Chapter 5

SOLUTIONS AND ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION

§ 1. Solution: Kirchhoff's, Gibb's, Duhem's and Van t'Hoff's researches.

§ 2. Osmosis: History of phenomenon--Traube and biologists establish existence of semi-permeable walls--Villard's experiments with gases--Pfeffer shows osmotic pressure proportional to concentration-- Disagreement as to cause of phenomenon.

§ 3. Osmosis applied to Solution: Van t'Hoff's discoveries--Analogy between dissolved body and perfect gas--Faults in analogy.

§ 4. Electrolytic Dissociation: Van t'Hoff's and Arrhenius' researches--Ionic hypothesis of--Fierce opposition to at first--Arrhenius' ideas now triumphant --Advantages of Arrhenius' hypothesis--"The ions which react"--Ostwald's conclusions from this--Nernst's theory of Electrolysis--Electrolysis of gases makes electronic theory probable--Faraday's two laws--Valency-- Helmholtz's consequences from Faraday's laws.