Part 17

For our general understanding of the Normans and their work, it is well that we should trace them in the lands where their direct influence grows faint and dim, as well as in those where their descendants still rule. Only a formal and mechanical view of history seeks to ticket off particular races against particular regions as the sole sources of population and power; only false national pride conceives of any people as continually in the vanguard of civilization. Races are mixed things, institutions and civilization are still more complex, and no people can claim to be a unique and permanent source of light and strength. Outside of Normandy the Normans were but a small folk, and sooner or later they inevitably lost their identity. They did their work pre-eminently not as a people apart, but as a group of leaders and energizers, the little leaven that leaveneth the whole lump. Wherever they went, they showed a marvellous power of initiative and of assimilation; if the initiative is more evident in England, the assimilation is more manifest in Sicily. The penalty for such activity is rapid loss of identity; the reward is a large share in the general development of civilization. If the Normans paid the penalty, they also reaped the reward, and they were never more Norman than in adopting the statesmanlike policy of toleration and assimilation which led to their ultimate extinction. _Plus ça change, plus c’est la même chose!_

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

The best general account of the Norman kingdom is that of Chalandon, who carries its history to 1194 and gives also a provisional description of its institutions and an unsatisfactory chapter on its civilization. E. Caspar, _Roger II_ (Innsbruck, 1904), is the best book on the reign; Curtis, _Roger of Sicily_, is convenient. G. B. Siragusa, _Il regno di Guglielmo I_ (Palermo, 1885–86), and I. La Lumia, _Storia della Sicilia sotto Guglielmo il Buono_ (Florence, 1867), need revision. For Constance, T. Toeche, _Kaiser Heinrich VI_ (Leipzig, 1867), is still useful.

* * * * *

The treatment of Sicilian institutions by E. Mayer, _Italienische Verfassungsgeschichte_ (Leipzig, 1909), is too juristic. There is an excellent book on the chancery by K. A. Kehr, _Die Urkunden der normannisch-sicilischen Könige_ (Innsbruck, 1902); and on the _duana_ there are important monographs by Amari, in the _Memorie dei Lincei_, third series, II, pp. 409–38 (1878); and by C. A. Garufi, in _Archivio storico italiano_, fifth series, XXVII, pp. 225–63 (1901). For local administration see the valuable study of Miss E. Jamison, _The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua_, in _Papers of the British School at Rome_, VI, pp. 211–481 (1913). See also H. Niese, _Die Gesetzgebung der normannischen Dynastie im Regnum Siciliae_ (Halle, 1910); Haskins, “England and Sicily in the Twelfth Century,” in _English Historical Review_, XXVI, pp. 433–47, 641–65 (1911); W. Cohn, _Die Geschichte der normannisch-sicilischen Flotte_ (Breslau, 1910); R. Straus, _Die Juden im Königreich Sizilien_ (Heidelberg, 1910); F. Zechbauer, _Das mittelalterliche Strafrecht Siziliens_ (Berlin, 1908); and various studies in the _Miscellanea Salinas_ (Palermo, 1907) and the _Centenario Michele Amari_ (Palermo, 1910). The commerce of the Sicilian kingdom is described by A. Schaube, _Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Völker_ (Munich, 1906).

* * * * *

For Monte Cassino in this period see E. A. Loew, _The Beneventan Script_ (Oxford, 1914), with the works there cited; R. Palmarocchi, _L’abbazia di Montecassino e la conquista normanna_ (Rome, 1913). On the Greek monasteries, see Gay, _L’Italie méridionale_; P. Batiffol, _L’abbaye de Rossano_ (Paris, 1891); K. Lake, “The Greek Monasteries in South Italy,” in _Journal of Theological Studies_, IV, V (1903–04); and F. LoParco, _Scolario-Saba_, in _Atti_ of the Naples Academy, new series, I (1910). The best account of Saracen culture in Sicily is still that of Amari. On the south-Italian and Sicilian translators, see O. Hartwig, “Die Uebersetzungsliteratur Unteritaliens in der normannisch-staufischen Epoche,” in _Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen_, III, pp. 161–90, 223–25, 505 (1886); Haskins and Lockwood, _The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy’s Almagest_, in _Harvard Studies in Classical Philology_, XXI, pp. 75–102 (1910); Haskins, _ibid._, XXIII, pp. 155–166; XXV, pp. 87–105. On the Sicilian origin of the Greek MSS. of the papal library, see J. L. Heiberg, in _Oversigt_ of the Danish Academy, 1891, pp. 305–18; F. Ehrle, in _Festgabe Anton de Waal_ (Rome, 1913), pp. 348–51. The connection of the intellectual movement of the twelfth century with the renaissance under Frederick II is well brought out by Niese, “Zur Geschichte des geistigen Lebens am Hofe Kaiser Friedrichs II,” in _Historische Zeitschrift_, CVIII, pp. 473–540 (1912). In general see F. Novati, _Le origini_, in course of publication in the _Storia letteraria d’Italia_ (Milan, since 1897).

* * * * *

The development of art in the south in this period is treated by A. Venturi, _Storia dell’ arte italiana_ (Rome, 1901 _ff._), II, ch. 3; III, ch. 2. See also C. Diehl, _L’art byzantin dans l’Italie méridionale_ (Paris, 1894). For the continental territories there is an excellent account in E. Bertaux, _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_ (Paris, 1904). There is nothing so good for Sicily, although there are monographs on particular edifices. Diehl, _Palerme et Syracuse_ (Paris, 1907), is a good sketch with illustrations; Miss C. Waern, _Mediæval Sicily_ (London, 1910), is more popular. Freeman has a readable essay on “The Normans at Palermo,” in his _Historical Essays_, third series, pp. 437–76. See also A. Springer, “Die mittelalterliche Kunst in Palermo,” in his _Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte_ (Bonn, 1886), I, pp. 157–208; and A. Goldschmidt, “Die normannischen Königspaläste in Palermo,” in _Zeitschrift für Bauwesen_, XLVIII, coll. 541–90 (1898). Interesting aspects of twelfth-century Palermo are depicted in the Bern codex of Peter of Eboli, reproduced by Siragusa for the Istituto Storico Italiano (1905) and by Rota for the new edition of Muratori (1904–10). Surviving portions of the royal costume are reproduced by F. Bock, _Die Kleinodien des heil.-römischen Reiches_ (Vienna, 1864).

THE END

FOOTNOTES

[1] _La France_, p. 161.

[2] _Pages normandes_, dedication.

[3] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 55.

[4] _Ystoire de li Normant_ (ed. Delarc), p. 10.

[5] _Historia Sicula_, I, 3.

[6] _Gesta Regum_ (Rolls Series), p. 306.

[7] Ed. LePrévost, III, p. 474; cf. p. 230.

[8] _Roman de Rou_ (ed. Andresen), II, lines 9139–56.

[9] H. W. C. Davis, _England under the Normans and Angevins_, p. 3.

[10] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 4.

[11] II, 14, as translated by Keary, _Vikings_, p. 136.

[12] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 257.

[13] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, pp. 236–40.

[14] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 265 _f._

[15] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, pp. 268–70.

[16] _Ibid._, I, p. 281 _f._

[17] _Germanic Origins_ (New York, 1892), p. 305 _f._

[18] _Corpus Poeticum Boreale_, I, p. 373.

[19] _Ibid._, II, p. 345.

[20] “Primitive Iceland,” in his _Studies in History and Jurisprudence_ (Oxford, 1901), pp. 263 _ff._

[21] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, p. 66.

[22] _History of the Norman Conquest_ (third edition), II, pp. 164–67.

[23] _Norman Conquest_, II, p. 166.

[24] Translated by Giles (London, 1847), pp. 461–63.

[25] Fulk Rechin, in _Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou_ (ed. Marchegay), p. 378 _f_; (ed. Halphen and Poupardin, Paris, 1913), pp. 235–37.

[26] Luchaire, _Les quatre premiers Capétiens_, in Lavisse, _Histoire de France_ (Paris, 1901), II, 2, p. 176.

[27] W. S. Ferguson, _Greek Imperialism_, p. 1.

[28] Salzmann, _Henry II_, where the continental aspects of Henry’s reign are dismissed in a brief chapter on “foreign affairs.” The heading would be more appropriate to the account of Henry’s campaigns in Ireland.

[29] _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxiii.

[30] _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxi.

[31] _Recueil des actes de Henri II_, Introduction, p. 1; cf. p. 151.

[32] Delisle, p. 166, from Madox, _Exchequer_, I, p. 390.

[33] _The English Constitution_, p. 3.

[34] _Origin of the English Constitution_ (London, 1872), p. 20 _f._

[35] Stubbs, _Benedict of Peterborough_, II, p. xxxv.

[36] Poole, _The Exchequer in the Twelfth Century_, pp. 42–57; Haskins, “The Abacus and the King’s Curia,” in _English Historical Review_, XXVII, pp. 101–06.

[37] Salzmann, _Henry II_, p. 176.

[38] Pollock and Maitland, _History of English Law_, I, p. 142.

[39] Pollock and Maitland, I, p. 141.

[40] Giraldus Cambrensis (Rolls Series), VIII, p. 283.

[41] Salzmann, _Henry II_, p. 214.

[42] _Constitutional History_, I, p. 551.

[43] See the extracts from the chroniclers translated in T. A. Archer, _The Crusade of Richard I_ (London, 1888), pp. 285 _ff._

[44] Guillaume le Breton, _Philippide_, V, lines 316–27.

[45] _Le Château-Gaillard_, in _Mémoires de l’Académie des Inscriptions_, XXXVI, 1, p. 330.

[46] _The Loss of Normandy_, p. 449.

[47] _General View of the Political History of Europe_ (translated by Charles Gross), p. 64.

[48] _William the Conqueror_, p. 2.

[49] Armitage, _Early Norman Castles of the British Isles_, p. 359.

[50] _The Loss of Normandy_, pp. 298 _ff._

[51] Printed by Delisle, _Études sur la classe agricole_, pp. 668 _ff._

[52] _Kirche und Staat_, p. 41.

[53] Robert of Torigni (ed. Delisle), I, p. 344.

[54] The text is printed in the _Bibliothèque de l’École des Chartes_, XXI, pp. 120 _ff._

[55] Ordericus Vitalis (ed. Le Prévost), III, p. 431.

[56] Guillaume de Jumièges, _Gesta Normannorum Ducum_ (ed. Marx), Société de l’Histoire de Normandie, 1914.

[57] _La littérature normande avant l’annexion_, p. 22.

[58] _Gallia Christiana_, XI, instr., coll. 219–23; Mortet, _Recueil de textes relatifs à l’histoire de l’architecture_ (Paris, 1911), pp. 71–75.

[59] _Norman Conquest_, III, p. 109.

[60] _Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres_, p. 4.

[61] Delarc, _Les Normands en Italie_, p. 35.

[62] Bertaux, _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_, p. 15.

[63] Aimé, _Ystoire de li Normant_, p. 124.

[64] William of Malmesbury, _Gesta Regum_, p. 322.

[65] Geoffrey Malaterra, II, p. 1.

[66] _Massachusetts Historical Society Collections_, fourth series, VI, p. 65.

[67] Laodicea ad mare, not the Phrygian Laodicea of the Apocalypse.

[68] The phrase is Amari’s: _Storia dei Musulmani di Sicilia_, III, p. 365.

[69] _Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte_, I, p. 159.

[70] _L’art dans l’Italie méridionale_, p. 344.

[71] His description is translated by Amari, _Biblioteca arabo-sicula_ (Turin, 1888), I, pp. 155 _ff._; and by Schiaparelli, _Ibn Gubayr_ (Rome, 1906), pp. 328 _ff._ Cf. Waern, _Mediæval Sicily_, pp. 64 _ff._

[72] “The Emperor Frederick the Second,” in _Historical Essays_, first series, p. 291.

INDEX

Abacus, 106 _f._

Abruzzi, 196, 204, 222 _f._

Adams, Henry, quoted, 12, 22, 188 _f._

Adelaide, countess, 210.

Adelard of Bath, 177, 179, 238.

Africa, 196 _f._, 222, 232.

Aimé of Monte Cassino, 13, 200 _f._

Alençon, 63, 178.

Alexander II, Pope, 74, 79, 165, 175.

Alfred, king, 34.

Alphonso VIII, king, 90.

Amalfi, 197 _f._, 204, 213, 232.

Amari, M., 216, 248; quoted, 234.

Anacletus II, Pope, 210.

Andeli, 134.

Angers, 61–63.

Angoulême, 160.

Anjou, counts of, 61, 85; relations with Normandy, 61–63, 85, 100, 112, 131, 136 _f._

Anna Comnena, quoted, 201.

Anselm, 175–78.

Antioch, 212; principality, 214–16.

Apulia, 186, 197–211, 222 _f._, 228, 238, 246.

Aquitaine, 87 _f._, 90, 100, 120 _f._, 136.

Arabic elements in Sicilian state, 226–30, 235, 238–44.

Architecture, Norman, 9–12, 102, 186–89; Sicilian, 189, 241–44.

Archives, Norman, 9, 66 _f._, 105, 178.

Argentan, 10, 71, 133, 139, 153.

Arlette, mother of William the Conqueror, 53, 166.

Arnulf of Chocques, patriarch, 212.

Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux, 167.

Arthur, duke of Brittany, 136–39.

Assizes, Anglo-Norman, 94, 100, 111 _f._, 161; Sicilian, 230 _f._, 234.

Aversa, 200, 204, 206.

Avranches, 172, 175, 178.

Avranchin, 28.

Avre, 7.

_Bailli_, 103, 145.

Barfleur, 132, 160.

Bari, 189, 197, 202, 232, 241.

Baudri of Bourgueil, 76.

Bayeux, 10, 46, 49, 67, 76, 150 _f._, 162, 166, 172, 187; _Black Book_, 111. See Odo, Turold, Richard, Philip d’Harcourt.

Bayeux Tapestry, 76 _f._, 80, 84, 151, 167.

Bayonne, 161.

Bec, 171, 185; schools, 175 _f._; library, 177–80.

Becket, 4, 100, 118, 168.

Bellême, 154.

Benevento, 198, 203.

Benoît de Sainte-More, 184.

Bertaux, E., quoted, 197, 241.

Bessin, 10, 28.

Bibliographical notes, 24 _f._, 51, 83 _f._, 114 _f._, 147, 189–91, 216 _f._, 247–49.

Bisignano, 201.

Bocage, 10.

Boccaccio, 246.

Bocherville, Saint-Georges de, 169, 187.

Bohemond I, prince of Antioch, 207, 213–16.

Böhmer, H., quoted, 165.

Bonneval, 154.

Bordeaux, 88.

Boutmy, E., quoted, 101.

Breteuil, 154, 160.

Brittany, 6–8, 10, 57, 61, 75, 88, 136–39.

Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 43.

Buchanan, James, 17 _f._

Bury St. Edmund’s, 173.

Caen, 10 _f._, 71, 133, 139, 143, 153, 160, 166, 172, 184; abbeys, 12, 58, 160, 163, 171, 174, 186–88, 213.

Calabria, 176, 198, 201–11, 222, 226, 237, 246.

Caliphs, Fatimite, 196, 230.

Campania, 197, 222.

Canada, Normans in, 3 _f._, 13, 16.

Canaries, Normans in, 4, 13.

Canne, 199.

Canosa, 214.

Canterbury, 56, 81, 175.

Canute, king, 52, 54, 74, 194.

Cappella Palatina, 242–44.

Capua, 198, 207, 223, 228.

Carentan, 172.

Carlyle, Thomas, quoted, 101, 173.

Castles, Norman, 68 _f._, 102, 133–35, 139, 150–53, 163, 209.

Castrogiovanni, 209.

Caux, 8.

Cefalù, 189, 241.

Cerisy, 187.

Chancery, of Henry II, 96–99; of Sicilian kingdom, 226 _f._

Channel Islands, 144 _f._, 172, 184.

Charlemagne, 18, 31 _f._, 80, 86, 193 _f._

Charles VII, king of France, 144.

Charles of Anjou, king of Naples, 221.

Charles the Simple, 27, 45.

_Charte aux Normands_, 142.

Charter, Great, 140, 142.

Chartres, cathedral, 169–71, 186, 194; school, 177.

Château Gaillard, 9, 134 _f._, 139.

Chaucer, his ‘povre persoun,’ 169.

Cherbourg, 4 _f._, 59, 162.

Chinon, 116.

_Chronicle_, Anglo-Saxon, quoted, 32, 34, 55–58.

Church, Norman, 67, 71 _f._, 81, 100, 164 _ff._; the Greek, 198, 203, 209, 223, 225, 237, 241.

Civitate, 203.

Classics, Latin, in Norman libraries, 179; at Monte Cassino, 235–37; Greek, in Sicily, 239 _f._, 246.

Clermont, 211.

Clovis, 207.

Cluny, 164.

Colombières, 116.

Commerce, Norman, 4, 73, 81, 160–63; Sicilian, 231–33, 242; Viking, 37.

Compostela, 16, 193, 217.

Conan, 163.

Conches, 154.

Conquest, Norman, of England, 72–81; its results, 81–83, 100 _ff._, 145 _f._; of Italy, 198 _ff._; the two compared, 223–25.

Constance, empress, 220.

Constantine the African, 236.

Constantinople, 194–96, 212, 214, 235 _f._, 240.

Corneille, 4, 12.

Cotentin, 28, 50.

Courcy, 154.

Coutances, 169, 172, 200; cathedral, 10, 186 _f._ See Geoffrey de Mowbray.

_Coutume de Normandie_, 11, 48 _f._, 108, 142, 145.

Crusades, Normans in, 2, 89, 91, 100, 127–31, 184, 208, 211–17.

_Curia regis_, 103, 108, 227 _f._

Danegeld, 34, 104.

Danelaw, 31.

Daudet, Alphonse, quoted, 5.

Davis, H. W. C., quoted, 15.

Delarc, O., quoted, 196.

Delbrück, H., quoted, 77 _f._

Delisle, L., 4, 114, 189 _f._; quoted, 97.

Dieppe, 4 _f._, 160.

Dieulafoy, quoted, 135.

Dives, 75.

Domesday, 66, 110, 172, 229.

Domfront, 63, 154, 172.

Dover, 166.

Downing, E., 208.

Drogo of Hauteville, 200–02.

_Duana_, 228 _f._

Dudo of Saint Quentin, 27, 47, 180.

Durham, 188.

Edrisi, 238–40.

Edward the Confessor, king, 73–75.

Eleanor of Aquitaine, queen, 89, 118, 120, 123, 184.

Emma, queen, 73.

Empire, Angevin, 85; Eastern, 91, 94, 129, 197–99, 201 _f._, 206, 214–17, 222, 226–31, 243; German, 87; Holy Roman, 64, 86, 244; Norman, 85–113; its destruction, 116–39.

England, Normandy compared with, 5 _f._; Northmen in, 32–34; before the Normans, 101–03, 223; Norman Conquest, 52, 72–83; results, 22 _f._, 100–13, 145 _f._, 151 _f._; loss of Normandy, 139–44.

Enna, 209.

Eryx, 208.

Escorial, 178.

Ethelred, king, 73.

Etna, 209, 239.

Eudes Rigaud, archbishop of Rouen, 168 _f._, 183.

Eugene of Palermo, emir, 239 _f._

Eure, 7.

Évreux, 184, 187.

Exchequer, 11, 103–08, 142, 229.

Exmes, 71.

Falaise, 10, 53, 59, 133, 139, 153.

Fécamp, 160, 164, 171, 178.

Feudalism, 60, 64, 93, 133, 136–38, 233; Norman, 67–69, 82, 145, 149–57; in southern Italy, 209, 223–31.

Finance, Anglo-Norman, 69–71, 103–08; Sicilian, 225, 228 _f._, 232 _f._

Flanders, 61, 75.

Flaubert, G., 4, 8, 12; quoted, 5.

Fontevrault, 117.

France, Normandy as a part of, 6 _f._, 16, 18–24, 48; feudal relations with Normandy, 63–66; government compared with that of Normandy, 64, 69–71; geographical unity, 124–26; how it conquered and absorbed Normandy, 126–44; Norman influence on, 23, 144.

France, Anatole, quoted, 178.

Franks, Normandy under, 16, 20 _f._, 26.

Frederick Barbarossa, emperor, 86 _f._, 128 _f._

Frederick II, king of Sicily and emperor, 24, 215, 219–21, 240, 245 _f._

Freeman, E. A., 83; on William the Conqueror, 53–56; on the Norman Conquest, 73, 83, 101, 145 _f._; on the battle of Hastings, 77; on Norman castles, 151; on the abbeys of Caen, 188; on Frederick II, 245.

Fulk Rechin, quoted, 62 _f._

Gaeta, 197 _f._

Gaimar, 184.

Gascony, 88–91, 100, 139, 161.

Gavrai, 172.

Genoa, 232.

Geoffrey, duke of Brittany, 120.

Geoffrey Malaterra, quoted, 13, 207.

Geoffrey Martel, count of Anjou, 61–63.

Geoffrey de Mowbray, bishop of Coutances, 10, 186 _f._

Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou, 85, 89, 99, 112.

Geoffrey, illegitimate son of Henry II, 116.

George of Antioch, admiral, 226, 242.

Gilbert Crispin, abbot of Westminster, 175.

Giobair, Ibn, quoted, 243.

Giraldus Cambrensis, quoted, 117 _f._, 123.

Girgenti, 209.

Gisors, 132 _f._, 135 _f._

Glanvill, 108.

Goethe, 219, 243.

Greek influences in southern Italy and Sicily, 198, 209, 219, 223, 225–31, 235, 237–46.

Green, J. R., quoted, 122.

Gregory VII Pope, 72, 165 _f._, 202, 204 _f._

Grentemaisnil, 154.

Grimoud, 60.

Guernsey, 144 _f._

Gummere, F. B., quoted, 41.

Guy of Amiens, 76.

Hamburg, 33.

_Haro_, 145.

Harold, king of England, 73–80.

Harold Fairhair, 28, 38.

Hastings, battle of, 75–80, 84, 151, 166, 202.

Hastings, Viking leader, 33.

Hauteville, house of, 2, 200–02, 207, 209, 213. See Robert Guiscard, Roger.

Havre, Le, 4 _f._

Henricus Aristippus, 239 _f._

Henry I, king of England, 89, 94, 105 _f._, 133, 160, 162 _f._, 181, 184, 229.

Henry II, king of England, 49, 85, 133, 219; empire, 86–90; European position, 87, 90 _f._; character, 92–94, 114, 117 _f._; government, 93–113, 153, 227–30; death, 116 _f._, 154; sons, 118–23; relations with Philip Augustus, 127 _f._; privileges to Rouen, 161–63.

Henry V, king of England, 142.

Henry VI, king of England, 143.

Henry the Young King, 119–21, 123, 127, 154–57.

Henry I, king of France, 62 _f._, 65.

Henry III, emperor, 201.

Henry IV, emperor, 205.

Henry VI, emperor, 220.

Henry the Lion, duke of Saxony, 90.

Historians, Norman, 47, 154, 180–84.

Hohenstaufen, in Sicily, 220 _f._

Honorius II, Pope, 210.

Hugh Capet, 65.

Hugh of Amiens, archbishop of Rouen, 179.

Hugo, Victor, quoted, 144.

Humphrey of Hauteville, 200–02.

Iceland, 3, 12, 31, 43 _f._

Ile-de-France, 7, 125.

Innocent III, Pope, 137.

Ireland, 22, 31, 33, 57, 85 _f._, 88, 90, 160, 162 _f._

Italy, influence on Normandy, 175; Normans in, 181 _f._, 192, 198–211, 218–49; political condition ca. 1000, 196–98; relation to Renaissance, 246.

James, Henry, quoted, 6.

Jersey, 144 _f._, 184.

Jerusalem, Normans at, 128, 130, 167, 193–95, 198 _f._, 212, 214.

Jews, in Sicily, 225, 242.

Joan of Arc, 10, 19, 143 _f._

Jocelin of Brakelonde, 173.

John, king of England, 85 _f._, 116, 131 _f._, 154; character, 122 _f._, 126 _f._; struggle with Philip Augustus, 136–39; loss of Normandy, 139 _f._

John VIII, Pope, 237.

John of Salisbury, 238.

John the Scribe, 232.

Jomvikings, 43 _f._

Joppa, 130.

Jumièges, 9, 171, 187.

Jury, Anglo-Norman, 23, 109–13, 142, 146.

Justices, Anglo-Norman, 108; Sicilian, 227 _f._

Kensington rune-stone, 1.

Kent, 166 _f._

Knights’ fees, 68, 78, 100, 145, 150, 229, 231.

Krak, 134.

Lanfranc, 175–78.

Laon, school of, 107, 177.

Laplace, 4, 12.

La Rochelle, 161.

La Roncière, Bourel de, quoted, 49.

Lavisse, E., quoted, 143.

Law, Norman, 11, 20, 23, 48 _f._, 69, 82, 108–13, 145 _f._, 224; Roman, 137, 175–77, 179, 230 _f._, 236; canon, 137, 168, 175–77, 179, 230.

LeMans, 63, 88, 116 _f._, 125, 160, 172.

Leo IX, Pope, 203.

Lessay, 187.

Libraries, Norman, 177–81; south-Italian and Sicilian, 236–40, 242, 246; papal, 240.

Limerick, 37.

Lindisfarne, 33.

Lire, 178.

Loire, relation to Plantagenet empire, 125, 128, 139 _f._

Lombards, 175, 188, 192, 196–99, 222 _f._, 238.

London, 81, 162 _f._

Lorraine, schools of, 107, 167.

Louis VII, king of France, 89, 118 _f._, 127.

Louis X, king of France, 142.

Luchaire, A., quoted, 70.

Lugdunensis Secunda, 9, 21, 26.

Luna, 33.

Lusignan, 138.

Luther, 18.

Lyons, 125.

Magna Græcia, 197, 238.

Mahan, A. T., 30.

Maine, 7, 10, 57, 62 _f._, 85, 87, 136.

Maitland, F. W., quoted, 48, 110, 113.

Malta, 221.

Manfred, 221, 240.

Mantes, 58.

Margam, _Annals_ of, 139.

Margat, 134.

Marmoutier, 171.

Matilda, abbess of Caen, 174.

Matilda, empress, 85, 89, 163.

Matilda, queen, 11, 61, 77, 186–88.

Maupassant, 4, 8, 12.

Mediterranean, Northmen in, 33; Normans in, 192 _ff._

Meles, 198 _f._

Melfi, council of, 204.

Messina, 129 _f._, 208, 237; Straits of, 207, 210, 232.

Michelet, quoted, 11, 195.

Mileto, 210.

Millet, 4, 12.

Monasteries, plundered by Northmen, 35, 164; Norman, 81, 164 _f._, 171–75; their lands, 157 _f._, 171 _f._; schools, 175–77; libraries, 177–80; as centres of historical writing, 180–83; relation to mediæval epic, 185; their churches, 186–89; south-Italian, 176, 181, 225, 235–37.

Monreale, 189, 241 _f._

Mont-Saint-Michel, 10, 171; peasants, 158; property, 172; buildings, 158, 173, 187, 189; library, 173, 178. See Robert of Torigni.

Monte Cassino, 178, 235–37.

Monte Gargano, 198, 216.

Montelius, O., quoted, 37.

Montfort, 133.

Montpellier, 177.

Mortemer, 65.

Mosaics, in Sicily, 241 _ff._

Nantes, 33.

Naples, 197 _f._, 222, 246.

Napoleon, 76.

Néel of Saint-Sauveur, 59.

Neilos Doxopatrios, 238, 240.

Nicæa, 52, 58, 195, 212.

Niccola Pisano, 246.

Nicholas II, Pope, 204.

Nietzsche, 18, 55.