CHAPTER V

MONUMENTS TO THE NURSE

The relations between nurse and master were of that sacred character which cease not with death. Her sincere and tender affection was not only repaid during life by the master’s solicitude for her well-being; but after death her memory was frequently perpetuated by the erection of monuments.

The unearthing of many of these has proved a fertile source of information concerning the nurse. Her name, sometimes her parentage, and even details of her life and virtues find expression in the sepulchral inscriptions.

The commonest form of grave-stone erected to the memory of the nurse is the “Stele”, a horizontal grave-relief more or less ornamented, and usually representing the nurse seated, bidding farewell to her master or mistress. Conze in his _Die attischen Grabreliefs_ describes several of these.

The nurse Melitta, daughter of Apollodorus, the metic, is honored by a monument erected by her master, Hippostrates, who is also represented on the relief. Beneath is the following inscription:

Ἐνθάδε τὴν χρηστὴν τίτθην κατὰ γαῖαν καλύπτει Ἱπποστράτης· καὶ νῦν ποθεῖ σε. καὶ ζῶσάν σ’ ἐφίλουν, τίτθη, καὶ νῦν σ’ ἔτι τιμῶ οὖσαν καὶ κατὰ γῆς, καὶ τιμήσω σε ἄχρι ἂν ζῶ· οἶδα δὲ σοι ὅτι καὶ κατὰ γῆς, εἴπερ χρηστοῖς γέρας ἐστίν, πρώτει σοι τιμαί, τίτθη, παρὰ Φερσεφόνει Πλούτονί τε κεῖνται.[289]

This inscription bears witness to the virtues of the nurse and the fond relations which must have existed between her and her master, for having loved her during life, he yearns for her when she is no more, and promises to honor her as long as he lives, thus uniting with those great honors which must necessarily be paid her in Hades, if there be there any honor paid the good.

The “Stele” of Malicha of Cytherea, the Spartan nurse of the children of Diogeitus, is engraved with an inscription bearing witness to her goodness:

Ἐνθάδε γῆ κατέχει τίτθην παίδων Διογείτου ἐκ Πελοποννήσου τήνδε δικαιοτάτην Μαλίχα Κυθηρία.[290]

The epithet χρηστή so often seen on the monuments finds place on those of nurses. Thus the combination τίτθη χρηστή,[291] to which is sometimes added the name of the nurse, occurs: Παίδευσις τίτθη χρηστή,[292] Πυῤῥίχη τροφὸς χρηστή.[293] Sometimes the name of the nurse and the word τίτθη are found, as Δημητρίᾳ τίτθῃ,[294] Χοιρίνη τίτθη,[295] Φιλύρα τίτθη,[296] and there are instances where the simple word τίτθη or τείτθη occurs.[297] Then too, the name of the nurse’s country is sometimes mentioned in the inscription: Φάνιον Κορινθία τίτθη[298] and also that of her nursling: Ῥωξάνη Ζωπύρου Ἁλειέως τίτθη.[299] Βιότη Λύσωνος Ἁμαξαντέως τροφός.[300] In these inscriptions τροφός is less frequently used for “nurse” than τίτθη.

Besides the monuments erected especially to nurses, we often find the nurse shown on the grave-relief of a mother in the act of handing the child to her for the last farewell,[301] or holding in her arms a young child enveloped in swaddling clothes.[302] The representation of the nurse in this connection is quite in keeping with her relations towards the family during the sad hours which preceded the burial. While the immediate members of the family were considered as the chief mourners, they did not look upon it as a condescension to allow the sympathetic heart of the nurse to unite its share of grief with theirs.[303]

In addition to the sepulchral inscriptions mentioned above, we have literary evidence of the existence of other monuments in honor of nurses. Theocritus furnishes the following:

ὁ μικκὸς τόδ’ ἔτευξε τᾲ Θραΐσσᾳ, Μήδειος τὸ μνᾶμ’ ἐπὶ τᾷ ὁδῷ κηπέγραψε Κλείτας ἕξει τὰν χάριν ἁ γυνὰ ἀντὶ τήνων ὧν τὸν κοῦρον ἔθρεψε. τί μάν; ἔτι χρησίμα καλεῖται.[304]

The use of χρησίμα in the last line is in accordance with the custom referred to before.[305]

Less complimentary to the nurse is the following selection from the Anthology, ascribed to Dioscuridus:

Τὴν τίτθην Ἱέρων Σειληνίδα, τὴν, ὅτι πίνοι Ζωρὸν, ὑπ’ οὐδεμιῆς θλιβουμένην κύλικος, Ἀγρῶν ἐντὸς ἔθηκεν, ἵν’ ἡ φιλάκρητος ἐκείνη Καὶ φθιμένη, ληνῶν γείτονα τύμβον ἔχη.[306]

The unfortunate weakness of this nurse was made a subject of jest with the comic poets.[307]

But more in keeping with the true character of the nurse is Callimachus’ epigram, wherein he commemorates the goodness of the Phrygian nurse Aeschra, to whose memory her master set up her statue in token of gratitude for her nurture:

Τὴν Φρυγίην Αἴσχρην, ἀγαθὸν γάλα, πᾶσιν ἐν ἐσθλοῖς Μίκκος καὶ ζωὴν οὖσαν ἐγηροκόμει, Καὶ φθιμένην ἀνέθηκεν, ἐπ’ ἐσσομένοισιν ὁρᾶσθαι, Ἡ γρῆυς μαστῶν ὡς ἀπέχει χάριτας.[308]

Thus from the study of the inscriptions, as well as from the literature, we learn that the Greeks had for those devoted women who stood to them in place of mother, a tender attachment which often continued all through life; and even after the nurse’s death they sought to give some expression to it by writing epitaphs and erecting monuments to their memory.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. TEXTS OF SOURCES

AELIAN: Varia Historia, ed. Hercher. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1866.

AESCHINES: Orationes, ed. Blass. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1896.

AESCHYLUS: Tragoediæ, ed. Weil. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1898.

AESOP: Fabulæ, ed. Halm. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.

ANTHOLOGIA GRAECA, ed. Bosch. 1795–1822.

ANALECTA VETERUM POETARUM GRÆCORUM, ed. Brunck, 1776.

APOLLONIUS RHODIUS: Argonautica, ed. Seaton. London, 1912.

ARISTOTLE: Opera, ed. Didot. Paris, 1848.

ATHENAEUS: Deipnosophistæ, ed. Kaibel. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1890.

BERGK: Poetæ Lyrici Græci, Lipsiæ, 1878–1882.

BLAYDES: Aristophanes, Halis, 1883.

CALLIMACHUS, Hymni, ed. Blomfield. London, 1815.

CICERO: De Officiis, ed. Holden. Cambridge, 1899.

CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM ATTICARUM, ed. Boeckh, 1875–1882.

DEMOSTHENES: Orationes, ed. Blass. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.

DIODORUS SICULUS: Bibliotheca Historica, ed. Vogel. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1888.

DION CHRYSOSTOM: Orationes, ed. Dindorf. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1857.

DIONYSIUS OF HALICARNASSUS: Antiquitatum Romanorum, ed. Jacoby. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1885.

DIONYSIUS PERIGETES, ed. Wells. Oxford, 1704.

EPICTETUS: Dessertationes, ed. Didot. Paris, 1840.

EPIGRAMMATUM ANTHOLOGIA PALATINA, ed. Dübner. Paris, 1864.

ETYMOLOGICON MAGNUM, ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1848.

EURIPIDES, ed. Murray. Oxford, 1901–1909.

GALEN, De Temperamentis, ed. Helmreich. Lipsiæ, 1904.

GEOPONICA, ed. Beckh. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1895.

HERMOGENES: Progymnasmata, ed. Rabe. Lipsiæ; Teubner, 1913.

HERODOTUS: Historia, ed. Kallenberg. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.

HESIOD: Carmina, ed. Reach. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1902.

HESYCHIUS: Lexicon. Jenæ, 1858–1863.

HOMER: Iliad, ed. Monroe. Oxford, 1903–1906. Odyssey, ed. Merry. Oxford, 1899–1907.

HOMERIC HYMNS, ed. Allen and Sikes. London, 1904.

HORACE: Carmina, ed. Müller. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1893.

KABBADIA: Γλυπτὰ τοῦ Ἐθνικοῦ Μουσείου, Athens, 1890–1892.

LUCIAN: Opera, ed. Didot. Paris, 1840.

LYCOPHRON: Alexandra, ed. Kinkel. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1880.

LYSIAS: Orationes, ed. Thalheim. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1901.

MAXIMUS TYRIUS: Dissertationes, ed. Dübner. Paris, 1840.

MEINEKE: Fragmenta Comicorum Græcorum. Berlin, 1836–1857.

OPPIAN: Halieutica, ed. Schneider. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1813.

PAROEMIOGRAPHI GRÆCI, ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1836.

PAUSANIUS: Descriptio Græciæ, ed. Schubart. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1889.

PINDAR: Carmina, ed. Schneidewin. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1865.

PHILOSTRATUS: Life of Apollonius of Tyana, ed. Loeb. London, 1912.

PLATO: Dialogi, ed. Wohlrab. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1908.

PLAUTUS: Comoediæ. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1894–1901.

PLUTARCH: Vitæ, ed. Sentenis. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1908–1912. Scripta Moralia, ed. Didot. Paris, 1841.

POLLUX: Onomasticon, ed. Dindorf. Lipsiæ, 1824.

QUINTILIAN: Institiones Oratoriæ, ed. Bonnell. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1896.

SEXTUS EMPIRICUS: Opera, ed. Mutschmann. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1914.

SOPHOCLES: Tragoediæ et Fragmenta, ed. Didot. Paris, 1846.

SORANUS: Gynæcia, ed. Rose. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1895.

STRABO: Geographia, ed. Meineke. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1895.

STOBAEUS: Floreligium, ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1822.

SUIDAS: Lexicon, ed. Becker. Berlin, 1854.

TERENTIUS: Comoediæ, ed. Fleckeisen. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1898.

THEOCRITUS: Opera, ed. Ludolph. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1856.

THEOPHRASTUS: Characteres, ed. Didot. Paris, 1849.

VARRO: De Lingua Latina, ed. Spengel. Berlin, 1885.

VITRUVIUS: De Architectura, ed. Rose. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1899.

XENOPHON: Opera, ed. Didot. Paris, 1858.

ZENOBIUS: ed. Gaisford. Oxford, 1836.

II. SECONDARY AUTHORITIES

BAUMEISTER, Denkmäler des klassischen Altertums. München, 1885–1888.

BECKER, W. A. Charicles, Leipzig, 1840.

BLÜMMER, H. Leben und Sitten der Griechen. Leipzig, 1887.

BRUGES, Greek Anthology. London, 1893.

BRUGMANN, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik. Strassburg, 1886–1892.

BUCHHOLZ, E. Die Homerischen Realien. Leipzig, 1881.

CAPPS, E. Four Plays of Menander. Boston, 1910.

CHOLMELEY, Theocritus. London, 1901.

CLAUDE, J. J. Diatribe de Nutricibus et Paedagogis. Ultrajecti apud Johannem Visch, 1752.

CONZE, Die Attischen Grabreliefs. Berlin, 1893–1913.

CROISET, Histoire de la littérature grecque. Paris, 1901.

EUSTATHIUS, Commentarii in Odysseam. Leipzig, 1825. Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem. Leipzig, 1827–1828.

FRIEDLAENDER, L. Darstellung aus der Sittengeschichte Roms. 5th ed., Leipzig, 1881.

GELLIUS, A. Noctes Atticæ, ed. Gronovius. London, 1824.

KINGSLEY, C. Life and Works. London, 1901–1903.

LEGRAND, Daos. Lyon, 1910.

LENTZ, Herodiani technici reliquæ. Lipsiæ, 1867.

MUELLER, von I. Die griechischen Privataltertümer. Münich, 1893.

NEWMAN, Aristotle’s Politics. Oxford, 1902.

NOTAE VARIORUM IN ARISTOPHANEM, London, 1829.

OXYRHYNCHUS PAPYRI, Part VI., London, 1908.

PANOFKA, T. Manners and Customs of the Greeks. London, 1849.

ROSCHER, Lexicon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie. Leipzig, 1884–.

SEYMOUR, Life in the Homeric Age. New York, 1910.

SMYTHE, Greek Melic Poets. London, 1900.

STEPHANUS, Thesaurus. London, 1816–1826.

THIELS, G. “Die vorliterarische Fabel der Griechen.” In neue Jahrbücher für klassisches Altertum. Lipsiæ: Teubner, 1908, xi, 393.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, Boston, 1913, vol. 44.

VON HAHN, Griechische und albanische Märchen, Leipzig, 1864.

VERRALL, A. Collected Studies in Greek and Latin Scholarship. Cambridge, 1913.

WACHSMUTH, Das alte Griechenland im neuen. Bonn, 1864.

WINCKELMANN, Monumenti inediti, 2d. ed., Rome, 1821.

VITA

The writer of this dissertation, Sister Mary Rosaria Gorman, was born in Antigonish, Nova Scotia, June 21, 1880. She received her early education in the Public Schools of that Province, and was graduated from St. Patrick’s Girls’ High School, Halifax, N. S., in 1897. In 1912 she obtained a Head Master’s License to teach in the Nova Scotia schools. From 1902 to 1910, she was Assistant Teacher in St. Patrick’s Girls’ High School, Halifax. In 1907, she matriculated at the University of London. From 1910 to 1913, she taught in the Academy of Mount Saint Vincent, Halifax.

The years 1913–1914, 1914–1915, 1915–1916 have been spent in residence at the Catholic Sisters College, Catholic University of America. The degree Bachelor of Arts was received in 1914, that of Master of Arts in 1915. In her graduate work, the principal courses followed have been those under J. B. O’Connor, Ph.D. and Reverend F. J. Coeln, Ph.D., to both of whom it is the writer’s pleasure and honor to return thanks, but especially to Dr. J. B. O’Connor for his valuable assistance and kind encouragement in the preparation of this dissertation.

Footnote 1:

Od. ii, 361; xix, 15, 21, 489; ii, 349, 372; xvii, 499; Il. vi, 389; xxii, 503.

Footnote 2:

Hom. Hymn to Aphrod., 114; Dem., 103, 147, 227, 291.

Footnote 3:

Republic, 373C.

Footnote 4:

xlvii, 55, 56, 72.

Footnote 5:

H. A., vii, 12.

Footnote 6:

Athen., vi, 9.

Footnote 7:

Alc., 1, Lyc., 16.

Footnote 8:

Gynæcia, i, 87, 88.

Footnote 9:

Com. on Il., vi, p. 513.

Footnote 10:

Oppian, Halieutica. II, 404–5.

Footnote 11:

Brugmann, Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik, Strassburg, 1889, ii, S. 92.

Footnote 12:

Lexicon, s. v. τροφοί.

Footnote 13:

Od., xxiii, 171. Cf. xxiii, 35, 81, 11; xix, 482, 500, etc.

Footnote 14:

Homeric Hymn Dem., 147.

Footnote 15:

Euripides, Hipp., 243.

Footnote 16:

Il., xxii, 82. Cf. also xvi, 203 and Od., xi, 448.

Footnote 17:

Od., xix, 482.

Footnote 18:

_Ibid._, xi, 448.

NOTE.—Seymour (Life in the Homeric Age, N. Y., 1914, p. 139), objects to this on the ground that “nothing indicates that she (Eurycleia) ever bore a child and could have served as a wet-nurse.” The words εὐνῇ δ’ οὔ ποτ’ ἔμικτο (Od. I, 433) merely show that Eurycleia was not the concubine of Laertes, and not that she was childless. Dolius, the slave, had a wife and family in the household of Laertes (Od. xxiv, 389). Moreover, if the apportioning of awards mentioned in Od., xxi, 214 (ἄξομαι ἀμφοτέροις ἀλόχους) were a matter of custom, would not the faithful Eurycleia have served as a very special prize? Cf. Buchholz, Die Hom. Realien, Leipzig, 1881, vol. II, Pt. 2, p. 24.

Footnote 19:

Od., vii, 9.

Footnote 20:

_Ibid._, i, 430. Cf. also xv, 428.

Footnote 21:

Il., 389.

Footnote 22:

Od., xv, 427–444.

Footnote 23:

_Ibid._, xxii, 421.

Footnote 24:

_Ibid._, ii, 345.

Footnote 25:

_Ibid._, xxiii, 24.

Footnote 26:

Od., vii, 10.

Footnote 27:

_Ibid._, xx, 1–4.

Footnote 28:

Hom., Hymn to Dem., 141ff.

Footnote 29:

Hom., 166ff.

Footnote 30:

Hom., Hymn to Aphrod., 113ff.

Footnote 31:

Herodotus, vi, 61.

Footnote 32:

Euripides, Medea, 49.

Footnote 33:

Aeschylus, Cho., 750; Eur., Hipp., 698.

Footnote 34:

Eur., Hipp., 649.; And., 812.

Footnote 35:

_Ibid._, Med., 49.

Footnote 36:

_Ibid._, Med., 65: μή, πρὸς γενείου, κρύπτε σύνδουλον, σέθεν.

Footnote 37:

Hipp., 324.

Footnote 38:

Med., 54.

Footnote 39:

Troades, 195ff.

Footnote 40:

Dem., lvii, 42.

Footnote 41:

_Ibid._, lvii, 35.

Footnote 42:

_Ibid._, xlvii, 35ff.

Footnote 43:

Plato, Laws, 790A.

Footnote 44:

Samia, 21ff.

Footnote 45:

Capps, Four Plays of Menander, Boston, 1910, pp. 15, 239.

Footnote 46:

C. I. A., ii, 2729.

Footnote 47:

ἐλακωνομάνουν ἅπαντες ἄνθρωποι τότε.

Footnote 48:

Aristoph., Lys. 80–1. Cf. also Xen., Rep. Lac., I, 4.

Footnote 49:

Lyc., 16.

Footnote 50:

Alc., 1.

Footnote 51:

C. I. A., ii., 3111.

Footnote 52:

C. I. A., ii, 3097.

Footnote 53:

Epigram liv.

Footnote 54:

Theocritus, _Ibid._, ii, 70.

Footnote 55:

Theocritus, Epigram xx.

Footnote 56:

Pseudo-Plutarch, De Liberis Educandis, § 5.

Footnote 57:

_Ibid._

Footnote 58:

Apollonius Rhodius, iv, 1309–10.

Footnote 59:

Callimachus, Jove, 15. Cf. also Soranus, I, xxviii, 81. For the practice of “dipping” the child, see Newman, “Politics of Aristotle,” Oxford, 1902, vol. 3, p. 481ff.

Footnote 60:

Plutarch, Lyc., 26.

Footnote 61:

Baumeister, Denkmäler. Leipzig, 1885, vol. I, p. 4.

Footnote 62:

Olymp. I, 40–1.

Footnote 63:

Hom. H. to Mer., 151, 237, 306; Apollod., III., 10. 2; Plaut. Truc. 13, Amph. 52.

Footnote 64:

Conze, Die Attischen Grabreliefs. Berlin 1893–, 405, 302, 276, Taf. lxiv, etc.

Footnote 65:

Hom. H. to Apollo, 121, 122.

Footnote 66:

Pind., Pyth., IV., 203: σπαργάνοις ἐν πορφυρέοις.

Footnote 67:

_Ibid._, Nem., I., 58.

Footnote 68:

Theog., 485.

Footnote 69:

Cf. Aeschy., Coeph., 529, 544; Eur., Ion, 32, 1351, 1598.

Footnote 70:

Aelian, Var. Hist., II, 7.

Footnote 71:

Plaut., Amphit., 1104.

Footnote 72:

Laws, 789E. In the third century A. D., the child was swaddled from forty to sixty days. Cf. Soranus, Gynæcia, ed. Rose, for this and other details of later usage.

Footnote 73:

Plut., _Op. Cit._

Footnote 74:

Eurip., Ion, 1420ff.

Footnote 75:

Il., xxii, 83; xvi, 203; Od., xi, 448; Soph., Ajax, 849: Lysis, De Caed. Erat., 9.

Footnote 76:

Od., xix, 482; Dem., lvii, 42; Callim., Dem., 90, Ep. 54; Men., Sam., 32.

Footnote 77:

Eur., Hipp., 698, Cf. also Aul. Gel., 12, 5.

Footnote 78:

Pseudo-Plut., De. Lib. Ed., § 5.

Footnote 79:

Athen., vi, 9.

Footnote 80:

Menech., 19–21.

Footnote 81:

Adelphi, 979.

Footnote 82:

Dem., _Op. Cit._

Footnote 83:

Geoponica, v. 13, 4.

Footnote 84:

Crito, 50D.

Footnote 85:

Laws, 887D.

Footnote 86:

Rep., 460D.

Footnote 87:

Hist. An., vii, 12.

Footnote 88:

Hist. An., vii, 10.

Footnote 89:

Pol., vii, 17.

Footnote 90:

De Somno., iii.

Footnote 91:

Orat., 4, 155R.

Footnote 92:

De Aere, Aquis, Locis., I, 542.

Footnote 93:

Athen., vi, 51.

Footnote 94:

Athen., xiii, 85. Cf. Arist., Pol., vii, 17.

Footnote 95:

Pindar, Olymp., vi, 45; Schol. Aristoph., Thesm., 506; Apoll., Rhod., iv., 1136; Callim., Jove, 40.

Footnote 96:

Athen., iii, 15.

Footnote 97:

Cf. also Aristophanes, Lysistrata, 18–19.

Footnote 98:

Aristotle, Rhet., iii, 4.

Footnote 99:

Adv. Math., ii, 42. Cf. also Theophr., Char., 20.

Footnote 100:

Aristoph., Knights, 716. Cf. also Plut., Rom., 2.

Footnote 101:

Athen., xii, 40.

Footnote 102:

Il., vi, 467.

Footnote 103:

_Ibid._, vi, 389, 400.

Footnote 104:

Il., xxii, 503ff.

Footnote 105:

Od., xix, 401.

Footnote 106:

Hom. H. to Dem., 141.

Footnote 107:

Herod., vi, 61.

Footnote 108:

Eur., Iph. in Taur., 835.

Footnote 109:

Eurip., Electra, 1125ff.

Footnote 110:

Athen., iv, 16.

Footnote 111:

Laws, 789E.

Footnote 112:

Plato, Timaeus, 52D.

Footnote 113:

Pol., vii, 17.

Footnote 114:

Laws, 789E.

Footnote 115:

Varro, Ling. Lat., ix, 5.

Footnote 116:

Cf. also Aristotle, Pol., vii, 17.

Footnote 117:

§ 5.

Footnote 118:

Plut., De Virtute, § 2.

Footnote 119:

Rep., 377C.

Footnote 120:

Galen, De Temperamentis, ii, 578.

Footnote 121:

Theoc., Idylls, xxiv., 10.

Footnote 122:

Panofka, T. Manners and Customs of the Greeks. London, 1849, Plate xi, 1.

Footnote 123:

Arist., Poetics, 16.

Footnote 124:

Plut., Rom., 3. Cf. also Eur., Ion, 1398.

Footnote 125:

Callimachus, Jove, 48.

Footnote 126:

Schol. on Cal., Jove, 48. Etym. Mag. s. v. λεῖκνον.

Footnote 127:

Hesychius, s. v. λικνίτης.

Footnote 128:

Winckelmann, Mon. Ined., Pl. 53.

Footnote 129:

Hom. H. to Hermes, 254.

Footnote 130:

Blümmer, H. Leben und Sitten der Griechen, Fig. 60.

Footnote 131:

Athen., xiii, 85.

Footnote 132:

Stobaeus, Flor., 98, 72.

Footnote 133:

Pollux, Onomasticon, ix, 27. Cf. Oxyrhynchus Papyri, Pt. vi, Lond., 1908, 852, fr. 1.

Footnote 134:

Heydemann, Griechische Vasenbilder, Taf. 8.

Footnote 135:

Plut., Consol. ad. Ux., § 22.

Footnote 136:

Curculio, v, 2, 45.

Footnote 137:

Poen., 29–30.

Footnote 138:

Vitruvius, De Architectura, iv, 1, 9.

Footnote 139:

Aeschylus, Choe., 750ff.

Footnote 140:

Menander, Samia, 31–3. (Capps.)

Footnote 141:

Plato, Rep., 343A.

Footnote 142:

Plut., De Consol., § 6.

Footnote 143:

Aeschy., Ag., 723.

Footnote 144:

Eur., Orestes, 462ff.

Footnote 145:

Timarch., 139.

Footnote 146:

Plut., De disc. amico ab adul., § 28.

Footnote 147:

Epict., Diss., xix.

Footnote 148:

Soph., Phil., 704.

Footnote 149:

Laws, 792A.

Footnote 150:

Polit., vii., 17, 6.

Footnote 151:

§ 10.

Footnote 152:

Hom., Hymn to Dem., 227.

Footnote 153:

Plut., Symp., v, 7, 3.

Footnote 154:

Pliny, N. H., xxviii, 38.

Footnote 155:

Ep. i. ad Cor., Hom., 12, 7.

Footnote 156:

Quintilian, i, 1, 16.

Footnote 157:

Laws, 794C.

Footnote 158:

Lucian, Hermotim., 82.

Footnote 159:

Od., vii., 13.

Footnote 160:

Eur., Hipp., 698ff.

Footnote 161:

Bruges, Greek Anthology, London, 1893, cxxxii.

Footnote 162:

This tale was written by Callimachus in his Aetia. There is a prose résumé by Aristaenetus, Bk. I, Ep. 10. Cf. Ovid., Ep. 21.

Footnote 163:

Ovid, Ep. 18.

Footnote 164:

Apollonius Rhodius, I, 667ff.

Footnote 165:

_Ibid._, I., 269ff.

Footnote 166:

Od., I., 427ff.

Footnote 167:

_Ibid._, xvii, 31ff.

Footnote 168:

_Ibid._, ii, 349ff.

Footnote 169:

_Ibid._, xx, 135.

Footnote 170:

_Ibid._, xix, 21ff.

Footnote 171:

_Ibid._, xix, 468.

Footnote 172:

_Ibid._, ii, 349, xix, 482.

Footnote 173:

Aeschylus, Choe., _l. c._

Footnote 174:

Demeter, 90.

Footnote 175:

Menander, Samia, _l. c._

Footnote 176:

Demosth., In Evergum, _l. c._

Footnote 177:

Cf. Chap. V.

Footnote 178:

Od., xv, 420.

Footnote 179:

Od., xx, 149.

Footnote 180:

_Ibid._, xxii, 420–5.

Footnote 181:

_Ibid._, ii, 345ff.

Footnote 182:

_Ibid._, ii, 349ff.

Footnote 183:

_Ibid._, ii, 352.

Footnote 184:

Hom., H. to Demeter, 103–4; 142–4.

Footnote 185:

Eur., Medea, 60.

Footnote 186:

_Ibid._, 90.

Footnote 187:

Menander, Samia, 40. (Capps.)

Footnote 188:

Od., I, 435.

Footnote 189:

Od., xix, 354.

Footnote 190:

_Ibid._, xix, 471.

Footnote 191:

vi., 61.

Footnote 192:

Frag. 42. (Bergk.)

Footnote 193:

Pyth., xi, 28.

Footnote 194:

Choe., 738–82.

Footnote 195:

Medea, 52.

Footnote 196:

Soph., Trach., 871ff.

Footnote 197:

Hipp., 698.

Footnote 198:

The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, pt. VI, Euripides, Hyps., fr. 60.

Footnote 199:

M., ii, 1965.

Footnote 200:

Samia, 40ff. St. Paul instances the nurse as the examplar of gentleness; but “nurse” here is usually interpreted “mother.” Cf. I. Thess., ii, 7. ὡς ἐὰν τροφὸς θάλῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα.

Footnote 201:

De Vitiosa Pudore, § 2.

Footnote 202:

Florelegium, 98, 72.

Footnote 203:

Knights, 717.

Footnote 204:

M., iv, 89.

Footnote 205:

Men., Samia, 90; Terence, Andria, 229. Cf. also Legrand, Daos, Lyon, 1910, p. 132.

Footnote 206:

Anthologia Graeca, ed. Bosch, 1795. L. 5, T. 1, E. 66.

Footnote 207:

Aesch., Seven against Thebes, 16.

Footnote 208:

Soph., O. R., 322.

Footnote 209:

Call., Delos, 10.

Footnote 210:

Athen., x, 83.

Footnote 211:

Aesch., Seven against Thebes, 291.

Footnote 212:

Athen., xi, 13.

Footnote 213:

Quintilian, I. 1, 16.

Footnote 214:

_Ibid._, I. 1, 4.

Footnote 215:

Plato, Rep., 377A.

Footnote 216:

Rep., 377C.

Footnote 217:

Plato, Hipp. Maj., 286A.

Footnote 218:

Gorgias, 527A. Cf. also Rep., 350E and Lysis, 205D.

Footnote 219:

Lucian, Philopseudes, 9.

Footnote 220:

Maximus Tyrius, I, x, 3. καθάπερ αἱ τιτθαὶ τοὺς παῖδας διὰ μυθολογίας βαυκαλῶσι.

Footnote 221:

Dion Chrysostom, 4, 164.

Footnote 222:

Philostr., Her., I, p. 668.

Footnote 223:

Lucian, Philops., 28.

Footnote 224:

Strabo, I, 2, 6.

Footnote 225:

Plutarch, Dem., 27.

Footnote 226:

xx, 41.

Footnote 227:

Scholia on Peace, 758.

Footnote 228:

_Ibid._ on Wasps, 1035.

Footnote 229:

Thucy.., 2.

Footnote 230:

Philops., 2.

Footnote 231:

Ars Poetica, 340. Cf. A. W. Verrall, Collected Studies in Greek and Latin Scholarship, Cambridge 1913, p. 306.

Footnote 232:

Vit. Apoll. Tyan., iv, 25.

Footnote 233:

De Thucy., Jud., 6.

Footnote 234:

Von Hahn, Griech. und Alb. Märchen.

Footnote 235:

Wachsmuth, Das alte Griechenland im neuen, Bonn, 1864, S. 57.

Footnote 236:

Geographica, I, 19.

Footnote 237:

Cf. Roscher, Lexicon, Leipzig 1884–. s. v. Gorgo.

Footnote 238:

Phaedo, 77A. Cf. Lucian, Philops., 23; Tox., 24; Zeus, 12.

Footnote 239:

De Stoic. repugn., 15.

Footnote 240:

Cf. Sappho, frag. 27 (Bergk).

Footnote 241:

Philostratus, Life of Apoll. Tyan., Bk. iv., c. 25.

Footnote 242:

_Ibid._, Bk. ii., c. 5.

Footnote 243:

Demosthenes, De Corona, 270.

Footnote 244:

Smythe, Melic Poets, p. 158. Cf. also Oliphant’s learned article “The Story of the Strix: Ancient” in “Transactions of the Am. Philol. Asso.”, Boston, 1913, vol. xliv.

Footnote 245:

Aesop, Babrius, 49.

Footnote 246:

Idylls, xv, 40.

Footnote 247:

Callimachus, Artem., 66ff.

Footnote 248:

Scholion on Theocritus, Idylls, xv, 49.

Footnote 249:

Hellenica, 4.

Footnote 250:

Peace, 474.

Footnote 251:

Frogs, 925.

Footnote 252:

Knights, 693.

Footnote 253:

Lucian, Philop., 37 (Fowler’s Translation).

Footnote 254:

Plato, Gorgias, 527; Hip. Maj., 286; Lucian, Phil., 9.

Footnote 255:

Plato, Lysis, 295D.

Footnote 256:

_Ibid._, Rep., 377B.

Footnote 257:

_Ibid._, Rep., 377D.

Footnote 258:

Sextus Empiricus, adv. Math., ix, 193.

Footnote 259:

Cf. Aristoph., Clouds, 904; Plato, Laws, 8860.

Footnote 260:

Pseudo-Plut., De Lib. Ed., § 5.

Footnote 261:

Aristotle, Pol., vii, 17.

Footnote 262:

Cf. Kingsley’s “Greek Heroes.”

Footnote 263:

Philostr., Imag., i, 15.

Footnote 264:

Navigium, 42.

Footnote 265:

Plato, Rep., 359D.

Footnote 266:

Hercules Furens, 98ff.

Footnote 267:

Plut., Theseus, 23.

Footnote 268:

Wasps, 1182.

Footnote 269:

Aristoph., Lys., 781–793.

Footnote 270:

ii, 134.

Footnote 271:

Croiset, Hist. de la lit. grecque, Paris, 1898, vol. 2, p. 475.

Footnote 272:

Plato, Phaedo, 600D.

Footnote 273:

Theon, Progymn., 3.

Footnote 274:

Aristophanes, Wasps, 1427. Cf. also Hermog., Progymn., I.

Footnote 275:

Scholion on Aristoph., Wasps, 1259.

Footnote 276:

Dion Chrysostom, 4, 163R (Dindorf). Cf. also Schol. on Birds, 807.

Footnote 277:

Croiset, vol. II, p. 19.

Footnote 278:

Athenaeus, 618E.

Footnote 279:

Socraticorum Epistolae. Cf. also Hesychius.

Footnote 280:

Plato, Laws, 790E.

Footnote 281:

Problems, xix, 38.

Footnote 282:

Quintilian, I, 10, 32.

Footnote 283:

Adv. Math., 6, 32.

Footnote 284:

Idylls, xxiv, 6.

Footnote 285:

Cf. Cholmeley, Theocritus, London, 1901, p. 343.

Footnote 286:

Simonides, Fragment 37 (Bergk).

Footnote 287:

Sophocles, Philoctetes, 827ff.

Footnote 288:

Euripides, Orestes, 174ff.

Footnote 289:

C. I. A., ii, 2729. Cf. Conze, 340, Taf. lxxxiv.

Footnote 290:

_Ibid._, ii, 3111.

Footnote 291:

_Ibid._, ii, 4196, 4197.

Footnote 292:

_Ibid._, ii, 5050.

Footnote 293:

_Ibid._, ii, 4109.

Footnote 294:

_Ibid._, ii, 3599.

Footnote 295:

_Ibid._, iv, 4284b.

Footnote 296:

_Ibid._, iii, 1458.

Footnote 297:

_Ibid._, ii, 4195; iii, 3384; Kabbadia, 1027.

Footnote 298:

_Ibid._, ii, 3097. Cf. also ii, 3111.

Footnote 299:

_Ibid._, iii, 1457.

Footnote 300:

_Ibid._, iv, 3553b.

Footnote 301:

Conze, 280, Taf. lxv.

Footnote 302:

_Ibid._, 276, 294, 306, 310, 380, 461, 471, 1143, etc.

Footnote 303:

Cf. Baumeister, Denkmäler, 1885–8, p. 238, Taf. 23.

Footnote 304:

Epigram xx. Cf. also Plut., Thes., 20: καὶ τροφὸν μετ’ αὐτῆς ὄνομα Κορκύνην ἧς δείκνυσθαι τάφον.

Footnote 305:

Cf. p. 63.

Footnote 306:

Anthologia Pal., 456.

Footnote 307:

Cf. Menander, Samia, 90, Capps’ note. Cf. Terence, Andria 229.

Footnote 308:

Callimachus, Epigram 54.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

Corrections

Page or Changed from Changed to Footnote

5 τίτθε, τιθένε τίτθη, τιθήνη

5 σκάφε σκάφη

5 πιστὲ πιστὴ

5 τίτθε χρηστή—Name of Nurse τίτθη χρηστή—Name of Nurse Added—Her Master—Country— Added—Her Master—Country— Simple Word τίτθε Simple Word τίτθη

7 ἒτι δὲ καὶ τροφοί ... αἱ τὸν ἔτι δὲ καὶ τροφοί ... αἱ τὸν ἄλλον φασί, πόνον μετὰ τὸν ἄλλον φασί, πόνον μετὰ τὸν ἀπογαλακτισμὸν ἀνα εχόμεναι ἀπογαλακτισμὸν ἀναδεχόμεναι

7 αὐ’ αὖ

9 δὲ δέ

9 ἐθελέις ὀλέσαι; σὺ δέ μ’ ἐθέλεις ὀλέσαι; σὺ δέ μ’ ἔτρεφες αὐτή ἔτρεφες αὐτὴ

9 ἒμικτο ἔμικτο

10 ἀργόθεν ἐρχονένην ἀγρόθεν ἐρχομένην

10 ἐξείπη, ὁ δ’ οἰσάμενος ἐξείπῃ, ὁ δ’ ὀϊσάμενος

10 τὴν τήν

10 ἀγγαλέῳ, ὑμῖν δ’ ἐπιfράσσετ’ ἀργαλέῳ, ὑμῖν δ’ ἐπιφράσσετ’

11 νεογὸν νεογνὸν

12 ἀνθαπτεται ἀνθάπτεται

13 τροφων τροφῶν

14 κατέχερ τίτθην παιδίων κατέχει τίτθην παιδίων Διογείτου ἐκ Πελοποννήσου Διογείτου ἐκ Πελοποννήσου τὴν δὲ δικαιστάτην τὴν δὲ δικαιοτάτην

14 καὶ μ’ ἁ Θεχαρίδα καί μ’ ἁ Θευχαρίδα

14 ἐπί τᾷ ὁδῷ κηπέγραψε ἐπὶ τᾷ ὁδῷ κἠπέγραψε

15 τὰς τάς

15 Ἑλλ’ηνίδας Ἑλληνίδας

15 ἄτε ἅτε

18 εχούσας ἐχούσας

18 εἴωτε δὲ τὰ παιδία τὰ πλεῖστα εἴωθε δὲ τὰ παιδία τὰ πλεῖστα σπασμὸς ἐπιλαμβάνειν καὶ σπασμὸς ἐπιλαμβάνειν καὶ μᾶλλον τὰ εὐτραφέστρα μᾶλλον τὰ εὐτραφέστερα

19 μικρόν μικρὸν

19 ἐκείνον ἐκεῖνον

20 παίς παὶς

20 εὔδεσκ’ εὕδεσκ’

23 οἶα οἷά

23 σκάφη σκάφῃ

24 ψυεσθεῖσα παιδὸς σπαργάνων ψευσθεῖσα παιδὸς σπαργάνων φαιδρύντρια- γναφεὺς τροφεύς φαιδρύντρια· γναφεὺς τροφεύς τε παὐτὸν ειχέτην τε ταὐτὸν εἰχέτην

25 Βάταλος βάταλος

26 και καὶ

27 της νόσου δέ σοι ζητοῦσα τῆς νόσου δέ σοι ζητοῦσα φάρμαχ’ ηὗρον αὐχ ἁβουλόμην. φάρμαχ’ ηὗρον οὐχ ἁβουλόμην. εἰ δ’ εὔ γ’ ἔπρξα εἰ δ’ εὔ γ’ ἔπραξα

30 πλῆσθπν, θαλερὲ δὲ πλῆσθεν, θαλερὲ δέ

32 φιλτάτη φιλτάτῃ

34 εἰπή μοι, ἔφη, ᾦ εἰπέ μοι, ἔφη, ὦ

35 οὗν ταῦτα μῦθος σοι δοκεῖ οὖν ταῦτα μῦθος σοι δοκεῖ λέγεσθαι, ὥσπερ γραός· και λέγεσθαι, ὥσπερ γραός· καὶ

36 ἒχουσαν ἔχουσαν

36 ἔπι ἔτι

37 ἑ ἡ

37 ὴν τὴν

37 Θάνατον θάνατον

37 της τῆς

37 παιδαφιλωέτρα παιδοφιλωτέρα

37 αὐτης τὸ φάντασμα ἐπιφοιτᾶν αὐτῆς τὸ φάντασμα ἐπιφοιτᾶν ἐπὶ τὰ παιδία, καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἐπὶ τὰ παιδία, καὶ τοὺς τῶν ἀώρων θανάτους αὐτῆ ἀώρων θανάτους αὐτῇ

38 στριγγ’ στρίγγ’

38 τῳ τῷ

40 μυτέρας μητέρας

41 κατελιπεν κατέλιπεν

41 δακρυρῥόους δακρυρρόους

42 ρυθμίζειν ῥυθμίζειν

43 ἤ ἢ

43 ρυθμῷ ῥυθμῷ

44 ιοιχόμεθ’ διοιχόμεθ’

46 δικαιστάτην δικαιοτάτην

47 μικκός μικκὸς

47 ἔξει ἕξει

47 Ἀργῶν Ἀγρῶν

47 Ἀίσχρην Αἴσχρην

[47] ἑλακωνομάνουν ἐλακωνομάνουν

[200] θάλη θάλῃ

[223] Philips Philops.

[228] Waspa Wasps

[238] Philips Philops.

[285] Cholmey Cholmeley

[304] ἦς ἧς

1. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 2. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.