The Normans; told chiefly in relation to their conquest of England
Part 24
Here, at the beginning of the Norman absorption into England, I shall end my story of the founding and growth of the Norman people. The mingling of their brighter, fiercer, more enthusiastic, and visionary nature with the stolid, dogged, prudent, and resolute Anglo-Saxons belongs more properly to the history of England. Indeed, the difficulty would lie in not knowing where to stop, for one may tell the two races apart even now, after centuries of association and affiliation. There are Saxon landholders, and farmers, and statesmen in England yet—unconquered, unpersuaded, and un-Normanized. But the effect on civilization of the welding of the two great natures cannot be told fairly in this or any other book—we are too close to it and we ourselves make too intimate a part of it to judge impartially. If we are of English descent we are pretty sure to be members of one party or the other. Saxon yet or Norman yet, and even the confusion of the two forces renders us not more able to judge of either, but less so. We must sometimes look at England as a later Normandy; and yet, none the less, as the great leader and personified power that she is and has been these many hundred years, drawing her strength [Pg365] from the best of the Northern races, and presenting the world with great men and women as typical of these races and as grandly endowed to stand for the representatives of their time in days to come, as the men and women of Greece were typical, and live yet in our literature and song. In the courts and stately halls of England, in the market-places, and among followers of the sea or of the drum, we have seen the best triumphs and glories of modern humanity, no less than the degradations, the treacheries, and the mistakes. In the great pageant of history we can see a nation rise, and greaten, and dwindle, and disappear like the varying lifetime of a single man, but the force of our mother England is not yet spent, though great changes threaten her, and the process of growth needs winter as well as summer. Her life is not the life of a harborless country, her fortunes are the fortunes of her generosity. But whether the Norman spirit leads her to be self-confident or headstrong and wilful, or the Saxon spirit holds her back into slowness and dulness, and lack of proper perception in emergencies or epochs of necessary change, still she follows the right direction and leads the way. It is the Norman graft upon the sturdy old Saxon tree that has borne best fruit among the nations—that has made the England of history, the England of great scholars and soldiers and sailors, the England of great men and women, of books and ships and gardens and pictures and songs! There is many a gray old English house standing among its trees and fields, that has sheltered and nurtured many a generation of loyal and [Pg366] tender and brave and gentle souls. We shall find there men and women who, in their cleverness and courtliness, their grace and true pride and beauty, make us understand the old Norman beauty and grace, and seem to make the days of chivalry alive again.
But we may go back farther still, and discover in the lonely mountain valleys and fiord-sides of Norway even a simpler, courtlier, and nobler dignity. In the country of the sagamen and the rough sea-kings, beside the steep-shored harbors of the viking dragon-ships, linger the constantly repeated types of an earlier ancestry, and the flower of the sagas blooms as fair as ever. Among the red roofs and gray walls of the Norman towns, or the faint, bright colors of its country landscapes, among the green hedgerows and golden wheat-fields of England, the same flowers grow in more luxuriant fashion, but old Norway and Denmark sent out the seed that has flourished in richer soil. To-day the Northman, the Norman, and the Englishman, and a young nation on this western shore of the Atlantic are all kindred who, possessing a rich inheritance, should own the closest of kindred ties.
[Pg367]
INDEX.
A
Adela, 112
Ælfred, the Confessor's brother, 184, 188
Ælfred the Great, 103, 171; fines, 173
Ælfgifu, see Emma of Normandy
Æthelred the Unready, 102, 171; English contempt for, 175; flees to Normandy, 177
Alan of Brittany, 70, 126, 137; death of, 151
Alençon, siege of, 213; Lord of, see William de Talvas
Ambrières, 250
Anglo-Saxons, 106, 365
Anjou, 358
Anselm, 238, 338, 349
Apulia, 131, 139; allegiance to Rome, 140
Architecture, 239, 240
Argentan, 97
Arlette, 122
Arnulf of Flanders, 63, 71, 87
Arrows, 252, 307
Ascelin, 340
Aumale, 248
Auxerre, 108
Aversa, 133, 139
Avranches, 248
B
Baldwin of Flanders, 121
Battle, 304
Baudri, 340
Bayeux, Northmen in, 40, 59; Richard the Fearless educated in, 62; description of, 323
Bayeux tapestry, 238, 299, 323
Beaumont, house of, 152, 198, 282
Bec, abbey of, 219
Benedictines, 222
Berengarius, 230
Berenger, Count of Bayeux, 40
Bergen, 14, 291
Bernard the Dane, 60, 61, 75
Bernard Harcourt, 68
Bernard de Senlis, 59, 61; plot of, 76
Bertha, wife of Robert of France, 100
Bessin, 247
Blaatand Harold, 81
Borbillon, 210
Botho the Dane, 47, 60, 75
Breteuil, castle of, 250
Brionne, 224
Brittany, 58; Danish settlements in, 61; enmity between Normandy and, 76; tributary to Normandy, 246; William's expedition against, 265; aids William, 285
Bruce, Robert, 233
Burgundy, 54, 246; king of, 86; Henry of, 106
Burneville, 224
C
Caen, 113; William builds Church of St. Stephen in, 237; 298, 321, 322, 340
Canterbury, archbishop of, 176
Carloman, 85
Carlyle, 360
Cathedrals, 219
Celts, 172
Chalons, Hugh, Count of, 108, 110
Charlemagne, 11, 19; empire of, 34, 52, 88
Charles the Fat, 54, 56
Charles the Simple, 34; resists Rolf's invasion, 37; captivity of, 56
Chartres, Count of, 38; siege of, 41, 109
Chivalry, Norman, 93, 116
Civitella, battle of, 140, 141
Cloister life, 215
Cnut the Dane, 106, 119; banishment of English nobles, 120; chosen king, 177; his improvement and England's, 178; pilgrimage to Rome, 182; letter of, 182; death, 183
Côtentin, 103, 113; castles of, 116; over-population of, 116; home of the Hautevilles, 134; rebellions, 152, 202; designs of Henry of France toward, 247; men at Hastings, 306; sold by Robert of Normandy, 348
Coutances, bishop of, 304
Crusades, 143, 351
Curfew bell, 251
D
Danegelt, the, 173
Danes in Bayeux, 74; in England, 103; inheritance from, in Northern England, 187; schemes for regaining England, 258
Dante, 362
Dickens' "Child's History of England," 328
Dinan, 266
Dive, river, 297
Dôl, 110, 266
Domesday Book, 328
Douglas, Scottish family of, 233
Drayton, 28
Dreux, county of, 109
Dunstan, 172
Durham, 339
E
Eadgyth (or Edith), the Confessor's wife, 188, 270
Eadgyth the Swan-throated, 310
Eadmund Ironside, 104, 177; poisoned, 178
Eadward the Confessor, 184; pious character of, 186; weakness of, 188, 240; likeness to Æthelred, 189; preference for Normans, 191; promises the crown to William, 242; also to Harold, 257; illness and death, 269; love of hunting, 329
Eadward the Outlaw, 257
Eadwine, Earl of Mercia, 320
Eadwy, 180
Emma of Normandy (or Ælfgifu), 102; marriage to Æthelred, 105; flight to Normandy of, 106; sons of, 118; marries Cnut of England, 180
England, Danes in, 103; low condition of, 106; under misrule of Æthelred, 173; election of kings in, 179; same king as Denmark and Scandinavia, 181; under Cnut, 181; behind Norman civilization, 185; division into earldoms, 187; building of castles in, 193; conquest of, planned in Normandy, 240; Harold made king, 272; conquest of, by William, 308; English character, 365
Epte, St. Claire on, 44
Eremburga, 145
Ericson, Leif, 18
Ermenoldus, 113
Espriota, 66; second marriage, 80, 96, 152
Estrith, 121, 123
Eu, 236
Eustace of Boulogne, 285
Evreux, 40
Exeter, siege of, 325
Exmes, 97, 111, 113
F
Falaise, 92; industries of, 97; Robert in, 121; the Conqueror in, 197
Fécamp, 89, 111, 303
Feudal system, 54, 154; in England, 316
Fitz-Osbern; see William Fitz-Osbern.
Flails used as weapons, 76
Flanders, Baldwin of, 121
Flanders, civilization of, 232; aids William, 285
Fleming, Scottish families of, 233
Forests, Norman, 95; English, 330
France, 54, 361
Franks, 55, 361
Freeman's (E. A.) History of the Norman Conquest, 190, 205, 224, 225, 280, 286, 355, 359
Froissart, 323
Fulbert the Tanner, 122
G
Gaul, 20
Geirrid the Norsewoman, 7
Geoffrey Martel, 250; dies, 252
Geoffrey Plantagenet, 358
Gerberga, 72; courage of, 82-85
Gerberoi, 334, 337
Germany, 54; sympathy for Louis Outremer, 83, 361
Gisla, 43
Godfrey of Brittany, 101
Godiva, Lady, 188
Godwine, Earl of Wessex, 184; character and gifts, 188; a king-maker, 188; influence in England and banishment, 192; returns, 244; remembrance of, in England, 315
Golet the Fool, 199
Gorm of Denmark, 30, 81
Gottfried, 19
Grantmesnil, 198
Greece, typical characters of, 365
Greenland, 16, 18
Gregory VII., (or Hildebrand), 279, 285, 298
Grimbald of Plessis, 202; imprisonment of, 212
Guizot's history of France, 159
Guy of Burgundy, 199; pretends to the ducal crown, 200; beaten at Val-ès-dunes, 210
Gyda, 30
Gytha, Godwine's wife, 192
Gyrth, son of Godwine, 303
H
Haarfager, Harold, 15; kingdom and marriage, 30; tyrannies of, 32
Haman of Thorigny, 202
Harold Blaatand 81, 82
Harold Hardrada, 288, 290, 294
Harold, son of Godwine, 192; in Ireland, 242; in Normandy, 253; desires to succeed Eadward, 256; shipwrecked in Ponthieu, 260; received by William of Normandy, and visits him, 264; at Mt. St. Michel, 265; promises to marry one of William's daughters, 267; oath on the relics, 267; again in Normandy, 267; made king of England, 272; battle of Hastings, 300
/Ha Rou/, 49
Harthacnut, 170; becomes king, 183; dies, 184
Hasting the pirate, 38; Italian robberies, 130-144
Hastings, battle of, 299
Hauteville, Drogo of, 138
Hauteville, Humbert of, 141
Hauteville, Humphrey of, 138
Hauteville, Roger of, 143
Hauteville, Serlon of, 136; bravery of, 138, 141
Hauteville, Tancred of, 132, 135, 141
Hauteville, William of, president of Apulia, 139
Hautevilles, Family of the, 236
Hebrides, 2, 29, 50
Henry Beauclerc, 327; his father's legacy, 339, 348; seizes the English crown, 354; death of his son, 357
Henry of Burgundy, 137
Henry of France, 197, 199; William's enemy, 202; Godwine's partisan, 244
Herleva (or Arlette), 122
Herluin of Bec, 223; becomes prior, 224
Herluin of Montreuil, 81
Hildebrand, archdeacon, see Gregory VII.
Hugh Capet, 63, 88, 98
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, 56, 63, 153
I
Iceland, colonization of, 16, 32; expedition to England from, 291; literature, 32, 92, 362
Italy, 54
J
Jersey, island of, 93
Jerusalem, Robert's pilgrimage to, 126
Jumièges, 35
K
Kent, 288, 290
Knighthood, 156; oaths of, 161
L
Land-holding, Norman system of, 46
Lanfranc, 219, 226; met by pilgrims, 231; brings about William's marriage, 237; William's ally, 279; Bishop of Canterbury, 320
Laon, castle of, 72
Leo, Pope of Rome, 235, 236
Leofric, 188; grandsons of, 258
Leslies, Scottish family of, 233
Lillebonne, 282
Lisieux, 247, 252
Lisle, Baldwin de, 233
London, 177, 192, 302
Long Serpent, 12
Longsword, see William Longsword.
Lorraine, 54
Lothair, 86
Louis Outremer, 71; in Rouen, 77; loses the battle with Normandy, 82; death of, 86
M
Maine, Count of, 280
Malcolm, 288
Mantes, 337
Matilda of Flanders, 233; marries William of Normandy, 237; builds Church of the Holy Trinity in Caen, 238; influence in Normandy, 245; gives William a ship, 298; rules Normandy in his absence, 325; favors her son Robert, 334; dies, 335
Mauger, 90; Archbishop of Rouen, 112, 124; opposition to William and Matilda's marriage, 236; dismissal of, by William, 251
Mauritius, 238
Mercia, 187
Michael, Emperor of Constantinople, 128
Mirmande, 111
Monasticism, 215; value of, to Normandy, 230
Montgomery, house of, 152
Morkere, 288, 320
Mortain, Count of, 282
Mortemer, battle of, 248
Mount St. Michel, 265
N
Navarre, 54
Neal of St. Saviour, 201; at Val-ès-dunes, 208; goes to Brittany, 202; at Hastings, 306
Neustria, 35, 79
Normandy, Rolf's voyage to, 29, 34; formerly called Neustria, 35; independence of, 44; division of, 46; improvement of, 47; loyalty to France, 57; relations with France, 60; holds its own against Louis Outremer, 82; first money coined in, 84; the Norman character, 91; manufactures of, 92; chivalry in, 93; attacked by Æthelred, 103; changes in, 115; Christianity in, 118; social progress of, 132; colonies in Southern Italy, 133; feudalism in, 153; knighthood of, 156; churches of, 168; plague in, 169; Æthelred escapes to, 177; state of religion in, 217; architecture, 239, 240; enmity between Flanders and, 245; victory at Mortemer, 248; craftiness of, 250; victory at Varaville, 252; Harold in, 268; governed by William and Lanfranc, 279; preparation for war in, 295; wins the battle of Hastings, 300; influence of Norman character, 356-360
Norman women, 323, 326
Northmen, voyages of, 4; literature of, 9; arts of the, 11; ship-building of, 12; in Bayeux, 59
Norway, coast of, 1; metals in, 4; home-life in, 6; reputation of, 9; ships of, 12-14; colonies of, 19; women in, 23; pirates, 26; Haarfager's government of, 30
O
Odo of Bayeux, 282, 304, 323; made Earl of Kent, 324; Italian plot, 336; release from prison, 339; plots of, 347
Odo of France, 247
Olaf of Norway, 109, 175
Ordericus Vitalis, chronicle of, 334, 337
Orkneys, 1, 30, 293
Oslac, 60
Osmond de Centeville, 72
Otho William, 107
Otto of Germany, 86
P
Palermo, 146
Palgrave, Sir Francis, 89, 91
Paris, plundering of, 19, 40; borders of Normandy near, 125
Pavia, Lanfranc born in, 226
Peasantry, Norman, 93; complaint of, 95; parliament of and commune, 96; in England, 330
Peter the Hermit, 351
Pevensey, 299
Philip, King of France, 337
Poictiers, 246
Ponthieu, 246; Harold shipwrecked in, 260; William's ships sail for, 297
Popa, 43, 45, 60
Pyrenees, 246
Q
Quevilly, 275
R
Ragnar Lodbrok, 25
Rainulf of Ferrières, 68
Ralph Flambard, 349
Ralph of Tesson, 206
Ralph of Toesny, 249
Randolph of Bayeux, 202
Raoul of Ivry, 96; against the peasants, 97, 98
Ravens, black, 15
Renaud, 110
Richard of Evreux, 282
Richard the Fearless, 62; boyhood of, 66; made duke, 68; sent to Laon, 71; charters of, 84; death of, 89
Richard the Good, 90; character of, 92; unruly subjects of, 96; first peer of France, 99; marriage of, 101; war with Burgundy, 106; war with Dreux, 108; death at Fécamp, 111
Richard the Third Duke, 110; becomes duke, 112; is poisoned, 113
Robert Curt-hose, 333; inherits Normandy, 339, 345; his character, 350; goes on pilgrimage, 351; imprisonment, 357
Robert of Eu, 282
Robert of France, 98; wit of, 99
Robert Guiscard, 134; reaches Amalfi, 141; becomes duke, 142
Robert of Jumièges, 193
Robert the Magnificent, 112; bad name of, 114; enemy of England, 118; marries the tanner's daughter, 122; goes on pilgrimage, 125; dies, 129
Robert the Staller, 273, 300
Roger of Beaumont, 282, 322
Roger of Toesny, 195; colony in Spain, 196
Rögnwald, Jarl, of Möre, 31, 44
Rolf Ganger, ships, 29; profession, 32; siege of Rouen, 35; good government, 41; made duke, 42; christened, 45; married Gisla, 45; death, 50; tomb at Rouen, typical character, 53; tower in Rouen, 78; hall in Rouen, 121; Cnut's likeness to, 157, 278, 282, 306
Romance language, 55
/Roman de Rou/, 94, 112, 204, 209, 267, 340
Roman roads, 92
Rome, Church of, 118
Rouen, 20; siege of, 35; Rolf's wedding in, 45; Rolf's palace in, 50; Richard the Fearless' coronation in, 69; ruins in, 86; reception of William and Matilda in, 236
Rudolph of Burgundy, 57
Rye, castle of, 200
S
Sagamen, 8
Sandwich, 288
Salle, 212
Sanglac, battle of, 104
Saxons, 287
Scandinavian peninsula, 1-3
Sea-kings, 9
Senlac, 304, 309
Shakespeare, 91
Sicily, 131, 139; Norman ruins in, 145; aids William, 285; crusades of, 350
Siward of Northumberland, 258
Slavery, William's suppression of, 332
Spain, 20, 25, 306
Sperling, 80, 152
Stamford Bridge, battle of, 293, 298, 305
Stephen of Blois, 358
Stephen of Boulogne, 358
Stigand, 273
St. Michel's Mount, 101
Sturlesson, Snorro, 28
St. Valery, 297
Sussex, 288, 290, 299
Swegen, King of Denmark, 175
T
Taillefer the minstrel, 306
Taxes, 352
Tennyson, Lord, 28
/Terra Regis/, 318
Thurkill the sacristan, 303
Tillières, 109; siege of, 136; castle of, 250
Tostig, 287, 292
Truce of God, 165
Turf-Einar, 32
V
Val-ès-dunes, battle of, 205; changes since, 247
Valmeray, 205
Valognes, William's escape from, 199
Varaville, battle of, 251
Vaudreuil, 152
Venerable Bede, the, 218
Venosa (tomb of the Hautevilles), 146
Vermandois, Count of, 56; death of, 63
Vexin, district of the, 125, 337, 348
Vigr, island of, 29
Vikings, 9, 366
Vinland, 18
W
Wace, Master, 112, see /Roman de Rou/.
Walter Giffard, 282
Walter Tyrrel, 353
Waltham, abbey of, 254, 303
Waltheof, 320
Westminster, 191, 269, 302, 311, 314, 353
Wight, isle of, 288; Odo's rendezvous in, 336
William the Conqueror, 104, 114; father of, 116; mother of, 122; homage of barons to, 126; typical character of, 149; purity of life, 167; Roger of Toesny an enemy to, 196; Guy of Burgundy's rebellion, 199; not a man of blood in a certain sense, 211; mastery in Normandy, 213; revenge upon Alençon, 214; meets Lanfranc, 229; marries Matilda, 237; goes to England, 242; receives news of Harold's shipwreck, 260; at Chateau d'Eu, 264; hears of Harold's coronation, 275; embassy to Harold, 280; council at Lillebonne, 282; at Hastings, 299; march to London, 313; coronation at Westminster, 314; government of England, 316; returns to Normandy in triumph, 321; at Mantes, 337; last illness and death, 337
William Fitz-Osbern, 250; at Rouen palace, 262; at Quevilly, 277, 282; at Lillebonne, 284; made Count of Hereford, 324
William of Jumièges, 112
William Longsword, his youth, 43; education of, 56; his wife, 56; lands in Brittany, 58; politics of, 60; government of, 62; death, 63; character of, 64; lingering enmity toward Flanders caused by his murder, 245
William Malet, 310
William of Malmesbury, 331
William Rufus, 338; inherits the English crown, 339; goes to England, 345; is murdered, 353; is buried at Winchester, 353
William, son of Richard the Fearless, 97
William de Talvas, 124; the bastard's enemy, 152; rebels against William, 213
William of Warren, 282
Witanagemôt, 270, 275, 280, 317, 353
Women of Normandy, 101, 323, 326
Y
Yonge, Miss (Story of /The Little Duke/), 85
York, 292
The Story of the Nations.
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Heroes of the Nations.
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