Chapter V.)

=Apple Berry.= See Billardiera.

=Apricot= (_Prunus Armeniaca_). _Rosaceæ._

The apricot thrives upon a variety of stocks. Apricot stocks are used in apricot-growing regions, especially for deep and rich well-drained soils. The pits grow readily if given the same treatment as that detailed for the peach (which see). The stocks are also handled in the same manner as peach-stocks. Apricots upon apricot roots are not largely grown outside of California, in this country. Apricot stocks can be grown from root-cuttings the same as cherries and other stone-fruits.

The apricot does well upon the peach, especially on light soils. In the warmer parts of the country peach is much used.

Plum stocks are commonly used at the north, especially if the trees are to be planted in moist or heavy soils. The common plum is generally used, but some of the native plum stocks are now coming into favor, especially in trying climates. The Russian apricots, which are a hardy race of _Prunus Armeniaca_, are grown in colder climates than the common varieties, and they therefore demand hardy stocks. Any of the native plums make good stocks, but the Marianna is now coming into especial prominence. The myrobolan plum can be used for all apricots, but it is not popular, particularly in severe climates.

The almond, both hard and soft-shelled, is sometimes used for the apricot, but the union is likely to be imperfect and it is not recommended. Almond-rooted trees are best adapted to light soils.

Varieties of apricots are usually budded, in the same way as the peach, although they may be side-grafted at the crown in the nursery row.

=Aquartia.= See Solanum.

=Aquilegia= (Columbine). _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds. They must be sown very thinly, soon after being ripe, in a sandy soil or in pans in a cold-frame. Division of the root is the only way to perpetuate any particular variety with certainty.

=Arabis= (Wall Cress, Rock Cress). _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds sown in the border or in pans, in spring. By divisions of the root, and by cuttings placed in a shady border during summer.

=Arachis= (Pea-Nut, Ground-Nut). _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in heat; and, when the plants have grown to a sufficient size, they should be potted off singly. See under Pea-Nut.

=Arachnimorpha.= See Rondeletia.

=Aralia.= _Araliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; also by stem cuttings, in heat.

=Araucaria,= Eutacta. _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds sown in pans or boxes, with but gentle heat. By cuttings from the leading shoots, placed firmly in a pot of sand; they first require a cool place, but afterwards may be subjected to a slight warmth. When rooted, pot off into fibrous loam, mixed with leaf soil and sand.

=Arbor-vitæ.= See Thuya.

=Arbutus= (Strawberry Tree). _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in sand during early spring, and by grafting, budding, or inarching upon _A. Unedo._

=Arctotheca=. _Compositæ._

Propagated by divisions of the plant, or by cuttings in spring.

=Arctotis.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which may be made at any time; they should be pricked in pots of very sandy soil, and placed in very gentle warmth. They must be kept uncovered and moderately dry, or they will rot.

=Ardisia.= _Myrsineæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

=Areca= (Cabbage Palm). _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in a compost of loam, peat, and leaf soil, in equal parts, with a liberal addition of sand, and placed in a moist and gentle heat.

=Arenaria= (Sandwort). _Caryophylleæ._

Increased by seeds, division or cuttings; the last placed under a hand-glass will root freely. Seeds should be sown in spring in a cold-frame. The best time to divide the plant is early spring, or during July and August.

=Aretia.= See Androsace.

=Argania.= _Sapotaceæ._

Increased by layers and cuttings. The latter require a propagating-frame. Both should be made in autumn and spring, and in a moderately heated greenhouse.

=Argemone.= _Papaveraceæ._

Increased by seeds, which may be sown out-doors in spring; those of the rarer species in a hot-bed.

=Argyreia= (Silver-weed). _Convolvulaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which will do well in sand, with a hand-glass over them, in a little bottom heat.

=Argyrochæta.= See Parthenium.

=Argyroxyphium.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Arisarum.= _Aroideæ._

Propagated in spring by seeds or divisions of the root.

=Aristea.= _Irideæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Aristolochia= (Birthwort). _Aristolochiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and layers, which are not very satisfactory. Cuttings root freely in sand, under a bell-glass with bottom heat. The seeds must be fresh.

=Aristotelia.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by layers, or by ripened cuttings, which root freely if placed under a hand-glass.

=Armeria= (Thrift, Sea Pink). _Plumbagineæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring, in pots of sandy soil, and placed in a cold-frame; by division, separate pieces being planted as cuttings under hand-glasses.

=Arnatto.= See Bixa.

=Arnebia.= _Boragineæ._

Increased by seeds. Cuttings of the strong shoots should be inserted in pots of sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat.

=Arnica.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in a cold-frame in spring, and by divisions, which should be made in spring.

=Aronicum.= See Doronicum.

=Arracacha.= _Umbelliferæ._

Increased by divisions of the roots.

=Arrow-root.= See Calathea.

=Arrhostoxylum.= See Ruellia.

=Artabotrys.= _Anonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds; and by cuttings of ripened wood, placed in early spring in sand under a frame, with bottom heat.

=Artanema.= _Scrophulariaceæ._

Increased readily by seeds and cuttings.

=Artanthe.= See Piper.

=Artemisia= (Mugwort, Southernwood, Wormwood). _Compositæ._

The annuals by seeds; the herbaceous ones, by dividing at the root; the shrubby kinds by cuttings.

=Arthropodium.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased freely by seeds and by divisions.

=Arthrostemma.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of small firm side shoots, which will root, in April or August, under a hand-glass in sandy soil.

=Artichoke= (_Cynara Scolymus_). _Compositæ._

Usually grown from seeds. Although the plant is perennial, a new stock should be started about every other year. It may be increased also by suckers or divisions of the stools.

=Artichoke=, Jerusalem (_Helianthus tuberosus_). _Compositæ._

Commonly increased by means of the tubers, which may be planted whole or cut into eyes, after the manner of potatoes. Seeds are very rarely used.

=Artocarpus= (Bread Fruit). _Urticaceæ._

Propagation is difficult. Suckers may be utilized when procurable. The young and slender lateral growths are used for cuttings.

=Arum.= _Aroideæ._

Propagated by seeds, but usually by division of the roots, the best time being just as they begin their new growth, securing as many roots as possible to each division. Any rootless pieces should be placed in heat shortly after removal; this hastens the formation of roots and excites top growth. Arisæmas are treated in the same way.

=Arundinaria.= _Gramineæ._

Increased by division of the root.

=Arundo= (Reed). _Gramineæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions, spring being the best time for either method. In early autumn, the canes can be cut into lengths of 18 to 24 inches and partly buried in sand in a gentle bottom heat, laying them horizontally.

=Asarum.= _Aristolochiaceæ._

Propagated easily by divisions in spring.

=Ascaricida.= See Vernonia.

=Ascium.= See Norantea.

=Asclepias= (Milkweed, Swallow-wort). _Asclepiadeæ._

Increased by seeds sown in pots in spring, pricked out singly when large enough, and treated like cuttings. By cuttings, which should be secured in spring, struck in gentle heat, under a bell-glass, and as soon as they are well-rooted potted into small pots. Seeds of _A. tuberosa_ must be sown or stratified at once.

=Ascyrum.= _Hypericineæ._

Increased by seeds and by careful divisions of the roots in spring.

=Ash.= See Fraxinus.

=Asimina.= _Anonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds procured from their native country. The seedlings should be raised in pots, and sheltered carefully. By layers made in autumn.

=Aspalathus.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by young cuttings of half-ripened wood, placed in sand, in spring, under bell-glasses, which must be wiped dry occasionally.

=Asparagus.= _Liliaceæ._

The common kitchen garden asparagus is best propagated by means of seeds. These are sown in spring as soon as the ground can be worked, usually in rows a foot or two apart. Thin the young plants to two or three inches apart in the row and give good culture, and the plants can be set in the field the following spring, and they will give a fair crop after growing there two seasons. Small growers nearly always buy plants of nurserymen. Old asparagus crowns can be divided, but seeds give better plants.

The ornamental species of asparagus are propagated by seeds when they are obtainable; otherwise, by division.

=Asperula.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions of the roots during spring and early summer.

=Asphodeline.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by division.

=Asphodelus= (Asphodel). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division of the root in early spring.

=Aspidistra.= _Liliaceæ._

=Aspidium.= See under Ferns.

=Asplenium.= See under Ferns.

Propagated by suckers.

=Assonia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by young cuttings, which will root freely in sand with strong bottom heat, if covered with a bell-glass.

=Astartea.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by young cuttings, in sand, in gentle heat, under a bell-glass.

=Astelma.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in pots of light, open soil, in gentle heat. By half-ripened cuttings, which will root readily in sandy soil with a hand-glass over them.

=Astephanus.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by divisions; and by cuttings, in sandy soil, in moderate heat.

=Aster= (Aster, Michælmas Daisy, Star-wort). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or by root divisions made in autumn; also by cuttings, which root freely in sandy soil under a hand-glass, with little heat.

=Asteracantha.= _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in August; and by divisions in spring.

=Asteriscus.= See Odontospermum.

=Asterocephalus.= See Scabiosa.

=Asteropterus.= See Leyssera.

=Asterostigma.= See Staurostigma.

=Astilbe.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by division in early spring, and by seeds if they are produced.

=Astragalus= (Milk Vetch). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown in pots of sandy soil placed in a cold-frame, as soon as ripe, or early in the spring, as they may lie a long time before germinating. The herbaceous perennials also increase by divisions, and the shrubby kinds slowly by means of cuttings placed in a cold-frame.

=Astrantia.= _Umbelliferæ._

Increased by seeds and root divisions in autumn or spring.

=Astrapæa.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young wood made in spring, placed in a compost of loam and peat, or sand, under a bell-glass, in heat.

=Astrocaryum=, Phœnicophorum. _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring in a hot-bed; or by suckers, if obtainable.

=Astroloma.= _Epacrideæ._

Propagated by young cuttings placed in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in a cool house.

=Asystasia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young shoots, placed in sand, under a bell-glass, with a strong bottom heat, in spring.

=Ataccia.= See Tacca.

=Atalantia.= _Rutaceæ._

Propagated by ripened cuttings, which will root freely in sandy soil under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Atamasco Lily.= See Amaryllis.

=Athamanta.= _Umbelliferæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring, or by division.

=Athanasia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by means of cuttings taken from half-ripened wood in spring, and placed in sand under a hand-glass.

=Atherosperma.= _Monimiaceæ._

Propagated readily by cuttings.

=Athlianthus.= See Justicia.

=Athrixia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young wood, under a bell-glass in sandy soil.

=Athrotaxis.= _Coniferæ._

Increased by cuttings.

=Atragene.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds should be stratified, and sown in early spring, in gentle heat. By layering in autumn; the layers should not be separated for about a year, when they will be vigorous plants. By cuttings, which should be set in light soil and placed under a hand-glass.

=Atropa= (Belladonna). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds.

=Aubletia.= See Paliurus.

=Aubrietia.= _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in spring. In early autumn carefully transplant to a cool shady border. Also by divisions. Where a stock of old plants exists, layer their long slender branches any time after flowering, and cover with a mixture of sand and leaf soil; they will then root freely and establish themselves in time for spring blooming. Cuttings should be "drawn" or grown in a frame until they are soft, before they are removed.

=Aucuba.= _Cornaceæ._

Readily increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe; or by cuttings, inserted in spring or autumn in sandy soil, with or without a covering.

=Audouinia.= _Bruniaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood, in sand, under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.

=Aulax.= _Proteaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, taken off at a joint, and inserted in pots of sandy soil. These will root well under a hand-glass, in a cool house.

=Auricula= (_Primula Auricula_). _Primulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown as soon as ripe or in spring, in well-drained pots, filled with sandy soil, well watered previous to sowing. Cover lightly with coarse sand, place a pane of glass over the pot, and place the latter in a hand-glass. By offsets, which should be removed when top-dressed, as they are more likely to root. Arrange about four offsets around the sides of well-drained three-inch pots, filled with sandy soil, place under a bell-glass or in a close hand-light, water very sparingly so as to prevent them damping off. After becoming established, admit air, and pot off singly.

=Australian Feather-palm.= See Ptychosperma.

=Australian Mint-bush.= See Prostanthera.

=Avens.= See Geum.

=Averrhoa.= _Geraniaceæ._

Increased in spring by half-ripened cuttings, which will root in sand, under a hand-glass, with bottom heat.

=Axillaria.= See Polygonatum.

=Azalea.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or early the following spring, in a large shallow frame containing from two to three inches of peat, over which more peat must be spread by means of a fine sieve; do not cover, but water thoroughly. When the seedlings begin to appear they should have air, shade, and a daily sprinkling of water; transplant in autumn in boxes of peat and coarse sand, water, shade and keep close until growth commences. Grafting is largely practiced to increase the stock of named varieties or choice seedlings, the stock most employed being _A. pontica_ for hardy sorts, and some strong-growing variety of _A. Indica_, like "Phœnicia," for tender ones. Layering in spring, enclosing the part buried with moss, is also practiced; but the layer must be left two years before separating. Cuttings of the last year's wood two or three inches long, taken with a heel, root readily in sand; about the end of summer is the best time. When placed outside they should be covered with a hand-light for about two months, and at the end of that time air should be given freely.

=Azara.= _Bixineæ._

Propagated by cuttings.

=Babiana.= _Irideæ._

Propagated quickly by seeds sown in pans, placed in a gentle heat. These will grow at almost any time. The young plants will require to be carefully transplanted each season until they develop into blooming corms. By offsets grown in boxes or planted out in light rich soil until large enough for flowering.

=Babingtonia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young sterile shoots, which may be planted in sand under a bell-glass, and kept in a moderate heat until rooted, when they should be placed singly in small pots, in a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with a little sand.

=Baccharis= (Ploughman's Spikenard). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds and by cuttings.

=Backhousia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by half-ripened cuttings, in sand, under a bell-glass, in a cool house, during spring.

=Bactris.= _Palmæ._

Increased by suckers, which are very easily produced.

=Badamea.= See Terminalia.

=Bæa=, Dorcoceras. _Gesneraceæ._

Propagated easily by seeds.

=Bæckea.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young wood, which will root freely if placed in a pot of sand, with a bell-glass over them, in a cool house.

=Bæria.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring.

=Bahia=, Phialis. _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions.

=Balbisia=, Ledocarpum. _Geraniaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings made from the half-ripened wood, placed in sand, under a hand-glass.

=Baldingera.= See Premna.

=Balfouria.= See Wrightia.

=Balm= (_Melissa officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds sown out-doors in spring. Division.

=Balsam= (_Impatiens balsamina_). _Geraniaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in early spring, in pans of rich, sandy soil, and placed in a gentle bottom heat of about 65°. Or the seeds may be sown directly in the garden when the weather becomes warm. Varieties increased by layers in late summer, under glass, or by veneer grafting.

=Balsamodendron.= _Burseraceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from the ripe young wood, in spring, and placed under a hand-glass, in bottom heat.

=Balsam-tree.= See Clusia.

=Bambusa= (Bamboo). _Gramineæ._

Propagated by careful division of well-developed plants, in early spring, just as new growth is commencing; establish the divisions in pots. If young shoots are layered, leave only the end exposed.

=Banana= and =Plantain= (_Musa sapientum_, _M. paradisiaca_ and others). _Scitamineæ._

Edible bananas rarely produce seeds. The young plants are obtained from suckers, which spring from the main root-stock. These suckers are transplanted when two or three feet high. These plants themselves do not produce so good crops as the suckers which arise from them, and are not transplanted. Two or three suckers are sufficient for a plant at a time; what others arise should be transplanted or destroyed. The suckers should be set deep, as low as two feet for best results. In fifteen or eighteen months the plants will bloom, if they have had good care. The stem bears fruit but once, but new stems arise to take its place.

=Baneberry.= See Actæa.

=Banisteria.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings from ripened wood, which will root freely in sandy soil, under a hand-glass, in stove heat.

=Banksia.= _Proteaceæ._

Seeds are very unsatisfactory. Propagated by well-ripened cuttings taken off at a joint, and placed in pots of sand without shortening any of the leaves, except on the part that is planted in the sand, where they should be taken off quite close. The less depth the better, so long as they stand firm. Place them under hand-glasses in a propagating house, but do not plunge them in heat.

=Baphia= (Camwood, Barwood). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which should not be deprived of any of their leaves. Place in sand under a hand-glass in heat.

=Baptisia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in sand and leaf-mould in the open, or in pots placed in a cold-frame. By divisions.

=Barbadoes Gooseberry.= See Pereskia.

=Barbarea= (Winter Cress, American Cress, Upland Cress). _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds, divisions, suckers and cuttings.

=Barberry= (_Berberis vulgaris_). _Berberideæ._

Propagated by stratified seeds, or by suckers, layers and cuttings of mature wood. Layers are usually allowed to remain two years. Rare sorts are sometimes grafted on common stocks.

=Barbieria.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood, which should be placed in sand, under a glass, in strong heat.

=Barkeria.= _Orchideæ._

Propagated by divisions made just before new growth commences. See under Orchids.

=Barklya.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds; also by half-ripened cuttings, which should be placed in sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in a cool house.

=Barleria=. _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings made of the young wood, and placed in a compost of loam and peat with a little rotten dung, under a bell-glass, in stove temperature with bottom heat.

=Barnadesia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in spring in heat. By offsets. By cuttings made of half-ripened wood in spring, and placed in sand, under a bell-glass.

=Barnardia.= See Scilla.

=Barosma=, Parapetalifera. _Rutaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, which root readily if taken from ripened wood and placed in a pot of sand, in a shady place in a cool house, with a bell-glass over them.

=Barrenwort.= See Epimedium.

=Barringtonia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from the lateral shoots, at a joint, when the wood is ripe; place in sand and cover with a hand-glass. The cuttings should not be stripped of any of their leaves.

=Bartonia.= _Loaseæ._

Increased by seeds in spring, in gentle heat. The seedlings should be potted singly into small, well-drained pots. In winter they should be placed on a dry shelf in a greenhouse or frame.

=Barwood.= See Baphia.

=Basil= (_Ocymum Basilicum_ and _O. minimum_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, sown in a hot-bed or out-doors.

=Bassia.= _Sapotaceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from ripened wood; place in sand, under a hand-glass, in a strong, moist heat.

=Basswood.= See Tilia.

=Bastard Balm.= See Melittis.

=Bastard Cedar.= See Cedrela.

=Bastard Indigo.= See Amorpha.

=Batatas.= See Ipomæa and Sweet Potato.

=Batemannia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by divisions and offsets.

=Batschia.= See Lithospermum.

=Bauera.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by cuttings placed in sandy soil under a glass.

=Bauhinia= (Mountain Ebony). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which should be taken when the wood is neither very ripe nor very young. The leaves must be dressed off, and the cuttings planted in sand under a glass in moist heat. Also by seeds.

=Bayberry.= See Myrica.

=Bean.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds; sow only after the weather is thoroughly settled for out-door culture.

=Bean Caper.= See Zygophyllum.

=Bean, Sacred, or Water.= See Nelumbium.

=Beard-tongue.= See Pentstemon.

=Bear's Breech.= See Acanthus.

=Bear's Grass.= See Yucca.

=Beaucarnea.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased chiefly by seeds which have been imported from their native country. By cuttings, when obtainable.

=Beaufortia=, including Schizopleura. _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots; place in a sandy soil under a glass, with very little heat.

=Beaumontia.= _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by cuttings placed in sand in bottom heat.

=Bedfordia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by cuttings, which should be dried a little before inserting them in a light soil.

=Beech.= See Fagus.

=Beefwood.= See Casuarina.

=Beet= (_Beta vulgaris_). _Chenopodiaceæ._

Seeds, sown very early.

=Befaria=, Bejaria. _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young wood, placed in sandy soil, in gentle heat.

=Begonia.= _Begoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds, well-ripened before they are gathered, and kept very dry until sown. For the successful raising of begonias, it is necessary to sow the seed in pans or pots of well-drained, light, sandy soil, which should be well watered before the seeds are sown. The seeds should not be covered with soil, or they will fail to germinate. Place a pane of glass over the pans, and set in a warm house or frame, where a temperature of about 65° can be maintained, and shade from the sun. As soon as the plants are large enough they should be pricked off into pans of light leaf-mould soil, in which they may remain until large enough to be placed singly in pots. By divisions of the rhizomes. Also increased by cuttings, which strike freely in pots of sand and leaf-mould, and placed on a bottom heat of about 70°. Where large quantities are required, a bed of cocoanut fiber in a stove or propagating-frame may be used, and in this the cuttings may be planted, and remain until well-rooted. Leaf cuttings succeed best when laid on sand or cocoanut fiber, and shaded from bright sunlight. Select old, well-matured leaves, and make an incision with a sharp knife across the principal nerves, on the under side. They should then be placed on the sand or fiber, and held down by means of a few pieces of crock. Under this treatment bulbils will form on the lower ends of the nerves of each section of the leaf, and these, when large enough, may be removed from the bed and potted. Fan-shaped pieces of leaves are often used. Leaf cuttings of begonia are described and figure in Chapter IV. Species like _B. diversifolia_, etc., may be propagated by the bulblets which form in the axils of the leaves. Tuberous begonias are best propagated by seeds, as described above, but stem-cuttings can be used with fair success, if they are cut just below a joint.

=Bejaria.= See Befaria.

=Belenia.= See Physochlaina.

=Bellardia.= See Manettia.

=Bellevalia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. By offsets.

=Bellflower.= See Campanula.

=Bellidiastrum.= _Compositæ._

Increased by divisions in early spring, or directly after blooming.

=Bellis= (Daisy). _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in early spring. By division after flowering, each crown making a separate plant. The soil must be pressed about them moderately firm.

=Bellwort.= See Uvularia.

=Bellium.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds; also by divisions made in spring.

=Beloperone=, Dianthera. _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by young cuttings. They should be taken in spring.

=Belvala.= See Struthiola.

=Belvisia.= See Napoleona.

=Bengal Quince.= See Ægle.

=Bennetia.= See Saussurea.

=Bent Grass.= See Agrostis.

=Benthamia.= _Cornaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown when ripe in a cool house, or layering in autumn. By cuttings, and by grafting on the dogwood.

=Benzoin= (_Lindera Benzoin_) _Laurineæ._

Seed.

=Berardia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring.

=Berberidopsis.= _Berberideæ._

Propagated by seeds in spring, by layering in autumn, or by young cuttings in spring.

=Berberis.= See Barberry.

=Berchemia.= _Rhamneæ._

Propagated by layering the young shoots. By ripened cuttings, and slips of the root planted under a hand-glass.

=Bergera.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by layers or by ripened cuttings, which should be taken off at a joint and placed in sand under a hand-glass in bottom heat.

=Berkheya.= _Compositæ._

The herbaceous perennials usually by divisions of the plant in spring; the other species by cuttings placed under a glass.

=Bertolonia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

=Berzelia.= _Bruniaceæ._

Increased by young cuttings inserted in sand under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.

=Besleria=, Eriphia. _Gesneraceæ._

Increased by cuttings placed in heat.

=Bessera.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by offsets.

=Betonica.= See Stachys.

=Betula= (Birch). _Cupuliferæ._

Increased by seeds, which must be sown as soon as gathered, or else stratified. By grafting or budding upon seedling stocks of the common kinds; the former should be done in spring or late winter, and the latter in summer when the buds are ready.

=Bidens= (Bur Marigold). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds or by divisions of the plant.

=Biebersteinia.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in April in a slight hot-bed. In early summer by cuttings, placed under a hand-glass.

=Bigelovia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings.

=Bignonia= (Trumpet Flower). _Bignoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds or layering, or, in early spring, by cuttings made from good strong shoots with two or three joints. Place cuttings of tender sorts in a well-drained pot of sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in bottom heat. Also by seeds. _B. radicans_ propagates readily from root-cuttings.

=Billardiera= (Apple Berry). _Pittosporeæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings placed in a pot of sandy soil, under a bell-glass, in gentle heat.

=Billbergia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

Propagated by suckers which are taken from the base of the plant after flowering, when they have attained a good size. The best method to adopt is as follows: Take the sucker in the hand and gently twist it off the stem; next, trim the base by the removal of a few of the lower leaves, and then insert each sucker separately in a small pot, in sharp soil. A bottom heat of about 80° will greatly facilitate new root growth; failing this, they will root freely in the temperature of a stove, if placed in a shaded position for two or three weeks, after which they will bear increased light and sunshine during the latter part of the day.

=Bilberry.= See Vaccinium.

=Bindweed.= See Convolvulus.

=Biophytum.= _Geraniaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring on a hot-bed.

=Biota.= See Thuya.

=Biotia.= See Madia.

=Bird of Paradise Flower.= See Strelitzia.

=Bird's-tongue Flower.= See Strelitzia.

=Birch.= See Betula.

=Birthwort.= See Aristolochia.

=Bitter Sweet.= See Celastrus and Solanum.

=Bitter Vetch.= See Orobus.

=Bivonæa.= _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring where the plants are intended to remain. They should be thinned out to insure full growth.

=Bixa= (Arnatto). _Bixineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown when ripe, in bottom heat, or by cuttings put in sand under a hand-glass, in heat; the latter is the better method.

=Blackberry= (_Rubus villosus_ and vars.). _Rosaceæ._

New varieties are obtained from seeds, which may be sown as soon as they are cleaned from the ripe fruit, or which may be stratified until the next spring. If the soil is in prime condition, fall sowing is preferable.

Varieties are multiplied by suckers and by root-cuttings. The suckers spring up freely about the old plants, especially if the roots are broken by the cultivator; but they have few fibrous roots and are inferior. The best plants are obtained from root-cuttings. Roots from one-fourth to three-eighths inch in diameter are selected for this purpose. The roots are dug in the fall, cut into pieces an inch or two long, and stored until early spring. They may be buried in boxes of sand after the manner of stratified seeds, or stored in a cool cellar; callusing proceeds most rapidly in a cellar. The pieces are planted horizontally an inch or two deep, in loose, rich soil. It is best to put them in a frame and give them slight bottom heat, although they will grow if planted in the open in April or May, but the plants will make much less growth the first season. Some varieties do not strike quickly without bottom heat. When the variety is scarce, shorter and slenderer pieces of root may be used, but these demand bottom heat. The heat in the frames is usually supplied by manure, or the heat of the sun under the glass may be sufficient. In these frames the cuttings can be started in the north late in March, or some six or eight weeks before the plants can be set out-doors without protection. When the weather has become somewhat settled, the plants may be planted out, and by fall they will be two to three feet high.

=Black Boy.= See Xanthorrhœa.

=Bladder-nut Tree.= See Staphylea.

=Bladder-pod or -seed.= See Vesicaria.

=Bladder Senna.= See Colutea.

=Blakea.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by cuttings taken from shoots that are about ripe; plant in a pot of sand, and plunge in a moist heat, under a hand-glass.

=Blandfordia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and offsets, or by division of the old plants, which must be done when repotting.

=Blazing Star.= See Liatris.

=Bleeding Heart.= See Dicentra.

=Blephilia.= _Labiatæ._

Increased by division of the roots in early spring.

=Bletia.= _Orchideæ._

Propagated by divisions, which should be made after the plants have finished flowering, or previous to their starting into growth. These are terrestrial, and their flat, roundish pseudo-bulbs are usually under ground. They bear division well, especially _B. hyacinthina_, which may be cut up into pieces consisting of a single pseudo-bulb. (See under Orchids.)

=Blood Flower.= See Hæmanthus.

=Blood-root.= See Sanguinaria and Hæmodorum.

=Blueberry.= See Vaccinium.

=Blue-eyed Grass.= See Sisyrinchium.

=Blumenbachia.= _Loaseæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in pots in spring, and placed in a gentle heat.

=Blumia.= See Saurauja.

=Bobartia.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by separating the offsets during autumn.

=Bocconia.= _Papaveraceæ._

Some species grow well from seed. By young suckers, taken from established plants during summer. Cuttings taken from the axils of the large leaves during early summer push freely, so that they will have plenty of roots before winter sets in. Root-cuttings of _B. cordata_ strike freely.

=Bœbera.= _Compositæ._

Increased by cuttings made of young, rather firm shoots, and placed in sand, under a glass.

=Bœhmeria.= _Urticaceæ._

Increased by divisions.

=Boleum.= _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in a pot in spring, placed in a frame or in the open border during summer.

=Boltonia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by divisions of the root in March.

=Bomarea.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds, which may be sown in a warm house. Also increased by careful division of the underground stem. In making a division it is necessary to observe that the part taken has some roots by which to live till new ones are formed.

=Bombax= (Silk Cotton Tree). _Malvaceæ._

Plants raised from seeds brought from their native habitats make the best trees. Increased by cuttings, which will root readily if not too ripe. They should be taken off at a joint, and placed in sand under a bell-glass, in moist heat.

=Bonapartea.= See Tillandsia.

=Bonjeania.= See Dorycnium.

=Bonnaya.= _Scrophularineæ._

The annual species by seeds, the others by divisions and cuttings.

=Bonnetia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of firm, young shoots inserted in sand, under a hand-glass, in a moderate heat.

=Borago.= _Boragineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown from spring or autumn in any good garden soil. Also by divisions in spring, or by striking cuttings in a cold-frame.

=Borassus.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a strong bottom heat.

=Borbonai.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings in spring. They should be half-ripened, and placed in a sandy soil under a bell-glass, in a cool house.

=Boronia.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seed. By young cuttings, or those made from half-ripened wood. Place these in a thoroughly drained pot of sandy soil, with one inch of sand on the surface, and cover with a bell-glass; remove frequently and wipe dry.

=Borreria.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings. Those of the perennial kinds strike root readily in a light soil, in heat. The annual kinds require a similar treatment to other tender annuals.

=Bossiæa.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown on a slight hot-bed in March. Also increased by half-ripened cuttings, which should be placed in a pot of sand with a bell-glass over them, in a cool house.

=Boswellia= (Olibanum Tree). _Burseraceæ._

Increased easily by cuttings in sand under a glass.

=Botrychium.= See Fern.

=Botryanthus.= See Muscari.

=Bouchea.= _Verbenaceæ._

Increased during spring by cuttings, placed in sand under a glass and in a gentle heat.

=Bougainvillea.= _Nyctagineæ._

Propagated by cuttings from the half-ripened wood. Place in sandy soil, in a brisk heat. Also grown from root-cuttings.

=Bouncing Bet.= See Saponaria.

=Bourbon Palm.= See Latania.

=Boussingaultia.= _Chenopodiaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and easily by means of the tubercles of the stem.

=Bouvardia.= _Rubiaceæ._

The old plants should be cut back, placed in heat in a stove or pit, and freely syringed, which will cause them to break freely and produce a good supply of cuttings. They will root from any surface of the stem, and should be about two inches long. The cuttings should be dibbled pretty thickly into pots about five inches across. A good watering must be given without wetting and thereby injuring the foliage. Plunge the pots in bottom heat of about 70° or 80°, and cover with a bell-glass. Keep moist and shady during sunshine, till rooted. They are also readily and more easily increased by root-cuttings.

=Bowiea.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or offsets.

=Bowstring Hemp.= See Sanseviera.

=Box Elder.= See Negundo.

=Box Thorn.= See Lycium.

=Box Tree.= See Buxus.

=Brachychiton.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Increased by young cuttings planted in sandy soil in gentle heat.

=Brachycome= (Swan River Daisy). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in early spring in a gentle hot-bed, or they may be sown thinly out-doors, late in spring.

=Brachylæna.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by cuttings from the half-ripened shoots, placed in a well-drained pot of sandy soil, under a bell-glass.

=Brachyrhynchos.= See Senecio.

=Brachysema.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds sown in spring in heat. By layers. In summer by cuttings from the half-ripened shoots, placed in sandy soil under a bell-glass, in a gentle bottom heat.

=Brachystelma.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by divisions of the root, and by cuttings in a sandy soil, in heat.

=Bradleia.= See Phyllanthus.

=Brahea.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds in heat.

=Brassia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by dividing the plant when growth has commenced. (See under Orchids.)

=Bravoa.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, and by offsets in autumn.

=Bread Fruit.= See Artocarpus.

=Bread Nut.= See Brosimum.

=Breakstone.= See Saxifraga.

=Bredia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings from the ripened shoots placed in sandy loam, under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Brexia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Increased by cuttings, the leaves of which should not be shortened. Place in sand under a hand-glass, in heat; or a leaf taken off with a bud attached will grow.

=Briza= (Quaking Grass). _Gramineæ._

Propagated by seeds, which may be sown in spring or in autumn.

=Broccoli.= See Cabbage.

=Brodiæa=, Hookera. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets, which should be left undisturbed with the parent bulbs till they reach a flowering state, when they may be divided and planted in autumn.

=Bromelia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

Some are propagated by seeds. All by cuttings inserted in sand, in heat.

=Bromus.= _Gramineæ._

Increased by seeds sown outside in late summer or in spring, thinning out when necessary.

=Brongniartia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young shoots, which, if firm at the base, will root in sand under a bell-glass, in a cool house.

=Brosimum= (Bread Nut). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripe wood with their leaves on. Place in sand in moist heat.

=Broughtonia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by dividing the plant. (See under Orchids.)

=Broussonetia= (Paper Mulberry). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown when ripe or kept till the following spring; and by suckers and cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in autumn in a cool house.

=Browallia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. To have blooming plants by holidays they are propagated by seeds, sown in spring or summer in pans or pots of light, rich, sandy soil, and kept in a close frame or hand-light, where they can be shaded till germination takes place.

=Brownea.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings from the ripened wood; place in sand under a hand-glass, in moist heat.

=Brownlowia.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings made from ripe shoots; place in sand, under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Brucea.= _Simarubeæ._

Increased by cuttings from ripened wood, which will root freely in a pot of sand under a hand-glass, in moderate heat.

=Brugmansia.= See Datura.

=Brunfelsia=, Franciscea. _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by cuttings placed in sand under a bell-glass in moderate heat. When rooted, place in pots with a compost of loam, leaf soil, peat and sand.

=Brunia.= _Bruniaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely in sand under a hand-light in summer.

=Brunonia.= _Goodenovieæ._

Propagated by divisions in early spring before repotting.

=Brussels Sprouts.= See Cabbage.

=Brunsvigia.= _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by offsets of considerable size. They should be potted carefully in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, with good drainage, and kept tolerably warm and close until established; water sparingly until root action has commenced. The best place for growing the offsets into a flowering size is on a shelf near the glass, in a temperature of from 50° to 55°.

=Brya.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or cuttings placed in a hot-bed.

=Bryonia.= _Cucurbitaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions of the tuber.

=Bryophyllum.= _Crassulaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings; or by simply laying the leaf on moist sand, and at each indentation upon the margin a plantlet will appear.

=Bucco.= See Agathosma.

=Buceras.= See Terminalia.

=Bucida.= See Terminalia.

=Buckbean.= See Menyanthes.

=Buckeye.= See Æsculus.

=Bucklandia.= _Hamamelideæ._

Increased by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sandy loam under a hand-glass, in moderate heat. Water carefully, for they are liable to rot off.

=Buckthorn.= See Rhamnus.

=Buckwheat= (_Fagopyrum esculentum_ and _Tartaricum_). _Polygonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Buffalo Berry.= See Shepherdia.

=Bugle.= See Ajuga.

=Bugle Lily.= See Watsonia.

=Bugwort.= See Cimicifuga.

=Bulbine.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased--the bulbous-rooted species by offsets, and the herbaceous sorts by suckers and divisions. Also by cuttings.

=Bulbocodium.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets in a rich, sandy loam. Take up the bulbs, divide and replant them every second year, handling in autumn and renewing the soil or planting in new positions.

=Bulbophyllum=, Anisopetalum, Bolbophyllum, Tribrachium. _Orchideæ._

Propagated by division of the pseudo-bulbs.

=Bulbospermum.= See Peliosanthes.

=Bullrush.= See Typha and Juncus.

=Bumalda.= See Staphylea.

=Bunchosia.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sand under a bell-glass, in moist bottom heat. Good drainage is essential.

=Buphthalmum= (Ox-eye). _Compositæ._

Propagated in spring or autumn by divisions.

=Bupleurum= (Hare's Ear). _Umbelliferæ._

The annuals by seeds sown in spring out-doors; the herbaceous perennials may be increased by divisions made in autumn or spring, and the greenhouse species by cuttings made in spring.

=Burchardia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by offsets or divisions made just previous to potting in spring. It is best to repot annually. Good drainage should be allowed, and the plant must not be potted too firmly.

=Burchellia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, not too ripe, planted in sand and placed under a hand-glass, in a gentle heat.

=Burgsdorffia.= See Sideritis.

=Burlingtonia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by dividing the plant. (See under Orchids.)

=Burnet.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and division.

=Burning Bush.= See Euonymus.

=Bursaria.= _Pittosporeæ._

Increased by young cuttings put in sand under a bell-glass, with a little bottom heat.

=Bursera.= _Burseraceæ._

Propagated by cuttings placed under a bell-glass, with bottom heat.

=Burtonia.= _Leguminosæ._

Some of the species produce seed in abundance, and these form the best means of increase. By young cuttings, which root freely in sandy soil in a cool house, with a bell-glass over them.

=Butcher's Broom.= See Ruscus.

=Butomus= (Flowering Rush). _Alismaceæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions of the roots in spring.

=Buttercup.= See Ranunculus.

=Butternut.= See Juglans.

=Butterwort.= See Pinguicula.

=Button-wood.= See Platanus.

=Buxus= (Box Tree). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, in any light, well-drained soil. They can be increased by suckers and divisions; by layers of young or old wood, made in autumn or early spring; by cuttings made of the young shoots, from four to six inches in length, in a sandy place in spring or fall. The latter method is the better way in this country, and in the north the cuttings should be handled under glass.

=Byrsonima.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a hand-glass, in moist bottom heat.

=Cabbage= (_Brassica oleracea_, and vars.). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds. They may be sown in the open ground in spring, or in the fall and the young plants wintered in a cold-frame, or in a hot-bed or forcing-house in late winter and spring. Brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower are treated in the same manner.

=Cabbage Palm.= See Areca.

=Cabomba.= _Nymphæaceæ._

Propagated by root divisions.

=Cacalia.= See Senecio.

=Cacao.= See Theobroma.

=Cactus.= _Cacteæ._

Propagation by seeds is not often adopted, as it is a very slow method. The seeds should be sown in very sandy soil, and placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences, when they may be exposed and very carefully watered. Usually propagated by cuttings or offsets, which should be made with a sharp cut, and laid upon a sunny shelf or on dry sand until the wound is healed and roots emitted, when they should be potted in sandy soil. Place with the others, and keep syringed. Grafting is resorted to with weak kinds, which will not grow freely except upon the stock of a stronger species; and by this means, also, such kinds can be kept from the damp soil, which frequently causes decay. The stocks usually employed are those of _Cereus tortuosus_, _C. peruvianus_, _Pereskia aculeata_, etc., according to the species intended for working; they readily unite with each other. If the scion and stock are both slender, cleft-grafting should be adopted; if both are broad it is best to make horizontal sections, placing them together and securing in proper position by tying with matting, but not too tightly, or the surface may be injured.

=Cæsalpinia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings, which are somewhat difficult to root, but may succeed if taken from the plant in a growing state and planted in sand with a hand-glass over them, in heat.

=Cajanus.= _Leguminosæ._

Plants are usually raised from seeds obtained from the West Indian Islands and India. Also grown from young cuttings, put in sand with a hand-glass over them, in heat.

=Cakile= (Sea Rocket). _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring.

=Caladium.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by tubers, which have been kept dry or rested for some time. Place in small pots in a stove or pit, where the night temperature is maintained from 60° to 65°, and syringed daily once or twice at least. Large tubers, if sound, may be divided and the pieces potted. Some also by cuttings.

=Calamagrostis.= _Gramineæ._

Increased by seeds sown in autumn or spring. _C. arenaria_ (now _Ammophila arundinacea_), used for holding sands along sea-shores, is propagated by division and can probably be handled easily by root-cuttings.

=Calamintha.= _Labiatæ._

Increased by seeds, root divisions, or cuttings in spring.

=Calamus.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Calandrinia.= _Portulacaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in pots where they are intended to flower, as transplantation, unless performed with more than ordinary care, will check their growth or result in loss.

=Calanthe.= _Orchideæ._

As a rule, the natural annual increase in the number of pseudo-bulbs meets the requirements of most cultivators. Where a quick propagation is desired, it may be performed by dividing the pseudo-bulbs transversely; after allowing the raw surface to callus, the upper part should be set on moist sand, and several buds will form around the base. The bottom portion may be used in the ordinary way. Another plan is to divide the pseudo-bulbs lengthwise into two or more pieces. (See under Orchids.)

=Calathea.= _Scitamineæ._

Increased by division in summer or any time between that and the spring months. When making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots.

=Calceolaria= (Slipperwort). _Scrophularineæ._

Herbaceous kinds increased by seeds sown from June to August on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold-frame until the young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. The shrubby kinds, by seeds and by cuttings in August. Place in a cold-frame facing the north, in sandy soil, and when rooted, pot off into 3-inch pots. Place in a light, sunny frame, where they may remain until the middle of February.

=Caldcluvia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom heat.

=Calectasia.= _Juncaceæ._

Propagated by divisions.

=Calendula= (Marigold). _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which thrive well in a compost of loam and peat.

=Caliphruria.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by bulbels. After flowering, the plants should have a slight heat, and when starting into new growth should be repotted.

=Calliandra.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings of rather firm young wood, in sand under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Calla.= See Richardia.

=Callicarpa=, Porphyra (French Mulberry). _Verbenaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions or by cuttings of the young shoots, with the same treatment as Fuchsia.

=Callichroa.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring in a slight hot-bed, and placed in the open border later; or if sown out-doors it will still flower in the autumn.

=Callicoma.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy soil under a hand-glass.

=Calligonum=, Pallasia, Pterococcus. _Polygonaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, which will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand-glass.

=Calliprora.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by offsets, which should not be removed from the parent bulbs until they are of good size.

=Callipsyche.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds and bulbels.

=Callirhoe= (Poppy-Mallow). _Malvaceæ._

Perennials by seeds, divisions of roots, and cuttings; the annuals by seeds only. Cuttings should be started in sandy soil in a frame.

=Calliopsis.= See Coreopsis.

=Callistachys.= See Oxylobium.

=Callistemon.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by ripened cuttings in sand under a glass.

=Callistephus=, Callistemma (China Aster). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown under cover in spring, or seeds for late plants may be sown in the open.

=Callitris=, Frenela. _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings inserted under a hand-light in autumn, and wintered in a cold pit.

=Calluna= (Heather). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the tender shoots inserted in pure sand under glass in a cool house in autumn.

=Calochortus= (Mariposa Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, offsets, and by the tiny bulblets on the upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds as soon as ripe, or early in the year, thinly in pans, so that the young plants may pass a second season in the seed pots on pans. Place in a cool house or frame, and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Early the third season pot off and plant singly, encouraging them to grow freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state, placed in pots or pans, or planted out in pits or frames until they reach flowering size.

=Calodendron.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood placed in sand under a glass, in gentle bottom heat.

=Calophaca.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds. May be grafted on the common laburnum.

=Calophanes.= _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by division of the roots in spring or fall.

=Calophyllum.= _Guttiferæ._

Increased by cuttings made from the half-ripened shoots, which root freely in sand, if placed under a glass in bottom heat.

=Calopogon.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by offsets taken from the tuberous roots.

=Calothamnus.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of young wood, firm at the base. Place in sand and cover with a hand-glass.

=Calotis.= _Compositæ._

Increased by divisions of the root.

=Calotropis.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by young cuttings thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, placed under a hand-glass in heat. They must not receive too much moisture, or they will rot.

=Caltha= (Marsh-Marigold). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or by dividing the roots in early spring, or in summer after flowering.

=Calycanthus= (Sweet-scented Shrub Allspice). _Calycanthaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a cold-frame; by divisions or offsets, and by layers put down in summer.

=Calycophyllum.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, which will root in sand, if placed under a bell-glass, in bottom heat.

=Calypso.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Calyptranthes.= _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by layers, or by cuttings placed in heat.

=Calystegia= (Hedge Bindweed, Bearbind). _Convolvulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or by dividing the plants.

=Calythrix.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young shoots placed in sand, under a bell-glass in a cool house, in late spring.

=Camassia=, Sitocodium. _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in a warm situation out-doors, or in pots or boxes under glass. The young plants should remain at least two years in the seed beds. Also increased by offsets, which are produced very freely, and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines, placing a little sand about them.

=Cambessedesia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in a mixture of peat and sand, if placed under a glass, in heat.

=Camellia=, including Thea (Japanese Rose). _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

The single red camellia by either seeds, layers or cuttings. Double and variegated camellias by layers, but cuttings will succeed. Seeds give suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in August. Two or three of the lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. The pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold-frame, without being covered with glass, but shaded during bright sunshine. In the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences.

=Camœnsia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by cuttings, which will root in sandy loam, if placed under a bell-glass.

=Camomile.= See Anthemis.

=Campanula= (Bellflower, Slipperwort). _Campanulaceæ._

Increased by seeds. The perennials are also propagated by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings in spring.

=Campanumæa.= _Campanulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions.

=Camphora= (Camphor-tree). _Laurineæ._

Increased by cuttings and seeds.

=Campion.= See Silene.

=Camptopus.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings in sandy loam under a glass, in bottom heat.

=Canarina=, Pernettya. _Campanulaceæ._

Propagated by divisions when repotted or by young cuttings in a sandy soil, in gentle warmth.

=Candollea.= _Dilleniaceæ._

Increased sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings, which will root if placed under a hand-glass in a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with enough sand to render the whole porous.

=Candytuft.= See Iberis.

=Canella.= _Canellaceæ._

Increased by well-ripened cuttings taken off at the joint. They will root in sand under a hand-glass, with bottom heat, in spring; but care should be taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves.

=Canna=(Indian Shot). _Scitamineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in heat in late winter. The seeds are very hard, and germination will be materially stimulated if they are soaked in tepid water for twenty-four hours. They should be sown thinly in pans (a mixture of sand and leaf-loam is best for them), and a covering of one and one-half or two inches of earth is not excessive. It is a good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. Also increased by divisions; they form a root-stock, each portion of which, with bud and roots attached, may be converted into an independent plant.

=Cannabis= (Hemp). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring.

=Cantua=, Periphragmos. _Polemoniaceæ._

Increased by cuttings placed in sand under glass.

=Capparis= (Caper-tree). _Capparideæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in sand under glass, in moist heat.

=Caprifolium.= See Lonicera.

=Caragana= (Siberian Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally increased by grafting on _C. arborescens_, which is easily raised from seeds, sown when ripe or in spring.

=Carapa.= _Meliaceæ._

Increased by ripe cuttings, which will root in sand under glass, in a moist heat.

=Cardamine,= including Pteroneurum (Lady's Smock). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds. Propagated easily by division after flowering.

=Cardinal-flower.= See Lobelia.

=Carduncellus.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Increased by divisions of the roots.

=Carex=(Sedge). _Cyperaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions. Seeds often lie dormant the first year.

=Careya.= _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by division, or by ripened cuttings, which root freely if planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in moist bottom heat.

=Carica= (Papaw-tree). _Passifloreæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots with their leaves on. They root readily in a sandy soil, and in a gentle bottom heat.

=Carissa.= _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of ripe wood placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat.

=Carlina.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring. With difficulty by divisions.

=Carmichælia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in sand under a glass, in a cool house in late spring.

=Carnation.= _Caryophylleæ._

By propagating by seed, new and excellent varieties are raised. Sow the seeds in April or May, and in a slight hot-bed or in a greenhouse. Also propagated by layering, which should be done at the end of July or the beginning of August. The shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves at the base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from this point upwards, extending through a joint of the bare stem, so that a tongue is formed.

Increased also by cuttings. It is necessary to have a slight bottom heat, and on it put four or five inches of light soil, covered with clean sand. The cuttings must be long enough to have a tolerably firm base, and they must either be taken with a heel or cut off at a joint, and firmly inserted in the soil. This is the ordinary method. See Fig. 52, _b_.

=Carob=, Algaroba, or St. John's Bread (_Ceratonia siliqua_). _Leguminosæ._

Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds are often treated to scalding water before sowing, in the same manner as locust seeds. Varieties are grafted or budded on the seedlings, or they may be multiplied by means of hard-wood cuttings in frames.

=Carpinus= (Hornbeam). _Cupuliferæ._

Increased by seeds, which vegetate irregularly. Varieties propagated by budding or grafting.

=Carpodinus.= _Apocynaceæ._

Propagated easily from cuttings of half-ripened shoots.

=Carrion Flower.= See Stapelia.

=Carthamus= (Safflower). _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a gentle heat in spring.

=Carya.= See Hicoria.

=Caryocar=, Rhizobolus (Butternut). _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root in sand in heat.

=Caryophyllus= (Clove-tree). _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of firm shoots with the leaves left on. These will root if planted in sand in a moist heat.

=Caryopteris.= _Verbenaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.

=Caryota.= _Palmæ._

Increased easily by seeds or by suckers.

=Cashew.= See Anacardium.

=Casimiroa.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased readily by seeds.

=Cassandra= (Leather Leaf). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds very carefully sown, or by layers.

=Cassava= (_Manihot Aipe_). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the stem and by suckers. Cut the large main stalks into pieces from four to six inches long and set them perpendicularly into the ground in the field. The cuttings can be struck at various times, but spring is usually preferred. The stalks can be kept over winter by covering with sand on a dry knoll, placing the stalks and sand in layers. Cover the whole with boards to shed the water. Suckers which appear during summer can be removed and planted or made into cuttings.

=Cassia.= _Leguminosæ._

Annuals and biennials by seeds, which must be sown in spring, in a gentle heat. The shrubby species by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will root in heat at about the same time of the year. _C. Marylandica_ also by division.

=Cassine.= _Celastrineæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, which will readily strike root if planted in a pot of sand with glass over them.

=Cassinia.= _Compositæ._

Annuals by seeds. The herbaceous and shrubby kinds are increased in spring by dividing the roots, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots placed in sand.

=Castalia.= See Nymphæa.

=Castor Bean.= See Ricinus.

=Casuarina= (Beefwood). _Casuarineæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings made of half-ripened shoots, placed in sand under glass.

=Catalpa.= _Bignoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings made of the ripe wood. The named varieties and _C. Bungei_ are propagated by soft cuttings in June and July. Grafts are also used.

=Catananche.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring. Also by division.

=Catchfly.= See Silene.

=Catesbæa= (Lily Thorn). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings planted in sand in spring, and plunged in heat.

=Catmint.= See Nepeta.

=Catnip= or =Catmint= (_Nepeta Cataria_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Division.

=Cat's Tail.= See Typha.

=Cattleya.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by the pseudo-bulbs. (See under Orchids.)

=Cauliflower.= See Cabbage.

=Caulophyllum.= _Berberideæ._

Propagated by divisions of the roots, made in early spring or after flowering. Also by seeds.

=Ceanothus.= _Rhamneæ._

Increased by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining strong plants, or by cuttings, which should be inserted in a cold-frame.

=Cecropia= (Snake Wood). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots. Place in sandy peat in a moist bottom heat.

=Cedar.= See Cedrus.

=Cedrela= (Bastard Cedar). _Miliaceæ._

Increased by large ripened cuttings, placed in sand, in heat.

=Cedronella.= _Labiatæ._

The herbaceous species by division of the roots or by cuttings of young wood. _C. triphylla_ by cuttings.

=Cedrus= (Cedar). _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds, which are difficult to extract from the cones. Gather the cones in spring, and sow the seeds immediately in pans. Varieties are propagated by veneer grafts.

=Celastrus= (Staff-tree, Bitter-sweet). _Celastrineæ._

Propagated by seeds and suckers, also by layering the hardy species in autumn. Ripened cuttings will root freely in a compost of loam, peat and sand.

=Celery= (_Apium graveolens_). _Umbelliferæ._

By seeds, as described on page 12; or, for the early crop, sow under glass, as in a hot-bed.

=Celosia= (Cockscomb). _Amarantaceæ._

Propagated by seed sown in spring, in pans of well-drained, rich, sandy soil or in the open.

=Celsia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Increased by seeds, which may be sown in the open border and thinned out for flowering, or raised in nursery beds and transplanted. _C. Arcturus_ should be increased by cuttings, the young wood striking freely in a cool house or frame.

=Celtis= (Nettle-tree). _Urticaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. By layers, and by cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn.

=Centaurea.= _Compositæ._

Annuals by seeds, which may be sown in the open border. To propagate _C. Cineraria_, and some others sow seeds in August in slight heat, or make cuttings about the beginning of September.

=Centranthus.= _Valerianeæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring.

=Centronia.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which should be inserted in peat and sand, under glass.

=Centropogon.= _Campanulaceæ._

Increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings from any young shoots three or four inches long. Take off with a heel and place in sharp sandy soil, close around the edge of the pot, and then keep close under a propagating-box, in a temperature ranging between 60° and 70°.

=Cephælis.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of firm young shoots, which will root well in sandy soil under a hand-glass, in moist stove heat.

=Cephalanthus= (Button-wood). _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by layers or ripened cuttings in autumn.

=Cephalotus.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions before new growth commences. Also by offsets.

=Cerastium.= _Caryophylleæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions, or by cuttings inserted in the open ground in a shady place, after flowering.

=Ceratiola.= _Empetraceæ._

Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which should be placed in sandy soil under glass.

=Ceratonia= (Algaroba Bean, Carob Tree). _Leguminosæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root if planted in sand under a frame.

=Ceratozamia.= _Cycadaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and sometimes by suckers and divisions; but imported plants give most satisfaction.

=Cercidiphyllum.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by tender cuttings made during the summer, and slightly wilted before placing in the frames.

=Cercis= (Judas-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown about the end of March on a bed of light soil, in a gentle heat. They may also be increased by layers, but plants raised from seeds thrive best. It is not necessary to stratify the seeds, _C. Japonica_ is grown from soft cuttings in early summer.

=Cereus.= See Cactus.

=Ceropegia.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by cuttings of small side shoots made in spring, which will root in sand, in heat, with or without a glass covering.

=Cestrum=, including Habrothamnus. _Solanaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings in August, the same being potted off as frequently as the roots reach the sides of the pots.

=Chænostoma.= _Scrophularineæ._

Increased by cuttings, which may be made in autumn and placed in a greenhouse or cold pit during the winter.

=Chætogastra.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in March, or the perennials by cuttings in sandy peat.

=Chamæbatia.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which should be struck in sand in a cold-frame.

=Chamæcyparis.= _Coniferæ._

Propagated by seeds freely, also by layers, but mainly by cuttings put in during October. Select young side shoots with a heel; insert in well-drained pots of sandy soil, and place in a close cold-frame, keeping fairly moist through the winter. In February they should be calloused, and should be placed in gentle heat, where they will root freely.

=Chamæranthemum.= _Acanthaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which will root in spring if planted in sand and placed in heat.

=Chamærops=, including Corypha, Taliera. _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, or by suckers, which generally appear in considerable quantities.

=Chard.= See Beet.

=Cheilanthes.= See Fern.

=Chelone= (Turtle Head). _Scrophularineæ._

They may be increased by means of seeds. Also by dividing the plant during fall. Young cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a cold-frame grow well.

=Cherry= (_Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus_). _Rosaceæ._

Cherry stocks are commonly grown from seeds. If the ground is in readiness and is in proper condition, the seeds may be planted in fall, or even as soon as they are ripe. If stored until spring, they must be stratified and kept very cool to prevent germination, and they should be sown at the earliest possible moment. They do not need to be cracked by hand. Care must be taken that cherry pits do not become hard and dry. This precaution is more important with cherries than with peaches and plums. At the close of the first season the seedlings will be a foot or foot and a half high, large enough to transplant into nursery rows after the manner of apples, where they are budded the following season. In warm climates the pits are sometimes cracked as soon as they are gathered, and the "meats" planted immediately. They will then make stocks fit for grafting the following winter, or for transplanting and budding the following summer. Cherry seeds must never be allowed to become so dry that the meat is hard and brittle.

Cherries, in common with other stone fruits, grow readily from root-cuttings, in the same manner as blackberries. They do better if started over a gentle heat.

The Mazzard cherry is the stock upon which cherries are nearly always worked. It is simply a hardy and vigorous variety, with inferior fruit, of the common sweet cherry (_Prunus Avium_). Seeds of this are readily procured in this country. All varieties of cherries are worked readily upon it. The Mahaleb cherry is used as a stock for nearly all varieties when dwarf trees are desired. This is a distinct species, _Prunus Mahaleb_. The seeds or stocks are usually imported. This stock is adapted to heavy clay soils, while the Mazzard is not. The Mahaleb is not generally used in this country.

Morello (_Prunus Cerasus_) stocks will no doubt prove to be valuable in the northwest, where great hardiness is demanded. Seedlings do not sprout or sucker badly, but the natural suckers, which are sometimes used for stocks, are likely to be more troublesome in this respect. If strong-growing tops are worked on Morello stocks, however, there is usually little annoyance from suckering.

It is probable that some of the native American cherries can be used as stocks. The common wild red, pin or bird cherry (_Prunus Pennsylvanica_) has already been used to some extent. The sweet and sour cherries unite readily with it, and bear very early. It is yet to be determined how long the trees will persist, but there are trees known which are sixteen or eighteen years old, and which are still healthy and vigorous. The dwarf or sand cherry (_Prunus pumila_), especially the western form of it, gives promise as a dwarf stock.

Cherry stocks are worked both by budding and grafting. Budding is the common method. The stocks should be fit to work the season they are transplanted, or in the second summer from seed. Such as are too small for working then may be allowed to stand until the following year.

In the west, where great hardiness is required, the varieties are crown-grafted upon Mazzard stocks in winter. Yearling stocks are used, and the cions are from six to ten inches long. When planted, only the top bud should be left above ground. The cion strikes roots, and own-rooted trees are obtained.

The ornamental cherries are worked upon the same stocks as the fruit-bearing sorts. Mazzard is commonly used for all species.

=Chervil= (_Chærophyllum bulbosum_ and _Scandix Cerefolium_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, sown much the same as celery seeds, but the plants are usually allowed to stand where sown. Seed is often sown in autumn.

=Chestnut= (_Castanea sativa_ and var. _Americana_, and _C. Japonica_). _Cupuliferæ._

Chestnut stocks are grown from seeds. Difficulty is sometimes experienced in keeping the seeds, as they lose their vitality if dried too hard, and are likely to become mouldy if allowed to remain moist. The surest way is to allow the nuts to become well dried off or "seasoned" in the fall, and then stratify them in a box with three or four times as much sand as chestnuts, and bury the box a foot or two deep in a warm soil until spring. They do not always keep well if stored or stratified in a cellar. Fall planting exposes the nuts to squirrels and mice. American stocks are probably better than European.

The stocks are worked by whip-grafting above ground, the wound being well tied and protected by waxed cloth. Care should be taken to have the stock and cion about the same size, in order to secure a good union. Crown-grafting, root-grafting and budding have not been very successful in this country upon the chestnut. The cions should be cut early, before they begin to swell, and kept dormant until the stock begins to push into leaf. Only vigorous stocks should be grafted. The best results are obtained when the stocks have recovered from transplanting, or when they are from three to five years old. The working of chestnut stocks is far from satisfactory in a commercial way. The union is imperfect in many varieties, and usually no more than half the grafts take well.

=Chicory= (_Cichorium Intybus_). Compositæ.

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to grow.

=Chilopsis= (Desert Willow). _Bignoniaceæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a bell-glass, in a gentle bottom heat.

=Chimonanthus.= _Calycanthaceæ._

Propagated by layering in the autumn.

=China Aster.= See Callistephus.

=Chiococca= (Snowberry). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which strike root freely in sand under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Chionanthus= (Fringe-tree). _Oleaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be started in a cold-frame. By layers and cuttings. By grafting or budding it on the common ash, it succeeds very well.

=Chionodoxa.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which are produced freely. They should be sown as soon as ripe. By bulbels.

=Chironia.= _Gentianeæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a gentle heat in spring.

=Chives= or =Cives= (_Allium Schœnoprasum_). _Liliaceæ._

Division of the clumps.

=Chloanthes.= _Verbenaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely in sandy soil under glass.

=Choisya.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings.

=Chrysanthemum.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds to obtain new varieties; these should be sown in spring. Division may be made, but this is not often practiced. Usually propagated by cuttings of firm, healthy, short-jointed shoots, about three inches long. They should be made in spring, and placed near the glass of a rather close frame having a temperature of about 45°. No bottom heat should be given. If inserted in pots, only the lower leaf should be removed; if in beds the remaining foliage should also be trimmed to admit air. The soil should be made of equal parts of sand, leaf-mould and loam, spreading a layer of sand over the top. Insert about one-half of the cutting, press the soil firmly, and water. Leaf cuttings have been employed. Inarching and grafting may also be performed.

=Chrysobalanus= (Coco Plum). _Rosaceæ._

Increased by seeds when procurable. Large cuttings, however, taken off at a joint without shortening any of their leaves, will root readily if planted thinly in a pot of sand, and placed in moist heat with a bell-glass over them.

=Chrysocoma= (Goldy-locks). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, placed in sand under glass.

=Chrysogonum.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Increased by dividing the roots in spring.

=Chrysophyllum= (Star Apple). _Sapotaceæ._

Increased by seeds when procurable. By cuttings of small well-ripened shoots, plunged in strong, moist heat.

=Chrysopsis.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Propagated by division in spring.

=Chrysosplenium= (Golden Saxifrage). _Saxifrageæ._

Increased easily by division. Also occasionally by seeds.

=Cicca= (Otaheite Gooseberry). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Seeds. By cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in sand, if placed under a glass and in bottom heat.

=Cimicifuga= (Bugwort). _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in a cold-frame or border as soon as ripe; or by division of the roots in spring.

=Cinchona= (Peruvian Bark). _Rubiaceæ._

Imported seeds, and cuttings taken off when ripe and planted in a pot of sand, under glass, in a moist heat.

=Cineraria.= _Compositæ._

Seeds should be sown under glass; those intended for autumn flowering in April and May, those for spring in July and August. Light leaf-mould should be used, and about an equal quantity of fresh sifted loam and sharp sand added, the whole being well mixed. Old cow manure is a good medium in which to sow (see page 19); then fill up with fine soil. Also by divisions and by cuttings.

=Cinquefoil.= See Potentilla.

=Cipura.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in a slight heat in spring; or by bulbels, which are abundantly produced.

=Circæa= (Enchanter's Nightshade). _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds; also by the running roots.

=Cissampelos.= _Menispermaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, which root readily in heat.

=Cissus.= _Ampelideæ._

Propagated by cuttings in the spring. Choose the weakly shoots that are pruned just before the plants break into new growth, or allow the young shoots to grow to a length of about two inches. Then cut them off, with a small piece of the base branch adhering to the young wood; or the shoots may be cut off with one or several of these young branchlets on them. Cut the old branch through at the base of each young one, and insert the cutting with this heel of the old wood entire. In this country, usually grown from common green cuttings in summer.

=Cistus= (Rock-Rose). _Cistineæ._

Propagated by seeds, by layers or cuttings under frames outside, or inside with a gentle bottom heat; but seedlings always make the best plants. The seeds should be sown early in the spring in pans or boxes in a frame, and lightly covered with sifted sandy mould. Cuttings should be made from three to four inches long. They may be struck in spring or autumn, in sandy peat under glass.

=Citron= (_Citrus medica_). _Rutaceæ._

Seeds, which usually reproduce the kind. Mature cuttings, the same as lemon. Also budded on orange, lemon or lime stocks.

=Citrus.= _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds, layers, cuttings, inarching, grafting and budding. For particular methods, see Lemon, Lime, Orange and Pomelo.

=Cladrastis= (Yellow-wood). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seed sown in the open air in spring, or by cuttings of the roots.

=Clarkia.= _Onagrariæ._

Increased by seeds, which may be sown in spring or autumn out-doors.

=Clavija=, Theophraste. _Myrsineæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots. These will root in sandy loam, with a surface consisting wholly of sand, if placed in bottom heat.

=Clematis= (Virgin's Bower). _Ranunculaceæ._

Clematis may be increased by seeds. The seed vessels should be gathered before autumn, and stored in some dry, cool place till the following spring, when the seeds they contain may be sown in light, sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat till they germinate. By layers outside, put in at any time. All the varieties of clematis may also be readily increased by cuttings made of the young shoots, which may be cut up to every eye and planted in gentle heat. Also by grafting any of the varieties on portions of clematis roots in winter. Good healthy pieces of root obtained from old plants answer the purpose well. See also Atragene.

=Cleome.= _Capparideæ._

Increased by seeds sown in a frame in spring, with slight warmth. Ripened cuttings root freely in moderate heat.

=Clerodendron=, Ovieda, Siphonantha, Volkameria. _Verbenaceæ._

Increased by seed, which, if sown when ripe or in the spring, and grown on in heat, may be converted into flowering plants the second season. Propagated also by cuttings of both green and mature wood; also of roots. Suckers. The climbing varieties do not root quite so readily from cuttings as the others, but cuttings of the ripened wood do well.

=Clethra.= _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and layers. Cuttings taken from the half-ripened wood will root in gentle heat.

=Clianthus= (Glory Pea, Parrot Beak). _Leguminosæ._

_C. Dampieri_ is best raised from seeds, which should be sown singly in good-sized pots, when the necessity of first shifting will be obviated. _C. puniceus_ and others from cuttings, which strike easily in sand in bottom heat.

=Clintonia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division of the root in spring.

=Clitoria.= _Leguminosæ._

The best method of increasing is by seeds. Increased also by cuttings of stubby side shoots, which will root in sandy soil, in heat.

=Cliva=, Imantophyllum. _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Clove-tree.= See Caryophyllus.

=Clusia= (Balsam-tree). _Guttiferæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will strike in sand, with bottom heat.

=Cobæa.= _Palemoniaceæ._

Readily raised from fresh seed in spring, if a gentle bottom heat is supplied. It is often said that the seeds must be placed on edge, but this is a mistake. From cuttings taken when young, in spring, and inserted in pots of sandy soil, placed in gentle bottom heat.

=Coccocypselum.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by dividing the creeping stems.

=Coccoloba= (Seaside Grape). _Polygonaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by cuttings of the ripened wood, with leaves entire, and taken off at a joint. These will root freely in sand under glass.

=Cocculus=, Wendlandia. _Menispermaceæ._

Propagated by seeds. By half-ripened cuttings of side shoots; these will root easily in spring or summer, if planted in sand and placed in bottom heat, under glass.

=Cockscomb.= See Celosia.

=Cocoanut= (_Cocos nucifera_). _Palmæ._

The nuts are buried in nursery rows, and the young trees are transplanted. A more common practice is to remove the buried nuts, when they begin to sprout, to the place in which the tree is to stand. A nut is then placed in a hole some two feet deep, which is gradually filled in as the plant grows. In from six to eight years the tree begins to bear.

=Codiæum=, Croton. _Euphorbiaceæ._

New varieties are produced by seed. Increased by taking off the tops of any strong leading shoots, and making them into cuttings. They may be struck by placing singly in small pots and covering with bell-glasses, in strong, moist heat, where they will soon emit roots, without losing any of the leaves attached at the time they were inserted. Or they may placed in a bed of sand.

=Coffea= (Coffee-tree). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds. Also by ripe cuttings, which strike freely in sand under glass, in moist heat; and the young plants so raised produce flowers and fruit more readily than those grown from seed.

=Coffee-tree=, Kentucky. See Gymnocladus.

=Colchicum= (Autumn Crocus). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe in a protected place. Separation.

=Coleus.= _Labiatæ._

Increased by seeds for new varieties. By cuttings with the greatest freedom at almost any time of the year, and, with a good moist heat, they will quickly form fine specimens. (Fig. 53.)

=Colletia.= _Rhamneæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood, six to eight inches in length, in a cool greenhouse.

=Collinsonia.= _Labiatæ._

Increased readily by dividing roots in spring; also seeds.

=Colocasia.= See Caladium.

=Columbine.= See Aquilegia.

=Colutea= (Bladder Senna). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings, placed in sandy soil in the autumn.

=Combretum.= _Combretaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of side shoots, taken off with a heel, planted in sand under glass, and placed in heat.

=Comesperma.= _Polygaleæ._

Seeds. Propagated by young cuttings, which root freely if planted in sand under glass.

=Comfrey.= See Symphytum.

=Commelina.= _Commelinaceæ._

Increased by seeds. By cuttings, which will root in sand, in a gentle hot-bed.

=Comocladia= (Maiden Plum). _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by ripened cuttings, which will root in sand if placed under glass, in heat.

=Comparettia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by division of the plants. (See under Orchids.)

=Comptonia= (Sweet Fern). _Myricaceæ._

Seeds; by dividing the clumps, and by layers, which should be put down in autumn.

=Conocarpus= (Button-tree). _Combretaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings of firm shoots, taken in April, in bottom heat.

=Convallaria= (Lily of the Valley). _Liliaceæ._

Increased by "crowns" or "pips" (see Fig. 17), which are the separated growing points of the roots, possessing a strong bud. These crowns can be obtained from any well established bed in the fall, but they are usually imported.

=Convolvulus= (Bindweed). _Convolvulaceæ._

Seeds of the hardy annuals should be sown in spring in the open border. The hardy perennials may be increased by seeds sown in spring, by division of the roots, and by young cuttings.

=Coprosma.= _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by layers and cuttings.

=Coptis.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and division of the roots.

=Cordia=, Varronia. _Boragineæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, green or ripe, which strike root readily in sand, in heat.

=Corema= (Portugal Crakeberry, Crowberry). _Empetraceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by cuttings planted during summer.

=Coreopsis=, Calliopsis. _Compositæ._

The hardy annuals, which are largely grown under the name of calliopsis for summer ornamentation, by seed, which should be sown in March in a gentle heat, or outside later. The perennials are propagated also by divisions of the root in autumn or spring, or during the summer by young cuttings, which will strike freely in a cold-frame.

=Coriander= (_Coriandrum sativum_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds sown in fall or spring.

=Corn.= See Maize.

=Corn Salad= (Valerianella, several species). _Valerianeæ._

Seeds sown in spring, summer or autumn.

=Cornus= (Dogwood Osier). _Cornaceæ._

Increased by seed, suckers of soft wood, layers or cuttings. The herbaceous species, _C. Canadensis_ and _C. Suecica_, may be increased by division, as also by seeds. The willow-like cornuses grow from cuttings of ripe wood. Named varieties and some species are budded in many cases, especially all the weak-growing sorts. _Cornus Mas_, raised from seed, is the favorite stock. Shield-budding in late summer and veneer-grafting are most successful. (See Fig. 44.)

=Coronilla.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds sown as soon as ripe. The hardy species by division. Cuttings strike freely if placed in cold-frames or a cool house under a hand-glass in spring, and when calloused, introduced to gentle bottom heat.

=Correa.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds. May be propagated by cuttings very readily. Varieties are usually grafted on _C. alba_.

=Cortusa= (Bear's-ear Sanicle). _Primulaceæ._

Increased by seed sown as soon as ripe in a cold-frame; also by carefully dividing the roots.

=Coryanthes.= See Stanhopea.

=Corydalis.= _Fumarieæ._

Increased by seeds, or by dividing the plants directly after flowering. The bulbous-rooted species by offsets.

=Corylus= (Hazel; Cob-nut). _Cupuliferæ._

Propagated by seeds, suckers, layers or cuttings. Grafting and budding are each practicable, and are adopted when growing tall standards or scarce varieties. The seed of all should be sown as soon as gathered, or stored in sand till the following spring. All superior varieties should be increased by suckers or layers. Stools kept for layering must be allowed to make more growth than those used for suckers. Free growth must be encouraged for a year or more, and, any suitable time in winter, the shoots should be bent to the ground, pegged firmly, and covered to the depth of three inches with earth. They will be well-rooted by the following autumn, and may then be removed and planted out permanently.

=Corynostylis=, Calyptrion. _Violarieæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of the young wood, placed in sand in bottom heat, under glass.

=Cosmos.= _Compositæ._

Seeds, usually started under glass. The tuberiferous species, like Dahlia, which see.

=Costus.= _Scitamineæ._

Increased by dividing the roots.

=Cotoneaster.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated readily by seed, which should be sown in spring; by layers or cuttings in autumn, or by grafting on _C. vulgaris_, the common quince, or the hawthorn.

=Cotton= (_Gossypium_). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds commonly. Grown as a curiosity under glass; it may be increased by soft cuttings.

=Cotyledon= (Navelwort). _Crassulaceæ._

Increased by seed, offsets, cuttings of the stem, and by leaves. The leaves should be pulled off in autumn, laid on dry sand in pans on a shelf in a propagating or other warm house, and not watered until small plants appear at the ends of the leaves.

=Cowslip.= See Primula.

=Crambe.= _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds, by dividing the roots and by root-cuttings. See Sea-kale.

=Cranberry= (_Vaccinium macrocarpon_). _Ericaceæ._

The cultivated cranberry is propagated entirely by cuttings. These are made from vigorous young runners, from six to ten inches in length, and they are thrust obliquely into the soil until only an inch or two of the tip projects. Some blunt instrument, as a stick, is commonly used to force them into the sand of cranberry bogs. Planting is done in the spring, and the cuttings are taken just previous to the operation. If cranberry seedlings are desired, the seeds should be sown in flats of peaty earth, which are stored until spring in some protected place, in the manner of stratification boxes. The seeds should be covered lightly, preferably with fine moss. The plants are allowed to grow the first year in the box.

=Crassula.= _Crassulaceæ._

Seeds; also by cuttings, which should be taken off and laid for two or three days in the sun to dry before planting.

=Cratægus= (Haw, Hawthorn). _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by stratified seeds. Some growers spread the haws in shallow piles in the fall, and allow them to decay, so that most of the pulp is removed before they are stratified. Haws often come irregularly, even from stratified seeds. The varieties are grafted, rarely budded, on common stocks.

=Cress= (_Lepidium sativum_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown at any time of year. See Water-Cress.

=Cress=, American. See Barbarea.

=Cress=, Rock. See Arabis.

=Crinum.= _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by seed, sown singly as soon as ripe in three or four-inch pots, in sandy loam and leaf-mould. Place in a temperature of from 70° to 80°, and keep rather dry until the plants appear, when more moisture should be applied. Also increased by offsets, which should be removed when rather small and potted separately, and grown as recommended for seedlings.

=Crithmum.= _Umbelliferæ._

Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, and by divisions.

=Crocosmia.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in pans in a cold house as soon as possible after maturity. Also by offsets.

=Crocus.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe or early in spring, the choicer strains in pots or boxes, using a light, sandy soil, and afterwards placing them in a cold pit or frame; the more common varieties may be placed in a warm position outside in a seed bed. Sow thinly, so that the plants may grow two years in the seed pan or bed without lifting. By the corms. These may be lifted and replanted, allowing each in its turn to develop new corms below. The following year new corms, or cormels, are also formed by the side of the old corms. These old corms die away annually. Some species increase much more rapidly than others.

=Crossandra=, Harrachia. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated by cuttings, which root freely at almost any time of the year, in bottom heat.

=Crotalaria= (Rattle-Box). _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds. The shrubby kinds by young cuttings, which root freely in sand, under glass, in a cool house.

=Croton.= See Codiæum.

=Crowea.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds. Usually by green cuttings in a frame.

=Crowfoot.= See Ranunculus.

=Crucianella= (Crosswort). _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, by divisions during spring or autumn, and by cuttings.

=Cryptomeria= (Japan Cedar). _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of growing wood planted in sandy soil, under glass.

=Cryptostemma.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be sown on a gentle hot-bed in early spring.

=Cubeba.= See Piper.

=Cucumber= (_Cucumis sativus_). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds. If sown out-doors, the operation should be delayed until the weather is thoroughly settled.

=Cucumber-tree.= See Magnolia.

=Cunninghamia= (Broad-leaved China Fir). _Coniferæ._

Increased by seeds and cuttings of growing wood.

=Cuphea.= _Lythrarieæ._

Increased easily by seed; but cuttings of the perennial sorts strike freely in March or April, in brisk bottom heat.

=Cupressus= (Cypress). _Coniferæ._

Seeds may be collected in early spring, and should be sown in April in a warm, friable soil. Cuttings of growing or mature wood, much as for Retinospora, which see.

=Curculigo.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds; also by suckers, which form at the base of the stem.

=Curcuma= (Tumeric). _Scitamineæ._

Increased by root division.

=Currant= (_Ribes rubrum_, _R. nigrum_ and _R. aureum_). _Saxifrageæ._

New varieties are grown from seeds, which may be sown in the fall or stratified until spring. Varieties are nearly always multiplied by hard-wood cuttings (Fig. 49). The cuttings may be taken in spring and placed directly in the ground, but better results are obtained by taking them in the fall or late summer. Many nurserymen prefer to take them in August, strip off the leaves, and bury them in bunches with the butts up. They may remain in this condition or in a cellar all winter, or they may be planted in the fall. Currant cuttings strike readily, however, under any method. Some growers cut out the buds which come below the surface of the ground to prevent suckering, but this is not generally practiced; the suckers are cut off when the cuttings are removed from the cutting bed, either to be sold or to be transplanted into nursery rows. Green-layering is sometimes practiced with rare sorts, or single eyes may be used, as in grapes. Tip-layering, as in the black raspberry, may also be employed. (See page 33.) Weak or low sorts are sometimes grafted upon stronger ones, in order to give them a tree form, but such bushes are grown only as curiosities or as specimen plants.

=Cussonia.= _Araliaceæ._

Increased by cuttings, which should be planted in sand, under glass. Give slight bottom heat.

=Custard Apple.= See Anona.

=Cyananthus.= _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds. Strong roots may be carefully divided in spring, but this is not desirable. Usually by cuttings, which should be taken during spring or early summer, and struck in sandy peat, being kept moist.

=Cyanophyllum.= _Melastomaceæ._

Increased by seed. By cuttings or eyes, which should be placed in sand where a good bottom heat must be maintained, and they should be shaded from the sun.

=Cyanotis.= _Commelinaceæ._

Seeds; usually by young cuttings in sandy soil, in brisk heat.

=Cycas.= _Cycadaceæ._

Increased by seed, and oftener by suckers.

=Cyathea.= See Ferns.

=Cyclamen= (Sowbread). _Primulaceæ._

Propagated by seed, sown when freshly gathered; the hardy kinds in pots placed in a cool frame. By divisions and leaf cuttings, taken off with a heel; but these methods are not very satisfactory.

=Cynoglossum.= _Boragineæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and root-cuttings.

=Cypella.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seed, sown as soon as ripe in a cool house, and by offsets.

=Cyperus.= _Cyperaceæ._

Propagated either by seed, sown in gentle heat, or by divisions.

=Cyphia.= _Campanulaceæ._

When the stems begin to push out from the root, cut off as many of the shoots as are required, and place them in small pots in an equal mixture of loam, peat, and sand in abundance. The young plants should be kept dry until callused, but not covered with glass. They may also be increased by cuttings, under a hand-glass in a cool house.

=Cyphomandra= (Tree Tomato of Jamaica). _Solanaceæ._

Use seeds; or cuttings may be placed under glass, in bottom heat.

=Cypress.= See Cupressus.

=Cypripedium= (Lady's Slipper). _Orchideæ._

By seeds sometimes. Usually by division. (See under Orchids.)

=Cyrilla.= _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings.

=Cyrtanthus.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by offsets.

=Cytisus= (Scotch Broom). _Leguminosæ._

By seeds and layers. In spring, cuttings of young wood may be taken when about three inches long (with a heel preferred), placed under a bell-glass in heat, or in a close frame, where they will root readily. If gradually hardened, potted and grown on, small flowering specimens may by obtained the following spring. _C. purpurea_ is usually grafted on the common laburnum.

=Dacrydium= (Tear Tree). _Coniferæ._

Increased by fresh seed and ripened cuttings.

=Daffodil.= See Narcissus.

=Dahlia.= _Compositæ._

Single varieties, and sometimes the doubles, are grown from seeds. The roots may be broken apart after the crowns have started in spring, and each part grown separately. The roots may be started into growth in heat late in winter, and the young sprouts may be removed and handled as ordinary cuttings as fast as they form. Or rare sorts may be increased during summer by cuttings from the growing tips. Cions made of the growing tips may be grafted into the roots by a cleft or side graft. This method is oftenest employed for the purpose of preserving over winter rare sorts which it is feared may be lost. The grafts are kept growing slowly during winter, and cuttings may be taken from them. Cuttings should always have a bud or buds at the base, and in propagation by division there must be a piece of the crown attached to the root.

=Daisy.= See Bellis.

=Dalbergia.= _Leguminosæ._

Place cuttings of firm young shoots in sand under a glass, in spring. Give a little bottom heat.

=Dampiera.= _Goodenovieæ._

Divisions. Cuttings should be planted in a mixture of turfy loam, peat and sand, in heat.

=Dandelion= (_Taraxacum officinale_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, in early spring.

=Daphne.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Seeds. For layers, remove the soil in spring to a depth of two or three inches about the plant, and fill with fine compost to within two inches of the tops of the shoots. The next spring, carefully wash away the compost, and plant the small white buds in pots of fine soil. Place in a cool frame.

Cuttings should be made of matured shoots or side growths in autumn; insert thinly in well-drained pots of peaty soil, and cover with a bell-glass. If kept in a cool house in winter they will callus, and may, early in spring, be introduced to gentle heat, to encourage growth and the emission of roots. Pot the young plants singly, and grow on in a close but not high temperature, and afterwards harden and keep quite cool during the following autumn and winter, in order to thoroughly ripen the wood. Grafted specimens may be treated in a similar way. _D. odora_ is propagated by ripened cuttings in a cool house, in sand. Sometimes the old wood can be used. The time is determined by the fitness of the wood.

=Darlingtonia.= _Sarraceniaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by dividing the plants. Seeds may be sown on the surface of well-prepared fibrous soil, and then covered with dead sphagnum moss, rubbed through a sieve. Give shade.

=Darwinia.= _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of the young roots. Place in a cold-frame.

=Dasylirion.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, suckers and cuttings.

=Date= (_Phœnix dactylifera_). _Palmæ._

The seeds from commercial dates grow readily, and without the intervention of stratification. Special varieties are propagated by a sort of cutting, made by removing and rooting the sprouts which appear about the base of the tree. These root readily if taken off green and liberally supplied with water. They often begin to bear in five or six years.

=Date Palm.= See Phœnix.

=Datisca.= _Datisceæ._

May be increased by seeds, and by dividing well established plants.

=Datura=, including Brugmansia, Ceratocaulis and Stramonium. _Solanaceæ._

The annual species are propagated by seeds, which are started under cover in the north. The perennials are readily grown from cuttings in mild heat. Heeled shoots are usually preferred.

=Daubenya.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Davallia.= _Filices._

Propagated largely by division. See Ferns.

=Daviesia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seed may be sown in slight heat in spring. Cuttings may be made of firm young shoots, and placed in sand under a frame.

=Day Lily.= See Hemerocallis.

=Deciduous Cypress.= See Taxodium.

=Decumaria.= _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds. Cuttings may be made in summer, and placed under a frame in a shady situation.

=Delphinium= (Larkspur). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds may be sown out-doors in a warm border in spring, or in pans, to be placed either in frames or outside. The old plants of perennial sorts may be cut down after flowering, when young growths will proceed from the base, and the whole may be lifted and carefully divided. Cuttings of the young shoots, taken in autumn or spring, will root freely if potted singly and placed in a cold-frame. They will flower the following season at the same time as the divisions.

=Dendrobium.= _Orchideæ._

The methods of propagating these plants have already been mentioned. Where a rapid increase of a new or special variety is required, the pseudo-bulbs that are more than one year old should be cut into lengths, and fastened on orchid rafts, with a layer of sphagnum beneath them. Suspend them in a hot, moist house, if possible, over a water-tank. The advantage of this method is that the young plants do not need shifting after they commence rooting on their own account. The section to which _D. aggregatum_, _D. Jenkinsii_, _D. densiflorum_ and _D. thyrsiflorum_ belong, are best propagated by division. (See under Orchids.)

=Dentaria= (Toothwort). _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Deodar.= See Cedrus.

=Desfontainea.= _Loganiaceæ._

Cuttings, placed in a sandy loam, in a gentle heat.

=Desmodium.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds, or by cuttings placed under a frame, in heat.

=Deutzia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Commercially, the species are mostly propagated by green hardened cuttings in summer, under a frame. Hard-wooded cuttings may be taken in autumn, and be treated in about the same manner as currant cuttings (see page 58). The deutzias are also propagated by divisions and layers. Some of the dwarf sorts are sometimes forced, to make cuttings for winter use.

=Dewberry= (_Rubus Canadensis_ and vars., and _Rubus trivialis_.) _Rosaceæ._

Seeds are handled in the same manner as blackberry seeds. Increased by layers and, like the blackberry, by root-cuttings. Layers are made by simply covering the decumbent canes at the joints. This is the usual method of multiplication. The tips, too, root freely, as in the black-cap raspberries.

=Dianella.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in gentle heat during spring. By divisions.

=Dianthera.= See Justicia.

=Dianthus.= See Carnation, Pink and Sweet William.

=Dicentra=, Capnorchis, Diclytra (Bleeding Heart). _Papaveraceæ._

The crowns may be divided in early spring, or cuttings may be made of the fleshy roots in short lengths, and placed in sand. The roots should be placed in a compost of sandy loam, in well-drained pots, as soon as the foliage dies off, and transferred to a cold-frame.

=Dichorisandra.= _Commelinaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings.

=Dichosma.= See Agathosma.

=Dicksonia.= _Filices._

Division mostly. See Ferns.

=Diclytra.= See Dicentra.

=Dictamnus= (Dittany, or Fraxinella). _Rutaceæ._

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe. Division is used.

=Dictyosperma.= See Areca.

=Dicyrta.= See Achimenes.

=Didymocarpus.= _Gesneraceæ._

Cuttings, which are obtained from young shoots when commencing growth, and placed in sandy soil, in heat. Also by seeds.

=Didymosperma.= See Areca.

=Dieffenbachia.= See Caladium.

=Diervilla=, Weigela. _Caprifoliaceæ._

Suckers. Cuttings may be made in spring, summer or autumn. Hardened green cuttings, handled under a frame in summer, are extensively used by nurserymen. (See page 58.) They are sometimes grown from cuttings in winter from forced plants. Hard-wood cuttings, made in winter and planted in spring like the grape, succeed well.

=Digitalis= (Foxglove). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds, sown in spring, either in-doors or in the open. The common foxglove (_D. purpurea_) often self-sows itself.

=Dill= (_Arethum graveolens_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, in early spring.

=Dillenia=, including Colbertia. _Dilleniaceæ._

Seeds, which, however, are grown with much difficulty. Cuttings of half-ripened wood may be placed in sand, under a frame, in bottom heat.

=Dimorphotheca.= _Compositæ._

The seeds of the annual sorts should be sown in heat in spring. The perennials are grown from green cuttings.

=Dionæa.= _Droseraceæ._

Propagated sometimes by seed; usually by dividing the plants.

=Dion=, Platyzamia. _Cycadaceæ._

Propagated by seed.

=Dioscorea= (Yam). _Dioscoreaceæ._

The tubers may be divided in autumn or spring, when not growing. Seeds are sometimes used, so are the tubers which form in the axils by the leaves. Stove species can be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood.

=Diosma.= _Rutaceæ._

Cuttings in sandy peat, and under a frame placed in very gentle heat, will soon root.

=Diospyros= (Date Plum, Persimmon). _Ebenaceæ._

Seeds are used for the hardy species. Also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots. Those requiring stove heat strike best from ripened shoots, placed in sand in a brisk bottom heat during spring. See also Persimmon.

=Dipcadi=, Uropetalum. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by offsets in spring.

=Diplacus.= See Mimulus.

=Dipladenia.= _Apocynaceæ._

In spring, when the plants commence new growth, cuttings from the young shoots are made. These, or single eyes, should be placed in a mixture of sand and peat, in good bottom heat.

=Diplazium.= See Ferns.

=Diplothemium.= _Palmæ._

Propagation is affected by seeds.

=Dipteracanthus.= See Ruellia.

=Dirca.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Increased by seeds or layers.

=Disa.= _Orchideæ._

_D. grandiflora_ and others of similar habit are propagated by offsets. These are best taken off about December, and treated like the old plants. (See under Orchids.)

=Disocactus.= See Phyllocactus.

=Disporum=, including Prosartes. _Liliaceæ._

Seeds may be used; or the plant may be divided in spring before active growth commences.

=Dodecatheon=, Meadia (American Cowslip). _Primulaceæ._

Seeds. The crowns may be divided either in spring or autumn. Cuttings of the whole root can be effectively used, the root being torn off the crown, planted upright, and of course covered with the sandy soil commonly used in this form of propagation.

=Dog's Bane.= See Apocynum

=Dog's-tooth Violet.= See Erythronium.

=Dogwood.= See Cornus.

=Dolichos.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds. Sometimes cuttage or layerage is resorted to.

=Dorcoceras.= See Bæa.

=Doronicum=, including Aronicum (Leopard's Bane). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions.

=Dorstenia.= _Urticaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed in early spring. Before active growth commences the plants may be divided.

=Doryanthes.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by suckers placed in small pots.

=Dorycnium=, including Boujeania. _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Downingia=, Clintonia. _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds should be sown in mild heat in spring.

=Draba=, including Petrocallis (Whitlow Grass). _Cruciferæ._

The annuals or biennials propagated by seeds sown in spring in the open border. The perennials may be propagated by dividing the crowns.

=Dracæna= (Dragon-tree). _Liliaceæ._

Rarely grown from seed. Layers do not succeed very well. The stems of old plants may be cut up in pieces one or two inches long, and placed at any season in cocoanut fiber or light soil, in the bottom heat of a propagating house. The tops of the plants will also strike as cuttings, and the fleshy base of the stem is sometimes removed and used for propagation. Root-cuttings do well in a moderate heat. (See Fig. 47.)

=Dracocephalum= (Dragon's Head). _Labiatæ._

The annuals are grown from seeds, sown in the open in spring. Perennials are increased by dividing the roots, or by cuttings of the young shoots in spring.

=Dracontium.= See Amorphophallus.

=Dragon's Head.= See Dracocephalum.

=Dragon-tree.= See Dracæna.

=Drimys=, Wintera. _Magnoliaceæ._

Cuttings made of half-ripened shoots should be inserted in a frame.

=Drosera= (Sundew). _Droseraceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as possible after gathering. _D. binata_ is increased by cutting roots from strong plants into pieces of one-half or one inch in length, and placing them on the surface of shallow earthenware pans, in sandy peat soil, and covering about one-half inch deep with the same material. They are then placed under a bell-glass, and transferred to a damp, warm propagating house.

=Drosophyllum.= _Droseraceæ._

Propagated by seed.

=Dutchman's Pipe.= See Aristolochia.

=Duvaua.= _Anacardiaceæ._

Insert cuttings made of the ripe wood under glass, in gentle heat.

=Dyckia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, suckers and divisions.

=Eccremocarpus= (Calampelis). _Bignoniaceæ._

Seeds, sown in spring, in a gentle heat. Cuttings may be used, of green or ripe wood.

=Echeveria.= See Cotyledon.

=Echinacea.= _Compositæ._

Readily propagated by seeds and division.

=Echinocactus.= See Cactus.

=Echinops=, Echinanthus (Globe Thistle). _Compositæ._

Sow the seeds in spring for the propagation of the biennials, and divide the perennials early. Also by root-cuttings.

=Echium= (Viper's Bugloss). _Boragineæ._

The herbaceous species are raised from seeds. Also increased by divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased more readily by layers, but also by cuttings, placed in sandy soil under glass.

=Edelweiss.= See Leontopodium.

=Edgeworthia.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Cuttings should be inserted in sandy soil, under glass in spring.

=Edwandria.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds or cuttings of the young wood.

=Egg-Plant= (_Solanum Melongena_). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds in heat, in late winter or spring. Cuttings rarely.

=Eglantine.= See Rosa.

=Ehretia.= _Boragineæ._

Place cuttings in sandy soil under glass in bottom heat, in spring.

=Eichhornia.= _Pontederiaceæ._

Propagation is effected by division in spring; seeds.

=Elæagnus= (Oleaster, Wild Olive, Goumi). _Elæagnaceæ._

Increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. The named varieties are often grafted on the most vigorous varieties obtainable. Imported seeds of some species are apt to be empty. _E. longipes_ can readily be propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened wood in June and July, under glass.

=Elæis= (Oil Palm). _Palmæ._

Seeds are used for propagation.

=Elæocarpus=, including Monocera. _Tiliaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in a hot-bed. Make cuttings of ripened shoots, with leaves on, and place them in sandy soil, in bottom heat.

=Elder.= See Sambucus.

=Elecampane= (_Inula Helenium_). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds in open air in early spring.

=Elliottia.= _Ericaceæ._

Insert soft wood cuttings in sand under glass.

=Elm.= See Ulmus.

=Elodea.= See Hypericum.

=Empetrum= (Crowberry or Crakeberry). _Empetraceæ._

Seeds. In summer, cuttings may be made, and should be placed in sandy soil under glass.

=Encephalartos.= _Cycadaceæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Endive= (_Cichorium Endivia_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, either in the open where the plants are to stand, or under glass.

=Enkianthus.= _Ericaceæ._

Cuttings made of the ripe wood should be placed under glass during the spring months, without heat.

=Entelea.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, in sandy soil.

=Eomecon.= _Papaveraceæ._

Seeds; also by division.

=Epacris.= _Epacrideæ._

Grown from tip cuttings in a frame in winter, with bottom heat. The cuttings root very slowly.

=Ephedra.= _Gnetaceæ._

Layers may be made from young shoots or branches.

=Epidendrum.= _Orchideæ._

The tall-stemmed section of this genus is increased by cuttings, the section with short, thick pseudo-bulbs by division. The former also occasionally produce viviparous flower-scapes, thus affording a ready means of increase. (See under Orchids.)

=Epigæa.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased with great difficulty by careful divisions of established plants, and by layers. Seeds, when obtainable, can be used, but are slow to develop.

=Epilobium= (Willow-herb). _Onagrarieæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions or root-cuttings.

=Epimedium= (Barrenwort). _Berberideæ._

Sometimes increased by seeds. During July or August, divisions of the roots can be made.

=Epiphyllum.= _Cacteæ._

Readily grown from cuttings. Pieces of the branches four to six inches long are placed in sandy soil in gentle heat, and kept moderately dry. Epiphyllums are often grafted on strong stocks of pereskia (_Pereskia aculeata_ is commonly used, but _P. Bleo_ is equally as good), for the purpose of getting high or rafter plants. A young shoot is cleft-grafted into any portion of the pereskia which has become hard, and the cion is held in place by a cactus spine passed through it. Several cions may be inserted along the sides of the stock.

=Eranthemum.= _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings root readily in spring in peaty soil, in a close frame where there is a bottom heat of about 70°.

=Eranthis= (Winter Aconite). _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds and division.

=Eremostachys.= _Labiatæ._

May be increased by seeds or division.

=Eremurus.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Erica= (Heath). _Ericaceæ._

Will grow from seeds, but these are used generally to secure new varieties. Commonly propagated by very short cuttings, taken from the tips, or made of the lower young growth. Carefully remove the leaves from the lower parts of the cutting, which should be about one inch long, and then insert rather closely in pots, which should be filled two-thirds with crocks, the remainder being fine sandy peat with a layer of clean, compact sand on the surface. Cover with glass. Water well, and place in a temperature of about 60°.

=Erigeron=, including Phalacroloma, Polyactidium. _Compositæ._

Readily increased by seeds or divisions.

=Erinus.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds and divisions. After becoming established, they propagate themselves by seed.

=Eriobotrya.= See Photinia.

=Eriodendron.= _Malvaceæ._

Raised from seeds sown in sandy soil, in heat.

=Eriogonum.= _Polygonaceæ._

May be increased by seed or division.

=Eriosema.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or cuttings.

=Eriostemon.= _Rutaceæ._

Cuttings, in sandy peat in spring, under glass, and with gentle heat. Nurserymen propagate by grafting on small stocks of correa.

=Erodium= (Heron's Bill). _Geraniaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds or divisions.

=Erpetion= (Australian Violet). _Violarieæ._

Propagated by seeds; also by division and cuttings.

=Eryngium= (Eryngo). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds or carefully made divisions may be used for increasing the species.

=Erysimum= (Hedge Mustard). _Cruciferæ._

Increased by seeds; the perennials by seeds and divisions.

=Erythræa=, Gyrandra, Hippocentaurea (Centaury). _Gentianeæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Erythrina= (Coral-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Young shoots can be taken in spring or early summer with a heel, and placed in sandy soil, on a slight bottom heat.

=Erythronium= (Dog's-tooth Violet). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Offsets or bulbels are usually employed, taken as soon as the leaves dry away after flowering, inserting the bulbels about three inches deep.

=Erythroxylon=, including Sethia. _Lineæ._

Place cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a glass, in heat.

=Escallonia.= _Saxifrageæ._

Suckers, layers. Cuttings of half-ripened wood strike in sand, when covered with glass. Also by seeds.

=Escheria.= See Gloxinia.

=Eschscholtzia=, Chryseis (California Poppy). _Papaveraceæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring or autumn where the plants are to flower.

=Eucalyptus= (Gum-tree). _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown thinly in pans or pots of light, sandy soil, and placed in frames. Also by cuttings.

=Eucharis.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in a warm house. Offsets or bulbels should be removed and potted off singly.

=Eucomis.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown as soon as ripe, or by bulbels.

=Eucryphia.= _Rosaceæ._

The cuttings of young shoots are planted in sand under glass.

=Eugenia.= See Myrtus.

=Eulalia.= _Gramineæ._

Freely increased by seed or division.

=Euonymus= (Burning-bush, Strawberry-tree, Wahoo). _Celastrineæ._

Grown from seeds, cuttings and layers. Cuttings usually make better plants than layers. The deciduous species are usually grown from hard-wood cuttings, but the evergreen kinds are started under glass, from cuttings of the growing or ripened wood. The small and weak kinds are grafted on the stronger ones. The evergreen species will grow upon the deciduous kinds.

=Eupatorium.= _Compositæ._

Cuttings of the growing wood, under glass in early spring, is the common method of propagation. Seeds can also be used for some species.

=Euphorbia=, including Poinsettia (Spurge). _Euphorbiaceæ._

By seeds, especially the annual species. The perennial shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings in a strong heat. Some species are propagated by divisions.

=Eurya.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Propagated by soft cuttings, inserted in sand under a glass in heat.

=Eurycles.= _Amaryllideæ._

Offsets or bulbels, in spring.

=Eurybia.= See Olearia.

=Eustylis.= See Nemastylis.

=Euterpe.= _Palmæ._

Seeds in heat.

=Eutoca.= See Phacelia.

=Evening Primrose.= See Œnothera.

=Exacum.= _Gentianeæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring, in bottom heat.

=Exochorda.= _Rosaceæ._

Grown from seeds, layers, cuttings and suckers. Seeds are difficult to procure. Layering in June is a common practice. Various kinds of cuttings are employed, but the best results follow short, soft cuttings, taken from forced plants and set deep in shallow flats of sand. They require a very strong bottom heat, a close frame, and the water should be applied in a spray upon the foliage. Cuttings are sometimes grafted upon pieces of roots. It is regarded as a difficult plant to propagate.

=Fabiana.= _Solanaceæ._

Readily increased by seeds and cuttings.

=Fagus= (Beech). _Cupuliferæ._

Commonly grown from the nuts, which should be stratified and sown very early in spring. They may be sown immediately after they are gathered, if they can be protected from vermin. The named varieties are grafted upon the European or American species.

=Fair Maids of France.= See Ranunculus.

=Fan-palm.= See Livistona.

=Farfugium.= See Senecio.

=Fedia.= See Patrinia.

=Felicia.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings inserted in sandy soil, under a glass.

=Fennel= (_Fœniculum_, various species). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, usually in spring.

=Fennel Flower.= See Nigella.

=Fenugreek= (_Trigonella Fœnum-Græcum_). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Fenzlia.= See Gilia.

=Ferns.= _Filices._

Where division is possible, it is the easiest and most economical method of propagation, and should be practiced just before the plant starts into growth. The spores can be sown in February and March, or earlier, under glass in a warm propagating pit. Partly fill a suitable sized pot or pan with coarse peat, giving plenty of drainage; make the surface level, and on this place three-quarter inch cubes of well-seasoned peat which is rather dry, watering the whole and scattering on the spores evenly. Cover with a pane of glass, and place in a partial shade. While the process which corresponds to germination is going on, great care must be given to the water supply. This is sometimes done by placing the pots or pans in a saucer, from which they can suck the water up. Overhead watering may be used, and often is, but will sometimes introduce worms and the like.

The young plants should be pricked out when the true leaf appears, and they are large enough to handle. The same careful treatment should be continued until they are established in pots.

There is not much difficulty in getting the young plants, if fresh spores are obtainable, but there is a good deal of trouble in handling the seedlings, and establishing them in their growing quarters.

Most ferns are readily propagated by means of spores, as directed above and on page 24. Some species rarely produce spores in cultivation, however, and in other cases, as in some tree ferns, it is almost impossible to rear the young plants after the spores have germinated. In all such cases, recourse must be had to separation, division or layerage. There are some species, as _Asplenium bulbiferum_, _Cystopteris bulbifera_ and others, which bear small bulblets or detachable buds on their fronds. These buds often vegetate while still attached to the frond. They may be removed either before or after showing signs of vegetation, and set in pots in a close propagating frame, or under a bell-glass. Ferns which make broad crowns may be divided, and this is the common mode with many species. Some species produce creeping root-stocks, which emit roots if pegged down into a pot of soil or on a block of peat. Several plants can often be produced from such a layer. All these operations are best performed in late winter, before the new growth begins. The tree ferns are rarely propagated to any extent in cultivation, but young plants are imported from their native countries.

=Fern, Sweet.= See Comptonia.

=Ferraria=, Tigridia. _Irideæ._

Propagated by means of seeds and bulbels.

=Feverfew.= See Chrysanthemum.

=Ficus.= _Urticaceæ._

The greenhouse species are propagated by layers and cuttings. The cuttings are handled in a close frame, and a leaf or two is usually left on them. For _Ficus Carica_, see Fig. Propagation by seeds is sometimes used in the edible figs, but is not easy with the ornamental sorts. _F. elastica_, _F. Indica_, etc., are increased by cuttings, planted in sand or sandy soil, and placed in good bottom heat, in a frame under glass. The large cuttings should be staked, and care must be taken to remove the milky juice before planting. Any winter month is good, before growth begins. Last season's wood should be used.

=Fig= (_Ficus Carica_). _Urticaceæ._

Figs grow readily from the plump seeds in the commercial fruit. Wash out the seeds, and those that sink may be sown in a frame. The young plants will appear in three or four weeks. In from three to five years the plants will begin to bear. New varieties are obtained in this way.

Varieties of the fig are multiplied with ease by layers, suckers and cuttings. Make cuttings of mature wood in autumn, cutting just below a bud. Scarce varieties may be multiplied by single eye cuttings. Fig cuttings are handled in the same way as grape cuttings. Some prefer, however, to place the cuttings where the tree is to stand. A well-grown plant will bear at two or three years of age.

The fig is readily budded and grafted, but these methods are seldom employed, because the plant is so easily multiplied by cuttings. Shield, ring or tubular buddings are employed. Various methods of grafting are adapted to it, and cleft-grafting is usually employed on old plants.

=Filbert.=. See Corylus.

=Fir.= See Abies, Pinus and Picea.

=Fire-pink.= See Silene.

=Fittonia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Increased by division, and by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, planted in sandy loam, in bottom heat.

=Fitzroya.= _Coniferæ._

Seeds. Increased also by cuttings of half-ripened shoots

=Flax.= See Linum.

=Flower-de-Luce= (_Fleur-de-Lis_). See Iris.

=Fontanesia.= _Oleaceæ._

Layers are used; also cuttings, planted under a hand-glass in autumn. Or it may be grafted on the privet.

=Forget-me-not.= See Myosotis.

=Forsythia= (Golden Bell). _Oleaceæ._

Propagated extensively by green cuttings in summer, in a frame; also grown from ripe cuttings taken in fall and winter, and planted in the open air in early spring.

=Fothergilla.= _Hamamelideæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown in spring in a peaty soil; by layers.

=Four-o'clock.= See Mirabilis.

=Foxglove.= See Digitalis.

=Fragaria.= See Strawberry.

=Franciscea.= See Brunfelsia.

=Francoa.= _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, sown in early spring in a cool frame. Also by division.

=Frangula.= See Rhamnus.

=Frankenia=, including Beatsonia, Hypericopsis. _Frankeniaceæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Fraxinella.= See Dictamnus.

=Fraxinus= (Ash). _Oleaceæ._

Propagated chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified. The named sorts are budded upon seedling stocks if the sorts are upright growers, or top-grafted if they are weepers. Both the European and American species are used for stocks.

=Freesia.= _Irideæ._

Increased readily by seed, sown as soon as ripe in pots of light, sandy soil, and placed in a sunny position, in a cool frame. By bulbels.

=Fremontia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds may be used; or cuttings, in spring, may be struck under a hand-glass.

=French Bean= (Varieties of _Phaseolus vulgaris_ and _P. nanus_). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Freycinetia.= _Pandaneæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Fringe-tree.= See Chionanthus.

=Fritillaria.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe where the plants are to stand the first year. Bulbels and division.

=Fuchsia= (Ladies' Ear Drop). _Onagrariæ._

Fuchsias grow readily from seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, and blooming plants ought to be obtained in eight or ten months. Cuttings of the young growth strike quickly and easily. Blooming plants of most sorts can be obtained in four or five months.

=Fumaria= (Fumitory). _Papaveraceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Funkia=, Hosta (Plantain Lily, White Day Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Propagation is effected by dividing the stools during the early autumn, or when they begin to start in spring. Only strong, healthy clumps should be divided, and each portion should contain several crowns.

=Furze.= See Ulex.

=Gaillardia.= _Compositæ._

The annual sorts are propagated by seeds started under glass; the perennial kinds by seeds, cuttings or division. Sometimes root-cuttings are used.

=Galanthus= (Snowdrop). _Amaryllideæ._

Commonly by bulbels. Rarely by seeds.

=Galax=, Erythrorhiza, Solonandra. _Diapensiaceæ._

Propagated by divisions of strong clumps in autumn.

=Galega= (Goat's Rue). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, in spring; also by division.

=Galtonia.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by bulbels or seeds.

=Garcinia=, Cambogia, Mangostana, Oxycarpus. _Guttiferæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of ripened shoots should be inserted in sand under a glass, in strong bottom heat.

=Gardenia=, including Rothmannia. _Rubiaceæ._

Strong, healthy cuttings may be taken with a heel, early in the year being the best time, but any season will do when suitable cuttings can be secured. They should be placed in bottom heat of about 75°, in a frame.

=Garlic= (_Allium sativum_). _Liliaceæ._

By "cloves" or divisions of the bulb. In the north these are planted in the spring, but in warm climates they may be planted in the fall.

=Garrya=, including Fadyenia. _Cornaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened wood in sandy loam in August, and shaded until rooted. Also by budding on _Aucuba Japonica_ at the crown. Plant sufficiently deep to cover the bud or graft.

=Gasteria.= See Aloe.

=Gaultheria= (Boyberry, Wintergreen). _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, divisions, layers and cuttings under glass.

=Gaura.= _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring or fall in the open ground.

=Gaylussacia.= See Vaccinium.

=Gazania=, Mœhnia, Mussinia. _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions. Make cuttings in July or August, from the side shoots near the base of the plant; these should be placed in a sandy soil, in a frame.

=Gelsemium=, Leptopteris, Medicia. _Loganiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings under glass.

=Genista.= See Cytisus.

=Gentiana= (Gentian). _Gentianeæ._

Seeds and division. The seeds germinate slowly, and often with difficulty. They often lie dormant a year or more. They should be sown in well-sifted light loam, in pans or flats, and kept cool and shaded. Division must be carefully done, or the plants will suffer.

=Geonoma.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds and suckers.

=Geranium.= _Geraniaceæ._

Mostly by seeds and divisions. For the conservatory plants known as geraniums, see Pelargonium.

=Gerardia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated, but often with difficulty, by seeds, sown in the open air or in a frame or cool house.

=Gesnera.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds, and cuttings of the shoots and leaves. Handled in essentially the same manner as Gloxinia, which see.

=Gethyllis.= _Amaryllideæ._

They may be increased by bulbels or seeds.

=Geum=, including Sieversia (Avens). _Rosaceæ._

=Gherkin.= See Cucumber.

Propagation is effected by seeds or division.

=Gilia=, including Fenzlia. _Polemoniaceæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring in the open ground or frame, in a rather light soil.

=Gilibertia.= _Araliaceæ._

Cuttings, inserted in sand in a gentle heat.

=Gillenia.= _Rosaceæ._

Increased readily by dividing the roots in spring; also by seeds.

=Gilliesia.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by bulbels.

=Gilliflower.= See Matthiola.

=Ginkgo=, Salisburia (Maidenhair-tree). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, which are mostly imported, and which should be stratified. Also by layers, and by cuttings of either green or ripe wood. The cuttings are handled under glass. Named varieties are grafted upon common stocks.

=Ginseng.= See Aralia.

=Gladiolus.= _Irideæ._

Seeds, which are commonly sown in pans in spring, in the house; or they may be sown in the border. Seedlings flower in two or three years. The common method of propagation is by means of cormels (see page 29, and Fig. 16). These are removed from the parent corm and planted in the open, where some of them will flower the same season, although most of them will require a season's independent growth before they flower. If cormels are desired in abundance, the large corms should not be allowed to flower. Some varieties do not produce cormels readily, and these may be made to bear them by cutting or ringing (page 30). A new corm is formed above the old one each year (Fig. 16).

=Glastonbury-thorn.= See Cratægus.

=Gleditschia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown in spring about one inch deep. They should be soaked in hot water before being sown. Varieties propagated by grafts upon seedling stock.

=Gleichenia.= See Ferns.

=Globe Flower.= See Trollius.

=Globularia.= _Selagineæ._

Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.

=Gloriosa=, Clynostylis, Methonica. _Liliaceæ._

Seeds should be inserted singly in small pots, in a light sandy soil, and plunged in bottom heat. Bulbels, which should be carefully removed from the old bulbs when starting them in spring, as the roots are very brittle.

=Gloxinia=, Escheria, Salisia. _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds should be sown the latter part of winter, in well-drained pots or small pans of finely sifted soil, of peat, leaf-mould and sand in about equal proportions. The seeds should be sown thinly and covered slightly, then carefully watered, and placed in a temperature of about 70° and kept shaded. Cuttings of the shoots may be taken when the old tubers are starting in spring, and placed in a close propagating frame. Leaf-cuttings, with a small portion of the petiole attached, give excellent results, especially when the leaves are firm and nearly matured. Leaf cuttings are made in the various ways in which begonia leaf-cuttings are made (see pp. 60-72, Figs. 59, 60). Also grafted (see page 88).

=Glycine.= See Wistaria.

=Glycosmis.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which are commonly inserted in sand under glass, often in heat.

=Glycyrrhiza=, including Liquiritia (Liquorice). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by division and by seeds.

=Godetia.= See Œnothera.

=Golden Rod.= See Solidago.

=Goldfussia.= See Strobilanthus.

=Gomphia= (Button Flower). _Ochnaceæ._

Cuttings of firm young shoots should be placed in sand under glass, in heat.

=Gomphocarpus.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds should be sown under glass in spring; or cuttings may be made of small side shoots when the plant is commencing new growth, and placed in sand under glass.

=Gompholobium.= _Leguminosæ._

Cuttings, which should be made of young shoots during spring, and placed under glass.

=Gomphrena.= See Celosia.

=Gonolobus.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings under glass.

=Goodenia.= _Goodenovieæ._

Seed. During spring, cuttings will root freely if placed under glass.

=Goodia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds may be used. Cuttings of young shoots may be made during spring, and placed in a frame.

=Gooseberry= (_Ribes Grossularia_ and _R. oxyacanthoides_). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, for the raising of new varieties, should be sown as soon as well cured, in loamy or sandy soil, or they may be stratified and sown together with the sand in the spring. Cuttings six to eight inches long of the mature wood, inserted two-thirds their length, usually grow readily, especially if taken in August or September and stored during winter, in the same way as currant cuttings. Single eye cuttings may be used for rare kinds. Stronger plants are usually obtained by layers, and the English varieties are nearly always layered in this country. Mound-layering is usually employed, the English varieties being allowed to remain in layerage two years, but the American varieties only one (Fig. 21). Layered plants are usually set in nursery rows for a year after removal from the stools. Green-layering during summer is sometimes practiced for new or rare varieties. Strong plants may also be procured by tip-layering, as in the black raspberry (see p. 33). If it is desired to train the weaker gooseberries in tree form, they may be grafted upon the stronger-growing varieties.

=Gordonia=, including Polyspora. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or layers.

=Gorse.= See Ulex.

=Goumi.= See Elæagnus.

=Gourds= (_Cucurbita Pepo_, _Lagenaria_, etc.). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, after the weather is settled and ground is warm.

=Grammanthes.= _Crassulaceæ._

Seeds, sown in spring in a warm house.

=Granadilla= (_Passiflora edulis_, etc.). _Passifloreæ._

Propagated by seeds, or, less easily, by cuttings.

=Grape= (_Vitis_, several species). _Vitaceæ._

Grape seedlings are very easily grown. If the ground is fit and there is no danger from vermin, the seeds may be sown in the fall, but they are usually stratified and sown in spring. They come readily if sown out-doors, but some prefer to force them under glass with a mild bottom heat. Seedlings do not "come true," and they are therefore grown only for the purpose of obtaining new sorts.

The grape is very readily multiplied by layers, either of the ripe or green-wood. The ripe wood or canes may be layered either in fall or spring, but spring is usually chosen. The cane is simply covered up two or three inches deep, and nearly every bud will produce a plant. In August or September the layer should be lifted and cut up into plants. Better plants are obtained if only the strongest canes are used and only a part of the buds on each are allowed to grow. The cane is usually cut back to four or five buds, or if very strong plants are desired only one bud is left on each layer. Canes of the previous year, those recently matured, are preferred, although wood two or three years old may be used, but in this case it is usually necessary to cut or otherwise wound the joint in order to induce the formation of roots. Vines or stools grown for the production of layers should be cut back severely in fall or winter, to induce a vigorous growth of canes the following season. These canes are then layered the succeeding fall or spring. Only a part of the canes are layered from any stool, a part being allowed to grow for cutting back the next fall in order to get another crop of canes. In some varieties which do not strike readily from cuttings, layering is considerably practiced by nurserymen. The Delaware is often grown in this way. Extra strong layers can be secured by layering in pots. A large pot, filled with rich soil, is plunged beneath the layer. In this manner a layer may be rooted and separated even while carrying fruit. Layering in pots is employed only in special cases.

Green-layering is sometimes practiced upon new and scarce varieties, but strong plants are not obtained unless they are well handled by forceful culture after they are separated. The growing cane is layered in mid-summer, usually by serpentine layering.

Cuttings are usually employed by nurserymen to propagate the grape. These are made in many fashions. In all ordinary cases hard-wood cuttings are made from the ripened canes in autumn or winter when the vines are pruned. It is advisable to take the cuttings before the canes have been exposed to great cold. Select only those canes which are well-matured, solid and rather short-jointed. In common practice, the cuttings are cut into two-bud length, the lower cut being made close to the bud. The cuttings will range from six to ten inches in length. Some prefer three-bud cuttings (Fig. 43), but unless the cane is very short-jointed such cuttings are too long to be planted and handled economically. Three-bud cuttings usually give stronger plants the first season because roots start from both joints as a rule. Very strong plants are obtained from mallet cuttings (Fig. 45), but as only one such cutting can be made from a cane, unless the cane bears very strong branches, they are not much used. Various methods of peeling, slitting and slicing cuttings are recommended, in order to extend the callusing process but they are not used in common or commercial practice. The cuttings are tied in bundles of 50 or 100, and stored in sand, moss, or sawdust in a cellar, until spring, when they are planted in rows in the open. Some varieties, of which the Delaware is an example, do not strike readily from cuttings. Some growers start common cuttings of these under glass in spring. Others bury the bundles of cuttings in a warm exposure in the fall, with the butt ends up and about level with the surface of the ground. This affords bottom heat to the butts and induces callusing. At the approach of cold weather the cuttings are removed to a cellar, or are heavily mulched and allowed to remain where buried. Storing is safer. Some growers obtain the same results by burying upside down in a cellar. These slow-rooting sorts often start well if they are simply kept in a warm cellar--but where the buds will not swell--all winter, as the callusing is then hastened. At the end of the first season the plants may be transplanted. The plants are often sold at this age, but buyers usually prefer two-year-old plants.

Single bud or "eye" cuttings are largely used for the newer and rarer varieties. These are cut from the canes in the fall, the same as long cuttings, and are stored in boxes of sand or moss. A month before the weather becomes settled, these boxes may be taken into a house or greenhouse, or put in a mild hot-bed, to induce the formation of the callus. They may then be planted out-doors, and a fair proportion of most varieties may be expected to grow. The best and commonest way of handling eyes, however, is to start them under glass. They are planted horizontally or nearly so and about an inch deep in sand or sandy earth in a cool greenhouse in late winter--in February in the northern states--and in about six weeks the plants will be large enough to pot off or to transplant into cold-frames or a cool house. If only a few plants are to be grown they may be started in pots. When the weather is thoroughly settled, they are transferred to nursery rows, and by fall they will make fine plants. There are various ways recommended for the cutting of these eyes--as cutting the ends obliquely up or down, shaving off the bark below the bud, and so on--but the advantages of these fashions are imaginary. A good eye-cutting is shown in Fig. 50. The foreign grapes are propagated by eyes in the north.

Soft cuttings are sometimes used to multiply new kinds. These may be taken in summer from the growing canes, but the plants are usually forced during winter for the purpose of giving extra wood. Cuttings are taken off as fast as buds form during the winter, and they are forced in close frames with a good bottom heat. The cuttings may comprise two buds, with the leaf at the upper one allowed to remain, or they may bear but a single eye, in which case the leaf, or the most of it, is left on. This rapid multiplication from small, soft wood usually gives poor plants; but strong plants may be obtained by allowing the wood to become well hardened before it is used. Soft cuttings will root in two or three weeks under good treatment.

In order to secure extra strong plants from single buds, the eyes may be saddle-grafted or whip-grafted upon a root two or three inches long. The root-grafts are then treated in the same way as eye cuttings, only that they are usually grown in pots from the start.

The vine may be grafted with ease by any method. Cleft-grafting is commonly employed upon old plants. The cions are inserted on the crown of the plant, three or four inches below the surface of the ground. The cleft is bound with string and then covered with earth, no wax being necessary. Young plants are usually whip-grafted at the crown, either in-doors or out-doors. Grafting the vine is mostly confined to Europe, California, and other countries where the European grape (_Vitis vinifera_) is grown, as that species must be grafted upon some other stock in order to resist the phylloxera. The common wild frost-grape (_Vitis riparia_) is the most popular stock. The union in these cases must be two or three inches above the ground, to prevent the cion from taking root. The union is wound with waxed muslin, and the earth is heaped about it until it has healed. Grafting may be done out-doors in winter or spring. In the north, winter grafts are likely to be heaved by frosts, and late spring grafts, made as the leaves are pushing, are probably best.

The vine is frequently inarched, and early in spring it can be budded by ordinary methods.

Seed-grafting is a curious practice, which may be applied to the grape (see page 90).

=Grape Hyacinth.= See Muscari.

=Graptophyllum=, Earlia. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings of rather firm young shoots placed in a frame with some heat.

=Gratiola=, Sophronanthe (Hedge Hyssop). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. Propagated readily by dividing the roots in spring.

=Grevillea.= _Proteaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, sown under glass in February; also by cuttings of half-ripened wood.

=Grewia=, Chadara, Mallococca. _Tiliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings may be struck in sand under glass, with heat.

=Grindelia.= _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown in the border or under a frame. Divisions. Cuttings.

=Ground-Cherry.= See Physalis.

=Ground-Nut.= See Apios; also Pea-nut.

=Groundsel.= See Senecio.

=Guaiacum.= _Zygophylleæ._

Ripened cuttings in spring, under a hand-glass, in heat.

=Guava= (_Psidium_, several species). _Myrtaceæ._

The guavas grow readily from seeds, and plants will often bloom when a year and a half old. They may also be multiplied by layers, and by cuttings either under glass or in the open.

=Guelder Rose.= See Viburnum.

=Guernsey Lily.= See Nerine.

=Gumbo.= See Hibiscus.

=Gum, Sweet.= See Liquidambar.

=Gum-tree.= See Eucalyptus.

=Gunnera.= _Halorageæ._

Propagated by division. It is very difficult to raise from seed.

=Gustavia=, Pirigara. _Myrtaceæ._

Cuttings, made of ripened shoots and handled in a frame.

=Gymnema.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Make cuttings of firm side shoots in spring, and place in a frame.

=Gymnocladus= (Kentucky Coffee-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Readily increased by seeds, which start better if soaked for a few hours in hot water. Also by root-cuttings.

=Gymnogramme.= See Ferns.

=Gymnyostachys.= _Aroideæ._

Propagation is effected by suckers and divisions.

=Gynerium= (Pampas Grass). _Gramineæ._

Seeds, under glass in the north. Also increased by dividing the tufts.

=Gynura.= _Compositæ._

Increased by cuttings and seeds.

=Gypsophila.= _Caryophylleæ._

Propagated by seeds, division or cuttings.

=Habranthus.= See Zephyranthes.

=Habrothamnus.= See Cestrum.

=Hackberry.= See Celtis.

=Hæmanthus= (Blood Flower). _Amaryllideæ._

Bulbels, which should be removed and potted when the plants are commencing new growth, and be kept in a close pit or house till established. Seeds are rarely used.

=Hæmodorum= (Australian Blood-root). _Hæmodoraceæ._

Increased by dividing the roots in spring.

=Hakea=, Conchium. _Proteaceæ._

Well-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy peat under glass, in a cool house. Seeds, when obtainable, can be used.

=Halesia=, Pterostyrax (Silver-bell or Snowdrop Tree). _Styracaceæ._

Seeds, which rarely germinate till the second year. They should be kept constantly moist. Propagation is also effected by layers, or by cuttings of the roots in spring and autumn. Layers are commonly employed in this country.

=Halimodendron= (Salt-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Freely increased by seeds, layers or cuttings. May also be grafted on common laburnum.

=Hamamelis= (Witch-hazel). _Hamamelideæ._

All grow from seeds or layers, and the Japan species succeed if grafted on American species in the greenhouse. _H. Virginica_ may be readily propagated by layers.

=Hamelia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings which are nearly ripe will root during the early part of summer under glass, with heat.

=Hamiltonia=, Spermadictyon. _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Half-ripened cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

=Hardenbergia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds may be used; also increased by divisions. Cuttings, made of the firm young side shoots in spring, will grow if inserted under a bell-glass, and placed in a warm frame or pit, without bottom heat.

=Hardwickia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by ripened cuttings in sand, in a strong heat.

=Harebell.= See Campanula.

=Hatchet Cactus.= See Pelecyphora.

=Haw=, Hawthorn. See Cratægus.

=Hazel.= See Corylus.

=Heartsease.= See Viola.

=Heath.= See Erica.

=Heather.= See Calluna.

=Hedera= (Ivy). _Araliaceæ._

Seeds. Layers. The rooted portions of the vine may be severed and treated as independent plants. Cuttings may be made in autumn from any firm shoots, and inserted in pots or in the open ground. If they are placed in heat and kept shaded until roots are formed, good plants are obtained much sooner than when placed in a cold-frame or in the open air. Named varieties are grafted on the stock of any common strong climbing form.

=Hedychium= (Indian Garland Flower). _Scitamineæ._

Seeds, rarely. Increased by dividing the rhizomes in spring, when the plants are repotted.

=Hedysarum.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation is effected by means of seeds and division.

=Helenium.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds or divisions.

=Helianthemum=, including Fumana (Rock-Rose, Sun-Rose). _Cistineæ._

The annuals are raised from seeds. The perennials may also be raised from seeds, but it is better to trust to layers and to cuttings, which will root freely in a sandy soil, if kept shaded until established.

=Helianthus=, including Harpalium (Sunflower). _Compositæ._

By seeds, which may be sown in pots, and the seedlings transferred, or in the open ground in spring. Also divisions.

=Helichrysum=, Elichrysum (Everlastings). _Compositæ._

The annual species and the varieties of H. bracteatum may be raised from seed, sown in a light heat in early spring, and afterwards transplanted; or sown in the open ground a little later. The perennial species are increased by cuttings in spring, in a close frame without heat.

=Heliconia.= _Scitamineæ._

May be increased by seeds, but the best method is by division of the root stock in spring when growth commences. Separate pieces may be placed in pots, and grown in a moist stove temperature, repotting when necessary; or they may be planted out in the stove, if desired.

=Heliotropium= (Heliotrope). _Boragineæ._

Seeds. The common practice is to use cuttings. These can be taken at almost any season, if good growing shoots are to be had. They start readily in sand or soil on a cutting bench, or under a frame. Plants for bedding are struck in late winter from stocks which are in a vigorous condition.

=Helipterum=, including Astelma, Rhodanthe. _Compositæ._

Seeds may be sown in early spring, under cover.

=Helleborus= (Black Hellebore, Christmas Rose). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe. Strong and healthy root divisions are also employed.

=Helonias.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, and slowly by root divisions.

=Hemerocallis= (Day Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Increased by divisions. _H. Middendorfii_ and some others by seed.

=Hemlock Spruce.= See Tsuga.

=Hemp.= See Cannabis.

=Hepatica.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Can be propagated by division; also by seeds.

=Heracleum= (Cow Parsley, Cow Parsnip). _Umbelliferæ._

Readily increased by seeds or divisions.

=Herbertia.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by means of seeds or bulbels.

=Herb-Robert.= See Geranium.

=Hesperis= (Dame's Violet, Rocket). _Cruciferæ._

The single sorts are increased by seeds; the double forms by carefully dividing the roots, or by cuttings.

=Heterocentron.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings.

=Heuchera= (Alum Root). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds. Readily increased by dividing the crowns during spring.

=Hevea=, Micrandra, Siphonia. _Euphorbiaceæ._

Cuttings should be made of half-ripened wood, and inserted in sand under glass.

=Hibbertia=, including Cyclandra, Pleurandra. _Dilleniaceæ._

Cuttings, in sandy peat under glass.

=Hibiscus.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds sometimes. Also by divisions and layers. Cuttings of green-wood are commonly used, made in summer for hardy species or in early spring for tender ones. Cuttings of ripened wood may be taken in fall, and stored until spring in a rather dry place. The variegated sorts do better if grafted upon strong stocks.

=Hicoria=, Carya (Hickory, Pecan, etc.). _Juglandeæ._

Increased chiefly by seeds, which should be stratified; also by root-sprouts. Seeds are sometimes planted at intervals in the field where the trees are to stand; but this practice is not to be recommended. The hickory can be grafted. Best results are obtained by veneer or splice-grafting in winter, on potted stocks. Cleft-grafting can be employed out-doors. Saddle-grafting upon young twigs is sometimes used. See also Pecan.

=Hippeastrum= (Equestrian Star). _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds may be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pots or pans of sandy loam, slightly covered, and placed in a temperature of about 65°. For increasing by divisions--which is the usual way--the old bulbs should be taken from the pots and carefully separated, with the least possible injury to the roots. This should be done when the plants are at rest, and the offsets should be placed singly in pots. Keep the bulb about two-thirds above the level of the soil, dispose the roots evenly, and plunge in bottom heat, in a position exposed to the light.

=Hippomane=, Mancinella. _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

=Hippophaë= (Sallow Thorn, Sea Buckthorn). _Elæagnaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, suckers, layers, and cuttings of the roots.

=Hoffmannia=, Higginsia. _Rubiaceæ._

Insert cuttings in sandy soil under cover, in bottom heat.

=Hog Plum.= See Spondias.

=Holbœllia.= _Berberideæ._

In spring, cuttings may be made of half-ripened shoots.

=Holly.= See Ilex.

=Hollyhock= (Althæa). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe--in summer--in pots or pans, and placed in a slight bottom heat or in the open air. In either case, place the seedlings in 3-inch pots, and winter in a cold-frame. Dividing the roots, after flowering is over, by separating the crown, so as to preserve one or more buds and as many roots as possible to each piece. Cuttings of young shoots three inches long, taken off close to the old root at nearly the same time, should be placed singly in small pots of light, sandy soil and kept close, and shaded in a cold-frame until rooted. If cuttings are made during winter, a gentle bottom heat must be given. Also grafted (see page 88). See also Althæa.

=Honesty.= See Lunaria.

=Honey-Locust.= See Gleditschia.

=Honeysuckle.= See Lonicera.

=Hop.= See Humulus.

=Hop Hornbeam.= See Ostrya.

=Horehound= (_Marrubium vulgare_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, in early spring. Division.

=Horkelia.= See Potentilla.

=Hornbeam.= See Carpinus.

=Horse Chestnut.= See Æsculus.

=Horse Mint.= See Monarda.

=Horse-Radish= (_Nasturtium Armoracia_). _Cruciferæ._

Root-cuttings ("sets"). These are made from the small side roots when the horse-radish is dug. They may be anywhere from one-fourth to one inch in diameter, and three to six inches long, one end being cut slanting, to mark it. These are planted obliquely, two to four inches deep, in spring. They may be buried during winter. (Fig. 48). The old crowns may be planted, but they make poorer roots.

=Hottonia.= _Primulaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds and divisions in spring.

=House-Leek.= See Sempervivum.

=Houstonia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. May also be increased by carefully made divisions in autumn or spring.

=Hovea=, Poiretia. _Leguminosæ._

Propagation is best effected by seeds, sown in well-drained pots of sandy peat soil in spring, and placed in a gentle bottom heat. Cuttings are difficult to strike.

=Hovenia.= _Rhamneæ._

Increased by seeds. Root-cuttings are also used. Ripened cuttings should be placed in sand, under a hand-glass.

=Hoya= (Honey Plant, Wax Flower). _Asclepiadeæ._

For layering, good-sized shoots should have a few of their leaves removed, and should then be put in pots of soil until rooted. The plants may afterwards be grown on, and repotted according to their strength. Cuttings may be taken in spring or later in the year, from shoots of the preceding summer's growth, and placed in a compost of peat and sand, and plunged in bottom heat in a frame. A slight shade and careful watering will be necessary. _H. bella_ does best when grafted on a stronger growing sort.

=Huckleberry.= See Vaccinium.

=Humea=, Agathomeris, Calomeria. _Compositæ._

Sow seeds in light, finely sifted soil, and place in a frame in early summer.

=Humulus= (Hop). _Urticaceæ._

It may be propagated by seeds, or by divisions in spring. Ordinarily, however, the species is increased by hard-wood cuttings of two-bud lengths from the best old shoots, and made in spring. Leave the top bud just above the ground.

=Hyacinthus= (Hyacinth). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds are employed for the production of new varieties. These are sown the same season they mature, in light, sandy soil, and are covered not more than a half-inch deep. In four or five years, or sometimes even longer, the bulbs will be large enough to flower. Varieties are perpetuated by means of the bulbels which form freely upon some varieties. These are treated in much the same manner as mature bulbs, or they may be handled in pans or flats. They make flower bulbs in two or three years. To increase the numbers of these bulbels, the bulbs are variously cut by the Dutch growers. These practices are described and illustrated on pages 27 and 28, Figs. 12-14. Hyacinths can be propagated by leaf cuttings. Strong leaves should be taken in early spring and cut into two or three portions, each portion being inserted about an inch in good sandy loam, and given a temperature of about 75°. In eight or ten weeks a bulblet will form at the base of the cutting (see page 52). The lower leaves give better results than the upper ones. These bulblets are then treated in the same manner as bulbels.

=Hydrangea=, Hortensia. _Saxifrageæ._

The hardy species are usually propagated by green cuttings in summer, under glass (see Fig. 57). The tender species are increased by cuttings taken at any time from vigorous young wood, usually in late winter. Layers are occasionally employed, and suckers can be separated from some species. Sometimes the hardy species are forced for purposes of propagation by cuttage. _H. quercifolia_ is propagated by little suckers or "root pips." _H. paniculata, grandiflora_ can easily be propagated from the young wood, taken in June and planted under glass.

=Hymenocallis.= _Amaryllideæ._

Treated the same as Pancratium, which see.

=Hypericum=, including Androsæmum. _Hypericineæ._

Easily increased by seeds, cuttings, or by strong pieces of the roots of creeping-rooted species. Hard-wooded cuttings taken in fall, are commonly used.

=Hypoxis.= _Amaryllideæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds and offsets.

=Hyssop= (_Hyssopus officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Division.

=Iberis= (Candytuft). _Cruciferæ._

The annuals and biennials are increased by seeds sown in light sandy soil, in spring or autumn. The sub-shrubby sorts are also increased by seeds sown in spring, but more often by divisions or by cuttings.

=Idesia.= _Bixineæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring in gentle heat. Half-ripened cuttings may be made in spring or autumn, and should be inserted in sandy loam, and placed under a bell-glass, in gentle heat. Also by root-cuttings.

=Ilex=, including Prinos (Holly). _Ilicineæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified. They are often cleaned of the pulpy coat by maceration. The seeds rarely germinate until the second year. Varieties are perpetuated by graftage. The veneer-graft, upon potted plants, is usually employed, but other methods may be successful. Budding is sometimes performed.

=Illicium= (Aniseed-tree). _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of young ripened shoots may be made during summer and should be placed in sandy soil, under a glass.

=Imantophylium.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds. Usually increased by division or by means of bulbels.

=Impatiens=, Balsamina (Balsam). _Geraniaceæ._

The common annuals may be raised from seeds, in spring, in any ordinary light soil. The stove and greenhouse species may be increased by seeds, or from cuttings, which root freely in a close frame. _I. Sultani_ does best from seeds.

=Indian Fig.= See Opuntia.

=Indian Shot.= See Canna.

=Indigofera= (Indigo). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds. Cuttings of young shoots may be inserted in sandy or peaty soil under glass, in slight heat.

=Inga.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds. Cuttings root with difficulty.

=Inula=, Elecampane. _Compositæ._

Readily increased by seeds or by divisions.

=Ionidium=, Solea. _Violarieæ._

The herbaceous species are increased by seeds and by divisions. The shrubby sorts are increased by cuttings which will root in sand, in a frame.

=Ipomœa=, including Quamoclit (Moon-flower, Morning Glory). _Convolvulaceæ._

All the annual species are grown from seeds. The perennials are also increased by seedage, but they may be raised from cuttings struck in a forcing-house or a frame. The moon-flowers often do better in the north from cuttings than from seeds. _I. Horsfalliæ_ is largely propagated by layers, and other species may be treated in the same way. Division is sometimes employed. _I. pandurata_ can be propagated by root-cuttings. Also grafted (see page 88).

=Ipomopsis.= See Gilia.

=Iresine=, Achyranthes. _Amarantaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Increased readily by cuttings. For summer bedding in the north, cuttings should be started in February or March. For use as window plants, they should be taken in late summer.

=Iriartea=, Deckeria. _Palmæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds.

=Iris=, including Xiphion. _Irideæ._

Seeds grow readily and give good results, and they are usually produced freely, especially in the bulbous species. Sow as soon as ripe in light soil in some protected place. The bulbous species produce bulbels, which may be used for multiplication. The rhizomatous species are propagated by dividing the rhizome into short rooted pieces. Or when the rhizomes lie on the surface of the ground and do not root readily, they may be layered.

=Isonandra= (Gutta-Percha Tree). _Sapotaceæ._

Insert cuttings in sandy soil, under glass, in heat.

=Isoplexis=, Callianassa. _Scrophularineæ._

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be made in spring under glass.

=Isopyram.= _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or by divisions, in autumn or spring.

=Itea.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated by seeds or by suckers, in spring; and in autumn by layers.

=Ivy.= See Hedera and Ampelopsis.

=Ixia=, including Morphixia. _Irideæ._

Seeds may be sown in pans of sandy soil in autumn, and placed in a cool frame. Propagation by bulbels is a much quicker, as it is the usual method.

=Ixiolirion=, Kolpakowskia. _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by seeds; and by bulbels.

=Ixora.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Usually increased by short-jointed green cuttings placed in a close frame with a strong bottom heat.

=Jaborosa.= _Solanaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring, and by divisions, also by cuttings of young shoots, placed under a frame.

=Jacaranda.= _Bignoniaceæ._

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots may be made in early summer and placed in sand over sandy peat, in heat, and kept shaded. Also seeds.

=Jacobæan Lily.= See Amaryllis.

=Jacobinia.= See Justicia.

=Jacquinia.= _Myrsineæ._

Cuttings of ripened shoots, usually made in summer, placed in sand, in a moist bottom heat.

=Jalapa.= See Mirabilis.

=Jambosa.= See Myrtus.

=Jasione= (Sheep's Scabious). _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds, sown in spring or fall, usually in the open. The perennials may be divided.

=Jasminum= (Jasmine, Jessamine). _Oleaceæ._

Sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings of the nearly ripened wood, under glass. Cuttings of ripe wood are also employed, and layers are often used.

=Jatropha.= _Euphorbiaceæ._

Cuttings made of firm young shoots will strike in sandy soil in a strong bottom heat. The cuttings, if very fleshy, may be dried a few days before setting them.

=Jeffersonia.= _Berberideæ._

Seeds should be sown as soon as ripe, or divisions may be made.

=Jerusalem Artichoke= (Girasole). See Artichoke.

=Jessamine, Yellow.= See Gelsemium.

=Jonquil.= See Narcissus.

=Jubæa= (Coquito Palm of Chili). _Palmæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds.

=Judas-tree.= See Cercis.

=Juglans= (Walnut and Butternut). _Juglandeæ._

All the species are readily propagated by means of stratified nuts. Do not allow the nuts to become dry. Artificial cracking should not be done. In stiff soils the seedlings are apt to produce a long tap-root which renders transplanting difficult after the first year or two. The tap-root may be cut by a long knife while the tree is growing, or the young seedling may be transplanted. Particular varieties are perpetuated by grafting or budding with any of the common methods. In the north, they are sometimes worked indoors in pots. Common shield-budding works well, if the sap is flowing freely in the stock. Flute-budding is often employed. The improved native sorts are root-grafted in winter. Old trees can be top-grafted like apple-trees (see p. 90).

The "English" walnut (_J. regia_) is mostly grown direct from seed in this country, and the different varieties usually come true. In California, the native walnut (_J. Californica_) is often used as a stock for this species, and flute-budding on branches a half-inch or more in diameter is often practiced. "Twig-budding," or the insertion of a short branchlet or bit of branch which is severed from the parent branch in the same manner as a shield bud, is sometimes employed.

=Jujube= (_Zizyphus Jujube_). _Rhamneæ._

Seeds and cuttings.

=Juncus= (Rush, Bulrush). _Junceæ._

Seeds. The perennials may be increased by division.

=Juneberry= (_Amelanchier Canadensis_, var. _oblongifolia_). _Rosaceæ._

Increased by using the sprouts which form freely about the old plants; also by seeds.

=Juniperus= (Juniper, Red Cedar). _Coniferæ._

Increased readily by seeds, which, however, often lie dormant until the second year. They germinate more readily if the pulp is removed by maceration or by soaking with ashes for a few days. Green cuttings, in sand under glass, root easily; or mature cuttings may be taken in fall and placed in a cold-frame, in which they will need little protection during winter. Some varieties require a long time to root. Most of the named varieties may be grafted on imported Irish stocks, which are much used in some parts of the country. They may be veneer-grafted and handled in a cool house.

=Jurinea.= _Compositæ._

Increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.

=Jussiæa.= _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds and divisions are used for propagating.

=Justicia=, including Jacobinia and Sericographis. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds occasionally. The species strike readily from short green cuttings on a cutting bench or under a frame.

=Kadsura=, Sarcocarpon. _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, made of nearly ripened shoots, which should be placed in sand under glass.

=Kaki.= See Persimmon.

=Kalanchoe.= _Crassulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, but cuttings, when obtainable, are better.

=Kale= (_Brassica oleracea_, vars.). _Cruciferæ._

By seeds, sown in the open in spring in the north, or in the fall in the south.

=Kalmia= (Mountain Laurel, Calico-bush). _Ericaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, which should be sown in shallow pans of sandy peat, and kept in a cold-frame until the seedlings are large enough to transfer to the open air after being hardened off. By cuttings of young shoots in sandy peat, placed in a shady situation under a hand-glass. Also by layers. Usually obtained from the woods.

=Kennedya.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring or summer, or cuttings of rather firm side shoots may be made at the same time, and placed in peaty soil, in a close, warm frame.

=Kentia.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, placed in light, sandy soil, with heat.

=Kentucky Coffee-tree.= See Gymnocladus.

=Kerria.= _Rosaceæ._

Propagated by divisions, layers, and by cuttings of young shoots, inserted under a hand-light, or by ripened cuttings. In this country, oftener increased by ripe wood in fall.

=Kitaibelia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. May be readily propagated by divisions.

=Kleinhovia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings of the young ripened shoots, and place in sand, in heat, under glass.

=Klugia.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds. Propagated usually by cuttings.

=Knightia=, Rymandra. _Proteaceæ._

Make cuttings of ripened shoots with upper leaves on, and place in sandy soil under glass, in a very gentle bottom heat.

=Kniphofia=, Tritoma. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions of the crown in early spring.

=Knowltonia=, Anamenia. _Ranunculaceæ._

Increased by seeds and divisions.

=Kœllikeria.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds, carefully sown. May be propagated by dividing the tubers.

=Kœlreuteria.= _Sapindaceæ._

Propagated in spring by seed, by layers in autumn, and by cuttings of the young shoots in spring; also by root-cuttings.

=Kœniga.= _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, in spring.

=Krameria.= _Polygaleæ._

Cuttings, set in sand under glass, in spring.

=Kreysigia=, Tripladenia. _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated generally by divisions in spring.

=Kydia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. May be increased by cuttings of firm shoots, which root in sand under glass.

=Laburnum.= _Leguminosæ._

The species may be increased by seeds. Layers and suckers are often used. The varieties by grafting or budding on the common sorts.

=Lachenalia.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Bulbels.

=Lachnæa.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Cuttings of short young shoots may be made in spring, and should be placed in sand, under glass.

=Lælia.= _Orchideæ._

Increased by pseudo-bulbs, as in cattleya. See also under Orchids.

=Lagerstrœmia= (Crape Myrtle). _Lythrarieæ._

Layers. Cuttings of firm, small side shoots may be made in spring, and placed in bottom heat.

=Lagetta= (Lace Bark). _Thymelæaceæ._

Usually increased by cuttings of firm shoots, placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat.

=Lagunaria.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots, placed under glass, in a gentle heat.

=Lambertia.= _Proteaceæ_.

Increased by seeds, sown in slight heat. By cuttings, made of young and rather firm shoots.

=Lantana.= _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds, which give new varieties. Cuttings, in fall or spring, from good growing wood, in sand in a warm house or frame.

=Lapageria=, Capia, Phænocodon. _Liliaceæ._

Sow seeds when ripe in a sandy peat soil, and keep in a moderate heat. Increased by layers of firm, strong shoots.

=Laportea.= _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings placed in sand, in heat.

=Lardizibala.= _Berberideæ._

The cuttings, made of half-ripened shoots, should be inserted in sandy soil under glass.

=Larix= (Larch, Tamarack). _Coniferæ._

Seeds should be kept dry over winter and planted early in spring. Shade the young plants. Varieties, as the weeping sorts, are worked upon common stocks. The grafting may be done by the whip method, out-doors early in spring. Rare sorts are sometimes veneer-grafted under glass.

=Larkspur.= See Delphinium.

=Lasiandra.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the growing wood under glass.

=Lasiopetalum.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings in spring of the half-ripened wood, and insert in sand, under glass.

=Latania.= See Livistona.

=Lathyrus= (Sweet Pea, Vetchling). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown very early in the open. The perennials also by seeds, sometimes by division.

=Lattice-leaf.= See Ouvirandra.

=Latua.= _Solanaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings, placed in sand under glass.

=Laurel, Mountain.= See Kalmia.

=Laurus= (Laurel). _Laurineæ._

Increased by seeds, layers, and by cuttings, placed under a hand-glass in sandy soil. Also propagated by root-cuttings.

=Laurustinus.= See Viburnum.

=Lavandula= (Lavender). _Labiatæ._

Divisions. When the flowers are fully expanded, cuttings may be made. These should be inserted in sandy soil, under a frame.

=Lawsonia=, Alcanna. _Lythrarieæ._

Increased by cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sand under a glass, in heat.

=Laxmannia.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Propagation is usually effected by divisions or bulbels.

=Layia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in a hot-bed, or in the open border in the south.

=Leaf-Beet= or =Chard=. See Beet.

=Ledum= (Labrador Tea). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and divisions, but principally by layers, in sandy peat soil.

=Leek= (_Allium Porrum_). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds, sown very early in the spring, either out-doors or in a cold-frame.

=Leianthus.= _Gentianeæ._

Seeds, under cover; or cuttings of young shoots may be made, and inserted in sandy soil under glass.

=Leiophyllum= (Sand Myrtle). _Ericaceæ._

May be freely increased by seeds, sown in pans and placed in a frame. By layers in autumn.

=Lemon= (_Citrus Limonum_). _Rutaceæ._

The named sorts are budded upon either orange or lemon stocks. Orange stocks are probably most generally preferred, as they are adapted to a great variety of soils, and vigorous trees nearly always result. The budding is performed in the same manner as upon the orange, which see. Lemons are often grown from cuttings of the mature wood, which are set in the open ground as soon as the spring becomes warm, or in a frame. Stocks for budding upon are sometimes grown from cuttings in this way.

=Lentil= (_Ervum_, various species). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown in early spring.

=Leonotis= (Lion's Ear, Lion's Tail). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Increased by cuttings, which root freely in a gentle bottom heat, in early spring.

=Leontice.= _Berberideæ._

May be increased by seeds or by suckers.

=Leontopodium= (Edelweiss, Lion's Foot). _Compositæ._

May annually be raised from seeds, or the old plants may be divided in spring. The seeds must be kept in a dry place throughout the winter.

=Lepachys.= See Rudbeckia.

=Leptosyne.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Leschenaultia.= _Goodenovieæ._

In spring or summer cuttings may be taken from the points of shoots that are rather firm, and placed in sandy peat, in a shaded frame.

=Lessertia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation by seeds, or by divisions in spring.

=Lettuce= (_Lactuca sativa_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, which may be sown under glass or in the open. In the middle and southern states, the seeds may be sown in the fall, and the plants protected during cold by a mulch; or the plants may grow during winter in the warmer parts.

=Leucadendron= (Silver Tree). _Proteaceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Leucoium= (Snowflake). _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds, for producing new sorts. Propagation is commonly effected by bulbels, which should be secured as soon as possible after the foliage ripens.

=Leucothoë.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be covered very lightly. By divisions of established plants in autumn or winter. Also by layers.

=Lewisia.= _Portulacaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, or by divisions in spring.

=Leycesteria.= _Caprifoliaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, sown in spring. By cuttings of the short young shoots, made in spring; by older ones made in autumn.

=Leyssera.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, and by firm cuttings, placed in sandy soil during summer.

=Liatris= (Blazing Star, Button Snake-Root). _Compositæ._

Seeds are usually sown early in autumn. Divisions may be made in spring.

=Libonia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds are rarely employed. Usually increased by short green cuttings in a frame.

=Licuala=, Pericycla. _Palmæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring in a sandy soil, and placed in a strong, moist bottom heat.

=Lietzia.= _Gesneraceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in early spring, in heat; by cuttings inserted in sand under a glass, in bottom heat; or by tubers, which must be kept dry in winter and potted in early spring.

=Lightfootia.= _Campanulaceæ._

The annuals, by seeds sown in a warm frame in spring. Perennials also by cuttings made of young shoots placed in sand containing a little peat, under glass.

=Ligularia.= _Compositæ._

Increased by seeds, or by divisions in spring and autumn.

=Ligustrum= (Privet, Prim). _Oleaceæ._

Stratified seeds. Division. The named varieties are grown from cuttings, either of green or ripe wood.

=Lilac.= See Syringa.

=Lilium= (Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds--giving new varieties in the variable species--should be sown as soon as ripe in well-drained pans of sandy peat, slightly covered with similar soil and a layer of moss, and placed in a cool frame. Usually increased by bulbels, which should be planted a few inches apart in prepared beds. Sometimes small bulblets form in the axils of the leaves, and these are used in the same manner as bulbels. Bulb-scales are often employed for the multiplication of scarce kinds. Those which produce large and loose bulbs, as _L. candidum_, may be increased by simple division. These operations are described on pp. 25 to 29.

=Lily of the Valley.= See Convallaria.

=Lime= (_Citrus Limetta_). _Rutaceæ._

Seeds, which usually reproduce the variety. Some varieties are budded upon strong seedlings.

=Lime-tree.= See Tilia.

=Limnanthes.= _Geraniaceæ._

Freely increased by seeds in any ordinary garden soil in spring or autumn.

=Limnocharis.= _Alismaceæ._

Increased by seeds, by divisions, and by runners.

=Linaria= (Toadflax). _Scrophularineæ._

Increased by seeds sown in light soil, in early spring. Or by divisions made in spring or autumn. The greenhouse species are ordinarily grown from seeds, which should be carefully sown in finely pulverized soil. Cuttings may also be used.

=Linden.= See Tilia.

=Lindleya.= _Rosaceæ._

Increased by ripened cuttings under glass in bottom heat; or by grafting on the hawthorn.

=Linnæa.= _Caprifoliaceæ._

Naturally increased by layers or runners. Seeds are rarely employed.

=Linum= (Flax). _Lineæ._

Propagated by seeds, the hardy species sown out-doors and the tender ones under glass. Cuttings may be taken from firm shoots and inserted in a sandy position under glass. The ordinary flax is sown directly in the field.

=Lippia=, including Aloysia, Zapania. _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds. Usually by cuttings of young shoots, which will root freely in sandy soil in a close, warm frame. If it is not possible to secure the necessary heat, cuttings of the hard wood can be used in autumn, under glass.

=Liquidambar= (Sweet Gum). _Hammelideæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe. Many of the seeds may lie dormant until the second year.

=Liquorice.= See Glycyrrhiza.

=Liriodendron= (Tulip-tree, White-wood). _Magnoliaceæ._

Increased by stratified seeds. Named varieties are grafted on seedlings. The seeds of the tulip-tree are apt to be hollow, especially those grown along the eastern limits of the distribution of the species.

=Lisianthus.= _Gentianeæ._

The annuals may be increased by seeds, those of a shrubby habit by cuttings.

=Litchi.= See Nephelium.

=Lithospermum=, including Batschia (Gromwell). _Boragineæ._

May be propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.

=Livistona=, Latania, Saribus (Fan Palm). _Palmæ._

Seeds, sown in a sandy soil and placed in a gentle bottom heat.

=Lloydia.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Increased by bulbels, or by the creeping shoots leaving a bulb at the extremity.

=Loasa=, including Illairea. _Loaseæ._

All are easily increased by seeds sown in a light, sandy soil, usually under cover. Cuttings are rarely used.

=Lobelia.= _Campanulaceæ._

Ordinarily increased by seeds, which are more certain if handled in pans or flats under glass. Cuttings from vigorous shoots may be employed, and strong plants of some species may be divided. The cardinal flower (_L. cardinalis_) is grown from seeds carefully sown in fine soil, usually under cover.

=Locust-tree.= See Robinia.

=Loddigesia.= _Leguminosæ._

Increased in spring by cuttings placed under glass, in sandy soil.

=Lœselia=, Hoitzia. _Polemoniaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under glass.

=Logania=, Euosma. _Loganiaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of firm side shoots inserted in sandy soil, under glass.

=Loiseleurea.= _Ericaceæ._

Propagation by layers; very rarely by seeds, which are slow and uncertain.

=Lomatia=, Tricondylus. _Proteaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of well-ripened shoots placed in a gentle heat under glass.

=Lonchocarpus.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Propagated by growing cuttings placed in sand under glass, in mild heat.

=Lonicera=, including Caprifolium and Xylosteum (Honeysuckle). _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, for new varieties. Sow as soon as ripe, or stratify, first removing them from the pulp. The upright species are commonly grown from layers and from cuttings of dormant wood. The creepers are mostly grown from dormant cuttings.

=Lopezia=, Pisaura. _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds, under cover in spring. Also increased by cuttings.

=Lophanthus= (Giant Hyssop). _Labiatæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds and divisions.

=Lophospermum.= See Maurandya.

=Loquat.= See Photinia.

=Lotus.= _Leguminosæ._

The species may be raised annually from seeds. Increased also by cuttings.

=Lotus of the Nile.= See Nymphæa.

=Lovage= (_Levisticum officinale_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds sown in the open ground, and division.

=Lucern.= See Medicago.

=Luculia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Sow seeds in sandy soil and place in a little heat. Cuttings of young shoots may be inserted in spring, under glass, in gentle bottom heat for the first two or three weeks. Insert immediately after cutting and water freely.

=Luffa= (Dish-cloth Gourd). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, sown in the open, or in the north better started in pots in early spring.

=Lunaria= (Honesty). _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds or by divisions.

=Lupinus= (Lupin). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds of annuals may be sown in the open border during early spring. The perennials may be increased the same way, or by dividing the stronger growing plants during very early spring.

=Lycaste.= _Orchideæ._

Division and pseudo-bulbs. (See also under Orchids).

=Lychnis=, including Agrostemma, Viscaria. _Caryophylleæ._

Increased readily in spring by seeds, divisions or cuttings.

=Lycium= (Matrimony Vine, Box Thorn). _Solanaceæ._

Increased by seeds, suckers, layers; and by cuttings made in autumn or spring.

=Lygodium= (Hartford Fern, Climbing Fern). _Filices._

By spores and divisions of the root. See Ferns.

=Lyonia.= _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown very carefully in sandy peat soil. Also by layers.

=Lysimachia= (Loosestrife). _Primulaceæ._

Propagation is easily effected by seeds; by divisions in late autumn or early spring; and by cuttings.

=Lythrum= (Loosestrife). _Lythrarieæ._

Seeds and divisions are the usual methods. Cuttings are employed for some species.

=Maclura= (Osage Orange). _Urticaceæ._

Sow seed in the spring. Soak in warm water a few days before sowing.

=Madia.= _Compositæ._

Seeds.

=Magnolia.= _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds are commonly used. The coverings should be macerated from the very pulpy species. The cucumber-trees and some others are sown directly in autumn. The seeds of any species should not be allowed to become thoroughly dry. Magnolias strike well from green cuttings, cut to a heel and handled under glass. Layers are often used. Named varieties are veneer- or side-grafted upon strong stocks. The cucumber tree (_M. acuminata_) is used as a stock for all species. The umbrella tree (_M. umbrella_) is also a good stock.

=Mahernia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated during summer by cuttings of young shoots, one or two inches long, inserted in sandy soil, under glass.

=Mahonia.= See Berberis.

=Maidenhair-tree.= See Ginkgo.

=Maize=(_Zea Mays_). _Gramineæ._

Seeds (properly fruits) planted upon the approach of warm weather.

=Malcolmia.= _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Mallow.= See Malva.

=Malope.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds may be sown either under glass in early spring, or in the open border a month or two later.

=Malpighia.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Cuttings of nearly ripened shoots may be made in summer, with leaves or under glass.

=Malva= (Mallow). _Malvaceæ._

The annuals by seeds only. The perennials may be increased by seeds, divisions or cuttings.

=Malvaviscus=, Achania. _Malvaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of side shoots, placed under glass, in heat.

=Mammea= (Mammee Apple, St. Domingo Apricot). _Guttiferæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be taken with the leaves on and placed in a frame.

=Mammillaria.= See Cactus.

=Mandevilla.= _Apocynaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, layers, or cuttings of half-ripened wood.

=Mandiocca.= See Manihot.

=Mandragora= (Mandrake). _Solanaceæ._

Propagated by seeds or by divisions.

=Mandrake.= See Mandragora and Podophyllum.

=Manettia.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds are sometimes employed. Usually increased by cuttings of young shoots. Root-cuttings are sometimes made.

=Mangifera.= See Mango.

=Mango= (_Mangifera Indica_). _Anacardiaceæ._

Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds usually have more than one embryo, sometimes as many as ten. Each embryo will produce a distinct plant. The embryos may be separated before planting, but it is preferable to separate the young plantlets soon after germination, before they grow together, as they are apt to do. The seeds germinate better if the hard shell is removed before planting. Seeds retain their vitality but a few days, and if to be shipped for sowing they should be enclosed in wax. Seedlings begin to bear from the third to the sixth years. Varieties are inarched upon other stocks.

=Mangostana=, Mangosteen. See Garcinia.

=Manicaria=, Pilophora. _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in a strong, moist heat.

=Manihot=, Janipha, Mandiocca. _Euphorbiaceæ._

Propagation is effected by cuttings of young and rather firm shoots, placed in sandy peat under glass, in bottom heat. For the propagation of _M. Aipe_, see Cassava.

=Mantisia.= _Scitamineæ._

Propagated usually by divisions, made just as growth commences.

=Maple.= See Acer.

=Maranta.= _Scitamineæ._

Propagated the same as Calathea, which see.

=Marguerite= or =Paris Daisy= (_Chrysanthemum frutescens_). _Compositæ._

Cuttings, as described for Chrysanthemum.

=Marica.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds, and by division of the rhizomes, placing each portion in sand, in a high bottom heat.

=Marigold.= See Tagetes.

=Mariposa Lily.= See Calochortus.

=Marsdenia.= _Asclepiadeæ._

In spring, cuttings may be made and inserted in sand, under glass.

=Marsh-Mallow.= See Althæa.

=Marsh-Marigold.= See Caltha.

=Martynia= (Unicorn Plant). _Pedalineæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to grow, or started under glass in the north.

=Masdevallia.= _Orchideæ._

Division. (See also under Orchids.)

=Matthiola= (Stock, Gilliflower). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown either under cover or in the garden. Grows readily from cuttings.

=Maurandya=, including Lophospermum. _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds, sown in heat. Cuttings of young growth under glass.

=Mauritia=, including Orophoma. _Palmæ._

Sow seeds in heat.

=Maxillaria.= _Orchideæ._

Division of the plants, and also of the pseudo-bulbs. (See also under Orchids.)

=May-Apple.= See Podophyllum.

=Meadow-Rue.= See Thalictrum.

=Meadow-Sweet.= See Spiræa.

=Meconopsis.= _Papaveraceæ._

Seeds, sown in early spring in a gentle heat. Also propagated by division.

=Medeola= (Indian Cucumber). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. May be increased by dividing the plants in spring.

=Medicago= (Lucerno, Medick). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Medinilla.= _Melastomaceæ._

Cuttings of young wood in strong, close heat.

=Medlar= (_Pyrus_ [or _Mespilus_] _Germanica_). _Rosaceæ._

Stocks are grown from stratified medlar seeds, and the plant may be worked upon these, the thorn or quince.

=Megarrhiza.= _Cucurbitaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, sown in gentle heat in spring.

=Melittis= (Bastard Balm). _Labiatæ._

Seeds and division.

=Melaleuca.= _Myrtaceæ._

Seeds. In spring, cuttings getting firm at the base may be made about three inches in length. Place in a compost of peat and sandy loam.

=Melastoma.= _Melastomaceæ._

Make cuttings during spring, and place in sandy peat under glass in heat.

=Melia= (Bead-tree). _Meliaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe. Cuttings of growing wood under glass.

=Melianthus= (Honey Flower). _Sapindaceæ._

Increased by seeds, by root-sprouts, or by cuttings, which root freely under glass.

=Melichrus.= _Epacrideæ._

Cuttings of the shoots should be made, about two inches long, and inserted in sandy soil.

=Melicocca= (Ginep, Spanish Lime). _Sapindaceæ._

Seeds. Place ripened cuttings in sand under glass, in heat.

=Melocactus.= See Cactus.

=Melon= (_Cucumis Melo_). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand. In the north they are occasionally started under glass in pots or pieces of inverted sods, by amateurs.

=Menispermum= (Moon-seed). _Menispermaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions or cuttings in spring.

=Menyanthes= (Buckbean). _Gentianeæ._

Increased by seeds; by divisions of the roots.

=Menziesia.= _Ericaceæ._

May be increased by dividing established tufts, by layers or by cuttings.

=Mertensia=, Lungwort. _Boragineæ._

Propagation is effected by sowing seeds as soon as ripe, or by divisions in autumn.

=Mesembryanthemum= (Fig Marigold, Ice Plant). _Ficoideæ._

May be easily propagated by seeds, sown under glass; by pieces, pulled or cut off, and laid in the sun on moist sand.

=Mespilus.= See Medlar.

=Metrosideros.= _Myrtaceæ._

Propagated by seeds; also by cuttings of the hardened wood in late autumn.

=Mezereum=, Mezereon. See Daphne.

=Michælmas Daisy.= See Aster.

=Michauxia.= _Campanulaceæ._

The seeds may be sown in the border in spring.

=Michelia.= _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings of growing wood in summer, and place in sand under glass.

=Mignonette.= See Reseda.

=Milfoil.= See Achillea.

=Milkweed.= See Asclepias.

=Milla.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, bulbels or divisions.

=Miltonia.= _Orchideæ._

Dividing the pseudo-bulbs. (See also under Orchids.)

=Mimosa= (Sensitive Plant). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown in-doors. Cuttings of rather firm shoots, and inserted in sandy soil, in heat.

=Mimulus= (Monkey Flower, Musk Plant). _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be thinly sown and lightly covered. Also by divisions and cuttings.

=Mint.= See Peppermint and Spearmint.

=Mirabilis=, Jalapa (Marvel of Peru, Four-o'clock). _Nyctagineæ._

Seeds, sown in spring either under cover or out-doors.

=Mistletoe.= See Viscum.

=Mock Orange.= See Philadelphus.

=Momordica.= _Cucurbitaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in heat early in spring.

=Monarda= (Horse Mint). _Labiatæ._

Seeds. Propagated also by dividing the roots.

=Monk's Hood.= See Aconitum.

=Monsonia.= _Geraniaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, sown in-doors in spring; by division, or by cuttings placed in sandy soil under a hand-light, in spring or autumn.

=Monstera=, Serangium, Tornelia. _Aroideæ._

Easily increased by seeds and by cuttings of the stem.

=Montbretia.= See Tritonia.

=Montezuma.= _Malvaceæ._

Make cuttings of rather firm shoots, and insert in sand under glass.

=Moon-seed.= See Menispermum.

=Moon-flower.= See Ipomœa.

=Moricandia.= _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seed, sown in the open ground during spring.

=Moringa=, Anoma. _Moringeæ._

Make cuttings of half-ripened shoots in spring, and insert in sand under glass.

=Morning-glory.= See Ipomœa.

=Morus.= See Mulberry.

=Mountain Ash.= See Pyrus.

=Mountain Laurel.= See Kalmia.

=Mourning Bride.= See Scabiosa.

=Mucuna.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation may be effected by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood, under glass.

=Muehlenbeckia=, Sarcogonum. _Polygonaceæ._

Seeds. Increased usually by cuttings, taken in early summer in a frame.

=Mulberry= (_Mortis alba_, _M. nigra_ and _M. rubra_). _Urticaceæ._

New sorts are grown by seeds, which should be handled in the same manner as small fruit seeds. Named varieties are multiplied by cuttings of the root, or of mature wood, and sometimes by layers. The tree may also be budded or grafted by ordinary methods.

The common white mulberry was formerly used as a stock for named varieties, but Russian mulberry seedlings are now much used. The stocks may be top-worked out-doors, or root-grafted in the house. They are commonly crown-worked, however, in the house in winter, the stocks being grown in pots or boxes for the purpose. They are then kept under glass until the weather permits them out-doors. By this method fine specimen trees are procured, but they are readily handled by cheaper methods. The weeping and other ornamental sorts are now worked upon the Russian mulberry.

=Mulberry, Paper.= See Broussonetia.

=Mullein.= See Verbascum.

=Musa= (Banana, or Plantain-tree). _Scitamineæ._

Seeds may be sown in heat during spring. Suckers are used for those species which produce them. Many of the species do not produce seeds freely, and suckers must be relied upon. See Banana.

=Muscari=, including Botryanthus (Grape Hyacinth). _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by bulbels, which are obtained by lifting the old bulbs early in the autumn, about every second year.

=Mushroom= (_Agaricus campestris_).

Break up the commercial spawn into pieces about as large as a hen's egg, and plant it in drills or holes, using from one-half pound to a pound of spawn to each square yard of bed.

The spawn is the mycelium of the fungus held in a mass or "brick" of earth and manure. Various methods are employed for making the spawn, but the essentials of them all are that the body of the brick shall be composed of a porous and light material, which can be compressed into a compact mass; fresh mycelium must be communicated to this mass, and then a mild heat must be applied, until the whole mass is permeated by the mycelium. The mass should be kept in heat until the whole of it assumes a somewhat cloudy look, but not until the threads of the mycelium can be seen. Ordinarily, fresh horse manure, cow manure and good loam are mixed together in about equal proportions, enough water being added to render the material of the consistency of mortar. It is then spread upon the floor or in large vats, until sufficiently dry to be cut into bricks. When these are tolerably well dried, mycelium from a mushroom bed or from other bricks is inserted in the side of each brick. A bit of spawn about the size of a small walnut is thus inserted, and the hole is plugged up. The bricks are now placed in a mild covered hot-bed, with a bottom heat of 55° to 65°, and left there until the clouded appearance indicates that the mycelium has extended throughout the mass. Soil from a good mushroom bed is sometimes used to sow new beds, in place of commercial spawn. Old clumps of mushrooms may be allowed to become dry, and they may then be mixed into a bed. The spores will then stock the soil and produce a new crop. The full-grown mushroom may be laid upon white paper until the spores are discharged, and these spores may then be mixed into the earth. Propagation by spores is little understood, however. (See page 24.)

=Mustard= (_Brassica_ or _Sinapis_ species).

Propagated by seeds.

=Mutisia.= _Compositæ._

Seeds. Layers and cuttings of growing wood, those of the tender species in bottom heat.

=Mygindia=, Rhacoma. _Celastrineæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of firm shoots under glass.

=Myoporum.= _Myoporineæ._

Seeds, when obtainable. Usually by cuttings of young wood in heat.

=Myosotis= (Forget-me-not). _Boragineæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in spring in-doors or in the garden. The perennials may also be increased by divisions, in spring, or by cuttings placed under a hand-glass in a shady spot, in summer.

=Myrica= (Bayberry, Sweet Gale, Wax Myrtle, Candleberry). _Myricaceæ._

Hardy species mostly by seeds, from which the pulp has been removed. Sow as soon as ripe, or stratify them. Layers and divisions may also be employed. The greenhouse species are increased mostly by green cuttings.

=Myristica= (Nutmeg). _Myristiceæ._

May be increased by seeds; or by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat.

=Myrobolan.= See Prunus.

=Myrodia=, Lexarsa. _Sterculiaceæ._

Cuttings of firm shoots, which should be placed in sand under glass, in heat.

=Myroxylon= (Tolu Balsam-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Propagation is effected during summer by cuttings of growing shoots placed in sand in a frame.

=Myrrhis= (Sweet Cicely or Myrrh). _Umbelliferæ._

May be increased by divisions or by seeds.

=Myrsiphyllum.= _Liliaceæ._

Freely increased by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings. _M. asparagoides_, the "Smilax" or Boston-vine of greenhouses, is increased by seeds, which germinate readily.

=Myrtus=, including Ugni (Myrtle). _Myrtaceæ._

Seeds, when they can be obtained. Readily propagated by cuttings of firm or partially ripened shoots, placed in a close frame; those of the stove species require a warmer temperature than the half-hardy ones.

=Nægelia.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds rarely. Propagation is effected by potting the runners in spring or summer in a compost of peat, leaf soil and a little loam. Cuttings of young shoots, as mature leaves, will also root readily.

=Napoleona=, Belvisia. _Myrtaceæ._

Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots two to four inches long, in mild bottom heat.

=Narcissus= (Daffodil, Jonquil, Chinese Sacred Lily). _Amaryllideæ._

New varieties are grown from seeds, which give flowering bulbs in three or four years. Ordinarily increased by bulbels, which usually flower the second year.

=Nasturtium.= See Water-Cress and Tropæolum.

=Nauclea.= _Rubiaceæ._

May be increased by cuttings of growing shoots, in heat.

=Nectarine.= See Peach.

=Negundo= (Box Elder). _Sapindaceæ._

Propagates with readiness by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. Also by cuttings of mature wood, handled like grape cuttings.

=Neillia.= Handled the same as Spiræa, which see.

=Nelumbo=, Nelumbium (Water Chinquapin, Lotus, Water Bean). _Nymphæaceæ._

Seeds, which may be sown in shallow pans of water in the garden, or if sown in ponds they may be incorporated in a ball of clay and dropped into the water. The seeds of some species are very hard, and germination is facilitated if they are very carefully filed or bored (see Fig. 7). Sections of the rhizomes may be used instead. They should always be covered with water, at least a foot or two deep, if out-doors.

=Nemastylis=, Nemostylis. _Irideæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, or by bulbels.

=Nematanthus.= _Gesneraceæ._

Seeds rarely. Freely increased by cuttings, inserted in sandy soil and kept rather dry.

=Nemopanthes= (Mountain Holly). _Ilicineæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe or else stratified; also by division of old plants.

=Nemophila.= _Hydrophyllaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in late summer or any time during early spring.

=Nepenthes= (Pitcher Plant). _Nepenthaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and cuttings. The seeds must have good drainage, uniform conditions and strong heat (80° to 85°). Sow upon a soil made of peat and fine sphagnum, and keep in a moist and close frame. Cuttings are usually struck in moss in a frame having strong bottom heat. A good plan is to fill a small pot with moss, invert it, and insert the cutting through the hole in the bottom. The pot then keeps the moss uniform. The pot is broken when the plant is removed. When potting off, use very coarse material.

=Nepeta=, Glechoma (Catmint, Catnip). _Labiatæ._

Propagated by sowing seed in spring, or by divisions.

=Nephelium=, Dimocarpus, Euphoria (Litchi). _Sapindaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, or by cuttings made of half-ripened wood.

=Nephrodium.= See Ferns.

=Nephrolepis.= See Ferns.

=Nerine.= _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds, for new varieties. Commonly increased by means of bulbels.

=Nerium= (Oleander). _Apocynaceæ._

Layers. Cuttings should be made of matured leading shoots, inserted in single pots and placed in a close, warm frame; or they may be rooted in bottles of water and afterwards potted in soil. See Fig. 52, _a_.

=Nertera=, Nerteria. _Rubiaceæ._

Increased by seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Any small portion will grow freely, especially if placed in a warm frame.

=Nesæa=, including Heimia. _Lythrarieæ._

May be increased by means of seeds, divisions, or green cuttings.

=Nettle-tree.= See Celtis.

=New Zealand Flax.= See Phormium.

=Nicandra=, Calydermos. _Solanaceæ._

Seeds, sown in the open border, or under glass in the north.

=Nicotiana= (Tobacco). _Solanaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, started under glass or in a carefully prepared seed-bed. The ornamental species sometimes by cuttings.

=Nierembergia.= _Solanaceæ._

Grown from seeds, under glass. Cuttings of firm shoots are also used.

=Nigella= (Fennel Flower, Love-in-a-Mist). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds sown in early spring in the open.

=Nightshade.= See Solanum.

=Nine-bark.= See Spiræa.

=Nolana.= _Convolvulaceæ._

Seeds sown in the open border during spring.

=Norantea=, Ascium, Schwartzia. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Ripened cuttings can be rooted in sand, in heat.

=Norfolk Island Pine.= See Araucaria.

=Norway Spruce.= See Picea.

=Notelæa=, Rhysospermum. _Oleaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of firm side shoots in spring, usually without heat.

=Nuphar.= Propagated same as Nelumbo and Nymphæa, which see.

=Nutmeg.= See Myristica.

=Nuttallia.= _Rosaceæ._

May be propagated by seeds; by divisions; by means of suckers, which spring from the roots.

=Nyctanthes.= _Oleaceæ._

Cuttings of half-ripened shoots should be set in spring, in bottom heat.

=Nymphæa=, Castalia (Water Lily, Lotus). _Nymphæaceæ._

Seeds, which are rolled up in a ball of clay and dropped into a pond, or sown in pots which are then submerged in shallow water, either in-doors or out. Usually increased by portions of the root-stocks, which are sunk in the pond and held by stones, or the tender species placed inside, in pans of water. Some species produce tubers on the root-stocks, which are used for propagation.

=Nyssa= (Pepperidge, Sour Gum, Tupelo-tree). _Cornaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by layers. The seeds should be sown as soon as ripe or else stratified. They usually lie dormant the first year.

=Oak.= See Quercus.

=Obeliscaria.= See Rudbeckia.

=Ochna.= _Ochnaceæ._

During summer, cuttings may be made of growing shoots.

=Odontoglossum.= _Orchideæ._

Division. (See also under Orchids.)

=Œnocarpus.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds or by suckers.

=Œnothera=, including Godetia (Evening Primrose). _Onagrameæ._

Seeds may be sown in spring or summer. Divisions may be made. Cuttings of perennials should be placed in a cool frame in the early part of the season before flowering begins.

=Okra=, Gumbo (_Hibiscus esculentus_). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand, or started in pots often in the north.

=Olax.= _Olacineæ._

Grown from cuttings of firm or mature shoots in heat.

=Olea.= _Oleaceæ._

The ornamental species are grown from cuttings of ripened shoots, either under frames or in the border, and also by seeds. For propagation of _O. Europæa_, see Olive.

=Oleander.= See Nerium.

=Olearia=, Eurybia. _Compositæ._

Seeds. Readily increased by cuttings of growing shoots placed in a frame.

=Oleaster.= See Elæagnus.

=Olive= (_Olea Europæa_). _Oleaceæ._

The olive is grown in large quantities from seed, especially in Europe. The pulp is removed by maceration or by treating with potash. The pits should be cracked or else softened by soaking in strong lye, otherwise they will lie dormant for one or two years. Cuttings of any kind will grow. Limbs, either young or old, an inch or two inches in diameter, and from one to two feet long, are often stuck into the ground where the trees are to grow, or they are sometimes used in the nursery. Green cuttings, with the leaves on, are often used, being handled in frames or in boxes of sand. Chips from old trunks, if kept warm and moist, will grow. The olive is often propagated by truncheons of trunks. A trunk two or three inches in diameter is cut into foot or two foot lengths, and each length is split through the middle. Each half is planted horizontally, bark up, four or five inches deep, in warm moist soil. The sprouts which arise may be allowed to grow, or they may be made into green cuttings. Knaurs (see page 56) are sometimes used. The olive can be budded or grafted in a variety of ways. Twig-budding and plate or flute-budding give admirable results. Twig-budding is the insertion of a small growing twig which is cut from the branch in just the manner in which shield-buds are cut.

=Omphalodes=, Picotia. _Boragineæ._

Freely increased by means of seeds planted in spring, or by divisions.

=Oncidium.= _Orchideæ._

Division. In some species detachable buds are produced in the inflorescence, and these give young plants. (See also under Orchids.)

=Oncosperma=, Keppleria. _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds or by suckers.

=Onion= (_Allium Cepa_). _Liliaceæ._

Onions are mostly grown from seeds, which must be sown as early as possible in spring; or in the south they may be sown in the fall. They are also grown from "tops," which are bulblets borne in the flower cluster. These are planted in the spring, or in the fall in mild climates, and they soon grow into large bulbs. "Sets" are also used. These are very small onions, and when planted they simply complete their growth into large bulbs. Sets are procured by sowing seeds very thickly in poor soil. The bulbs soon crowd each other, and growth is checked, causing them to ripen prematurely. Good sets should not be more than a half inch in diameter. Very small onions which are selected from the general crop--called "rare-ripes"--are sometimes used as sets, but they are usually too large to give good results. Some onions--the "multiplier" or "potato onions"--increase themselves by division of the bulb. The small bulb, which is planted in the spring, splits up into several distinct portions, each one of which will multiply itself in the same manner when planted the following year.

=Onobrychis= (Saintfoin). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to remain.

=Onosma= (Golden Drop). _Boragineæ._

Seeds, sown in the open in spring. Perennial species by cuttings in summer.

=Opuntia= (Prickly Pear, Indian Fig). _Cacteæ._

Seeds grow readily, sown as soon as ripe in ordinary sandy soil, either in the house or out-doors. The joints grow readily if laid on sand. It is customary to allow these cuttings to dry several days before planting them. See also Cactus.

=Orach= (_Atriplex hortensis_). _Chenopodiaceæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.

=Orange= (_Citrus Aurantium_). _Rutaceæ._

Orange stocks are grown from seeds, which should be cleaned and stratified in sand or other material, until sowing time. The seeds should not be allowed to become hard and dry. Some prefer to let the seeds sprout in the sand and then sow them in the nursery, but they must be carefully handled. The seeds are usually sown in seed beds, after the manner of apple seeds, and the seedlings are transplanted the next fall or spring into nursery rows. Care must always be exercised in handling orange plants, as they are often impatient of transplanting. Oranges grow readily from cuttings, although cuttage is not often practiced. Green cuttings, handled under a frame, give good results. Mature wood, either one or two years old, can be treated after the manner of long grape cuttings. They must have an abundance of moisture. Layers are sometimes made.

The named varieties are shield-budded upon other stocks. Grafting can be practiced, but it is often unsatisfactory. The nursery stocks are commonly budded in the spring, after having grown in the rows one year, which is two years from the sowing of the seed. If thorn-bearing varieties are to be propagated, a thorn with a bud in its axil is often cut with the bud, to serve as a handle in place of the leaf stalk, which is used in summer budding. Many stocks are used for the orange. The leading ones are sweet or common orange, sour orange (_Citrus Aurantium_, var. _Bigaradia_), pomelo (var. _pomelana_ or _decumana_), Otaheite orange, trifoliate orange (_Citrus trifoliata_), and various lemons, as the "French" or Florida Rough and the Chinese. For general purposes, the sweet and sour orange stocks are probably the best. The sour stock is obtained from wild seeds, this variety having extensively run wild in Florida from early times. The trifoliate and Otaheite stocks are used for dwarfing or for small growing sorts, as many of the Japanese varieties. The trifoliate orange is also one of the hardiest of the orange stocks, and its use will probably increase upon the northern limit of the orange belt. Old orange trees can be top-budded with ease. It is advisable to cut them back a year before the operation is performed, in order to secure young shoots. In ordinary greenhouse practice, the seedlings of the pomelo make good stocks. They can be established in three-inch pots the first season, and veneer-grafted the next winter.

=Orchids.= _Orchideæ._

The method of propagating these plants must in each species be adapted to the habit and mode of growth. The easiest and safest plan for the vast majority is by division, but seeds, cuttings, layers, offsets, and very rarely roots, are also utilized. It is important that artificial means of increase should only be adopted where the individual plants are in robust health. With many orchids the struggle of life under the unnatural conditions we supply, is necessarily severe, and any operation which transforms one weak plant into two or more weaker ones, is to be deprecated. In cases where the only method available necessitates disturbance at the roots, consideration must be paid to the constitution of the species, for some orchids, even when perfectly healthy, strongly resent interference.

Seeds. In no class of cultivated plants is propagation by seeds more difficult and tedious than it is with orchids. In all cases, fertilization must be performed by hand. In England, the length of time required for the capsules to ripen varies from three months to a year. Good seeds form a very small proportion of the whole, and it occasionally happens that the contents of a capsule will not produce a single plant. This, however, as well as the difficulty experienced in England in rearing plants to the flowering stage, is primarily due to the deficiency of sunlight, and in such a bright climate as that of the United States, would not be likely to occur. Various methods of sowing are in vogue, such as sprinkling over pieces of wood and cork or tree-fern stem, and on the top of moss and peat, in which established plants of the same or a nearly related species are growing. The last is probably the best, but it is always advisable to try several methods. Of course, the material on which the seeds are scattered must always be kept moist and shaded. The period between germination and the development of the first root is the most critical in the life of a seedling orchid. After they are of sufficient size to handle they are potted off into tiny pots, and as they gain strength, are given treatment approximating that of adult plants.

Division. Cypripediums may be taken as an example where this is readily done. It is simply necessary to carefully shake off the soil from the roots, and by the aid of a sharp knife, sever the plant into as many pieces as are required. It is always advisable to leave one or more leading growths to each portion. This method may be practiced for the increase of phaius, masdevallia, sobralia, ada, the evergreen section of calanthe, and all of similar habit.

In nearly all those kinds where the pseudo-bulbs are united by a procumbent rhizome, such as occurs in cattleyas, the process is slower. It seems to be natural for these plants to continue year after year, producing a single growth from the old pseudo-bulb. To obtain additional "leads," the rhizomes should be cut through in early spring, two or three pseudo-bulbs being reserved to each piece. A bud will then push from the base of each pseudo-bulb nearest the division, and a new lead is formed. The pieces should not be separated until this is well established, and three years may sometimes be required. Lælia, catasetum, cœlogyne, lycaste, cymbidium, zygopetalum, odontoglossum, oncidium, miltonia, etc., are treated in this manner.

Cuttings.--This method is available for those kinds with long, jointed stems, like dendrobium and epidendrum. Just before the plants commence to grow, say in February, the old pseudo-bulbs are cut up into lengths, and laid on a moist, warm surface, such as on a pan of moss in a propagating frame. Young offshoots will shortly appear at the nodes, and when large enough are potted off with the old piece attached. This plan may be used also for barkeria and microstylis.

It is well to remember that in any method of propagation where the pseudo-bulb is divided, the vigor of the young plant is proportionate to the amount of reserve material supplied it. However suitable the external conditions may be for growth, it is for some time entirely dependent for sustenance on the old piece from which it springs. _Dendrobium Phalænopsis_ is a case in point. If a pseudo-bulb is cut into say three pieces, it will take at least two years for the young plants to reach flowering strength, but frequently by using the entire pseudo-bulb, we can get in a single year a growth quite as large as the old one.

The treatment of young orchids should be founded on what suits the parents. As a rule, however, they require more careful nursing, and some of the conditions must be modified. Drought, intense light and cold draughts must be avoided. For many orchids, especially those from equatorial regions, where the atmospheric conditions alternate between saturation and intense heat and dryness, it is necessary, in order to induce flowering, that nature, to some extent at least, should be imitated. With young plants, by whatever method they may be obtained, the supply of water must only be reduced in accordance with the weather and season, and beyond that, no attempt at resting made. In cases, however, where plants have been divided or made into cuttings, a very limited supply of water is needed at first; but to prevent exhaustion, the atmosphere should always be kept laden with moisture.

=Oreopanax.= _Araliaceæ._

Seeds, and cuttings of the young shoots, or division of well established plants.

=Ornithogalum= (Star of Bethlehem). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Commonly by bulbels, and by division of the clumps.

=Ornus.= See Fraxinus.

=Orobus= (Bitter Vetch). _Leguminosæ._

Readily propagated by seeds, or by dividing the tufts.

=Orontium.= _Aroideæ._

Commonly increased by division, but seeds may be used.

=Orpine.= See Sedum.

=Osage Orange.= See Maclura.

=Osier.= See Salix and Cornus.

=Osmanthus= (Japan Holly). _Oleaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings under glass, or by grafting on osmanthus stock, or on privet.

=Osmunda= (Flowering Fern). _Filices._

Mostly by division; sometimes by spores. See Ferns.

=Ostrya= (Hop Hornbeam, Ironwood). _Cupuliferæ._

Best grown from seeds. Also increased by layering; or it can be grafted. The European species is often grafted upon the hornbeam (carpinus).

=Othonna=, Aristotela, including Doria (Ragwort). _Compositæ._

Very easily propagated by seeds and cuttings. The leaves also take root.

=Ouvirandra= (Lattice-leaf). _Naiadaceæ._

The plants are divided, or seeds are used when they can be obtained.

=Oxalis.= _Geraniaceæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings. The tuberiferous species are increased by the small tubers which form upon the roots.

=Oxycoccus.= See Cranberry.

=Oxydendron= (Sorrel-tree). _Ericaceæ._

Increased by seeds, which must be handled carefully in light soil. Also by layers, which, however, often root with difficulty.

=Oxylobium=, including Callistachys, Podolobium. _Leguminosæ._

Increased by seeds and layers. Cuttings of rather firm side young shoots, made during spring.

=Oyster Plant.= See Salsify.

=Oxytropis.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds should be sown where the plants are to stand; also by dividing the plant in spring.

=Pachira=, Carolinea. _Malvaceæ._

Seeds. Large cuttings cut at a joint, with the leaves on, in heat.

=Pæony= (Peony, Piney). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds, giving new varieties, are sown as soon as ripe. The seedlings seldom rise above the surface the first year, all their energies being spent in the formation of roots. The common herbaceous varieties are oftenest propagated by division of the clumps. Each portion should possess at least one bud upon the crown. All woody species may be increased by layers and cuttings. Cuttings are taken late in summer, cut to a heel, and are handled in a frame or cool greenhouse. During winter they should be kept from freezing. The shrubby species and _P. Moutan_ are often grafted, and all species can be handled in this way. The operation is performed in late summer or early autumn, and the grafts are stored in sand or moss where they will not freeze. The next spring they are planted out. The cion is made from a strong short shoot, destitute of flower-buds, and is set upon a piece of root, as described and figured on a previous page (p. 88, Fig. 85). Some prefer to cut a wedge-shaped portion from the side of the stock, in which to set the cion, rather than to split the stock; but either practice is good. Strong roots of various varieties or species may be used. The Chinese pæony (_P. Moutan_), _P. officinalis_ and _P. albiflora_ are probably oftenest used.

=Painted-cup.= See Castilleja.

=Palafoxia.= _Compositæ._

Seeds, commonly sown under glass, or in mild climates sown in the open.

=Palicourea.= _Rubiaceæ._

Cuttings, made in spring under glass.

=Paliurus=, Aubletia (Christ's Thorn). _Rhamneæ._

May be increased by seeds, by layers or by cuttings of the roots.

=Palma-Christi.= See Ricinus.

=Palms.= _Palmæ._

Palms are mostly grown from imported seeds. These should always be sown in a brisk bottom heat, in a mixture of coarse loam and sand. A hot-bed, established upon the greenhouse bench, is an excellent place in which to start palm seeds. Some species are increased by suckers, which arise from the crown or roots. For more explicit directions, see the various genera.

=Pampas Grass.= See Gynerium.

=Panax= (Ginseng). _Araliaceæ._

Cuttings of stems and roots. Stems of old plants may be cut into pieces an inch or two long and inserted in sand in heat. Or young plants can be obtained by cutting down the tops of strong plants and then separating the suckers which arise.

=Pancratium= and =Hymenocallis=. _Amaryllideæ._

Seeds, sown in pans in heat, are sometimes employed. Commonly increased by offsets, which usually form freely.

=Pandanus= (Screw Pine). _Pandaneæ._

Seeds and suckers, as in palms. Also by cuttings of the young growth in heat. The "seeds" are really fruits, and if in good condition several plants, one to ten, are obtainable from each; they should be separated when well furnished with roots.

=Pansy.= See Viola.

=Papaver= (Poppy). _Papaveraceæ._

Seeds--usually sown out-doors--and divisions. _P. orientalis_ and allied species are easily propagated by root-cuttings in sandy soil under glass in autumn.

=Papaw-tree.= See Carica; also Asimina.

=Papyrus.= _Cyperaceæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds and by divisions, chiefly the latter.

=Pardanthus.= _Irideæ._

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of young growth.

=Paris.= _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds or by divisions.

=Paris Daisy.= See Marguerite.

=Parkinsonia.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds mostly. Cuttings.

=Parnassia= (Grass of Parnassus). _Saxifrageæ._

May be propagated by seeds or by divisions.

=Parrotia.= _Hamamelideæ._

Increased by seeds or by layers.

=Parrya.= _Cruciferæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Parsley= (_Apium Petroselinum_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, which are usually sown out-doors. The roots may be taken up in fall to be forced under glass.

=Parsnip= (_Pastinaca sativa_). _Umbelliferæ._

Fresh seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.

=Parthenium.= _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown under glass, or in the open.

=Pasque-flower.= See Anemone.

=Passiflora= (Passion Flower). _Passifloreæ._

Seeds, sown under glass. Cuttings of the young growth root easily in sand in a frame. Varieties are sometimes veneer-grafted, _e. g._, _P. coccinea_.

=Paulownia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds, sown in carefully prepared soil, either in a seed-bed or in a cold-frame. Cuttings of ripe wood or of roots, made in fall or spring.

=Pavonia.= _Malvaceæ._

Seeds, and green cuttings in a frame.

=Pea= (_Pisum sativum_). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand. The plants are hardy and seeds may be sown very early.

=Peach= (_Prunus Persica_) _Rosaceæ._

The peach is perhaps the easiest to propagate of all northern fruit trees. Stocks are universally grown from seeds, although root-cuttings will grow. The seeds should be buried out-doors in the fall, and shallow enough so that they will be fully exposed to frost. Some prefer to simply spread them upon the surface of the ground and cover them lightly with straw to prevent them from drying out. The pits should be kept moist, and by spring most of them will be cracked. Those which do not open should be cracked by hand, for if planted they will not germinate until a year later than the others. The "meats" or kernels are sorted out and planted early in drills. Or some prefer to sprout the seeds in the house, in order to select the best for planting. Some growers upon a small scale pinch off the tip of the rootlet to make the root branch. Pits should be secured, of course, from strong and healthy trees, but the opinion that "natural seed," or that from unbudded trees, is necessarily best, is unfounded.

The seeds should be planted in rich soil, and the stocks will be large enough to bud the same year. Any which are not large enough to bud may be cut back to the ground the next spring, and one shoot be allowed to grow for budding, but such small stocks are usually destroyed, as it does not pay to bestow the extra labor and use of land upon them. When the buds have grown one season, the trees are ready for sale--at one year from the bud and two years from the seed. Peach trees are always shield-budded, and the operation is fully described on pages 68 to 75. Grafting can be done, but as budding is so easily performed, there is no occasion for it. The peach shoots are so pithy that, in making cions, it is well to leave a portion of the old wood upon the lower end--extending part way up the cut--to give the cion strength.

Peaches are nearly always worked upon peaches in this country. Plums are occasionally employed for damp and strong soils. Myrobolan is sometimes used, but it cannot be recommended. All plums dwarf the peach more or less. The hard-shell almond is a good stock for very light and dry soils. The Peen-to and similar peaches are worked upon common peach stocks.

The nectarine is propagated in exactly the same manner as the peach. The ornamental peaches are budded upon common peach-stocks in the same manner as the fruit-bearing sorts.

For _Prunus Simoni_, see Plum.

=Pea-nut= (_Arachis hypogæa_). _Leguminosæ._

As a field crop, the seeds should be planted where the plants are to stand. For propagation in greenhouses, see Arachis.

=Pear=, =Alligator= or =Avocado.= See Persea.

=Pear= (_Pyrus communis_, _P. sinensis_). _Rosaceæ._

Pear seedlings are grown in the same manner as those of the apple, which see. Pear stocks are mostly imported from France, however, as the leaf-blight is so destructive to them here as to render their culture unprofitable. This leaf-blight is a fungus (_Entomosporium maculatum_), and recent experiment has shown that it can be readily overcome by four or five thorough sprayings with Bordeaux mixture, so that there is reason to hope that the growing of pear stocks may yet become profitable in this country. Heretofore, the only means of mitigating the ravages of this blight was the uncertain one of inducing a strong growth early in the season. Even when pear stocks are raised in this country, they are grown from imported French seed. Aside from its cheapness, however, this foreign seed probably possesses no superiority over domestic seed. But pear seed is so difficult to obtain in America that it is practically out of the market.

Pear seedlings should be taken up and removed from the seed-bed the first fall. The foreign stocks are imported when a year old from the seed. The seedlings are trimmed or "dressed" (see page 69), and are set into nursery rows the following spring. The next season--that is, the season in which the stocks are transplanted--shield-budding is performed, as upon the apple. The budding season usually begins late in July or early in August in the north. If the stocks are small, of "second size," they may stand over winter and be budded the second year. Pear trees are sold at two and three years from the bud. Pears do not succeed well when root-grafted, except when a long cion is used, for the purpose of securing own-rooted trees (see page 78). Dormant buds of the pear may be used upon large stocks in early spring, the same as upon the apple, and buds may be kept upon ice for use in early summer (see page 74).

Pears are dwarfed by working them upon the quince. The Angers quince is the best stock. The ordinary orange quince and its kin make weak and short-lived trees. Quince stocks are obtained from ordinary cuttings or from mound-layering, the latter method giving much the better stocks (see Quince). The layers should stand until late in autumn of the second season when they will be found to be well-rooted, and may then be taken off, trimmed up and fitted to plant as stocks the following spring, and budded in August. It is imperative to set the bud as low as possible in order to secure long-lived trees. Some varieties do not unite well with the quince, and if it is desired to dwarf them, they should be double-worked (see page 91).

The pear can also be grown upon the apple, thorn and mountain ash. Upon the apple it is short-lived, although pear cions, set in the top of an old apple tree, often bear large fruits for a few years. When pear stocks cannot be had, pears are sometimes worked upon apple roots. If the cions are long they will emit roots, and when the apple nurse fails the pear becomes own-rooted. Good dwarf trees are often secured upon the thorn, and there is reason to believe that some of the thorns will be found to be preferable to quince stocks for severe climates and for special purposes. The subject is little understood. The mountain ash is sometimes used for the purpose of growing pears upon a sandy soil, but its use appears to be of little consequence.

Pears of the Le Conte and Keiffer type are often grown from cuttings in the south. Cuttings are made of the recent mature growth, about a foot in length, and are planted in the open ground after the manner of long grape cuttings. Le Conte, Garber, Smith, and other very strong growers of the Chinese type, are probably best when grown from cuttings. They soon overgrow French stocks, as also apple stocks, which have been used to some extent; but if long cions are used, own-rooted trees are soon obtained, and the stock will have served a useful purpose in pushing the cion the first two or three years.

=Pecan= (_Hicoria Pecan_). _Juglandeæ._

Propagated by seeds. These may be planted as soon as ripe, or stratified until spring. The ground should be well prepared and the nuts planted about 3 inches deep. By grafting on pecan or common hickory stock that is not over 2 years old. Cions about 6 inches long should be cut during the winter and put in a cool place to hold them back until the stocks have fairly started in the spring. The stalks should then be cut off at the crown and the cion inserted. The tongue-graft gives the best result. Bandage securely and bank with earth nearly to the top of the cion, to keep it moist.

=Pelargonium= (Geranium, Stork's Bill). _Geraniaceæ._

Seeds, sown in light soil with mild heat, are sometimes employed. Commonly increased by cuttings of firm shoots, which grow readily (Figs. 52, _e_, and 55). The fancy or show geraniums are often grown from root-cuttings, but sometimes will not come true. Geraniums can also be grafted. (See page 39, herbaceous grafting.)

=Pelecyphora= (Hatchet Cactus). _Cacteæ._

Propagated most freely by seeds in moderate heat, and by cuttings made of any small shoots that arise from the base See also Cactus.

=Peliosanthes.= _Hæmodoraceæ._

Suckers.

=Peltandra.= _Aroideæ._

Propagated by seeds when fresh, or by division.

=Pennyroyal= (_Mentha Pulegium_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Pentapetes.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds; by cuttings of half-ripened shoots.

=Pentas.= _Rubiaceæ._

Propagated, with difficulty, by seeds or cuttings of half-ripened wood.

=Pentstemon= (Beard-tongue). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds, sown in pans and placed under a frame; or they are sometimes sown in the border where the plants are to stand. Also by division, and rarely by cuttings in summer.

=Peperomia=, including Micropiper. _Piperaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of single joints of firm stems root easily in a peaty soil. Water sparingly.

=Pepper, Black.= See Piper.

=Pepperidge.= See Nyssa.

=Pepper-grass=, Curled Cress (_Lepidium sativum_). _Cruciferæ._

Grown from seeds, either under glass for early crops or in the open air.

=Peppermint= (_Mentha piperita_). _Labiatæ._

Divisions of the creeping and rooting stems are planted to multiply the plant, and plantations are renewed every three or four years.

=Pepper=, =Red= or =Cayenne= (Capsicum). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds, sown out-doors, or in the north oftener started in the house.

=Pereskia= (Barbadoes Gooseberry). _Cacteæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, as described under Cactus. _P. aculeata_ is much used as a stock for epiphyllums. _P. Bleo_ is sometimes used for the same purpose, as it is fully as good as the other species. Cuttings of _P. aculeata_ can be made a foot or more in length, and of sufficient size for immediate use, or, indeed, the graft may be inserted when the cutting is made.

=Perilla=, Dentidia. _Labiatæ._

Sow the seeds in early spring in pans or boxes, and place in a gentle heat. Or southwards, seeds may be sown in the open.

=Periploca.= _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds. Increased mostly by layers or cuttings under glass, during summer or autumn. Root-cuttings succeed.

=Periwinkle.= See Vinca.

=Pernettya.= See Canarina.

=Persea= (Alligator or Avocado Pear). _Laurineæ._

Seeds. Layers of ripened shoots may be made in autumn, or cuttings of firm shoots in spring, under glass.

=Persimmon= (_Diospyros Kaki_ and _D. Virginiana_). _Ebenaceæ._

Stocks are readily grown from seed, and they usually attain sufficient size for budding the first year. The native persimmon (_Dispyros Virginiana_) is largely used as a stock for the Japanese persimmon or kaki. Imported stocks are occasionally employed, but the native is more vigorous, as a rule, and probably better. Persimmons are shield-budded the same as peaches, and they may be root-grafted and top-grafted by ordinary methods.

=Persoonia=, Linkia. _Proteaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of the ripened shoots, under glass.

=Peruvian Bark.= See Cinchona.

=Petalostemon= (Prairie Clover). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Petunia.= _Solanaceæ._

Seeds, either in-doors or in the garden. Choice and double varieties are often increased by cuttings, which grow readily.

=Phacelia=, Eutoca, Whitlavia. _Hydrophyllaceæ._

The annuals are increased by seeds, and the perennials by seeds and divisions.

=Phædranassa=, including Leperiza (Queen Lily). _Amaryllideæ._

Propagated by seeds and bulbels.

=Phaius.= _Orchideæ._

Division of the bulbs. (See also under Orchids.)

=Phalænopsis.= _Orchideæ._

These are very slow and difficult to propagate. In the majority of the species it can only be done where a lateral off-shoot is made from the main stem. Some species, such as _P. Luddemanniana_, and more rarely _P. amabilis_, _P. Stuartiana_ and _P. Schilleriana_, develop plantlets on the old flower scapes. By pegging these down on a basket of moss they may be established and afterwards separated. _P. Stuartiana_ and _P. deliciosa_ have been known to produce plants on the roots. Other instances of root-proliferation are recorded in _Saccolabium micranthum_ and a species of cyrtopodium. (See under Orchids.)

=Phalaris.= _Gramineæ._

Propagated by seeds, but the sports by divisions.

=Phaleria=, Drimyspermum. _Thymelæaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in heat in spring; or by cuttings of the young shoots, which should be inserted in bottom heat.

=Pharbitis.= See Ipomœa.

=Phaseolus= (Bean, Kidney, Pole, String; French Bean, etc.). _Leguminosæ._

The ornamental greenhouse kinds are grown from seeds planted in light soil in a warm propagating house. See Bean.

=Phebalium.= _Rutaceæ._

May be increased by cuttings of the young wood, under a glass.

=Phellodendron= (Cork Tree). _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds, layers and by root-cuttings.

=Philadelphus= (Mock Orange, Syringa). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, layers, suckers and cuttings. Layers are most used. Cuttings of mature wood are sometimes employed. Some well-marked varieties, like vars. _nana_ and _aurea_ of _P. coronarius_, are grown from cuttings of soft wood in summer in frames.

=Phillyrea= (Jasmine Box, Mock Privet). _Oleaceæ._

Seeds. May be propagated by cuttings, layers, or by grafting on the privet.

=Philodendron.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by seeds; and by dividing the stems, allowing two or three joints to each piece, inserting them in pots in a brisk heat.

=Phlomis.= _Labiatæ._

All of the species may be increased by seeds; the herbaceous kinds by divisions, and the shrubby sorts also by cuttings.

=Phlox.= _Polemoniaceæ._

The annuals are grown from seeds sown in the open. The perennials are grown from seeds, divisions, cuttings of stems and roots. Cuttings made during summer, and handled in a frame, do well. The roots are cut into short pieces, and are then handled in pans or flats under cover.

=Phœnix=, Elate (Date Palm). _Palmæ._

Increased by imported seeds, sown in a sandy soil, in a mild hot-bed. Also by suckers. See also Date.

=Phormium= (Flax Lily, or New Zealand Flax). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Also by division of the crowns before growth commences in spring.

=Photinia=, including Eriobotrya. _Rosaceæ._

Stratified seeds or half-ripened cuttings under glass. The loquat, _P. Japonica_, is grown from layers or cuttings of ripe wood, and it is worked upon seedling stocks or upon thorn or quince, after the manner of pears.

=Phylica.= _Rhamneæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing shoots may be inserted in sandy soil, in a warm house.

=Phyllanthus=, including Xylophylla. _Euphorbiæceæ._

Increased by means of cuttings of hard shoots in heat.

=Phyllis.= _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds, or cuttings under glass.

=Phyllocactus=, including Phyllocereus and Disocactus (Leaf Cactus). _Cacteæ._

Seeds germinate readily in sandy soil. Usually increased by cuttings of the stems, five or six inches long, placed in sandy soil, which is kept only slightly moist. See also Cactus.

=Phyllocladus=, Thalamia (Celery-leaved Pine-Tree). _Coniferæ._

Cuttings of the ripened shoots under glass, in spring. When the cuttings begin callusing, give mild bottom heat.

=Physalis= (Ground or Winter Cherry, Strawberry Tomato, Husk Tomato). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds, sown out-doors or under cover. Perennials by division and growing cuttings.

=Physianthus=, Schubertia. _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds, usually started in heat. Cuttings of firm shoots usually side shoots, under glass.

=Physochlaina.= _Solanaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of soft wood.

=Phyteuma=, Rapunculus (Horned Rampion). _Campanulaceæ._

Easily increased by seeds or by divisions, in spring.

=Phytolacca= (Spoke, Skoke, Poke). _Phytolaccaceæ._

May be propagated by means of seeds, or by divisions.

=Picea.= _Coniferæ._

Propagated by seeds, sometimes by layers, or grafts. _P. excelsa_ (Norway spruce) makes a good stock; the veneer graft, under glass, in winter, succeeds better than any method of out-door work practicable in our climate; if the graft is inserted near the base in young plants, it is quite possible to obtain them on their own roots after a few transplantings. Side-shoots can be used as cions, and if started in time will furnish good leaders; sometimes a leader is developed more rapidly by bending the plant over at nearly a right-angle, when a stout bud may start from the stem. See Abies.

=Pickerel Weed.= See Pontederia.

=Picotee.= See Dianthus and Carnation.

=Pilea= (Artillery Plant, Stingless Nettle). _Urticaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, divisions or cuttings.

=Pilocereus.= See Cactus.

=Pimelea=, Banksia. _Thymelæaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing shoots in moderate heat.

=Pimpernel.= See Anagallis.

=Pinanga.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Pinckneya=, Pinknea. _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of the ripened shoots under glass.

=Pine-apple= (_Ananas sativa_). _Bromeliaceæ._

Pine-apples very rarely produce seeds, but when they are produced they are sown for the purpose of obtaining new varieties. The pine-apple is usually increased by suckers and "crowns." If the root is left in the ground after the pine is removed, suckers will start from it. The root is then taken up and cut into as many pieces as there are suckers, each piece being then permanently planted. The crown of the fruit and the various offsets or "crownlets," which appear on the sides and base of the fruit, may be removed and used as cuttings. These offsets are commonly used in greenhouse propagation. It is the usual practice to allow them to dry several days before they are planted, and in pine-apple regions they are often exposed to the sun for several weeks. This operation is unnecessary, however, although it is not objectionable. A good way to start the offsets is to pull off the lowest leaves and insert the offsets in damp moss in shade--giving bottom heat for greenhouse work--and as soon as roots begin to form, which will occur in from two to six weeks, plant them out permanently. In the tropics fruit can be obtained in 20 months after the offsets are transplanted; but fruit-bearing is often delayed three or four years under poor treatment.

=Piney.= See Pæony.

=Pinguicula= (Butterwort). _Lentibularieæ._

The hardy and greenhouse species are increased by seeds. divisions, or by leaf cuttings.

=Pink= (Dianthus, various species). _Caryophylleæ._

Seeds and divisions. Best results are obtained by raising new plants from seed every two or three years. Seeds are usually sown where the plants are to remain; or they may be sown in a cold-frame and transplanted.

=Pinus= (Pine). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, which should be kept dry over winter, are commonly employed. These are often started in pots, but for most species they are sown in well-prepared beds out-doors. The seedlings must usually be shaded the first season. Varieties, as also species which do not produce seed freely, may be grafted upon stocks of white or Austrian pine or other species. This grafting may be done upon the tips of growing shoots early in the season (page 90), but it is oftener performed upon potted plants by the veneer method.

=Piper=, Cubeba (Pepper, Cubeb). _Piperaceæ._

Seeds. All are increased by means of cuttings of the growing shoots, inserted in sandy soil under glass.

=Piscidia= (Fish Poison-tree, Jamaica Dogwood). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing shoots under glass.

=Pistacia.= _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds, cuttings and layers. The pistacio-nut or "green almond" (_P. vera_) is usually grown from seeds, which are planted where the trees are to stand. It is sometimes grafted upon _P. terebinthus_, to give it greater vigor.

=Pitcairnia.= See Billbergia.

=Pitcher-plant.= See Nepenthes and Sarracenia.

=Pittosporum.= _Pittosporeæ._

Seeds, and by cuttings of the growing or ripe wood, under glass.

=Planera= (Planer-tree). _Urticaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be handled like elm seeds.

=Plane-tree.= See Platanus.

=Plantago= (Plantain). _Plantagineæ._

Seeds. The perennial species also by division.

=Plantain= (fruit). See Banana.

=Platanus= (Plane-tree, Button-wood; Sycamore, improperly). _Platanaceæ._

Usually propagated by seeds, but layers and ripe wood cuttings may be employed.

=Platycerium= (Stag's-Horn Fern). _Filices._

Chiefly by division. See Ferns.

=Platycodon=, Wahlenbergia. _Campanulaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and, when old plants are obtainable, by division.

=Plectocomia.= _Palmæ._

Seeds. May be increased by suckers.

=Pleroma=, Lasiandra, including Melastoma. _Melastomaceæ._

Seeds. Propagated mostly by cuttings of growing shoots in a close frame at any season.

=Plum= (_Prunus_, many species). _Rosaceæ._

There are so many species of plums in cultivation, and the varieties of the same species are often so different in constitution and habit, that it is difficult to give advice concerning their propagation. All the species grow readily from fresh, well-ripened seeds. The pits should be removed from the pulp and then stratified until spring. If they are allowed to freeze, the germination will be more uniform, as the pits will be more easily opened by the swelling embryo. Plum pits are rarely cracked by hand. The strong-growing species and varieties, especially southwards, will give stocks strong enough to bud the first season; but the weaker ones must stand until the next season after the seeds are planted. In all the northern states, however, plum pits are usually sown in seed-beds, in the same manner as apple and pear seeds. The seedlings are taken up in the fall, and the following spring set out in nursery rows, where they are budded in August.

Plums are extensively grown from suckers, which spring in great numbers from the roots of many species. In France this method of propagation is largely used. So long as graftage does not intervene, the sprouts will reproduce the variety; and even in grafted or budded trees this sometimes occurs, but it is probably because the tree has become own-rooted from the rooting of the cion. It is a common notion that trees grown from suckers sprout or sucker worse than those grown from seeds. Layers are also extensively employed for the propagation of the plum. Strong stools (page 35) are grown, and the long and strong shoots are covered in spring throughout their length--the tips only being exposed--and every bud will produce a plant. Strong shoots of vigorous sorts will give plants strong enough the first fall to be removed into nursery rows. Mound-layering is also employed with good results. Root-cuttings, handled like those of blackberry, grow readily, but some growers suppose that they produce trees which sucker badly. Many plums grow readily from cuttings of the mature recent wood, treated the same as long grape cuttings. This is especially true of the Marianna and its kin (_P. umbellata_), which are grown almost entirely from cuttings. Some sorts of the common garden plum (_P. domestica_) also grow from cuttings.

Plums are worked in various ways, but ordinary shield-budding is usually employed in late summer or early fall, as for peaches and cherries. Root-grafting by the common whip method is sometimes employed, especially when own-rooted trees are desired (page 78). In the north and east, the common plum (_P. domestica_) is commonly worked upon stocks of the same species. These stocks, if seedlings, are apt to be very variable in size and habit, and sometimes half or more of any batch, even from selected seeds, are practically worthless. Stocks from inferior or constant varieties are therefore essential. Such stocks are largely imported; but there are some varieties which can be relied upon in this country. One of the best of these domestic stocks is the Horse plum, a small and purple-fruited variety of _Prunus domestica_, which gives very uniform seedlings. This is largely used in New York. The French stocks which are in most common use are St. Julien and Black Damas. The Myrobolan (_P. cerasifera_) is much used in California for standards, but in the east it makes dwarf trees. The peach is often used as a plum stock, and it is valuable in the south, especially for light soils. In the north plum stocks are better. Almond stocks, especially for the French prune and for light soils, are considerably used in California. The apricot is sometimes employed, but results appear to be poor or indifferent, on the whole. Prunes thrive upon the above stocks also.

Various stocks dwarf the plum. The chief dwarf stock at present is the Myrobolan. This is usually imported. It is easily grown, either from seeds or cuttings. The Mirabelle, a foreign stock, is sometimes used. The many species of native plums, of the _Prunus Americana_ and _P. angustifolia_ (Chickasaw) types, are good stocks for dwarf or intermediate trees. In most cases, the bud or graft grows luxuriantly for two or three years, and thereafter grows rather slowly. It is best to bud or graft low upon these stocks. The Marianna is at present the most popular native stock.

The native or American plums are budded upon native seedlings, or rarely upon _Prunus domestica_ seedlings; or they are grown from cuttings, as in the case of Marianna.

The Japanese plums are worked upon peach, common plum or upon natives, preferably Marianna.

_Prunus Simoni_ works upon peach, common plum, Myrobolan and Marianna.

The ornamental plums are worked upon the same stocks as the fruit-bearing sorts. See Prunus.

=Plum, Coco.= See Chrysobalanus.

=Plumbago= (Leadwort). _Plumbagineæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings. Cuttings are made from firm nearly mature wood, and should be given mild bottom heat.

=Plumeria=, Himatanthus. _Apocynaceæ._

Seeds. Make cuttings of ripe shoots, and place under glass.

=Podalyria.= _Leguminosæ_

Readily increased by seeds. Divisions do not succeed well. In spring, cuttings may be made of strong side shoots, and planted in sand under glass.

=Podocarpus= _Coniferæ._

Usually grown from cuttings of firm wood under cover.

=Podophyllum= (May-Apple, Mandrake; erroneously Duck's Foot) _Berberideæ._

Seeds and division.

=Poinciana.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagation by seeds.

=Poinsettia=, Euphorbia. _Euphorbiaceæ_

Cuttings of growing shoots, of two or three buds each, handled upon a cutting bench or in a frame. Many propagators prefer to let the cuttings lie exposed two or three days before setting them. Cuttings of ripened wood can be used to good advantage where the heat is rather low. See Euphorbia.

=Polanisia.= _Capparideæ._

Seeds, in-doors or in the open.

=Polemonium.= _Polemoniaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division.

=Polianthes= (Tuberose). _Amaryllideæ._

Increased by bulbels. Remove these from the parent bulb in the fall, and keep in a warm, dry place until the following spring. The soil should be light, rich and moist throughout the summer. Before frost comes in the fall, take the bulbs up, and when dry, cut off the leaves. The bulbs should be kept as during the preceding winter, and the culture during the following year is the same as during the first. The bulbs usually flower the second or third summer.

=Polyanthus.= See Primula.

=Polycarpæa.= _Caryophylleæ._

The annuals are increased by seeds; perennials by cuttings.

=Polygala= (Milkwort). _Polygaleæ._

Seeds; sometimes by division, and by cuttings of young shoots under cover, particularly for tropical species.

=Polygonatum= (Solomon's Seal). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seed and by divisions.

=Polygonum= (Knot-Grass or Weed). _Polygonaceæ._

Seeds. The perennials are also increased by divisions of the root-stocks, and by cuttings.

=Polypodium= (Polypody). _Filices._

Divisions usually. See Ferns.

=Pomegranate= (_Punica granatum_). _Lythrœrieæ._

Largely by seeds, and all varieties are increased by cuttings, suckers, layers, and scarce sorts by grafting on a common sort.

=Pomelo=, Shaddock (_Citrus Aurantium_, var. _pomelana_). _Rutaceæ._

Usually grown from seeds, but it may be budded upon pomelo or orange stocks, as in the Orange, which see.

=Pontederia= (Pickerel Weed). _Pontederiaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Mostly by divisions.

=Poppy.= See Papaver.

=Populus= (Poplar, Aspen, Cotton-wood). _Salicineæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe and raked in light soil. Suckers are also used. Most often increased by cuttings of ripe wood, taken in fall and spring. The weeping forms are stock-grafted upon upright sorts, as P. grandidentata.

=Portugal Laurel.= See Prunus.

=Portulaca= (Purslane, Rose Moss). _Portulaceæ._

The annuals are raised from seed. Varieties are sometimes propagated by cuttings.

=Potato= (_Solanum tuberosum_). _Solanaceæ._

Tubers, either whole or variously divided. Also rarely stem cuttings. (See page 52.)

=Potentilla=, including Horkelia, Sibbaldia (Cinquefoil, Five-Finger). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds, layers, divisions, green cuttings.

=Poterium=, including Sanguisorba (Burnet). _Rosaceæ._

The herbaceous kinds are increased by seeds. The shrubs are raised from soft cuttings, under glass.

=Premna=, Baldingera. _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds and soft cuttings.

=Prickly Ash.= See Zanthoxylum.

=Prickly Pear.= See Opuntia.

=Pride of India.= See Melia.

=Priestleya=, including Achyronia. _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of very young wood, under cover.

=Prim.= See Ligustrum.

=Primula=, Polyanthus (Primrose, Cowslip). _Primulaceæ._

Seeds, sown carefully in very fine soil, under glass. Some rare sorts are increased by division.

=Prinos.= See Ilex.

=Pritchardia.= _Palmæ._

Increased by seeds.

=Privet.= See Ligustrum.

=Prostanthera= (Australian Mint). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, and cuttings of growing shoots, usually by the last method.

=Protea=, Erodendron. _Proteaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of growing wood, under cover.

=Prune.= See Plum.

=Prunus=, Amygdalus. _Rosaceæ._

The dwarf almonds (_Amygdalus_) are increased by seeds, divisions, cuttings, and by budding upon seedling plum or peach stocks; also by root-cuttings. Peach stocks give larger trees at first than plum stocks, but the trees are not so long-lived. Perhaps ten years may be considered the average life of most ornamental almonds upon the peach, while upon the plum they may persist twenty-five years or more. The ornamental cherries, peaches, etc., are propagated in essentially the same manner as the fruit-bearing varieties. See Almond, Apricot, Cherry, Peach, Plum. _P. Lauro-Cerasus_ and _P. Lusitanica_, the cherry laurel and Portugal laurel, may be propagated by short cuttings of ripened wood, in a cool greenhouse in autumn. _P. Pissardii_ is said to be easily propagated by cuttings of the soft wood. This method succeeds well with many of the double-flowering plums and cherries, if the wood is grown under glass.

=Pseudotsuga.= _Coniferæ._

Propagated the same as Abies, which see.

=Psidium.= See Guava.

=Psoralea.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots, placed under glass. The tubiferous species, as the pomme blanche or Indian potato (_P. esculenta_) are increased by tubers or divisions of them.

=Ptelea= (Hop-tree). _Rutaceæ._

Increased by seeds, sown in autumn or stratified, or by layers. The varieties may be grafted on the common forms.

=Pteris= (Brake, Bracken). _Filices._

Easily grown from spores. See Ferns.

=Pterocarya.= _Juglandeæ._

Increased by seeds, suckers and layers.

=Ptychosperma=, Seaforthia (Australian Feather-palm). _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Pulmonaria.= See Mertensia.

=Pumpkin= (_Cucurbita_, three species). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, when the weather is settled.

=Punica.= See Pomegranate.

=Puschkinia=, Adamsia. _Liliaceæ._

Increased by dividing the bulbs, which should be done every two or three years.

=Pyrethrum.= See Chrysanthemum.

=Pyrola= (Shin-leaf, Wintergreen). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by division; very rarely from seeds.

=Pyrus.= _Rosaceæ._

The ornamental species and varieties of apples and crabs are budded or grafted upon common apple stocks. The mountain ashes are grown from stratified seeds, which usually lie dormant until the second year, or the varieties are budded or grafted upon stocks of the common species (_P. Aucuparia_). Layers and green cuttings are occasionally employed for various species and varieties of pyrus. See also Apple, Pear, Quince. It is a good plan to obtain stocks as nearly related to the plant which is to be propagated as possible; _e. g._, Parkman's pyrus does better on _P. floribunda_ than on the common apple stock.

=Quamoclit.= See Ipomœa.

=Quassia.= _Simarubeæ._

Cuttings of ripe shoots under glass.

=Quercus= (Oak). _Cupuliferæ._

Stocks are grown readily from seeds, which may be sown in the fall without stratification. The evergreen species are sometimes grown from cuttings. Varieties are grafted on stocks grown from wild acorns. The stocks are potted in the fall and the grafting is performed in January and February, or sometimes in August.

=Quince= (_Pyrus Cydonia_, _P. Japonica_, _P. Cathayensis_). _Rosaceæ._

All quinces can be grown from seeds, the same as apples and pears; but seeds are not common in the market, and are therefore little used in this country. The fruit-bearing quinces are propagated most cheaply by means of cuttings of mature wood. The cuttings are taken in the fall, and are stored in sand, moss or sawdust until spring, when they are planted out-doors. Long cuttings--10 to 12 inches--are usually most successful, as they reach into uniformly moist earth. Cuttings are usually made of the recent wood, and preferably with a heel, but wood two or three years old will usually grow. With some varieties and upon some soils, there is considerable uncertainty, and layerage is therefore often employed. Mound-layering (see page 35) is practiced where extra strong plants are required. Long root-cuttings, treated like those of the blackberry and raspberry, will also grow. Many nurserymen bud or root-graft the better varieties upon stocks of Angers or other strong sorts. These stocks are imported or grown from seeds or cuttings. The Chinese quince succeeds upon the common quince. In order to secure extra strong plants and a uniform stand, some growers graft quince cuttings upon pieces of apple or pear roots. In such cases the plants should be taken up in the fall, when the quince will be found to have sent out roots of its own; the apple root should be removed, and the quince replanted the following spring in the nursery row, otherwise suckers frequently spring from the stock and interfere with the growth of the quince. The union is sufficient to nurse the cion for two or three years.

The flowering or Japanese quince is best propagated by short root-cuttings, which are usually made in the fall, and scattered in drills in frames or in a well-prepared border in spring. Cuttings of firm, nearly mature wood, handled in frames, will grow, but they are not often used. The double varieties are root-grafted upon common stocks of _P. Japonica_ in winter. The plants are then grown on in pots. Common quince (_P. Cydonia_) stocks are occasionally used, but they are not in favor.

=Quisqualis.= _Combretaceæ._

Increased by heeled cuttings of young shoots in heat.

=Radish= (_Raphanus sativus_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, usually sown where the plants are to grow.

=Ragged Robin.= See Lychnis.

=Ramondia=, Myconia. _Gesneraceæ._

Propagated by seeds or division.

=Rampion= (_Campanula Rapunculus_). _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds, where the plants are to stand.

=Ranunculus= (Buttercup, Crowfoot). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by divisions.

=Raphia.= _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Raphiolepis.= _Rosaceæ._

Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of the growing shoots inserted under cover.

=Raspberry= (_Rubus neglectus_, _strigosus_ and _occidentalis_). _Rosaceæ._

New varieties are obtained from seeds, which are washed from the pulp and sown immediately, or stratified. The black-cap varieties are grown mostly from root-tips (Fig. 18) as described on page 32. If the ground is loose and mellow, the tips will commonly take root themselves, but upon hard ground the tip may have to be held in place by a stone or clod. Some strong-growing varieties, like the Gregg, especially in windy localities, may have to be held down. The red varieties increase rapidly by means of suckers which spring up from the roots. Better plants are obtained by means of root-cuttings, however, as described under Blackberry (see also Fig. 46). Black-caps may be increased by root-cuttings. These cuttings are best handled in warm cold-frames or mild hot-beds, being planted very early in spring. By the time the weather is settled, they will be large enough to plant in nursery rows.

=Red-bud.= See Cercis.

=Red Cedar.= See Juniperus.

=Reinwardtia=, Linum in part, of gardeners. _Lineæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of strong shoots in heat.

=Renanthera.= See Ærides.

=Reseda= (Mignonette). _Resedaceæ._

Seeds. For winter flowering, seeds are sown in July. Also grown from cuttings.

=Retinospora=, Chamæcyparis (Japanese Arbor-Vitæ). _Coniferæ._

Grown sometimes from seeds, which should be denuded of pulp. Layers of tender branches are sometimes employed. They are most commonly grown from cuttings. These are made from tips of growing or ripened shoots, and are two or three inches long, with all the leaves left on. They are usually, from necessity, variously branched. The soft cuttings are usually taken from forced plants and are handled in a close frame or under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. In commercial establishments the cuttings of ripe wood are preferred. The following is the practice of one of the largest nurseries in the country: Cuttings of the entire season's growth, cut to a heel, are taken in October and November, and are placed in sand in boxes in gentle heat, as in a propagating house. By February the roots will be formed, and the boxes are then placed in a cool house where the temperature is about 50°. Early in spring (about April 1st) the boxes are placed out-doors in cold-frames, where they remain until May, until frost is over. The boxes are then removed from the frames and are set on boards in a shady place, where they are left until fall. In the fall--having been nearly a year in the boxes--the plants are shaken out and are heeled-in in a cellar. The next spring they are planted out in beds, and during the following summer and winter they are given some protection from sun and cold. Yews and arbor-vitæs are handled in the same way.

Retinosporas are often grafted upon retinospora or common arbor-vitæ stocks. This operation is usually performed upon potted plants in winter by the veneer method.

=Rhamnus=, including Frangula (Buckthorn). _Rhamneæ._

The hardy kinds may be increased by means of seeds or by layers. The stove and greenhouse species may be multiplied by cuttings of growing parts. Seeds should be stratified.

=Rhaphidophora.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by seeds; or by cuttings inserted in peaty soil with bottom heat.

=Rhaphiolepis= (Indian Hawthorn). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of firm shoots in a frame.

=Rheum= (Rhubarb, Pie-plant, Wine-Plant). _Polygonaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions. Each division should contain at least one bud on the crown. Seeds may be sown where the plants are to stand, but will not reproduce the varieties.

=Rhipsalis=, including Lepismium, Pfeiffera. _Cacteæ._

Cuttings, after having been dried for a few days, should be inserted in coarse gravel or sand. See Cactus.

=Rhodanthe.= _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Rhodochiton.= _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by seeds; and cuttings of the growing wood

=Rhododendron=, Azalea (Rose-Bay). _Ericaceæ._

Seeds are largely employed, but they are small and light and must be carefully handled. They are sown in spring in pans or boxes in a soil of sandy peat, care being taken to cover them very lightly and not to dislodge them when applying water. They are handled in cold-frames or in a cool house, and the young plants must be shaded. The plants are commonly allowed to remain a year in the boxes. Low growing plants are often layered. Cuttings of growing wood, cut to a heel, are sometimes employed, being made in summer and handled in a frame, but the percentage of rooted plants will often be small. Rhododendrons are extensively grafted, the veneer method being most used. The operation is performed upon potted plants in late summer or early fall, or sometimes in a cool house in early spring. Most of the leaves are allowed to remain upon the cion. The plants are then placed in densely shaded cool frames, and are nearly covered with sphagnum. Various stocks are employed, but for severe climates the hardy species like _R. Catawbiense_ and _R. maximum_ are probably best. _R. Ponticum_ is extensively used in Europe, but it is not hardy enough for the north.

=Rhodotypos.= See Kerria.

=Rhubarb.= See Rheum.

=Rhus= (Sumach). _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds, layers, suckers, root-cuttings, and cuttings of green or ripe wood. Suckers are oftenest used.

=Rhynchosia.= _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds and division.

=Rhynchospermum.= See Trachelospermum.

=Ribes= (Currant, Gooseberry). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, or else stratified for new varieties. Commonly from ripe cuttings. See Currant and Gooseberry.

=Richardia= (Calla) _Aroideæ._

Offsets, which should be removed and potted off when the plants are at rest.

=Ricinus= (Castor Bean). _Euphorbiaceæ._

Seeds, which in the north are started in-doors.

=Rivina=, Piercea (Hoop Withy). _Phytolaccaceæ._

Readily propagated by seeds; also by cuttings, inserted during spring in heat.

=Robinia= (Locust, Rose Acacia). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and which usually germinate better if soaked in hot water previous to sowing. Also grown from layers and root-cuttings. Named varieties are grafted or budded, the common locust stock (_R. Pseudacacia_) being preferred, even for the rose acacia (_R. hispida_).

=Rocambole= (_Allium Scorodoprasum_). _Liliaceæ._

"Cloves," or divisions of the bulb.

=Rocket=, ornamental sorts. See Hesperis.

=Rocket Salad= (_Eruca sativa_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to grow.

=Rock-Rose.= See Cistus.

=Romneya.= _Papaveraceæ._

Propagated by seeds in spring.

=Romulea.= _Irideæ._

Offsets.

=Rondeletia=, Willdenovia, Rogiera. _Rubiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in sand under glass, in heat.

=Rosa= (Rose). _Rosaceæ._

New varieties and sometimes stocks are grown from seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe, or kept in the hips until spring. The hardy kinds are usually sown in well-prepared beds out-doors. Roses are sometimes grown from layers, and often from root-cuttings, after the manner of blackberries. The common way of propagating roses, however, is by means of short cuttings of firm or nearly mature wood, handled under glass, with a mild bottom heat (of 65° or 70°). They are commonly made in February or March from forced plants. The cuttings are made in various fashions, some allowing most of the leaves to remain, and some preferring to cut most of them off, as in Fig. 56. They are commonly cut to one-bud lengths. Long cuttings of ripened wood, handled in a cool greenhouse or in frames, may also be employed for the various perpetual and climbing roses. Most growers feel that the best plants are obtained from cuttings, but most varieties do well when budded upon congenial and strong stocks. Budding by the common shield method is considerably employed, and veneer-grafting is sometimes used. The stocks are grown either from seeds or cuttings. The commonest stock is the manetti (_Rosa canina_), which is a strong and hardy species. The multiflora rose (_R. polyantha_) is also a good stock, especially for early results. A stock somewhat used about Boston for some of the hybrid perpetuals, with excellent results, is _Rosa Watsonia_, a Japanese species. "Worked" roses are in greater favor in Europe than in this country.

=Rosemary= (_Rosmarinus officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Rubus= (Bramble). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe. Root-cuttings and suckers are mostly employed. The seeds of _R. deliciosus_ require two years for germination. See Blackberry, Dewberry, Raspberry.

=Rudbeckia=, including Lepachys, Obeliscaria (Cone Flower). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds or divisions.

=Rue.= See Ruta.

=Ruellia=, including Dipteracanthus. _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, inserted in a light rich soil, under glass.

=Rulingia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings under glass.

=Ruscus= (Butcher's, Alexandrian Laurel). _Liliaceæ._

Root suckers. Also seeds, when obtainable.

=Rush.= See Juncus.

=Russelia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. Green cuttings under glass.

=Ruta.= Haplophyllum (Herb of Grace, Rue). _Rutaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings. Meadow Rue, see Thalictrum.

=Sabal.= _Palmæ._

Propagated by seeds, and by suckers, which should be taken when about one foot long. If they have no roots they must be carefully handled.

=Sabbatia= (American Centaury). _Gentianeæ._

May be raised from seeds, which should be sown thinly in pans, or on a shady border.

=Saffron= (_Carthamus tinctorius_). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seeds, in open air in spring. Saffron is also _Crocus sativus_.

=Sage= (_Salvia officinalis_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to stand. Also by division, but seeds give better plants. Sage plantations should be renewed every two or three years. Good plants are grown from cuttings.

=Sage Palm.= See Cycas.

=Saintfoin.= See Onobrychis.

=Saint John's Bread.= See Carob.

=Salisburia.= See Ginkgo.

=Salix= (Willow, Osier, Sallow). _Salicineæ._

All the willows grow readily from cuttings of ripe wood of almost any age. The low and weeping varieties are top-worked upon any common upright stocks.

=Sallow.= See Salix.

=Salpiglossis.= _Scrophularineæ._

Propagated by seeds in open air, or they may be started under glass.

=Salsify= (_Tragopogon porrifolius_). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to remain.

=Salvia=, including Sclarea (Sage). _Labiatæ._

May be increased by seeds, sown thinly and placed in a little warmth. Also by cuttings; these will root readily in heat, if they are quite soft and in a growing state.

=Sambucus= (Elder). _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, handled like those of raspberries and blackberries. Named kinds are grown from cuttings of mature wood, and by layers.

=Sandoricum= (Sandal-tree). _Meliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in heat.

=Sanguinaria= (Blood-root, Red Puccoon). _Papaveraceæ._

Propagation is effected by means of seeds, or by divisions.

=Sanguisorba.= See Poterium.

=Sanseviera=, Salmia (Bowstring Hemp). _Hæmodoraceæ._

Young plants are obtained from suckers.

=Sapodilla= or =Sapodilla Plum=. See Sapota.

=Saponaria=, including Vaccaria (Bouncing Bet, Fuller's Herb, Soapwort). _Caryophylleæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions. The hardy annual and biennial kinds may be simply sown in the open border.

=Sapota=, Achras. _Sapotaceæ._

Seeds and cuttings. In tropical countries the sapodilla (_S. Achras_) is raised entirely from seeds.

=Sarracenia= (Indian Cup, Pitcher Plant, Side-saddle Flower. Trumpet Leaf). _Sarraceniaceæ._

Increased by dividing the crowns. Sometimes by seeds, sown in moss in a cool frame.

=Sassafras=. _Laurineæ._

Increased by seeds, and by suckers and root-cuttings.

=Satyrium.= _Orchideæ._

Division of the plants, as new growth is commencing. (See also under Orchids.)

=Saurauja=, Palava, Reinwardtia. _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Seeds. Ripened cuttings should be inserted in sand, under glass.

=Sauromatum.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by offsets.

=Saussurea.= _Compositæ._

Seeds; division.

=Savin.= See Juniperus.

=Savoy.= See Cabbage.

=Savory= (_Satureia hortensis_, _S montana_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to remain; or the winter savory (_S. montana_), which is a perennial, by division.

=Saxifraga= (Saxifrage, Rockfoil). _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds, divisions, and in some species (as _S. sarmentosa_, the "strawberry geranium") by runners.

=Scabiosa= (Pin-cushion Flower). _Dipsaceæ._

Seeds, usually sown in the open, and sometimes by division

=Scævola.= _Goodenovieæ._

Seeds. Cuttings should be inserted in a compost of peat and sand, under glass.

=Scheeria.= See Achimenes.

=Schelhammera=, Parduyna. _Liliaceæ._

Increased usually by divisions.

=Schinus.= _Anacardiaceæ._

Propagated by seeds.

=Schismatoglottis.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by divisions.

=Schizandra=, including Maximowiczia. _Magnoliaceæ._

Seeds, when procurable. Propagation is effected by layers; by ripened cuttings, which should be inserted in sand under glass.

=Schizanthus= (Butterfly or Fringe Flower). _Solanaceæ._

The half-hardy kinds are increased by seeds sown in a little heat in spring. The seed of the hardy sorts may be sown in the open ground in early spring.

=Schizophragma.= _Saxifrageæ._

Propagated easily by cuttings of the ripened wood in a cool house in autumn.

=Schizostylis.= _Irideæ._

Propagated by seeds and by division.

=Sciadophyllum=, Actinophyllum. _Araliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in moderate heat.

=Sciadopitys= (Umbrella Pine). _Coniferæ._

Slowly propagated by imported seeds. But cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, taken off in summer and inserted in sand, in heat, root readily.

=Scilla= (Squill, Wild Hyacinth). _Liliaceæ._

Slowly increased by seeds, usually by bulbels

=Scolopendrium.= See Ferns.

=Scorzonera= (Black Salsify). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.

=Scotch Broom.= See Cytisus.

=Screw Pine.= See Pandanus.

=Scutellaria= (Skull-cap, Helmet Flower). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots under cover.

=Seaforthia.= See Ptychosperma.

=Sea-kale= (_Crambe maritima_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, sown without being shelled, usually in a seed-bed. When the young plants have made three or four leaves, they should be removed to permanent quarters. Seedlings should furnish crops in three years. By root-cuttings, four or five inches long, taken from well established plants. These should give plants strong enough for cutting in two years.

=Seaside Grape.= See Coccoloba.

=Sechium= (Choko). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds. Tubers.

=Sedge.= See Carex.

=Sedum=, including Rhodiola (Orpine, Stonecrop). _Crassulaceæ._

Propagation may be effected by seeds, by divisions of the tufts, by cuttings of stems or leaves in spring.

=Selaginella.= _Lycopodiaceæ._

Spores. Short cuttings, inserted in very early spring, in pots or pans.

=Sempervivum= (House-Leek). _Crassulaceæ._

Readily increased by seeds, or by the young plants which appear around the old ones at the base.

=Senecio=, including Cacalia, Cineraria, Farfugium, Jacobea Kleina, Ligularia (Groundsel, Ragweed). _Compositæ._

The annuals are propagated by seeds. Others may be increased by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings both of the roots and shoots.

=Sensitive Plant.= See Mimosa.

=Sequoia=, Wellingtonia (Redwood). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, which must be handled in a frame or half-shady place. Layers, and cuttings handled like those of retinospora and yew.

=Sericographis.= See Justicia.

=Sesamum= (Bene). _Pedaliaceæ._

Seeds, sown under glass, or in the south in the open border.

=Sesbania=, including Agati (Pea-tree). _Leguminosæ._

Seeds for annual species; the shrubby kinds by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in heat.

=Shad-bush.= See Amelanchier.

=Shaddock.= See Pomelo.

=Shallot= (_Allium Ascalonicum_). _Liliaceæ._

Grown from "cloves," which are formed by the breaking up of the main bulb.

=Shell-bark Hickory= (Shag-bark). See Hicoria.

=Shepherdia= (Buffalo Berry). _Elæagnaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in the fall or stratified until spring.

=Sibbaldia.= See Potentilla.

=Siberian Pea-tree.= See Caragana.

=Sideritis.= _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, cuttings.

=Side-saddle Flower.= See Sarracenia.

=Silene= (Campion, Catchfly). _Caryophylleæ._

Propagation is effected by seeds, by divisions, and by cuttings.

=Silk-Cotton Tree.= See Bombax.

=Silphium= (Rosin-plant, Compass-plant). _Compositæ._

Propagated by seed and by divisions.

=Silver Bell.= See Halesia.

=Sisyrinchium= (Blue-eyed Grass, Pig Root, Rush Lily, Satin Flower). _Irideæ._

It may be increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.

=Skimmia.= _Rutaceæ._

Seeds, in a frame. Also by layers and by firm cuttings in gentle heat.

=Skirret= (_Sium Sisarum_). _Umbelliferæ._

Seeds, offsets, or divisions.

=Slipperwort.= See Campanula and Calceolaria.

=Smilacina= (False Solomon's Seal). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds. Division of roots.

=Smilax= (Green-Briar, American China Root). _Liliaceæ._

Young plants are obtained by seeds and by layers and divisions of the root. For the "Smilax" or Boston-vine of conservatories, see Myrsiphyllum.

=Snapdragon.= See Antirrhinum.

=Snowball-tree.= See Viburnum.

=Snowberry-tree.= See Symphoricarpus.

=Snowdrop.= See Galanthus.

=Snowflake.= See Leucoium.

=Soapwort.= See Saponaria.

=Solandra.= _Solanaceæ._

Increased by seeds sown in spring; by cuttings, inserted in mould or tan. If small flowering plants are desired, the cuttings should be taken from flowering shoots.

=Solanum=, including Aquartia, Nycterium (Nightshade). _Solanaceæ._

The annuals, and most of the other species, are raised from seeds. The tuberous kinds may be increased by tubers or divisions of them. The stove and greenhouse shrubby plants may be propagated by cuttings, inserted when young in a warm frame.

=Soldanella.= _Primulaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by division.

=Solea.= See Ionidium.

=Solidago= (Golden Rod). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and by divisions.

=Solomon's Seal.= See Polygonatum.

=Sonerila.= _Melastomaceæ._

Propagated by seeds; or by cuttings which should be inserted singly in small pots during spring and placed in a frame in a propagating house.

=Sophora=, including Edwardsia. _Leguminosæ._

Seeds, layers and cuttings of either ripened or growing wood. The named varieties are grafted upon common stocks.

=Sorghum.= _Gramineæ._

Usually by seeds. Sometimes by cuttings as in Sugar Cane.

=Sorrel= (Rumex, several species). _Polygonaceæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Sorrel-tree.= See Oxydendron.

=Sour Gum.= See Nyssa.

=Sowbread.= See Cyclamen.

=Spanish Bayonet.= See Yucca.

=Sparaxis.= _Irideæ._

Seeds. Usually by offsets.

=Sparmannia.= _Tiliaceæ._

Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring.

=Spathiphyllum,= including Amomophyllum. _Aroideæ._

Propagated sometimes by seeds sown in heat, or by divisions of the root-stocks.

=Spearmint= (Mentha viridis). _Labiatæ._

Commonly grown from cuttings of the creeping root-stocks.

=Speedwell.= See Veronica.

=Sphæralcea=, Sphæroma (Globe Mallow). _Malvaceæ._

Seeds; by cuttings of the young growth under glass, and kept shaded until rooted.

=Spiderwort.= See Tradescantia.

=Spinage= (_Spinacia oleracea_). _Chenopodiaceæ._

Seeds, sown usually where the crop is to stand, either in fall or spring.

=Spiræa= (Spirea, Meadow-Sweet). _Rosaceæ._

Seeds, sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring. Commonly increased by cuttings, either of mature or green wood. Green cuttings usually make the best plants. These are made in summer and handled in frames. Some sorts, as _S. ariæfolia_, _S. opulifolia_ and varieties (Nine-bark, now known as _Neillia_ or _Physocarpus opulifolia_) and _S. prunifolia_, are usually grown from layers put down in spring. The herbaceous kinds are often increased by division.

=Spondias= (Hog Plum, Otaheite Apple or Plum). _Anacardiaceæ._

Seeds; by large cuttings of growing wood, which should be inserted in sand or mould, in heat.

=Spruce.= See Picea and Abies.

=Squash= (_Cucurbita_, three species). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, when the weather becomes warm.

=Squill.= See Scilla.

=Stachys=, Betonica, Galeopsis (Hedge Nettle, Woundwort). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Some species (as the Crosnes or _S. tuberifera_ of recent introduction) are increased by subterranean tubers.

=Staff-tree.= See Celastrus.

=Stanhopea.= _Orchideæ._

Division of the old roots. (See also under Orchids.)

=Stapelia= (Carrion Flower). _Asclepiadeæ._

Seeds; commonly by cuttings in heat.

=Staphylea= (Bladder-nut). _Sapindaceæ._

Seeds sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring. By suckers, layers, and cuttings of roots or of mature wood.

=Star Apple.= See Chrysophyllum.

=Star of Bethlehem.= See Ornithogalum.

=Statice= (Sea Lavender, Sea Pink). _Plumbagineæ._

The annuals and biennials may be increased by seeds sown in early spring, in a frame. The perennials by seeds, or by carefully made divisions. Greenhouse species should be propagated by cuttings inserted in small single pots during early spring, and placed under glass.

=Staurostigma.= _Aroideæ._

Seeds sown in bottom heat; or by division of the tubers.

=Stephanotis=, Jasminanthes. _Asclepiadeæ._

Propagated by seeds; also by cuttings of the previous year's growth inserted singly in pots, in spring, and placed in a close frame with a temperature of 60°.

=Sterculia.= _Sterculiaceæ._

Seeds. Increased by ripened cuttings, which should be taken with the leaves on, and placed under glass. Those of the stove species should be placed in moist heat.

=Stevia.= _Compositæ._

May be increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings.

=Stigmaphyllon.= _Malpighiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in sandy soil under glass, in heat.

=Stillingia.= _Euphorbiaceæ._

Easily propagated by imported seeds.

=Stock.= See Mathiola.

=Stokesia.= _Compositæ._

Propagation by seeds and by division.

=Stonecrop.= See Sedum.

=Strawberry= (_Fragaria_). _Rosaceæ._

New sorts are grown from seeds, which are usually sown as soon as ripe; or they may be kept until the following spring either dry or in stratification. Varieties are commonly increased by offsets, or plants formed at the joints of runners. These runners appear after the fruit is off. If strong plants are desired, the runner should be headed-in, and only one plant allowed to form on each runner. The ground should be soft and somewhat moist, to enable the young plants to obtain a foothold. Plants strong enough for setting are obtained in August and September of the same year in which they start. Ordinarily, the runners will take root without artificial aid; but in hard soils, or with new or scarce varieties, the joints are sometimes held down with a pebble or bit of earth. New varieties are often propagated throughout the season from plants which are highly fertilized, and which are not allowed to fruit. Very strong plants are obtained by growing them in pots. A 3-inch pot is sunk below the runner, and the joint is held upon it by a stone or clod. The runner is then pinched off, to prevent further growth, and to throw all its energy into the one plant. The pot should be filled with soft, rich earth. Shouldered pots are best, because they can be raised more easily than others, by catching the spade or trowel under the shoulder. The plants will fill the pots in three or four weeks, if the weather is favorable. Old tin fruit cans, which have been heated to remove the bottoms, can also be used.

Cuttings of the tips of runners are sometimes made and handled in a frame, as an additional means of rapidly increasing new kinds. These cuttings are really the cast-away tips left from the heading-in or checking of the runners.

=Strawberry Geranium.= See Saxifraga.

=Strawberry Tree.= See Arbutus.

=Strelitzia= (Bird of Paradise Flower, Bird's-tongue Flower). _Scitamineæ._

Increased by seeds, which should be sown in light soil, and the pots plunged in moist bottom heat. Also increased by suckers and by division of the old plants.

=Streptocarpus= (Cape Primrose). _Gesneraceæ._

Readily propagated by seeds or by divisions.

=Strobilanthes=, including Goldfussia (Cone Head). _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in any light soil under glass, in heat.

=Struthiola.= _Thymelæaceæ._

Seeds, when obtainable. Cuttings in sand under a frame.

=Stuartia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

May be increased by seeds and layers, or by means of ripened cuttings, inserted in sand under a hand-glass. Seeds are oftenest used, where obtainable.

=Stylidium=, Candollea. _Stylidieæ._

Grown from seeds, or in a few cases, from divisions of the roots. The shrubby kinds may be increased by cuttings.

=Stypandra.= _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by divisions.

=Styrax= (Storax). _Styraceæ._

Seeds, which must be stratified, or else sown as soon as ripe. They usually lie dormant the first year. Also by layers and cuttings of green-wood. Can be grafted upon other storaxes, or upon _Halesia tetraptera_.

=Sugar Cane= (_Saccharum officinarum_). _Gramineæ._

Cuttings of the stems. The cuttings should possess a nope or joint which bears one or more good buds. These cuttings are planted directly in the field, and the plants will reach maturity in two or three months. Propagation by seeds has been supposed to be impossible, but recent experiments at Kew indicate that it can be done.

=Sumach.= See Rhus.

=Sundew.= See Drosera.

=Sunflower.= See Helianthus.

=Sun Rose.= See Helianthemum.

=Swainsona.= _Leguminosæ._

Seeds. Green cuttings under cover.

=Swan River Daisy.= See Brachycome.

=Sweet Brier.= See Rosa.

=Sweet Cicely.= See Myrrhis.

=Sweet Pea.= See Lathyrus.

=Sweet Potato= (_Convolvulus Batatas_). _Convolvulaceæ._

Sweet potato plants are grown in hot-beds, cold-frames or forcing-houses, from sound tubers of medium size. The tuber is laid upon a sandy or other loose bed, and is then covered with sand or sandy loam to a depth of one or two inches. Sometimes, to guard against rot, the tubers are not covered until the sprouts begin to appear. The tubers may be laid thickly upon the bed, but they are less apt to rot if they do not touch each other. Sometimes the tubers are cut in two lengthwise, the cut surface being placed down, in order to place all the plant-giving surface uppermost. In four or five weeks the young plants--three to five inches high--are pulled off and planted, and others soon arise to take their places. One hand should be held firmly upon the soil over the tuber, while the sprout is pulled off to keep it in place. Three or four crops of sprouts may be obtained from each tuber.

=Sweet William= (_Dianthus barbatus_). _Caryophylleæ._

Seeds, sown in-doors or in the border. Division of the plants. Best results are obtained by starting new seedlings every other year.

=Swertia.= _Gertianeæ._

Seeds, usually started in heat.

=Sycamore.= See Platanus.

=Symphoricarpus= (Waxberry, St. Peter's Wort, Snowberry-tree, Indian Currant). _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, handled like those of blackberries. Also by suckers and cuttings.

=Symphytum= (Comfrey). _Boragineæ._

May be increased by seeds and by division. Also by root-cuttings.

=Symplocos=, including Hopea. _Styraceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass.

=Syngonium.= _Aroideæ._

Increased by dividing the stems into lengths of about three joints, and inserting them in pots in a brisk heat. The tops of plants may be cut off and inserted as large cuttings.

=Syringa= (Lilac). _Oleaceæ._

New varieties and stocks are grown from seeds, which are usually stratified until spring. Green cuttings, handled in frames in summer, are largely used. Cuttings of mature wood will grow; also cuttings of the roots. Layers and suckers are often employed. Varieties are extensively grafted upon privet (_Ligustrum_), and common lilacs. Flute-budding is occasionally employed. Lilacs will grow for a time when worked upon the ash. Grafting succeeds well when performed in the open air.

=Tabernæmontana.= _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by green cuttings, under glass, in moist heat.

=Tacca=, Ataccia. _Taccaceæ._

Seeds and division of the roots.

=Tacsonia.= See Passiflora.

=Tagetes= (Marigold). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown either in-doors or out.

=Tamarack.= See Larch.

=Tamarindus= (Tamarind). _Leguminosæ._

Young plants may be obtained from seeds sown on a hot-bed or out-doors in tropical countries. Cuttings, in sand under glass in heat.

=Tamarix=, Tamarisk. _Tamariscineæ._

Increased by ripe cuttings under glass, the greenhouse kinds in heat.

=Tansy= (Tanacetum vulgare). _Compositæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Taxodium=, Glyptostrobus (Bald Cypress). _Coniferæ._

Seeds are usually employed. Layers. Cuttings of young wood in wet sand, or even water, under cover. The varieties of glyptostrobus may be veneer-grafted in August or September on _T. distichum_.

=Taxus= (Yew). _Coniferæ._

Seeds, sown when gathered or else stratified. Layers. Cuttings of green-wood under glass in summer, or of mature wood as recommended for retinospora. The named varieties are veneer-grafted in August or early fall upon the upright kinds.

=Tecoma= (Trumpet-Creeper). _Bignoniaceæ._

Seeds, layers, cuttings of firm shoots, but most commonly by root-cuttings.

=Terminalia= (Tropical Almond). _Combretaceæ._

Seeds; also by cuttings of green-wood under glass.

=Ternstrœmia.= _Ternstrœmiaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in bottom heat.

=Testudinaria= (Elephant's Foot). _Dioscoreaceæ._

Grown from imported roots or seeds.

=Teucrium= (Germander). _Labiatæ._

Seeds, divisions, and the shrubby kinds by cuttings under cover.

=Thalictrum= (Meadow-Rue). _Ranunculaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, and divisions. The varieties by cuttings.

=Thea.= See Camellia.

=Theobroma= (Cacao, Chocolate-tree). _Sterculiaceæ._

Propagated by ripened cuttings, which should be placed in sand, under glass, in heat.

=Thermopsis.= _Leguminosæ._

By seeds and divisions.

=Thrift.= See Armeria.

=Thrinax.= _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Thunbergia.= _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of firm wood in a frame.

=Thunia.= _Orchideæ._

As the form of the pseudo-bulbs suggests, this genus is easily propagated by cuttings. These are made about six inches long and inserted in pots of sand. After standing in an ordinary propagating-frame or moist stove for a short time young growths will appear at the nodes. When large enough they are taken up and potted in ordinary compost. Two years at least are needed for them to attain to flowering size, but this is the best method where a large number of plants are wanted. (See also under Orchids.)

=Thuya=, including Biota (Arbor-Vitæ, White Cedar erroneously). _Coniferæ._

Seeds. Layers. Cuttings of green shoots in summer in a cool frame. Cuttings of ripe wood, as recommended for retinospora. The named varieties are often grafted on potted common stocks in winter or early fall.

=Thyme= (_Thymus vulgaris_). _Labiatæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Thyrsacanthus=, Odontonema (Thyrse Flower). _Acanthaceæ._

Seeds; cuttings made in spring, and placed in a close, warm frame.

=Tiarella.= _Saxifrageæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Tigridia= (Tiger Flower). _Irideæ._

May be increased by seeds, or generally by offsets.

=Tilia= (Basswood, Linden, Lime-tree). _Tiliaceæ._

Stocks are grown from stratified seeds. Layers may be made, and cuttings may be employed, but the named sorts are usually grafted on strong common stocks. Mound-layering is sometimes practiced.

=Tillandsia.= _Bromeliaceæ._

May be increased by seeds, and by suckers which should be allowed to grow large before being detached from the parent and should then be inserted singly in pots, in a compost of loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Keep moderately moist and well shaded. _T. usneoides_ is the "Spanish Moss" of the south; rarely propagated, but may be grown from seeds or divisions of the moss.

=Tobacco.= See Nicotiana.

=Tolu Balsam-tree.= See Myroxylon.

=Tomato= (_Lycopersicum esculentum_). _Solanaceæ._

Seeds, usually started under glass. Cuttings of growing shoots.

=Torenia.= _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds. Cuttings, in a warm frame.

=Torreya.= _Coniferæ._

Increased the same as Thuya and Retinospora.

=Trachelium= (Throatwort). _Campanulaceæ._

Seeds and cuttings.

=Trachelospermum=, Rhynchospermum. _Apocynaceæ._

Seeds. Firm cuttings, in a frame.

=Trachycarpus.= _Palmæ._

Seeds and suckers.

=Tradescantia.= _Commelinaceæ._

Usually by cuttings; also by seeds and divisions.

=Trapa= (Water Caltrops). _Onagrarieæ._

Seeds.

=Tree of Heaven.= See Ailanthus.

=Trichilia.= _Meliaceæ._

Seeds. Cuttings of the ripened wood, with leaves, or under glass in heat.

=Trichopilia.= _Orchideæ_.

Divisions of the plants. (See also under Orchids.)

=Trichosanthes= (Snake Gourd). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, either in-doors or out.

=Tricyrtis.= _Liliaceæ._

Seeds rarely. Offsets and divisions.

=Trillium= (American Wood-Lily, Indian Shamrock, Wake-Robin). _Liliaceæ_.

Propagated by seeds and by divisions.

=Triteleia= (Triplet Lily). _Liliaceæ._

Propagated by seeds and by offsets.

=Tritoma.= See Kniphofia.

=Tritonia=, Aletris, including Montbretia. _Irideæ._

Young plants are raised from seeds; but generally increased by divisions.

=Trollius= (Globe Flower, Globe Ranunculus). _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds. Divisions in early autumn or spring. The seeds should be sown fresh or a long time will be required for germination.

=Tropæolum= (Nasturtium, Canary-bird Flower, Indian Cress). _Geraniaceæ_.

Seeds, started in-doors or in the garden. Tuberiferous species by tubers or divisions of roots. Perennials sometimes by cuttings in a frame.

=Trumpet Creeper.= See Tecoma.

=Tuberose.= See Polianthes.

=Tulipa= (Tulip). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds may be sown in boxes of light sandy soil, in late winter, and placed in a cold-frame. The next season the young bulbs should be planted in a prepared bed outside. Bulbels may be detached from established bulbs when they are lifted, and grown by themselves. This is the usual method.

=Tulip-tree.= See Liriodendron.

=Tupelo-tree.= See Nyssa.

=Turnera.= _Turneraceæ._

Seeds, divisions and cuttings.

=Turnip= (_Brassica_). _Cruciferæ._

Seeds, where the plants are to remain.

=Tydæa.= See Gesnera.

=Typha= (Bullrush, Cat's Tail, Reed Mace). _Typhaceæ._

Propagation may be effected by seeds sown in a pot plunged in water nearly to the level of the soil; or by divisions.

=Ulex= (Furze, Gorse, Whin). _Leguminosæ._

Propagated by seeds or by cuttings.

=Ulmus= (Elm). _Urticaceæ._

Usually propagated by stratified seeds. Layers are sometimes made, and suckers may be taken. The varieties are grafted on common stocks.

=Unicorn Plant.= See Martynia.

=Uvularia=, including Oakesia (Bellwort). _Liliaceæ._

Seeds; usually by divisions.

=Vaccinium= (Swamp Huckleberry, Whortleberry, Blueberry, Bilberry, Cranberry). _Vacciniaceæ._

Seeds, layers, root-cuttings, and divisions of the old plants. Some species by hard-wood cuttings, for which see Cranberry. Huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult to grow. The seeds should be washed from the fruits and stored in sand in a cool place until late in winter. They are then sown in pans or flats on the surface of a soil made of equal parts sand and loam. Cover with fine sphagnum and keep in a cool house or frame, always keeping the seeds moist. Seeds treated in this way may be expected to germinate in a month or two, although they may lie dormant a year. Transplant frequently and keep shaded until large enough to shift for themselves. Layers should be tongued. Cuttings, two or three inches long, of the best roots, made in fall and placed in mild bottom heat in early spring, often give fair satisfaction. Native plants can be obtained from the woods and fields which will give good satisfaction if small specimens are taken.

=Valeriana= (Valerian). _Valerianeæ._

Seeds and divisions.

=Vallota.= _Amaryllideæ._

Bulbels, which usually appear above the surface of the pot. Division of the bulbs.

=Vanda.= _Orchideæ._

The majority are propagated in the same way as described for aërides, but two species--_V. teres_ and _V. Hookeri_--both tall and quick growing, may be cut into lengths of a few inches. The practice of the most successful cultivators is to start them every year as cuttings about a foot long. (See also under Orchids.)

=Vanilla.= _Orchideæ._

Division and cuttings. The vanilla of commerce (_V. planifolia_) is propagated from cuttings which are planted at the base of trees, upon which the plant climbs. (See also under Orchids)

=Vegetable Oyster.= See Salsify.

=Veitchia.= _Palmæ._

Seeds.

=Veltheimia.= =Liliaceæ.=

By fresh seeds or separation of the bulbs.

=Veratrum= (False or White Hellebore). _Liliaceæ._

Young plants are obtained by seeds or by divisions.

=Verbascum= (Mullein). _Scrophularineæ._

All are raised from seeds sown in any ordinary soil, except _V. nigrum_ and _V. pinnatifidum_, which should be increased by divisions and cuttings respectively.

=Verbena= (Vervain). _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds; also by cuttings of vigorous shoots. Some species by divisions.

=Vernonia=, including Ascaricida (Ironweed). _Compositæ._

May be raised from seeds, divisions, or cuttings, depending on the character of the plant.

=Veronica= (Speedwell). _Scrophularineæ._

Seeds and divisions. Shrubby sorts often by cuttings.

=Vesicaria= (Bladder-pod). _Cruciferæ._

Annuals by seeds; perennials by division.

=Vetch= (Vicia sativa). _Leguminosæ._

By seeds in open air.

=Viburnum.= _Caprifoliaceæ._

Seeds, which should be stratified. They usually remain dormant the first year. Layers usually make the best plants. Green cuttings made in summer and handled in frames give excellent results. _V. plicatum_ is propagated by cuttings. Ripe cuttings are sometimes used for the soft-wooded species. The snowball or guelder-rose (_V. Opulus_) is rapidly increased by layers. It is also a good stock for closely related species. _V. Lantana_ and _V. dentata_ are good stocks on which varieties difficult to handle can be worked by the veneer-graft during winter.

=Victoria= (Royal Water Lily, Water Platter). _Nymphæaceæ._

The seeds should be kept in vessels of water until ready for sowing, when they may be placed in loamy soil, and the pot submerged a couple of inches in water, the temperature of which should not be allowed to fall below 85°. The tank should be in a light position near the glass. Annual.

=Vinca= (Periwinkle). _Apocynaceæ._

Increased by seeds and by divisions.

=Viola= (Violet, Heartsease, Pansy). _Violarieæ._

The named violets are increased by cuttings made in a cool house from vigorous shoots. Common species by seeds, runners and divisions of the plants. Pansies are usually grown from seeds, but named varieties may be multiplied from cuttings taken late in the season, or from layers.

=Virgilia.= See Cladrastis.

=Virginia Creeper.= See Ampelopsis.

=Virgin's Bower.= See Clematis.

=Viscum= (Mistletoe). _Loranthaceæ._

Raised from seed, which should be inserted in a notch cut in the bark or under side of a branch of the host. Avoid crushing the seed, and have the embryo directed towards the trunk. To prevent birds from disturbing the seeds after being placed in position, cover with light-colored cloth. The seed may also be fastened to a smooth part of the tree by the sticky substance surrounding it, but more seed is lost. Our native phoradendron can be handled in the same way.

=Vitex= (Chaste-tree). _Verbenaceæ._

Seeds. Suckers. Layers. Cuttings of green or ripened wood.

=Vitis.= See Grape.

=Vochysia=, Curcullaria. _Vochysiaceæ._

Seeds; by ripened cuttings in sand under glass, in heat.

=Waahoo.= See Euonymus.

=Waldsteinia.= _Rosaceæ._

May be multiplied by seeds or divisions.

=Wall-flower= (_Cheiranthus Cheiri_). _Cruciferæ._

Propagated by seeds; the plants, however, will not flower at the north until the second season; protection of a frame is required.

=Wallichia=, Wrightia. _Palmæ._

May be increased by seeds; or by suckers, which should be gradually separated so as to allow them to make sufficient roots before they are quite detached.

=Walnut.= See Juglans.

=Water-Cress= (_Nasturtium officinale_). _Cruciferæ._

Cuttings of the young stems, which root in mud with great readiness. Seeds scattered in the water or mud.

=Water Lily.= See Nymphæa, Nelumbo and Victoria.

=Water-Melon= (_Citrullus vulgaris_). _Cucurbitaceæ._

Seeds, usually sown where the plants are to remain, after the weather is warm and settled.

=Watsonia= (Bugle Lily). _Irideæ._

The plants are multiplied by seeds or by offsets.

=Wax Flower.= See Hoya.

=Weigela.= See Diervilla.

=Wellingtonia.= See Sequoia.

=Whin.= See Ulex and Genista.

=White Cedars.= See Chamæcyparis and Thuya.

=White-wood.= See Liriodendron and Tilia.

=Whitlava.= See Phacelia.

=Whortleberry=, Huckleberry (_Gaylussacia resinosa_). _Ericaceæ._

Propagated by seeds, which should be stratified and otherwise carefully handled. (See also Vaccinium.)

=Willow.= See Salix.

=Wind Flower.= See Anemone.

=Windsor, Broad or Horn Bean= (_Vicia Faba._) _Leguminosæ._

Propagation by seeds in open air after the soil is fairly warm.

=Winter Aconite.= See Eranthis.

=Winter Cress.= See Barbarea.

=Wistaria.= _Leguminosæ._

Readily grown from seeds. Sometimes by division. Layers. Cuttings of ripened wood, usually handled under glass. The common purple and white kinds are largely grown from root-cuttings, an inch or two long, placed in bottom heat, when they will start in four or five weeks. Many of the fancy kinds, especially when wood is scarce, are root- or crown-grafted upon _W. Sinensis._

=Witch-hazel.= See Hamamelis.

=Woad-Waxen.= See Genista.

=Woodbine.= A name properly belonging to climbing Loniceras, but often applied to Ampelopsis, both of which see.

=Wormwood=, Southernwood (_Artemisia Absinthium_). _Compositæ._

Seeds and division.

=Wrightia=, Balfouria (Palay or Ivory-tree). _Apocynaceæ._

Seeds; usually by cuttings, which root readily in sand in heat.

=Xanthoceras=. _Sapindaceæ._

Usually multiplied by seeds; root-cuttings are sometimes used.

=Xanthorhiza=, Zanthorhiza. _Ranunculaceæ._

Seeds and suckers.

=Xanthorrhœa= (Black Boy, Grass-tree). _Juncaceæ._

Seeds; but usually by offsets.

=Xanthosoma=, including Acontias. _Aroideæ._

May be increased by cutting up the stem or root-stock into small pieces and planting these in light soil, or cocoa fibre, in bottom heat. After a stem has been cut off, a number of shoots are developed, which can be treated as cuttings.

=Xerophyllum.= _Liliaceæ._

May be propagated by seeds and by divisions.

=Xiphion.= See Iris.

=Xylophylla.= See Phyllanthus.

=Yam.= See Discorea.

=Yellow-wood.= See Cladrastis.

=Yew.= See Taxus.

=Yucca= (Adam's Needle, Bear's Grass, Spanish Bayonet). _Liliaceæ._

Increased by seeds; and by divisions, which may be planted in the open ground, or by pieces of thick, fleshy roots, cut into lengths, and inserted in sandy soil, in heat.

=Yulan.= See Magnolia.

=Zamia.= _Cycadaceæ._

Division of the crowns when possible; or by seeds and suckers. The plants are oftenest imported directly from the tropics.

=Zanthorhiza.= See Xanthorhiza.

=Zanthoxylum= (Prickly Ash). _Rutaceæ._

Seeds, suckers, but more often by root-cuttings.

=Zea.= See Maize.

=Zephyranthes=, including Habranthus (Flower of the West Wind, Zephyr Flower). _Amaryllideæ._

May be multiplied by seeds; or by separating the bulbels.

=Zingiber=, including Zerumbet (Ginger). _Scitamineæ._

Propagated by division.

=Zinnia= (Youth-and-old-Age). _Compositæ._

Seeds, sown either in-doors or out.

=Zizania= (Wild or Indian Rice). _Graminæ._

Seeds, sown along water courses or in bogs in fall or spring.

=Zizyphus.= See Jujube.

=Zygadenus=, including Amianthemum, Anticloa. _Liliaceæ._

Readily multiplied by seeds or by divisions.

=Zygopetalum.= _Orchideæ._

Division. (See also under Orchids.)

=Zygophyllum= (Bean Caper). _Zygophylleæ,._

Seeds, when they can be had; otherwise by cuttings in a frame.