did. It must always be remembered that until this time it was by

no means proved that 24-pounders were better guns than 18's to put on frigates; exactly as at a little later date it was vigorously contended that 42-pounders were no more effective guns for two-deckers than 32-pounders were. Till 1812 there had been no experience to justify the theory that the 24-pounder was the better gun. So that in the first five actions it cannot be said that the British showed any especial courage in _beginning_ the fight; it was more properly to be called ignorance. After the fight was once begun they certainly acted very bravely, and, in particular, the desperate nature of the _Frolic's_ defence has never been surpassed.

But admitting this is a very different thing from admitting that the British fought more bravely than their foes; the combatants were about on a par in this respect. The Americans, it seems to me, were always to the full as ready to engage as their antagonists were; on each side there were few over-cautious men, such as Commodore Rodgers and Sir George Collier, the opposing captains on Lake Ontario, the commander of the _Bonne Citoyenne_, and perhaps Commodore Decatur, but as a rule either side jumped at the chance of a fight. The difference in tactics was one of skill and common sense, not one of timidity. The _United States_ did not "avoid close action" from over-caution, but simply to take advantage of her opponent's rashness. Hull's approach was as bold as it was skilful; had the opponent to leeward been the _Endymion_, instead of the _Guerrière_, her 24-pounders would not have saved her from the fate that overtook the latter. Throughout the war I think that the Americans were as bold in beginning action, and as stubborn in continuing it, as were their foes--although no more so. Neither side can claim any superiority on the average, though each can in individual cases, as regards courage. Foolhardiness does not imply bravery. A prize-fighter who refused to use his guard would be looked upon as exceptionally brainless, not as exceptionally brave; yet such a case is almost exactly parallel to that of the captain of the _Macedonian_.

Appendix D

In the "Historical Register of the United States" (Edited by T. H. Palmer, Philadelphia, 1814), vol. 1 p. 105 (State Papers), is a letter from Lieut. L. H. Babbitt to Master-commandant Wm. U. Crane, both of the _Nautilus_, dated Sept. 13, 1812, in which he says that of the six men imprisoned by the British on suspicion of being of English birth, four were native-born Americans, and two naturalized citizens. He also gives a list of six men who deserted, and entered on the _Shannon_, of whom two were American born--the birthplaces of the four others not being given. Adding these last, we still have but six men as the number of British aboard the _Nautilus_, It is thus seen that the crack frigate _Shannon_ had American deserters aboard her--although these probably formed a merely trifling faction of her crew, as did the British deserters aboard the crack frigate _Constitution._

On p. 108, is a letter of Dec. 17, 1812, from Geo. S. Wise, purser of the _Wasp_, stating that twelve of that ship's crew had been detained "under the pretence of their being British subjects"; so that nine per cent. of her crew may have been British--or the proportion may have been very much smaller.

On p. 117, is a letter of Jan. 14, 1813, from Commodore J. Rodgers, in which he states that he encloses the muster-rolls of H. B. M. ships, _Moselle_ and _Sappho_, taken out of the captured packet _Swallow_; and that these muster-rolls show that in August 1812, one eighth of the crews of the _Moselle_ and _Sappho_, was composed of Americans.

These various letters thus support strongly the conclusions reached on a former page as to the proportion of British deserters on American vessels.

In "A Biographical Memoir of the late Commodore Joshua Barney, from Autographical Notes and Journals" (Edited by Mary Barney, Boston, 1832), on pages 263, and 315, are descriptions of the flotilla destroyed in the Patuxent. It consisted of one gun-boat, carrying a long 24; one cutter, carrying a long 18, a columbiad 18, and four 9-pound carronades, and thirteen row barges, each carrying a long 18 or 12 in the bow, with a 32-pound or 18-pound carronade in the stern. On p. 256, Barney's force in St. Leonard's creek, is described as consisting of one sloop, two gun-boats, and thirteen barges, with in all somewhat over 500 men; and it is claimed that the flotilla drove away the blockading frigates, entirely unaided; the infantry force on shore rendering no assistance. The work is of some value, as showing that James had more than doubled the size, and almost doubled the strength, of Barney's various gun-boats.

It may be mentioned that on p. 108, Commodore Barney describes the Dutch-American frigate _South Carolina_, which carried a crew of 550 men, and was armed with 28 long 42's on the maindeck, and 12 long 12's on the spardeck. She was far heavier than any of our 44-gun frigates of 1812, and an overmatch for anything under the rank of a 74. This gives further emphasis to what I have already stated--that the distinguishing feature of the war of 1812, is _not_ the introduction of the heavy frigate, for heavy frigates had been in use among various nations for thirty years previously, but the fact that for the first time the heavy frigate was used to the best possible advantage.

Appendix E

In the last edition of James' "Naval History of Great Britain," published in London, in 1886, by Richard Bentley & Son, there is an appendix by Mr. H. T. Powell, devoted to the war of 1812, mainly to my account thereof.

Mr. Powell begins by stating with naïf solemnity that "most British readers will be surprised to learn that, notwithstanding the infinite pains taken by William James to render his history a monument of accuracy, and notwithstanding the exposure he brought upon contemporary misstatements, yet to this day the Americans still dispute his facts." It is difficult to discuss seriously any question with a man capable of writing down in good faith such a sentence as the above. James (unlike Brenton and Cooper) knew perfectly well how to be accurate; but if Mr. Powell will read the comments on his accounts which I have appended to the description of almost every battle, he will see that James stands convicted beyond possibility of doubt, not merely of occasional inaccuracies or errors, but of the systematic, malicious, and continuous practice of every known form of wilful misstatement, from the suppression of the truth and the suggestion of the false to the lie direct. To a man of his character the temptation was irresistible; for when he came to our naval war, he had to appear as the champion of the beaten side, and to explain away defeat instead of chronicling victory. The contemporary American writers were quite as boastful and untruthful. No honorable American should at this day endorse their statements; and similarly, no reputable Englishman should permit his name to be associated in any way with James' book without explicitly disclaiming all share in, or sympathy with, its scurrilous mendacity.

Mr. Powell's efforts to controvert my statements can be disposed of in short order. He first endeavors to prove that James was right about the tonnage of the ships; but all that he does is to show that his author gave for the English frigates and sloops the correct tonnage by English and French rules. This I never for a moment disputed. What I said was that the _comparative_ tonnage of the various pairs of combatants as given by James was all wrong; and this Mr. Powell does not even discuss. James applied one system correctly to the English vessels; but he applied quite another to the American (especially on the lakes). Mr. Powell actually quotes Admiral Chads as a witness, because he says that his father considered James' account of the _Java's_ fight accurate; if he wishes such testimony, I can produce many relatives of the Perrys, Porters, and Rodgers of 1812, who insist that I have done much less than justice to the American side. He says I passed over silently James' schedule of dimensions of the frigates and sloops. This is a mistake; I showed by the testimony of Captains Biddle and Warrington and Lieutenant Hoffman that his _comparative_ measurements (the absolute measurements being of no consequence) for the American and British sloops are all wrong; and the same holds true of the frigates.

Mr. Powell deals with the weight of shot exactly as he does with the tonnage--that is, he seeks to show what the _absolute_ weight of the British shot was; but he does not touch upon the point at issue, the _comparative_ weight of the British and American shot.

When he comes to the lake actions, Mr. Powell is driven to conclude that what I aver must be accurate, because he thinks the _Confiance_ was the size of the _General Pike_ (instead of half as large again; she mounted 30 guns in battery on her main deck, as against the _Pike's_ 26, and stood to the latter as the _Constellation_ did to the _Essex_), and because an American writer (very properly) expresses dissatisfaction with Commodore Chauncy! What Mr. Powell thinks this last statement tends to prove would be difficult to say. In the body of my work I go into the minute details of the strength of the combatants in the lake action; I clearly show that James was guilty of gross and wilful falsification of the truth; and no material statement I make can be successfully controverted.

So much for Mr. Powell. But a much higher authority, Mr. Frank Chiswell, has recently published some articles which tend to show that my conclusions as to the tonnage of the sea vessels (not as to the lake vessels, which are taken from different sources) are open to question. In the appendix to my first edition I myself showed that it was quite impossible to reconcile all the different statements; that the most that could be done was to take one method and apply it all through, admitting that even in this way it would be impossible to make all the cases square with one another.

Mr. Chiswell states that "the American tonnage measurements, properly taken, never could give results for frigates varying largely from the English tonnage." But a statement like this is idle; for the answer to the "never could" is that they _did_. If Mr. Chiswell will turn to James' "Naval Occurrences," he will find the _Chesapeake_ set down as 1,135 tons, and the _Macedonian_ as of 1,081; but in the American Navy lists, which are those I followed, the _Chesapeake_ is put down as of 1,244 tons. A simple application of the rule of three shows that even if I accepted James' figures, I would be obliged to consider the _Macedonian_ as of about 1,185 tons, to make her correspond with the system I had adopted for the American ships.

But this is not all. James gives the length of the _Macedonian_ as 154 ft. 6 in. In the Navy Department at Washington are two plans of the _Macedonian_. One is dated 1817, and gives her length as 157 ft. 3 in. This difference in measurement would make a difference of 20 odd tons; so that by the American mode she must certainly have been over 1,200 tons, instead of under 1,100, as by the British rules. The second plan in the Navy Department, much more elaborate than the first, is dated 1829, and gives the length as 164 ft.; it is probably this that Emmons and the United States Navy lists have followed--as I did myself in calling the tonnage of the _Macedonian_ 1,325. Since finding the plan of 1817, however, I think it possible that the other refers to the second vessel of the name, which was built in 1832. If this is true, then the _Macedonian_ (as well as the _Guerrière_ and _Java_) should be put down as about 120 tons less than the measurements given by Emmons and adopted by me; but even if this is so, she must be considered as tonning over 1,200, using the method I have applied to the _Chesapeake_. Therefore, adopting the same system that I apply to the American 38-gun frigates, the British 38-gun frigates were of over 1,200, not under 1,100, tons.

As for the _Cyane_, James makes her but 118 ft. and 2 in. long, while the American _Peacock_ he puts at 119 ft. 5 in. But Lieut. Hoffman's official report makes the former 123 ft. 3 in., and the plans in the State Department at Washington make the latter 117 ft. 11 in. in length. I care nothing for the different methods of measuring different vessels; what I wish to get at is the comparative measurement, and this stands as above. The comparative tonnage is thus the very reverse of that indicated by James' figures.

Finally, as to the brigs, James makes them some ten feet shorter than the American ship-sloops. In the Washington archives I can find no plan on record of the measurements of the captured _Epervier_; but in the Navy Department, volume 10, of the "Letters of Master Commandants, 1814," under date of May 12th, is the statement of the Surveyor of the Port of Charleston that she measured 467 tons (in another place it is given as 477). James makes her 388; but as he makes the American _Wasp_ 434, whereas she stands on our list as of 450, the application of the same rule as with the frigates gives us, even taking his own figures, 400 as her tonnage, when measured as our ships were. But the measurements of the Surveyor of the Port who examined the _Epervier_ are corroborated by the statements of Captain Biddle, who captured her sister brig, the _Penguin_. Biddle reported that the latter was two feet shorter and a little broader than his own ship, the _Hornet_, which was of 480 tons. This would correspond almost exactly with the Surveyor's estimate.

It still seems impossible to reconcile all these conflicting statements; but I am inclined to think that, on the whole, in the sea (not the lake) vessels I have put the British tonnage too high. On the scale I have adopted for the American 44-gun and 38-gun frigates and 18-gun sloops like the Hornet and _Wasp_, the British 38-gun frigates ought to be put down as of a little over 1,200, and the British 18-gun sloops as of between 400 and 450, tons. In other words, of the twelve single-ship actions of the war five, those of the _Chesapeake_ and _Shannon_, _Enterprise_ and _Boxer_, _Wasp_ and _Frolic_, _Hornet_ and _Peacock_, _Hornet_ and _Penguin_, were between vessels of nearly equal size; in six the American was the superior about in the proportion of five to four (rather more in the case of the frigates, rather less in the case of the brigs); and in one, that of the _Argus_ and _Pelican_, the British sloop was the bigger, in a somewhat similar ratio.

This correction would be in favor of the British. But in a more important particular I think I have done injustice to the Americans. I should have allowed for the short weight of American metal on the lakes, taking off seven per cent, from the nominal broadsides of Perry and Macdonough; for the American ordnance was of exactly the same quality as that on the ocean vessels, while the British was brought over from England, and must have shown the same superiority that obtained on the sea-going ships.

Moreover, I am now inclined to believe that both the _Guerrière_ and the _Java_, which were originally French ships, still carried French 18's on their main-deck, and that, therefore, about 20 pounds should be added to the broadside weight of metal of each. The American accounts stated this to be the case in both instances; but I paid no heed to them until my attention was called to the fact that the English had captured enormous quantities of French cannon and shot and certainly used the captured ordnance on some of their ships.

In writing my history I have had to deal with a mass of confused and contradictory testimony, which it has sometimes been quite impossible to reconcile, the difficulty being greatly enhanced by the calculated mendacity of James and some others of the earlier writers, both American and British. Often I have had simply to balance probabilities, and choose between two sets of figures, aware that, whichever I chose, much could be said against the choice. It has, therefore, been quite impossible to avoid errors; but I am confident they have been as much in favor of the British as the Americans; and in all important points my statements are substantially accurate.

I do not believe that my final conclusions on the different fights can be disputed. James asserts that the American ships were officered by cunning cowards, and manned to the extent of half their force in point of effectiveness by renegade British. I show that the percentage of non-American seamen aboard the American ships was probably but little greater than the percentage of non-British seamen aboard the British ships; and as for the charges of cowardice, there were but two instances in which it could be fairly urged against a beaten crew--that of the British _Epervier_ and that of the American _Argus_ (for the cases of Sir George Collier, Commodore Rodgers, Chauncy, Yeo, the commander of the _Bonne Citoyenne_, etc., etc., cannot be considered as coming under this head). James states that there was usually a great superiority of force on the side of the Americans; this is true; but I show that it was not nearly as great as he makes it, and that in dealing with the lake flotillas his figures are absolutely false, to the extent of even reversing the relative strength of the combatants on Lake Champlain, where the Americans won, although with an inferior force. In the one noteworthy British victory, that of the _Shannon_, all British authors fail to make any allowance for the vital fact that the _Shannon's_ crew had been drilled for seven years, whereas the _Chesapeake_ had an absolutely new crew, and had been out of port just eight hours; yet such a difference in length of drill is more important than disparity in weight of metal.

As a whole, it must be said that both sides showed equal courage and resolution; that the Americans usually possessed the advantage in material force; and that they also showed a decided superiority in fighting skill, notably in marksmanship.

INDEX

_Abeille_ Aboukir _Acasta_ _Adams_ Adams, Chaplain Adams, Lieutenant Adonis _Aeolus_ _Aetna_ _Africa_ _Alacrity_ _Albion_ _Alert_ _Alexandria_ _Alfred_ Alison, Mr. _Allen_ Allen, Lieutenant William Henry _Alligator_ Almy, Sailing-master Thomas C. Alwyn, John C. _Ambuscade_ _Amelia_ _American_ American Revolution _American State Papers_ Angus, Commander S. Annapolis, Maryland Appling, Major _Arab_ Arbuthnot, Captain James _Arethuse_ _Argo_ _Argus_ _Ariadne_ _Ariel_ _Armada_ _Armide_ Armstrong, Lieutenant Arundel, Sailing-master _Asp_ Aspinwall, Lieutenant _Atalanta_ _Atlas_ Austria _Avenger_ _Avon_ _Aylwin_ Ayscough, Sir George Azores

Babbit, Lieutenant L.H. Badajos _Badere Zaffer_ Bainbridge, Master Commandant Baker, Captain _Ballahou_ _Ballard_ Ballard, Captain Baltic Sea Baltimore, Maryland Barbadoes Barclay, Captain R.H. Barney, Captain Joshua Barnwell, Sailing-master _Barossa_ Barras, Admiral Barrie, Sir Robert Barry, Captain Bartholomew, Captain Bartlett, Mr. Bassett, Sailing-master R. Bastard, Captain John Bay of Fundy Bayne, Adjutant General E. _Bayonnaise_ Beale, George, Jr. Bell, Lieutenant _Bellepoule_ _Bellone_ _Belvidera_ Bentham, Captain George _Berceau_ _Beresford_ Beresford, Captain John Poer Bermuda Biddle, Captain Biddle, Lieutenant Bignall, Lieutenant G. Bingham, Captain Black Rock _Black Snake_ Bladensburg, Maryland Blake, Mr. Blakely, Captain Johnston Bland, Francis blockading Blucher, Mr. Blyth, Captain Samuel Boerstler, Colonel _Bonne Citoyenne_ _Boston_ Boston, Massachusetts _Boxer_ Boyce, Lieutenant Boyd, General Boyd, Master's Mate Boyle, Captain Thomas Brailesford, Midshipman Braimer, Captain _Brant_ Breckenbridge, Lieutenant Brenton, Edward P. Brine, Captain Brock, General Broke, Admiral Philip Vere Brooks, Lieutenant Broom, Lieutenant James Brown, Captain Thomas Brown, General Brown, Lieutenant Bruce, Lieutenant Buchan, Lieutenant Edward Budd, Lieutenant Charles Budd, Lieutenant George Buffalo, New York Bulger, Lieutenant Bulloch, Captain James D. Bunker Hill, Burleton, Admiral Sir George Burlington, Vermont _Burrows_ Burrows, Lieutenant William Bush, Lieutenant William S. Byng, Captain Henry D. Byron, Captain Richard

Cabul, Mr. Calder, Sir Robert _Caledonia_ Call, William Campbell, Lieutenant Campbell, Master's Mate J. Camperdown Canada Cape of Good Hope Cape Race _Capricieuse_ Carden, Captain John Surnam _Carnation_ _Carolina_ Carroll, General _Carron_ Carter, Sailing-master Cassin, Captain _Castilian_ Cathcart, Captain _Centipe_ _Ceres_ _Cerf_ Chads, Lieutenant Henry D. _Chameleon_ Champlin, Sailing-master Stephen Chandeleur Islands Chandler, General Charleston, South Carolina _Charwell_ Chauncy, Commodore Chauncy, Lieutenant Wolcott _Chausseur_ _Cherub_ _Chesapeake_ Chesapeake Bay Chicago, Illinois _Childers_ _Chippeway_ Chippeway Chiswell, Frank _Chlorinde_ Chrystler's Farm _Chubb_ Civil War Claxton, Lieutenant Clement, Sailing-master George _Cleopatra_ _Clyde_ Cochrane, Admiral Sir Alexander Cockburn, Rear Admiral Codrington, Lord Edward Coffee, General Collier, Sir George Collier, Sir Ralph _Columbia_ _Comus_ _Confiance_ _Congress_ Congress Conklin, Lieutenant A.H.M. Conkling, Lieutenant Conner, Lieutenant Connor, Lieutenant D. _Conquest_ _Constellation_ _Constitution_ _Contest_ Cooper, J. Fenimore Copenhagen Cornick, Lieutenant H.D. _Cornwallis_ Coshnahan, Midshipman Coswell, Lieutenant J.G. _Courageous_ _Courier-National_ _Courser_ Cox, W.S. Cox, Lieutenant Crab Island Crane, Lieutenant Crane, Master Commandant William V Craney Island Crawford, Minister Creerie, Lieutenant John Croghan, Colonel Croker, Mr. Cuba Cumberland Island Cummings, Midshipman J.C. _Curlew_ Curry, Lieutenant Rodger C. _Cyane_ _Cyprus_

Dacres, Captain James R. _Daedalus_ Daily, Sailing-master _Dant_ Davies, Lieutenant David Dearborn, General Decatur, Stephen Deforest, Midshipman de Grasse, Comte de la Gravière, Admiral Jurien Delaware Bay Denmark Dent, Captain De Ruyter _Desiree_ _Despatch_ De Suffrein _Detroit_ Detroit, Michigan _Devastation_ _Diadem_ Dickenson, Captain James _Dictator_ _Didon_ Dixon, Sailing-master Dobbs, Captain Doggerbank _Dolphin_ _Dover_ Douglass, Captain George Douglass, Lord Howard Downie, Captain George. Downes, Lieutenant Downs, Lieutenant _Dragon_ _Drummond_ Drummond, General Dudley, Midshipman Dundonald, Lord Durham, Admiral

_Eagle_ _Earl of Moira_ Earle, Commodore East Indies Eckford, Henry Edwards, Lieutenant _Egyptienne_ Elliott, Lieutenant Ellis, Captain Emmons, Lieutenant George E. _Endymion_ English Channel _Enterprise_ _Epervier_ Epworth, Captain _Erebus_ _Erie_ _Espiegle_ _Essex_ _Essex Junior_ _Etoile_ _Eurotas_ _Euryalus_ _Eurydice_ Evans, Amos A. Everard, Captain Thomas _Experiment_

_Fair American_ _Fairy_ Falcon, Captain Gordon Thomas Falkiner, Lieutenant False Duck Island Farragut, Admiral David Glasgow Ferris, Sailing-master John D. _Finch_ Finch, Lieutenant Bolton Finnis, Captain _Firefly_ Fischer, Lieutenant Colonel _Flambeau_ _Florida_ Florida Floyd, Captain Robett Forrest, Lieutenant Fort Bowyer Fort Erie Fort George Fort McHenry Fort Mackinaw Fort Meigs Fort St. Philip Fort Stephenson Fort Washington _Forte_ _Fortune of War_ Forty Mile Creek 14th Light Dragoons France _Franklin_ _Fredrickscoarn_ Frenchtown French Revolution _Frolic_ _Fulton_ Funk, John Messer _Funon_

Gaines, General _Galatea_ Gamble, Lieutenant Peter _Gamo_ Garden, Captain S.J. _Garland_ Garland, Lieutenant _General Armstrong_ _General Pike_ Georgia _Georgiana_ Ghent Gibbs, General _Glasgow_ _Gloire_ _Gloucester_ Gordon, Captain James A. Gordon, Lieutenant H.C. _Governor Tompkins_ Grand Banks Graves, Sir Thomas Greene, Captain Pill Barnaby _Greenwich_ Gregory, Lieutenant Francis A. Griffeth, Rear Admiral _Growler_ Guérin, Leon _Guerres Maritimes_ _Guerrière_ _Guemere_ Gunboat #5 Gunboat #23 Gunboat #156 Gunboat #162 Gunboat #163 Gunboat #168 _Gypsy_

_Hamilton_ Hamilton, Secretary Paul Hampton, General Wade Hampton Roads Hanahett, Captain Hardy, Captain Hardy, Sir Thomas Harrison, General Hart, Midshipman _Havannah_ Hawkins, Captain Richard Hayes, Captain John Head, Captain Michael _Hebrus_ _Hector_ Henderson, Captain Henly, Captain J.D. Henly, Captain Robert _Hermes_ Hicks, Lieutenant William _Highflyer_ Hilyar, Captain James Hinn, Mr. Hislop, Lieutenant General _History of the British Navy_ _History of the U.S. Navy_ Hoffman, Lieutenant B.F. Holdup, Lieutenant Hollaway, Captain Holmes, Captain Honduras Hood, Sir Samuel Hope, Captain Henry Hope, Lieutenant David _Hornet_ Horseshoe Bend Howe, James Hughes, Sit Edward Hull, General Isaac Humbert, General Humble, James Hunt, William H. _Hunter_ Hurlburt, Mr. Hutchinson, Lieutenant William

_Icarus_ impressment _Indefatigable_ _Independence_ Indian Ocean Indians Inglis, Lieutenant George Ingram, Lieutenant William _Insurgente_ Irvine, Lieutenant Isle-au-noix Italy Izard, General

Jackson, General Andrew Jamaica Plate James, William _Jasseur_ _Java_ _Jefferson_ Jefferson, Thomas _John Adams_ John, Lieutenant Colonel Johnson, Lieutenant Robert Johnson, Sailing-master Johnston, Sailing-master _Jones_ Jones, Captain Jacob Jones, Lieutenant Thomas Catesby _Julia_ _Junon_

Keane, General Kearney. Captain Palmer Kent, Lieutenant Bartholomew Kentucky Kerr, Captain Robert King, Captain King, Lieutenant Kingston Klaeson, Captain

LaColle Mill _La Diane_ _Lady Gore_ _Lady Murray_ _Lady of the Lake_ _Lady Prevost_ Lafitte Lake Borgne Lake Champlain Lake Erie Lake Huron Lake Ontario Lamb, Midshipman Lambert, Captain Lambert, General Landon, Captain H. _Landrail_ Lang, Jack Laugharne, T.L.O. _Lawrence_ Lawrence, Captain _Leander_ _Lejoille_ _Leopard_ Les Petites Coquilles _Levant_ _Linnet_ _Little Belt_ Lockyer, Captain _Loire_ _London Naval Chronicle_ Long Island Sound Losack, Captain Woodley _Lottery_ _Louisiana_ Low. Lieutenant _Ludlow_ Ludlow, Lieutenant A. Lumly, Captain Lundy's Lane _Lynx_

McCall, Lieutenant Edward McClintock, Midshipman McClure, General McCreery, Lieutenant David McDonald, Lieutenant Macdonough, Commodore _Macedonia_ McGhie, Lieutenant James McGowan, Midshipman McKay, Charles McKeever, Lieutenant Isaac McKnight, Lieutenant Decatur Macomb, General McPherson, Lieutenant _Madison_ Madison, James _Magnet_ Maine Maitland, Captain _Majestic_ _Manly_ Manners, Captain William Maples, Captain John F Marblehead, Massachusetts _Mars_ Marshall, Lieutenant John _Martin_ _Mary_ Maryland Matterface, Lieutenant William _Meduse_ _Medway_ _Melville_ _Menelaus_ Mensing, Commander Adolf _Merrimac_ _Meteor_ Mexico _Milan_ _Milbrook_ Miller, Captain Mills, Colonel Milne, Captain Mindham, William _Minerva_ _Minerve_ Mississippi River Mitchell, Colonel Mix, Sailing-master Mobile Point _Mohawk_ Moltke Monk, Sailing-master James _Montagu_ _Montgomery_ _Montreal_ Montresor, Captain Morgan, General Morgan, Major Morris, Captain Charles _Moselle_ Muir, Captain Mulcaster, Captain William Howe, Murray, Colonel J.

_Nancy_ Nantucket Napoleon _Narcissus_ _Nautilus_ _Naval Chronicle_ _Naval Gunnery_ _Naval History of Great Britain_ _Naval History of the United States_ _Naval Occurrences_ Navy Department _Nayaden_ Nazer, Lieutenant Kelly Neale, Lieutenant Nelson, Lord _Nereide_ _Nereyda_ _Netly_ _Nettle_ _Neufchatel_ New Hampshire New Jersey New Orleans _New York_ New York Newark _Newcastle_ Newfoundland _Niagara_ Niagara Nicholson, Lieutenant N.J. _Nile's Register_ _Nocton_ _Nonsuch_ Norman, Lieutenant Charles R. North Point _Norwich_ _Nymphe_

O'Brien, Mr. O'Connor, Captain Odenheimer, Lieutenant Ogdensburg _Ohio_ Oliver, Captain R.D. _Oneida_ _Ontario_ Ordronaux, Captain _Orpheus_ Osgood, Lieutenant Oswego

Packenham, General Edward Packet, Lieutenant John H. Paine, Sailing-master Thomas _Palunure_ Palmer, Captain Parker, Captain Parker, George Parker, Lieutenant Parker, Sir Peter _Pasley_ Patterson, Captain Patuxent River Paulding, Admiral Paulding, Midshipman Hiram _Peacock_ _Peacock_ (British) Peake, William Pechell, Captain _Pelican_ Pendleton, Thomas M. _Penguin_ _Perry_ Perry, Captain Oliver H. _Pert_ _Peterel_ Pettigrew, Lieutenant Pettipauge _Philadelphia_ Phillot, Captain _Phoebe_ _Phoenix_ _Pictou_ _Piedmontaise_ Pigot, Captain _Pike_ Pike, Brigadier General _Pilot_ _Pique_ _Plantagenet_ Plattsburg _Poictiers_ Polkinghorne, Lieutenant James _Pomona_ _Pomone_ Popham, Captain _Porcupine_ Porter, Captain David Porto Praya Porto Rico Portsmouth, New Hampshire Portugal Potomac River Powell, H.T. Pratt, Lieutenant _Preble_ _President_ Presque Isle Prevost, Sir George, _Primrose_ _Prince Regent_ _Princess Charlotte_ Pring, Captain Daniel privateers Proctor, Colonel _Prometheus_ _Prosperous_ _Prudente_ _Psyche_

Quasi-War (1799-1800) _Queen Charlotte_ Queenstown _Quidproquo_

_Racer_ Radchffe, Lieutenant Raderhurst, Lieutenant _Rainbow_ _Raleigh_ _Ramillies_ _Rattlesnake_ Rattray, Captain James _Raven_ Rawle, Lieutenant Richard Read, George Campbell Reade, Colonel Ready, Lieutenant Henry Red House Reid, Captain Samuel C. _Reindeer_ Rennie, Colonel Renshaw, Lieutenant Commander, _Resolution_ Riall, General _Rifleman_ Ripley, Mr. _Rivoli_ Roach, Lieutenant Isaac Roberts, Captain Robinson, Batty Rodgers, Commodore John, Rodney Rolette, Lieutenant Ross, General _Rota_ Rouvier, Charles _Royal George_ Russia Sackett's Harbor _St. Lawrence_ St. Lawrence Salamanca Samwell, Midshipman _San Domingo_ _San Florenzo_ San Salvador San Sebastian Sanders, Captain Sandy Creek Sandy Hook, New Jersey _Sappho_ _Saranac_ _Saratoga_ Saunders, Lieutenant Sawyer, Vice Admiral _Schooner_ Scott, Colonel Scott, General Scott, Robert _Scorpion_ _Scourge_ _Sea Horse_ _Seine_ _Seneca_ _Seringapatam_ _Severn_ _Shannon_ Sheafe, Major General _Shelburne_ Sherbroke, Lieutenant General Sherriff, Captain Shields, Thomas Shubrick, Lieutenant J.T. Sigourney, Mr. _Simco_ Simmons, Captain T.F. Sisson, Sailing-master Sinclair, Captain Arthur Smith, Lieutenant Sydney Smith, Midshipman Sohomberg, Solcy, J. Russell, _Somers,_ Somerville, Captain Philip Sorel River _Soult_ _South Carolina_ _Southampton_ Southcombe, Captain Spain _Spark_ _Speedy_ Spilsbury, Captain, _Spitfire_ Speddes, Lieutenant Robert Squaw Island _Star_ _Statira_ Stephens, John Stewart, Captain George Stoddart, Benjamin Stokes, Lieutenant Thomas Stone, Major-General Stuart, Lord _Superb_ _Superior_ _Suret_ _Surveyor_ _Swallow_ _Sybille_ _Sydney Smith_ Sykes, Lieutenant _Sylph_ _Syren_

_Tagus_ Tarbell, Captain _Tartarus_ Tattnall. Lieutenant Taylor, Captain John Taylor, Major-General Tecumseh _Tenedos_ Tennessee _Terror_ _Thalia_ Thames River _Thorn_ Thornton, Colone _Ticonderoga_ _Tigress_ _Tigris_ _Tom Bowline_ _Tompkins_ tonnage, _Tonnant_ _Torch_ Toronto (see York) _Torpedo_ Toulouse Townsend, Captain Lord James Towson, Captain N. Trafalgar Trant. Sailing-master Travis. William S. _Trent_ Tripoli _Trippe_ Tromp Troude Truxtun, Commodore Tucker, Captain Thomas Tudor Tucker, General Turkey Turner, Lieutenant Daniel Tyler, Vice Admiral

Ulrick, Sailing-master George _United States_ Upton. Captain

Valparaiso Van Horne, Colonel Van Rensselaer. General Vashon. Captain Vaughan, Sailing-master _Vengeance_ Vermont _Vestale_ _Victorious_ _Victory_ Villeneuve. M. Vincent. General _Viper_ _Virgin_ Virginia _Vixen_ _Volcano_

Wadsworth, Colonel Wales. Captain War Department Ward, Commander J.H. Wareham Warren, Admiral Sir John. Warrington, Master Commandant Lewis. _Washington_ Washington, D.C. _Wasp_ Waters, Midshipman Kervin Watson, Lieutenant Watt, Lieutenant Watts, George _Weasel_ Wellington, Duke of Wells, Lieutenant Henry West Indies Westphal, Lieutenant Philip Whinyates, Captain Thomas Wilkes, Commodore Wilkinson, General _William_ Williams, Lieutenant Alexander D. _Wilmer_ Wilmer, Lieutenant Winchester Winder, General Wintle, Lieutenant Wise, George S. _Wolfe_ Wood, Lieutenant Peter V. _Woodbridge_ Woolsey, Captain M.T. Worsely, Lieutenant Worth, Lieutenant Frederick A. Wragg, Midshipman Wright, Lieutenant

Yarnall, Lieutenant Yeo, Sir James Lucas York (Toronto) York Bay _Young Wasp_

End of Project Gutenberg's The Naval War of 1812, by Theodore Roosevelt