Chapter 40

The landfall of John Cabot has been the subject of prolonged discussion. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Cape Breton are the principal places advocated. Of late years, owing to the vigorous and learned arguments of Dr. S.E. Dawson there has been an increasing disposition to accept Cape Breton on Cape Breton Island as the most probable location. See Winship, _Cabot Bibliography_, for the literature.

[423-3] The words "to starboard" have been inserted at this point in all English translations. Biggar has pointed out that the words _al dreto_ so translated are Venetian dialect for _addietro_, which is an alternate form for the more common _indietro_, back. The earlier translators thought _al dreto_ equivalent to _al dritto_, on the right. _Al tornar al dreto_ means simply "in going back."

[424-1] "August 10, 1497: To hym that founde the New Isle, 10L." British Museum, Add. MSS. No. 7099, 12 Henry VII., fol. 41. From Weare, _Cabot's Discovery of North America_, 124.

[424-2] So in Sanuto's text. This form indicates perhaps that Pasqualigo had only heard the name and not seen it written.

[424-3] This letter was found in the archives of the Sforza family in Milan. The manuscript is apparently no longer extant. There are two somewhat divergent texts. The one translated here is the one sent by Rawdon Brown to the Public Record Office in London. Both are printed in Weare, _Cabot's Discovery_, pp. 142-143. The translation given here is by Rawdon Brown as printed in the _Calendar of State Papers, Venetian Series_, I. 259-260.

[425-1] The Seven Cities was a legendary island in the Atlantic. They are all placed and named on the legendary island of Antilia on the map of Grazioso Benincasa in 1482. See E.G. Bourne, _Spain in America_, pp. 6 and 7, and Kretschmer, _Die Entdeckung Amerikas_, Atlas, plate 4. Columbus reported in Portugal that he had discovered Antilia (see p. 225, note 1); hence the deduction either of John Cabot or of Raimondo that the region explored by Cabot, being far to the west in the ocean, was the same as that visited by Columbus. _Cf._ also art. "Brazil, Island of," _Encyclopaedia Britannica_.

[425-2] This letter is preserved in the Archivio di Stato in Milan. It was first published in the _Annuario Scientifico del 1865_ (Milan, 1866). It was first printed in English in Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History of America_, III. 54-55 (Boston, 1884), in the chapter by Charles Deane, entitled "The Voyages of the Cabots." This translation was revised by Professor B.H. Nash of Harvard University and is given here with only one or two slight changes.

[425-3] In this passage Cabot's immediate impulse is attributed to the voyages of Columbus and their results.

[426-1] No satisfactory explanation of this can be given. Bellemo, in the _Raccolta Colombiana_, pt. III., vol. I., p. 197, interprets this sentence to mean that Cabot showed on the globe the place he had reached on the voyage and then to that statement the remark is added, referring to earlier journeys, "and going toward the east he has passed considerably beyond the land of the Tanais." Tanais is the Latin name for the Don, and at the mouth of the Don was the important Venetian trading station of La Tana. _Cf._ Biggar, _Voyages of the Cabots and Corte-Reals_, pp. 33-34, note. Biggar dissents from this interpretation. I would offer the conjecture that "the land of the Tanais" stands for the land of Tana. In Marco Polo the kingdom of Tana, on the western side of India, is described as powerful and having an extensive commerce. See Marco Polo, pt. III., ch. XXX. Raimondo, if unfamiliar with Marco Polo, would understand La Tana by Tana and then naturally assume that "the country of Tana" was a slip for "country of the Tanais." Cabot on the other hand might have heard of Tana when in Mecca without getting any very definite idea of its location except that it was far to the East in India. The phrase "toward the East," like the one earlier in the letter "toward the Oriental regions," is used of the ultimate destination, not the direction, and of the destination as a known spot always thought of in Europe as "the East."

[426-2] _El brasilio_ for _el legno brasilio_. Brazil wood was an East Indian red wood imported into Europe. It is the _Caesalpina sappan_. Its bright color led to its being compared to glowing coals, _brazia_, _brascia_, etc., Eng. brazier, and then to its being called, as it were, "glowing coals wood," _lignum brasile_, _lignum brasilium_, etc., and in Italian most commonly _brasile_ and _verzino_, a popular corruption. Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age_, II. 587. On the transference of the name of this wood to a mythical island in the Atlantic and then, after the discoveries, to the present country of Brazil which produced dye-woods similar to _Brasilio_, see Yule's art. "Brazil, Island of," _Encyclopaedia Britannica_, and Winsor, _Narrative and Critical History_, I. 49-51.

[427-1] _Stochfissi._ The English word "stockfish" Italianized. Of the English fish trade with Iceland, Biggar gives a full account, _Voyages of the Cabots_, pp. 53-62, making frequent citations from G.W. Dasent, _Icelandic Annals_, IV. 427-437. He quotes also a passage from the _Libell of English Policy_, 1436, beginning:

"Of Yseland to wryte is lytille nede Save of stokfische;" etc.

[427-2] _El Levante_, here again as a known place, oriented from Europe. His destination, not the direction of his route.

[427-3] In Cabot's mind the Cipango of Marco Polo is confused with the Spice Islands. Marco Polo says nothing of the production of spices in his account of Cipango. The confusion is probably to be traced to Columbus's reports that he had discovered Cipango and that the islands he had discovered produced spices.

[427-4] From 1425 Jiddah on the east shore of the Red Sea rapidly displaced Aden as an emporium of the spice trade where the cargoes were transshipped from Indian to Egyptian vessels. Jiddah is the port of entry for Mecca, distant about forty-five miles, and Mecca became a great spice market. See Heyd, _Histoire du Commerce du Levant au Moyen-Age_, II. 445 _et seqq._, and Biggar, _Voyages of the Cabots and Corte-Reals_, pp. 31-36. Biggar quotes interesting passages on the Mecca trade from _The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema_, Hakluyt Society (London, 1863).

[428-1] _I.e._, a place far enough east from Arabia to be thought of as west from Europe. After making all due allowances one may be excused for feeling some misgiving whether John Cabot actually ever was in Mecca. While some of the spices and eastern commodities were brought overland by caravan from Ormuz or Bassora, the greater part came by water to Jiddah. At Jiddah he could hardly have failed to get fairly accurate information as to where the spices came from. That one who had seen that great commerce should have remained so much in the dark as to conclude that spices came from northeastern Asia is strange enough.

[428-2] In imitation of Columbus.

[429-1] English social joys in the fifteenth century did not appeal to the more refined Italians. An interesting parallel to this comment of Raimondo de Soncino is to be found in Vespasiano's life of Poggio. "Pope Martin sent him with letters to England. He strongly condemned their life, consuming the time in eating and drinking. He was used to say in pleasantry that oftentimes being invited by those prelates or English gentlemen to dinner or to supper and staying four hours at the table he must needs rise from the table many times to wash his eyes with cold water so as not to fall asleep." Vespasiano da Bisticci, _Vite di Uomini Illustri del Secolo XV._ (Florence, 1859), p. 420.

[429-2] The original is in the archives at Simancas partly in cipher. It was discovered and deciphered by Bergenroth and published in the _Calendar of State Papers, Spanish Series_, I., pp. 176-177. The Spanish text was published by Harrisse, _Jean et Sebastien Cabot_, pp. 329-330, and in Weare, _Cabot's Discovery_, pp. 160-161. Bergenroth's translation is given here, carefully revised. The contents of this letter were briefly summarized in a despatch to the Catholic sovereigns by Dr. Puebla, their senior ambassador, which was transmitted at or about the same time with that of Ayala. The Puebla despatch, which contains nothing not in the Ayala despatch, can be seen in Weare, p. 159.

[430-1] In this Ayala would seem to have been misinformed. _Cf._ pp. 423, 425.

[430-2] The "and" is not in the original, but is supplied by all the editors. It is not absolutely certain that it belongs there. If it does, the passage implies that Cabot had recently been in Seville and Lisbon to enlist interest in his second voyage.

[430-3] This information is not elsewhere confirmed. On Brazil and the Seven Cities, see p. 426, note 2, and p. 425, note 1.

[430-4] One Friar Buil went with Columbus on his second voyage.

[430-5] The treaty of Tordesillas, June 7, 1494; see p. 323, note 3.

INDEX

Aburema, 394 n.

Acul, Bay of, 188 n., 197, 198 n.

Adam of Bremen, and reliability of Vinland tradition, 13; _Descriptio Insularum Aquilonis_, extract, 67-68.

Aden, decline of spice trade, 427 n.

Admiral, office of, 78 n., 79.

Affonso, Rodrigo, and Columbus, 324.

Agesinba, identified by Columbus with Cape of Good Hope, 397 n.

Aguado, Juan, 377, 379.

Aguja, Point of, 344, 345.

Alcacovas, Treaty of, 254 n.

Alexander VI., pope, letter concerning projected voyage of newly appointed Bishop of Gardar, 73-74.

Almirante Bay, 393 n.

Alonso, Roderigo, _see_ Affonso, Rodrigo.

"Alto de Juan Danue," 133 n.

Alto Velo, mountain, 365.

Alto y Bajo, Cabo, 188.

America and Vinland voyages, 7-13; and Asia, 126, 131, 134, 135, 136, 145, 157, 174, 268; mainland discovered by John Cabot, 423; mainland discovered by Columbus, 333.

Amianus, _see_ Arrianus.

Amiga, La, island, 198, 199, 208.

Angel, Cabo del, 220.

Antilia, legendary island, 101 n., 425 n.

Arana, Diego de, 183 n.; sent ashore, 200; remains in Espanola, 209-210; mentioned, 321.

Arana, Pedro de, despatched to Espanola, 321.

Arena, Las Islas de, 130.

Arenal, Punta del, 334.

Arnarstapi, Gudrid in, 18.

Arnlaug, settles in Greenland, 47.

Arnold, Bishop of Greenland, 69 n.

Arrianus, history of India, 329 n.

Asia, Columbus believes Cuba to be part of, 396 n.; and John Cabot's landfall, 425.

Aslak of Langadal, 16.

Asuncion, Isla de la, 356.

Aud the Wealthy, 14; in Iceland, 15.

Avalldamon, reported to be a king of the Skrellings, 41.

Ayala, Pedro de, despatch to Ferdinand and Isabella, 429-430.

Ayay, _see_ Guadeloupe.

Azores, reports of land to westward, 93; mentioned, 236, 237, 329; Columbus at, 243-249; and Demarcation Line, 323, 326, 416.

Azua, Columbus in, 391 n.

Azules, Punta de los, 166 n.

Babeque, Columbus sails towards, 143, 147; reports of gold, 181, 184, 214-215; sighted, 150-151; Martin Alonso Pinzon seeks, 152, 214-215; Columbus seeks, 167, 179; described by Indians, 174.

Babueca, island, 346.

Bafan, 136.

Ballena, Gulf of, 334, 339, 345, 349, 355.

Baneque, _see_ Babeque.

Banes, Puerto de, 132 n.

Baracoa, Puerto de, 131 n.-133 n.; Columbus enters, 158 n.-159; inland explorations, 161-162; Columbus sets up cross, 162; Columbus sails from, 166.

Bardsen, Ivar, account of Greenland, 11, 71 n.

Bassora, spice caravans, 428 n.

Bastidas, Rodrigo de, voyage, 416 n.

Bastimentos, harbor of, Columbus in, 398-399.

Becerro, Cabo del, 213.

Behechio, an Indian ruler, 345.

Belem, river, 401 n.; settlement near, 403 n.

Belprado, Cape, 220.

Belpuerto, 394 n., 399 n., 405.

Beothuk Indians, 41 n.

Biarney, 32.

Biarni, Grimolf's son, 30; accompanies expedition to Vinland, 31-32, 35; fate, 39, 42-43.

Biarni Herjulfson, and discovery of America, 8-9, 12; voyage, 48-50.

Blacksark, discovered, 17, 46.

Boavista, Columbus at, 324-325.

Bobadilla, Francisco de, 375; governor, 376; and Columbus, 376-383, 417 n.; proclaims immunities, 376; takes Columbus prisoner, 380; distributes gold, 380; appropriates Columbus's house, 383.

Bohio, 126, 146, 147; inhabitants, 153, 156, 167; sighted, 167; size, 174; reports of gold, 202; Columbus in, 295.

Boma, Rio, 166 n.

Boto, Cape, 340, 353, 354.

Brand of Alptafirth, sons of, 45.

Brand, Bishop, the Elder, and chronology of Vinland voyages, 6-7, 43 n.

Brattahlid, Eric in, 23, 27, 46, 48, 50; Biarni and Thorfinn Karlsefni in, 30-31; Leif arrives, 54; Gudrid comes to, 59.

Brazil, discovery, 326 n.

Brazil, mythical island, 426 n., 430.

Brazil, port of, Espanola, 407.

Breidabolstad, 16.

Breidafirth, Eric goes to, 17, 45, 46.

Bristol, and expedition of John Cabot, 423, 425, 428, 430; and search for the Seven Cities, 430.

Brokey, Eric takes possession, 16.

Buen Tiempo, Cabo del, 220.

Buil, Friar, 430.

Burenquen, 294-295. _See also_ Porto Rico.

Cabanas, Puerto de las, 353.

Cabanas, Punta de, 132 n.

Cabo Rico, 356.

Cabo Santo, 211, 212.

Cabot, John, sources of information, 421-422; letter of Lorenzo Pasqualigo, 423-424; voyage of 1497, 423-424; landfall, 423 n., 426; reception, 424, 428; new voyage proposed, 428; and title admiral, 428; map, 426, 430.

Cabot, Sebastian, and father's voyages, 421.

Cabra, 213 n., 296 n.

Cabral, route of, 326 n.

Cabron, Cabo, 221 n.

Cadiz, and proposed inspection of ships from Indies, 277; Columbus's departure, 283.

Caithness, conquered by Thorstein the Red and Earl Sigurd the Mighty, 14.

Cambodia, supposed connection of Costa Rica and Panama with, 397 n.

Campana, Cabo de, Columbus approaches, 156-158.

Canaries, Columbus at, 92-94, 283-284, 320-323; French ship at, 320; pearls, 364.

Caonabo, King, and fate of first settlement in Espanola, 300, 303, 304, 307; mentioned, 312.

Cape Breton Island, and Karlsefni's voyages, 40 n.; and landfall of John Cabot, 423 n.

Cape Verde Islands, 103; and Hesperides, 322; and Demarcation Line, 323, 326, 416; Columbus at, 324-326.

Carabelas grandes, Boca de, 134 n.

Caracol, Bay of, Columbus anchors in, 299 n.

Caracol, El, island, 340, 353.

Carambaru, 393, 394 n.

Cariay, 393; Indians of, 409.

Carib, island of, 223, 225, 226, 229, 230. _See also_ Porto Rico.

Caribata, Cabo de, 188.

Caribata, Monte, described, 188; mentioned, 196, 199.

Caribs, 203; houses, 286, 289; reported cannibalism, 286, 288-290; industry, 289; appearance, 289, 293; treatment of captives, 290-291; several captured, 292, 293; fight with Spaniards, 293; and natives of Porto Rico, 294; mentioned, 322, 330, 348, 359.

Caritaba, province of, reports of gold, 202.

Carvajal, Alonso Sanchez de, despatched to Espanola, 321.

Cascaes, Columbus at, 251.

Cassiterides, Columbus identifies with Azores, 329.

Castaneda, Juan de, attempt to seize Columbus, 245-248.

Cateva, 394 n.

Cathay, Columbus's desire to reach, 134; supposed proximity to Cuba, 405; emperor's embassy to Rome, 414.

Catholicism, in Greenland, 70-74; Columbus urges its establishment in Espanola, 274-275, 361.

Catiba, Columbus in, 394 n.

Catigara, location, 396-397.

Caxinas, Point, named, 391 n.; mentioned, 392 n.

Caymanos Chicos, islands, sighted, 405 n.

Cayre, 293. _See also_ Dominica.

Central America, exploration of coast, 387.

Cerabora, _see_ Carambaru.

Ceyre, 290. _See also_ Dominica.

Chanca, Dr., letter to Cabildo of Seville, 280-313.

China, Columbus's belief that he had reached, 397 n.

Christianity, introduced into Greenland, 23-26; in Greenland, 29, 56, 57, 71-74; in Iceland, 46; and New World, 352.

Chuzona chica, Rio, 219 n.

Ciamba, province of, 393.

Cibao, 197; reports of gold, 202; mentioned, 206; explored, 312-313; mines, 338.

Ciguare, described by natives, 394-395.

Cinquin, Cabo de, 168; Columbus approaches, 171, 174.

Cipango, 101 n.; Columbus desires to find, 113; Cuba mistaken for, 126, 127, 128, 130; mentioned, 197, 202, 212.

Clato, Prior of, entertains Columbus, 254.

Cobrava, 394 n.

Coche, 357.

Cochin-China, Costa Rica and Panama believed to be southern extension of, 397 n.

Colon, _see_ Columbus.

Colonization, plan of Columbus for Espanola, 273-277.

Columbo, Juan Antonio, despatched to Espanola, 321.

Columbus, Bartholomew, in Espanola, 321; mentioned, 345; projected exploring expedition, 360; meets admiral, 366; in Paragua, 375; taken prisoner, 380; map, 397 n.

Columbus, Christopher, contract, 77-80; patent, 81-84; first voyage, 89-258; departure, 90; at Canaries, 92-94; signs of land, 96-100; landfall, 108-109; takes possession, 110; desire to reach Cipango, 113; at Santa Maria de la Concepcion, 115; at Fernandina, 120; believes Cuba to be Cipango, 126; discovers Cuba, 130; along coast, 144-168; Martin Alonso Pinzon deserts, 152; at Espanola, 169-228; reappearance of Pinzon, 214; and disaffection of Pinzons, 216-219; homeward voyage, 228-258; storm, 241; at Azores, 244-249; puts in at Portugal, 251-256; reception by King of Portugal, 251-256; arrival, 257; letter to Santangel, 263-272; and Cuba, 263; and Espanola, 264; duration of first voyage, 272; plan for colonization and commerce of Espanola, 273-277; second voyage, 278-313; sources of information, 281-282; at Canaries, 283-284; at Dominica, 284-285; at Guadeloupe, 286-291; at Porto Rico, 294-295; at Espanola, 295-313; finds settlement destroyed, 300; visits Cacique, 304; building of city, 308; sickness, 309, 312; third voyage, 314-366; sources of information, 317-318; preparations, 319; reception in Madeira, 320; at Canaries, 320; at Cape Verde Islands, 324-326; sends ships ahead to Espanola, 320-323; instructions concerning treatment of Indians, 322; proposed route, 322, 326, 327; and Demarcation Line, 326, 382; signs of land, 329-330; Trinidad sighted, 331; mainland of South America discovered, 333; at Trinidad, 335-339; along coast, 331-351, 353-358, 362; and a New World, 352, 355, 356; in Boca del Drago, 354; near Margarita, 356-357, 362; anxiety about Espanola, 359-360; reasons for hastening to Espanola, 359-362; and Earthly Paradise, 364-365; arrival in Espanola, 365, 366; misfortunes, 371; aid of Isabella, 371-372; in disfavor, 372, 375, 378-379; revolt in Espanola, 374; and Bobadilla, 376-383; letter on fourth voyage, significance, 387; fourth voyage, 389-418; outward voyage, 389; arrival at Espanola, 389; forbidden to land, 390; storm, 390-392; at Queen's Garden, 391; along coast of Central America, 391-403, 405; search for strait, 391 n.; illness, 392-393, 399; geographical conceptions, 396-398; and Earthly Paradise, 398; illness, 399; tempest, 399-400; sends out exploring party, 401; trouble with Indians, 402-403; establishes settlement, 402; reaches Cuba, 406; in Jamaica, 406; one ship puts into a port of Espanola, 407; urges colonization of Veragua, 411-413; deplores condition of Spanish settlements, 415; complains of ill-treatment, 416-418.

Columbus, Diego, brother of Columbus, in Espanola, 321; taken prisoner, 380.

Columbus, Diego, son of Columbus, page to Prince John, 379; mentioned, 393.

Columbus, Ferdinand, 241 n., 321; page in Queen's household, 379; account of fourth voyage, 318, 388, 392 n.

Commerce, plan of Columbus for Espanola, 273-277; value of Spanish colonies predicted, 415.

Concepcion, La, island, 356.

Concepcion, Puerto de la, Columbus in, 172-179.

Conchas, Cabo de, 356.

Coroay, 206.

Cosa, Juan de la, master of _Santa Maria_, 200; mentioned, 204.

Costa Rica, supposed connection with Cambodia, 397 n.

Crooked Island, 123.

Cuba, mistaken for Cipango, 126-130; described by Indians, 130-136; discovered, 136; mistaken for mainland of Asia, 134, 263, 323, 405, 406; explorations, 136-148; Columbus returns, 153; Columbus leaves, 167; mentioned, 176, 263-264, 267, 364, 391 n.; Columbus lands on fourth voyage, 405.

Cuba, Cabo de, 146, 147.

Cubagua, reports of pearls, 357.

Cubiga, 394 n.

Dama, Alvaro, 253.

Darien, Gulf of, 405 n.

Davis, John, voyage to Greenland, 74 n.

Delfin, El, 340, 353.

Demarcation Line, and Columbus, 326; Papal, 416; agreement between Spain and Portugal, 416.

Diaz, Bartolome, 252, 397 n.

Dimunarvag, 16.

Doegurdar River, country between, and Skraumuhlaups River, occupied by Aud, 15.

Dominica, discovered, 285; described 285; mentioned, 290, 321; report of gold, 293; Columbus heads for, 330.

Drago, Boca del, named, 340; Columbus's ships in peril in, 354-355.

Drangar, 16, 45.

Drepstokk, Heriulf at, 47.

Drontheim, Leif arrives in, 47.

Drontheim, Archbishop of, papal letter to, 70 n.; jurisdiction, 71.

Drontheim, Archbishop Valkendorf of, 74 n.

Dublin, captured by King Olaf, 14.

Duelling-Hrafn, killed by Eric the Red, 16, 45.

Earthly Paradise, Columbus and, 364-365.

Einar of Laugarbrekka, 18.

Einar, of Einarsfirth, settles in Greenland, 47.

Einar, son of Thorgeir, 18; sues for Gudrid's hand, 19.

Elefante, Cabo del, 168, 171.

Enamorado, Cabo del, 221.

Engano, Cabo del, 229 n., 295 n., 322.

Enriquez, Beatrix, 321.

Eric, Earl, visited by Biarni Herjulfson, 150.

Eric the Red, saga of, 3-5, 14-43; goes to Iceland, 14, 45; in Drangar and Haukadal, 15-16, 45; voyage, 16-17, 45-46; discovers Greenland, 16, 17, 46; return to Iceland, 17, 46; fight with Thorgest, 17; names and colonizes Greenland, 17, 46; mentioned, 20; welcomes Thorbiorn to Eastern Settlement, 23; unwilling to embrace Christianity, 26; and expedition to land discovered by Leif, 26-27, 50; receives Gudrid, 29; welcomes Biarni and Thorfinn Karlsefni, 30, 42; mentioned, 31, 33, 56; at Brattahlid, 48; death, 54.

Eric Gnupson, Bishop of Greenland, expedition, 69.

Eric Uppsi, _see_ Eric Gnupson.

Ericsey, Eric the Red at, 17, 46.

Ericsfirth, Eric the Red at, 17, 46; mentioned, 26, 27, 29, 30, 54, 55, 59, 64.

Ericsholms, Eric in, 17.

Ericsstad, Eric at, 16.

Ericsstadir, Eric the Red in, 15, 45.

Ericsvag, 16, 45.

Escocesa, Bahia, 220 n.

Escobedo, Rodrigo de, 110, 184; remains in Espanola, 209, 210.

Escudo, Puerto, 168 n., 171 n.

Eskimos, and Vinland, 10, 41 n.; and Greenlanders, 71 n.-72 n.

Espanola discovered, 168; named, 173, 264; natives, 175-177, 180-187, 190-196, 198, 201-203, 205-210, 222-225, 265-269, 297-307; products, 177, 178; climate, 178; description, 181-182, 192-193, 264-268; Columbus praises land and people, 198, 201, 202; first settlement, 204, 206, 268; reports of gold, 215; coast explored, 215-228; recommendations of Columbus for colonization and commerce, 273-277; return of Columbus, 295; scenery, 296; fate of first settlement, 300-304; building of city Isabella, 308; products, 310-312; ships despatched to, 320-323; supplies for, 348-350, 353; revolts, 360, 366, 373; colonists, 373, 374-377; arrival of Bobadilla, 375-378; Columbus taken prisoner, 380; mining, 382; Columbus forbidden to land, 390; and Columbus's fourth voyage, 406-408; condition, 415.

Estrella, Cabo de la, 168, 171.

Exploring expeditions, independent, authorized by Ferdinand and Isabella, 360.

Eyiulf of Sviney, 16, 45.

Eyiulf the Foul, 15, 16, 45.

Eyrar, Biarni arrives at, 48.

Eyxney, 16, 45.

Fava, 134.

Fayal, mentioned, 235.

Ferdinand and Isabella, contract with Columbus, 77-80; and route to Indies, 78; patent to Columbus, 81-84; war with Moors, 89; and Demarcation Line, 323, 326; and Columbus, 331; authorize independent exploring expeditions, 360; and Hojeda, 373; and Bobadilla, 376; and Columbus's fourth voyage, 389-418.

Fernandina, discovered, 116-117, 263; Columbus approaches, 118; natives, 119; described, 119; coast explored, 120-122; sighted, 129.

Ferro, island of, 93, 104, 112, 137, 237, 284, 323.