-1587. Historia generalis plantarum ... Lugduni, apud Gulielmum Rovillium.
_Joachim Camerarius._
1588. Hortus medicus et philosophicus.... Francofurte ad M[oe]num.
_Giambattista Porta._
1588. Phytognomonica.... Neapoli Apud Horatium Saluianum.
_Jacob Theodor_ (Tabernæmontanus).
1588. Neuw Kreuterbuch.... [Nicolaus Bassæus] Franckfurt am Mayn.
1590. Eicones plantarum seu stirpium. Nicolaus Bassæus, Francofurte ad M[oe]num.
1613. Neuw Vollkommentlich Kreuterbuch ... gemehret Durch Casparum Bauhinum.... Franckfurt am Mayn, Durch Nicolaum Hoffman. In verlegung Johannis Bassæi und Johann Dreutels.
Subsequent editions, 1625, 1664, 1687, 1731.
_Fabio Colonna._
1592. +PHYTOBASANOS+ sive plantarum aliquot historia.... Ex officina Horatii Saluiana. Neapoli. Apud Io Jacobum Carlinum & Antonium Pacem.
(This Herbal is the first in which copper-plate etchings were used as illustrations.)
_Adam Zaluziansky von Zaluzian._
1592. Methodi herbariæ, libri tres. Pragæ, in officina Georgii Dacziceni.
_Gaspard Bauhin._
1596. +PHYTOPINAX+ seu enumeratio plantarum ab Herbarijs nostro seculo descriptarum, cum earum differentijs.... Basileæ per Sebastianum Henric petri.
1601. Animadversiones in historiam generalem plantarum Lugduni editam.... Francoforti Excudebat Melchior Hartmann, Impensis Nicolai Bassæi.
1620. +PRODROMOS+ Theatri Botanici.... Francofurti ad M[oe]num, Typis Pauli Jacobi, impensis Ioannis Treudelii.
Second edition, 1671.
1623. +PINAX+ Theatri Botanici.... Basileæ Helvet. Sumptibus et typis Ludovici Regis.
1658. Caspari Bauhini ... Theatri Botanici sive Historiæ Plantarum.... Liber primus editus opera et cura Io Casp Bauhini. Basileæ. Apud Joannem König.
_Claude Duret._
1605. Histoire admirable des plantes et herbes esmeruillables & miraculeuses en nature.... A Paris Chez, Nicolas Buon demeurant au Mont S. Hylaire à l'image S. Claude.
_Jean Bauhin and J. H. Cherlerus._
1619. J. B.... et J. H. C.... historiæ plantarum generalis ... prodromus ... Ebroduni, Ex Typographia Societatis Caldorianæ.
1650-51. Historia plantarum universalis. Auctoribus Johanne Bauhino, Archiatro. Joh. Henrico Cherlero Doctore: Basiliensibus Quam recensuit et auxit Dominicus Chabræus. D. Genevensis Juris vero publici fecit. Fr. Lud. a Graffenried.... Ebroduni.
_Johann Poppe._
1625. Kräuter Buch ... Leipzig, In Verlegung Zachariæ Schürers und Matthiæ Götzen.
_Guy de la Brosse._
1628. De la nature, vertu et utilité des plantes. Divisé en cinq livres.... Par Guy de la Brosse, Conseiler & Medecin ordinaire du Roy. A Paris Ches Rollin Barragnes, au second pillier de la grand' Salle du Pallais.
(This Herbal is dedicated to Cardinal Richelieu. It is the only Herbal with mottoes on the title-page--"Chasque chose a son ciel et ses astres"; "En vain la medicine sans les plantes"; "De l'Esperance la connaisance.")
_Antonio Donati._
1631. Trallato de semplici ... in Venetia ... Appresso Pietro Maria Bertano.
_Petrus Nylandt._
1670. De Nederlandtse Herbarius of Kruydt-Boeck ... t'Amsterdam Voor Marcus Doornick.
(The original drawing for the frontispiece by G.v.d. Eeckhout is in the Print room of the British Museum.)
1678. Neues Medicinalisches Kräuterbuch ... Osnabrück bey Joh. Georg Schwandern.
INDEX
_Adam in Eden_, 167
Aemilius Macer, 42, 43, 228
_Aggregator de Simplicibus_, 8, 226
Agrimony, 43
Albertus Magnus, 45, 46, 63, 110, 209, 226
Aldrovandus, 111
Alfred, King, 3, 6, 7, 36
Alliterative lay in the _Lacnunga_, 18, 19, 35
_American Physitian, The_, 137, 217
Amulets, Herbs used as, 27 _et seq._, 72, 107 _et seq._, 155
Ander, George, 76
Andrew, Laurence, 69, 74, 208
Anemone, 146
Angelica, 108
Anglo-Saxon gardens, 9
---- herbals, 1 _et seq._
---- plant-names, 9
Animals, Herbs used by, 170
Anne of Denmark, 102
Antonius Musa, 29
Apple, 49, 50
Aquinas, Thomas, 45, 46
Arber, Dr., 67
_Arbolayre_, 227
Archer, John, 164, 217
Ariel, 15
Aristotle, 47, 71
_Art of Simpling, The_, 167 _et seq._
Artemisia, 72
Askham, Antony, 59, 61, 62, 206
Asser, 7
Assyrian eye-charm, 28
Asterion, 62
Astrological lore in herbals, 38, 43, 63, 165, 171
_Athenæ Oxonienses_, 76
Attila, 2
Avicenna, 66, 69
Babylonian incantation for toothache, 19
Bacon, Roger, 46, 110
Bald, 6 _et seq._
Baker, George, 102
Balm, 105
_Banckes's Herbal_, 44, 55 _et seq._, 204 _et seq._
Barber-Surgeons' Company, 101, 102
Barham, Henry, 223
Barlow, H. M., 59, 67, 204
Barnacle geese, 109
Bartholomæus Anglicus, 44 _et seq._, 66, 155, 203, 204, 225
"Bartholomæus minid senis," 67
Bartram, John, 77
Basil, 105
Bassæus, Nicolas, 103
Batman, 45
Bauhin, Gaspard, 234
---- Jean, 83, 93, 151, 235
Bay, 87, 155
Bearfoot, 90
Beauty recipes in herbals, 23, 90, 156, 157
Beauvais, Vincent de, 46
Bee-lore, 154, 155
Bede, 3, 7
_Beowulf_, 2
Berkeley, Lord, 46
Betony, 16, 22, 29, 72, 114
Birch, 53, 89
Birckman, Arnold, 82, 209
Blackwell, Elizabeth, 220, 221
Blair, Patrick, 220
Bock, Hieronymus, 83, 230
Boece, Hector, 111
_Boke of secretes of Albartus Magnus, The_, 63, 64
Bologna, 76
Boniface, 1
Borage, 106, 146, 156
Boston, 133
Botanic gardens, 77
Box, 51
Braunschweig, Hieronymus, 69, 74, 228
Bridwell, Stephen, 104
Britons, herb-lore of the ancient, 8
Broom, 50
Brunfels, Otto von, 229
Brunswick, Jherome of. _See_ Braunschweig.
Buckingham, Duke of, 143
Bugloss, 72, 106, 114, 160
Bullein, Williyam, 209, 210
Burleigh, Lord, 101, 102
Bydell, John, 81
Cacao kernels used as tokens, 138
---- plantations, 138
Cædmon, 15
Cæsar, Julius, 88, 91
Cambridge, 75, 76
Camomile, 9, 18, 24, 88
Camus, Professor Giulio, 66
Cary, Walter, 58, 59, 206
Caxton, 47, 154
Celandine, 43, 50, 63
Centaury, 43, 64
Ceremonies in picking and administering herbs, 36 _et seq._
Charles I., 142
Charms, 5, 31 _et seq._
Chervil, 106
Chocolate, 138, 139
Cholmeley, Mary, 174
Christian rites in picking and administering herbs, 3, 16, 17, 27, 34, 36
Cild, 5
_Circa Instans_, 66 _et seq._
Citron, 92, 93
Clayton, Thomas, 153
Cloudberry, 114
Coles, William, 105, 167, 215, 216
Cologne, 77, 78, 83, 91
Colonna, Fabio, 234
Columbus, Christopher, 122
Copland, William, 57 _et seq._, 63, 205, 206
Corbichon, Jehan, 46, 225
Cotton plant, 144 _et seq._
Counting out charms, 32, 33
Country customs recorded in herbals, 89, 90, 157 _et seq._
Cowslip, 90
Cratevas, 10
_Cruÿdtboeck_, 93, 94, 95
Cudweed, 89, 112
Culpeper, Nicholas, 163 _et seq._, 168, 214, 215
_Cynewulf_, 2
Daisy, 89, 113
"danyel bain," 44
_Das p[ou]ch der natur_, 225
Delphinium, 114
Demeter, 5
Demoniac possession, herbs used against, 21
_De historia Stirpium_, 82
_De Proprietatibus Rerum_, 45 _et seq._, 203, 204, 225
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 177, 181 _et seq._
Dionysius, 10
Dioscorides, 8, 11, 47, 69, 85, 88, 94, 96
Dodoens, Rembert, 58, 83, 86, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 104, 211, 212, 230
Druids, Sacred herbs of the, 29, 30, 31
Dun, 7
Earth, prayer to, 40
Easter, 3
Edwards, John, 223
Egbert, Archbishop of York, 37
Elf-shot, doctrine of the, 14
Elizabeth, Queen, 78, 85, 86, 96, 101, 102, 114, 162
Ellacombe, Canon, 118
Eloy, Saint, 37, 38
Elves, 13 _et seq._, 37, 186, 187
_English Physician Enlarged_, 163 _et seq._
Eostra, 3, 37
Erce, 38, 39
Fairfax, Henry, 174, 175
Fairies, 187
Falconer, John, 84
Fennel, 18, 43, 150
Fetter Lane, 98, 101
Flax, 51, 52
Flemish herbals, 82, 83, 93
"Flying venom," 17 _et seq._
Formori, 15
Frampton, John, 121 _et seq._, 211
Fuchs, Leonhard, 82, 83, 86, 93, 95, 229
Fumigating with herbs, 26, 27, 72
Galen, 47, 69, 85
Gardening, joys of, 172, 173
Gariopontus, 12
Garret, James, 104, 105
Gerard, John, 29, 61, 71, 93, 98 _et seq._, 142, 151, 213
Gesner, Conrad, 77, 102, 229
Ghini, Luca, 76
Gibson, Thomas, 69
Gillyflowers, 147
Glastonbury, 5
Goats-beard, 113
Goblins, 16
Gourd, 91, 108
Gray's Inn Lane, 101
Green, Thomas, 224
_Grete Herball, The_, 55, 62, 65 _et seq._, 83, 207, 208
Guthrie, Dr., 177
Hainault, Countess of, 44, 56
Helenium, 16, 22
Helias, Patriarch of Jerusalem, 6
Henrietta Maria, Queen, 143
_Herba britannica_, 88
_Herball, The Grete_, 55, 62, 65 _et seq._, 83, 207, 208
_Herbarium of Apuleius_, 1, 8, 9, 21, 28, 29, 36, 226
_Herbarius, The Latin_, 8, 226, 227
_Herbarius zu Teutsch_, 8, 66 _et seq._, 83, 227
Herb bath, 22
Herbs, bound on with red wool, 28
---- ceremonies in picking and administering, 36 _et seq._
---- charms and incantations used with, 31 _et seq._, 37
---- Christian prayer for a blessing on, 38
---- Christian rites in picking and administering, 3, 16, 17, 27, 34, 36, 43
---- effect of, on the mind, 72, 156
---- fumigating the sick with, 26, 72
---- ---- cattle and swine with, 27
---- hung up over doors, etc., 28
---- introduced into America by the early colonists, 135
---- Old English names of, 9, 112 _et seq._
---- used as amulets, 27 _et seq._, 72, 107 _et seq._, 155
---- used by Red Indians, 125 _et seq._, 138
---- used by animals, 170, 171
---- used in beauty recipes, 23, 90, 156, 157
---- used in magic practices, 63, 64, 152, 171
---- used in sun worship, 38
Hesketh, Thomas, 104, 114
Hill, "Sir" John, 222
Holborn, 101, 103
Holly, 30
Honey, 71
Hound's tongue, 64
Hrede, 3, 37
Humphreys, A. L., 58
Hughes, William, 137, 217
Hyssop, 88, 150
Incantations, 31 _et seq._, 37
Italian herbalists, 93, 230, 233, 234
Jackson, B. D., Dr., 76, 104
James I., 94, 102, 103, 142
Johnson, Thomas, 142, 213
Josselyn, John, 133, 216
"Joy of the Ground," 9, 44
Kele, Richard, 59
Kent, Countess of, 174, 180, 181
Kitson, Anthony, 59
Knotweed, 9
_Kreüter Buch_, 83
Kynge, Jhon, 69
_Lacnunga_, 1, 12, 18, 19, 20, 27, 30, 32, 33, 34
_Lady Sedley, her receipt book, The_, 177, 178
Langham, William, 212
Larch, 91
Latimer, Hugh, 76
Laurel, 51
Lavender, 135, 136, 149, 156
_Leech Book of Bald_, 1, 5 _et seq._, 19, 20, 21, 32, 36
_Le Grant Herbier_, 66 _et seq._, 227
Lelamoure, John, 42, 43
Leleloth, 32
l'Escluse, Charles de, 93, 94, 121, 232
Lete, Nicholas, 104, 145
_Libellus de re herbaria novus_, 81
_Liber de arte distillandi_, 69
Lignamine, J. P. de, 9
Lilumenne, 32
Lily, 10, 43, 48, 86
Lindley, John, 224
l'Obel, Matthias de, 77, 93, 94, 103, 104, 111, 210, 232
Lodestone, 71
London gardens, 115
_L'Opéra Saleritana_ "_Circa Instans_," 66 _et seq._
Louis XIII, 94
Lovell, Robert, 216
Löwenbeck, M., 11
Lynacro, Dr., 57
Lyte, Henry, 58, 83, 93 _et seq._, 211, 212
Lytes Cary, 58, 96
Macer, _see_ Aemilius Macer.
Mallt-y-nos, 15
Mandeville, Sir John, 144
Mandrake, 11, 21, 50, 73, 91, 92, 109, 161
Maplet, John, 210
Marie de' Medici, 182
Marigold, 43, 90, 112, 113, 147
Marjoram, 105, 149
Marshall, William, 104
Mary, Queen, 78, 79
_Mary Doggett: Her Book of Receipts_, 178
Mason, Alexander, 101
"Master Tuggie," 116, 117, 147
Mattioli, Pierandrea, 83, 230
Mayerne, Sir Theodore, 143
Maythen, 9, 18, 24
Meadowsweet, 106, 107
"Mechoacan," 125 _et seq._
Melissus, 85
Melroset, 60
Metrodorus, 10
Meyrick, William, 223
Mierdman, Steven, 82
Miller, Joseph, 220
Mind, effect of herbs on the, 72, 105, 106, 156
Mistletoe, 30
Monardes, Nicolas, 120 _et seq._, 211, 231
Monmouth, Duke of, 178
Moray, Sir Robert, 111
Morison, Robert, 217
Mugwort, 18, 28, 29, 30, 108
Mullein, 114, 156, 162
"Mummy," 70
Munster, Sebastian, 110
Musk, 72
_Names of herbes, The_, 81
Narrative charms, 33 _et seq._
Nature worship, 36 _et seq._
Nettle, 9, 18, 31, 135
_Neue Kreuterbuch_, 82
_New England's Rarities discovered_, 133, 216
Newton, James, 221
Newton, Thomas, 213
Nicot, John, 131
Nidad, 35
_Niewe Herball_, 83
Nightmare, 16
_Noble experyence of the virtuous Handy-worke of Surgery, The_, 74
Northumberland, 88, 89
Norton, John, 103
_Notes and Queries_, 58
Numbers in herbal prescriptions, 35
Old English names of plants, 9, 112 _et seq._
_Ortus Sanitatis_, 66, 67, 228
Oxa, 7
Oxford, 77, 78, 143
---- physic garden, 153
Paracelsus, 231
_Paradisus_, 116, 142 _et seq._, 213
Parkinson, John, 29, 83, 90, 116, 142 _et seq._, 213, 214
Parsley, 90
_Passionarius_, 12
Payne, Dr. J. F., 6
Pechey, John, 218
Pemell, Robert, 214
_Pemptades_, 93, 98, 103, 104
Pena, Pierre, 93, 94, 210
Pennyroyal, 65, 87, 107
Peony, 29, 30, 107
+Peri Didaxeôn+, 1 _et seq._, 11
Periwinkle, 9, 21, 43, 44, 63
Petiver, James, 139 _et seq._, 219
Petrocellus, 11
Petronius, 11
Philippa, Queen, 44, 56
_Physical Directory, The_, 163
"Picielt," 128 _et seq._
Pimpernel, 43
_Pinax_, 151
Plantain, 9, 18, 29, 30, 135
_Plantarum seu Stirpium historia_, 94
Plantin, Christophe, 93, 94, 96
Platearius, Matthaeus, 66, 69
Pliny, 8, 10, 31, 88, 89
Plukenet, Leonard, 218
Pocahontas, Princess, 98
Porta, Giambattista, 233
Potato, 103, 116, 138
_Practica Petrocelli Salernitani_, 11
Priest, Dr., 98, 103
_Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine_, 59
Pulteney, Richard, 94
Purfoot, Thomas, 94
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 105
_Ram's little Dodoen_, 96, 212
Raspberry, 100
Ray, John, 81, 217
Red Indian plant-lore, 120, 125 _et seq._
Red wool, binding on herbs with, 28
Rhine, 77
Ridley, Nicholas, 76
"Rind from Paradise," 24
Robin, Jean, 102, 105
Rolfe, Dorothy, 98
Rose, 43, 48, 49, 60, 64, 117, 156, 180, 184, 185
Rose honey, 49
---- water, 61
Rosemary, 44, 56, 57, 72, 106, 135, 148
Roses, oil of, 61
---- syrup of, 60
Rue, 43, 108
Saffron, 92
Sage, 43, 44, 156
Salerno, 6, 11
Salimbene, 45, 46
Salisbury, Earl of, 102, 103
Salmon, William, 219
Samphire, 88
Sassafras, 132, 133
Scabious, 113, 114, 161
Scandinavian rune-lays, 32
Sceaf, 36
Scents, value of herbal, 61
Schott, Gaspar, 111
"Scythian Lamb," 143 _et seq._
Sedley, Lady, 177, 178
Selago, 30
"Sene," 63
Seville, 124, 131, 133
Shakespeare, 15, 118, 119
Sheldrake, Timothy, 222
Short, Thomas, 221
Signatures, doctrine of, 168 _et seq._, 231
Silverweed, 114
Singer, Dr. Charles, 19, 40
"Smell-feast," 160, 161
Smiths, 34, 35
Solomon, King, 84
Solomon's seal, 107, 157
Somerset, Duke of, 78, 83, 86
_Sorbus aucuparia_, 31
Southernwood, 73, 135, 136, 156
_South-Sea Herbal, The_, 139 _et seq._, 219
Sowerby, Leonard, 214
Spindle-tree, 90
Stars, mystic communion between flowers and, 187, 188
Stephens, Dr., 177
Still-room books, 174 _et seq._
_Stirpium Adversaria Nova_, 94, 103, 104
_Stirpium historiæ pemptades sex sive libri triginta_, 94, 111
Stokes, Jonathan, 224
Sugar, 138
Sun worship, 38
Sweet potato, 116
Swiss herbalists, 82, 83, 234, 235
Tabernæmontanus, 103, 234
Teazle, 75, 89
_Theatrum Botanicum_, 93, 142, 143, 144, 151 _et seq._, 214
Theobalds, 101
Thor, 3, 28
Thornton, Robert, 224
Thyme, 101, 150
Tiecon, 32
Tobacco, 128 _et seq._
---- origin of the name, 131
---- used as a wound herb in Europe, 131
---- used by American Indians in religious ceremonies, 129, 130
Tradescant, John, 143, 148
Treffry, Sir John, 70
Treveris, Peter, 65, 69, 70, 74, 207
Trevisa, John de, 46
Tryon, Thomas, 181
Tulip, 146
Tunstall, Thomasin, 148
Turner, Peter, 80, 81
Turner, William, 75 _et seq._, 208, 209
_Typographical Antiquities_, 58
"Unfortrædde," 9
Vapour bath, 22
"Vegetable Lamb," 143 _et seq._
_Vertuose boke of Distillacyon of the waters of all maner of Herbes, The_, 69, 74, 208
Vervain, 29, 30, 43, 44, 64, 72, 106, 107, 113
Vineyards, 52
Violet, 43, 49, 61, 73, 99, 134, 147, 158
"Virginian potato," 103, 116
Walnut, 92
Water, 71
Water crowfoot, 62
Waybroad, 9, 18, 29, 30
Weeds introduced into America with the early colonists, 135
Wells, 78, 79
Wentworth, Lord, 75, 85
"Wergulu," 9, 18
Westmacott, William, 218
Weyland, 35
_Widsith_, 2
Wild flower life in London in Elizabeth's reign, 114
William the Silent, 94
Witchcraft, herbs and, 109
Woad, 89, 154, 159
Woden, 2, 3, 20, 35, 36, 37
Woods, 52, 53
Wood-sorrel, 62
Worde, Wynken de, 47, 54, 57
Worm, Doctrine of the, 20
Wormwood, 16, 24, 135, 167
Wyer, Robert, 57, 205
Wyrd, 37
Yarrow, 29, 30, 64
Yew, 16, 100, 101
Yule, 37
Zouche, Lord, 94, 104
Transcriber's Note
Archaic spelling is preserved as printed.
Inconsistent hyphenation is preserved as printed.
Minor punctuation and accent usage errors have been repaired.
The following amendments have been made:
Page 56--theee amended to thee--"... and it shale make thee light and merrie."
Page 66--the footnote marker for note 53 was omitted. The transcriber has added it in what appeared to be the appropriate place.
Page 67--B. amended to M.--"... and Mr. H. M. Barlow[2] supports the deduction that ..."
Page 104--Zouch amended to Zouche--"Lord Zouche sent him rare seeds from Crete, Spain and Italy."
Page 178--presumaby amended to presumably--"Lady Sedley, the first owner, and presumably author of the book, ..."
Page 234--+PHYTOBASANOS+ originally had a roman C as the final letter. This has been amended.
The following items were of note:
Page 197--the word 'me' in "Agnus castus ys an herbe that me clapys Tustans or Porke levys" may be a typographic error for m[=e]. As it is quoted material, and the transcriber has been unable to confirm one way or the other, it has been preserved as printed.
Page 226--it appears that the word 'cetera' has been omitted following a Tironian et. This has been preserved as printed--"1484. Herbarius Maguntie impressus. Anno [et] CLXXXIV."
The frontispiece has been moved to follow the title page. Other illustrations have been moved where necessary so that they were not in the middle of a paragraph.
End of Project Gutenberg's The Old English Herbals, by Eleanour Sinclair Rohde