Part 10
When we consider the very remote situation of those islands, so distant from the usual track of all navigators, we cannot be surprised, admitting the species to be local in those seas, to find it has remained a very rare shell from the period of its discovery to the present time. In the course of many years only a few specimens have occurred to our observation, and while it has remained scarce with us, it appears to have been still more uncommon in the continental cabinets: very few of which, if we are informed correctly, were lately in possession of it.
The first difficulty that arises in the mind of the naturalist upon the inspection of this shell results from the ambiguity of its generical peculiarities: we pause to consider where it should be placed. Linnæus, to whom, as it will be observed, the present shell was totally unknown, arranged the Hammer Shell, its nearest approximation, among the Ostreæ. The Hammer Shell, or as it is more usually denominated the Hammer Oyster Shell, had been discovered before the time of Linnæus; it had appeared in the work of Rumpfius, Seba, Gualtieri and Argenville, and the shell had been examined and described by him in the Museum of Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, under the name of Ostrea Malleus. That the hinge accords in some degree with that of the Ostreæ generally must be admitted, at the same time that it possesses other characters less easily reconciled to that genus, unless we embrace the Linnæan genus in all its latitude, and to this the conchologist of the present day cannot accede, at least without some little difficulties.
The conformation of this shell is very striking, and yet we perceive that its essential characteristics are less definitive than could be wished; there are several approximations in the general figure to be found among shells which nevertheless possess characters generically distinct. For many years this shell was known in this country under the name of “_Margaritifera maculata_,” and the trivial English appellation of the “_Spotted Hound’s Tongue_:” it appeared under those names in the Conchological Museum of M. de Calonne, while it remained in England, and in the catalogue of that museum, which is still extant, it will be found under those names. The epithet of Hound’s Tongue is not inaptly applied to this shell, in allusion to the elongated form. The term Margaritifera does not refer to the form, but to the pearly gloss that appears upon the surface of the dark blue space lying within the shell, immediately below the hinge, and extending from thence about one fourth part of its whole length. This is the region in which the animal is attached by its ligament to the valves of the shell; besides which, a gloss of pearly hue is observed to pervade the whole of the inner surface, only that it is most conspicuous in the darker disk of the shell. As a secondary character this pearliness is very remarkable in the shell before us, at the same time that as a generical denomination the term Margaritifera assigned to it from this circumstance alone is liable to objection; because, the same pearliness prevails in many shells which have no relation whatever with the present, either in the form or structure of the hinge, and it is to these we must resort for its true essential character.
Lamarck constitutes many genera of the shells included in the Ostrea genus of Linnæus. His Malléacées comprehend five genera, Crenatula, Perna, Malleus, Avicula, and Meleagrina, all which are allied more or less remotely to the shell before us. To that particular family which is known among collectors by the designation of Hammer Oysters, he gives the name of Malleus, in the French Marteau, both alike implying the hammer like form of the species Malleus, which Lamarck assumes as the type of this genus. But even there after all the renovation that has been attempted, the result is not satisfactory, because this figure is by no means constant, even in the few species included by its author in that genus; it contains but six species, and these are entirely at variance with each other. Thus for example, in Malleus Vulgaris, the common Hammer Shell, we have a species with three lobes, a lateral one of considerable size being advanced on each side the beaks: and another shell of the same species with only short lateral lobes instead of large ones. Admitting the hammer form to be still preserved in these, in the next species, Malleus Normalis, instead of two lobes, the hammer head, if it may be so expressed, has but a single lobe: in Malleus Anatinus there is only one lobe, and that very small; and in Malleus Vulsellatus, although characterised as “_lobo oblique porrecto_,” the appearance of the shell implies rather the total absence of any lobe, for the lobe, if so it may be termed, is so indefinite, that it cannot be referred without violence to the genus Marteau, while we consider its hammer like form as a leading character of the genus. With exception to this inconstant character which may be qualified with the expression “deformed and generally hammer shaped,” we have no objection to the Malleus genus, because the byssus of the animal by means of which it can affix itself to other bodies, and the peculiar sinus or sulcation of the hinge through which the byssus passes from the animal to those extraneous bodies, are sufficient to remove it from the Ostrea genus, in which case if we still adhere to the Linnæan method we can place it only among his Mytili or Pinnæ, and it has certainly less affinity with either of those than with Ostrea. Perhaps the name of Perna under which this shell has been mentioned a few years ago might have been as well preserved, but that name Lamarck assigns to an extensive genus of which Ostrea Isognomum is the type, and it is therefore better to retain the name Malleus than to alter it to another which could not fail at this time to create confusion. The same consequence would as unquestionably result were we to sub-divide the Malléacées into different genera according to the configuration of the shell or number of its lateral lobes.
The definition of Malleus in the _Règne Animal_ of Cuvier appears to intimate the same objection; it does not consider the hammer like form of the shell as any criterion, it is only stated that the Marteaux are inequivalve and irregular, that they have a simple hollow for the ligament as in the oysters, but that they are distinguished by a slope at the side of the ligament for the passage of the byssus.
It is assuredly true that the presence of a byssus in this tribe of shells displaces them from any immediate analogy with the Ostrea, where as Cuvier remarks “Linnæus left them.” But, if however, we attentively examine the hinge of the common oyster, the two valves, and the oyster as it lies within the valves, we shall perceive with this exception a pretty near approximation. The great objection is, that the animal of the tribe of shells now before us protrudes a byssus from its body through a lateral opening on one side or slope of the ligament of the hinge; if we closely inspect the valves of the oyster, we also find a slight depression or hollow upon each side of the cartilage of the hinge; these are small, and usually somewhat lamellar. The oyster, moreover, as it lies in the shell, seems capable of expanding or spreading that part of the body which lies under the hinge laterally upon and into these depressions, a circumstance very easily observed in the half famished oyster, because these lateral expansions of the animal are then more visibly elongated along the passage of these lateral grooves of the hinge, and give the pointed end of the animal a somewhat cornuted appearance. Under the same circumstance these processes adhere as they lie in the hollow of these grooves, and thus suggests the idea of the animal having exerted itself by such extension to obtain refreshment through these lateral hollows. Those hollows are also so far pervious as to admit the ingress of moisture while the shells are closed, in the same manner as it is possible the Malleus genus may receive moisture under the same circumstance through the sinus, whence the byssus is protruded. These peculiarities considered, may perhaps afford some further justification of Linnæus in placing the hammer shells with the Ostreæ. It has been indeed advanced that Linnæus was not aware of these hammer shells being furnished with a byssus, or that he would have referred them to the Mytili, but this observation cannot be correct, because in the figure given of these shells by Seba, to which Linnæus refers, the byssus, which is very conspicuous, is represented pendent or hanging to a considerable length out of the shell.
From an attentive examination of the different Conchological authors, it does not appear to us that the shell before us has hitherto been figured, and we have reason also to believe that it has never been described. These circumstances are the more probable since, as we have before observed, the shell is at this time very little known among the Continental Cabinets. The nearest approach, so far as we can judge from the description, unassisted by any figure, is the Marteau Normal (Malleus Normalis) of Lamarck, a species defined by him as _testa biloba_; _lobo basis unico anticali ad normam_, our shell is certainly bilobate, for it has only one lateral lobe at the beak, and that moreover advances from the beak, pretty nearly, though not exactly, in a right line; but its general description does not sufficiently accord with our shell to authorise as a conclusion that they are the same. Lamarck informs us that there are two varieties of his Malleus Normalis, one of which is a native of the ocean of the Great Indies, the other of the seas of New Holland. The first, or Indian kind, he describes as being on the inside as well as outside of a black colour, with a longish lobe at the base of the shell.[22] The New Holland kind is described of a whitish colour, with the lobe at the base abbreviated.[23]
The two last-mentioned shells which Lamarck concludes to be varieties of the same species, may perhaps prove hereafter to be species distinct from each other, as Lamarck has himself shewn to be the case with respect to the common black and the white hammer shells. The black supposed variety of Malleus Normalis we apprehend to be distinct from the shell before us, but it is possible that the New Holland shell which he describes as being whitish, with the lobe at the base abbreviated, may be a worn or much depauperated specimen of our present shell; it certainly does not accord with our shell in any tolerable state of preservation.
Lamarck says nothing of any ruddiness or testaceous hues in his New Holland variety of _Normalis_, and admitting these colours to indicate that the shell had been found with its animal in a living state, we can scarcely conceive the dark fuscous spotting which is so conspicuous in the species could by any ordinary accident be so entirely obliterated as appears to be the case in Lamarck’s specimen, if his New Holland variety of Malleus Normalis be really of this species; and it may be further added that if our present shell was actually intended by his Malleus Normalis, the defects of his shell has necessarily influenced his specific character and rendered it imperfect.
We have not adverted to Malleus Anatinus of Chemnitz, because the figure of that shell is ambiguous. There is a remote resemblance in the lateral appendages of the beaks, but in other particulars the resemblance is less obvious, the body is sometimes curved as in the shell before us and sometimes straight, but the edges of the valves are parallel, and the shell itself pellucid: the figure in Chemnitz is less than half the size of our shell. This inhabits the seas of Timor and the Nicobar Islands.
It should be observed in conclusion that there is a specimen of our species among the Hammer Shells in the British Museum, the _habitat_ of which is indicated by the word “Amboina:” it is much smaller than our shell. Besides this we have lately seen another example from New Holland, of a growth still larger than the shell we have delineated.
We have entered thus minutely into the analogies of this shell from an apprehension we might otherwise in this instance submit as a new species an object that had been previously described. The result of our enquiry will tend to shew that if the species has not remained entirely unnoticed, it has never been described with much precision.
Footnote 22:
Testa extus intusque nigra: lobo basis longiusculo. _Animaux sans vertèbres. T. 6. p. 145._
Footnote 23:
Var. testâ albidâ; lobo basis abbreviato. _Ibid._
ENTOMOLOGY.
PLATE XXIX.
PAPILIO TROS TROS’S BUTTERFLY.
LEPIDOPTERA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.
* EQUITES TROJANI.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.
Wings indented, tailed, above and beneath black; on the anterior wings an abbreviated white band: posterior ones with sanguineous spots.
PAPILIO TROS: alis dentato caudatis concoloribus nigris: anticis fascia abbreviata alba, posticis sanguinea maculari. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 10. 30._
_Jon. fig. pict. 1. tab. 23._
* * * * *
The tribe of Butterflies to which the Papilio now before us appertains, includes many of the larger and more interesting species of the Papiliones known. This tribe, as its designation implies, has been dedicated by Entomologists to the memory of the more distinguished worthies of the Trojan race, and above others to preserve the memory of those heroes whose exploits in the defence of that rich and potent station of the ancient world, the town of Troy, has been commemorated in the Iliad by the immortal Homer. Our present species refers indeed to a Trojan of an earlier period; it is named after Tros, the founder of the Trojan name. Tros was the fifth king of the Trojan dynasty, from its first establishment in the person of Scamander, and the last but three; the destruction of Troy being accomplished under the reign of Priam. The country before the time of Tros was called Dardania, from Dardanus, who is usually stiled the first of the Trojan kings, though in Phrygia he was preceded by Scamander and Teucer. Tros lived about fourteen hundred years before the Christian Era, and reigned king of Troy for the space of sixty years. It is in honour of this Trojan Monarch that Fabricius has given the present insect the name of Papilio Tros.
There are several Papiliones which bear a nearer or more distant resemblance to this Papilio, a circumstance that will impose some caution upon the Entomologist before he can venture to pronounce upon the species with decision: its characters are nevertheless sufficiently conspicuous, and when examined with due attention, enables us to determine the species from its nearest approximations, in a clear and satisfactory manner. The wings are dark above as well as beneath, the deeper colouring prevailing, however, on the upper surface as well as beneath; the anterior wings are marked with a broad abbreviated whitish band, and the lower wings with a large sanguineous or blood red spot of considerable magnitude. This sanguineous spot from lying in the disk of the wing is traversed and divided by the black nerves of the wing in such a manner as to appear in the form of six distinct oblong spots, placed laterally to each other: these spots appear also on the lower surface, in the same form as above, but the colour is rather paler.
As there is no figure extant of this large and fine Papilio in the work of any author, the delineation which we have the pleasure on this occasion to submit before our readers will doubtlessly be viewed with peculiar satisfaction. It need be only added that the species has been definitively determined upon the authority of Mr. Jones’s collection of original drawings, to which Fabricius so constantly refers, and that for this reason its specific appellation may be implicitly upon by the scientific Entomologist.
This interesting Papilio is a native of Brazil.
ORNITHOLOGY.
PLATE XXX.
PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS BLACK WINGED PARRAKEET.
ORDER PICÆ.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Bill falcated; upper mandible moveable and in general covered with a cere: nostrils rounded, placed in the base of the bill: tongue fleshy, obtuse, entire: feet formed for climbing.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.
Pale green, back and wings black: secondary wing feathers yellow, at the tip blue: tail purple with a black band.
PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS: pallide viridis, dorso alisque nigris, remigibus secundariis luteis apice cæruleis, rectricibus purpureis fascia nigra.—_Lath. Ind. Orn. T. 1. p. 132. n. 152._
PSITTACUS MELANOPTERUS: pallide viridis, dorso, tectricibus alarum, caudæ fascia remigibusque primariis nigris, secundariis flavescentibus cæruleo punctatis.—_Gmel. Linn. Syst. Nat. T. 1. p. 350. n. 132._
Perruche aux ailes variées.—_Buff. Hist. Nat. des Ois. 6. p. 172._
Petite perruche de Batavia.—_Buff. Pl. enlum. n. 791. f. 1._
Petite perruche de l’isle de Luçon.—_Sonner. it. p. 78. t. 41._
BLACK WINGED PARRAKEET.—_Brown Illus. t. 3._
* * * * *
There are few beings of the feathered race more peculiarly distinguished for the splendid gaiety and rich variety of colours with which their plumage is adorned than the parrot race; for however they may differ in size from the magnitude of a kite or hawk, to that of the comparative diminutive thrush or sparrow, they are almost uniformly beautiful in this particular, and exhibit a diversity that is scarcely found in any other tribe. The species we have selected for our present representation is one of the smaller kinds of the family distinguished by the name of Parrakeets. Its total length is about six inches, its form robust or bulky in proportion.
The bill and legs of this bird are usually described as being dusky, in our specimen the bill is rather pale, tinged with brown and greenish, and the legs inclining to flesh colour. The general colour of the head and neck is green, and the same colour prevails on the breast, belly, and thighs. Upon the crown of the head the green assumes a blueish tint, and on the neck appears enlivened with yellowish, the disk of a number of the feathers being of a yellow colour, with the edges brown, so as to present a kind of scolloped appearance. The back and wing coverts are deep black, with a somewhat velvet aspect; the greater quill feathers black. But one of the characters by which it is distinguished chiefly is the remarkable band of yellow, and its contiguous parallel band of blue by which the wings are traversed. This conspicuous band is formed by the secondary quill feathers, which being of a fine yellow, with the ends a lively blue, appear like two distinct bands, and from their gaiety of colouring are admirably relieved by the deep sable hues of the wings and back. In the bird before us the black colour of the back extends nearly to the tail, the ends of the tail coverts only being green. The most singular contrast in the appearance of its plumage arises from the very different colour of the tail: this is of a pale carnation, glossed or changeable to a delicate violet. The tail, with the exception of the two middle feathers, is traversed near the tip with a single broad band of black; the two middle feathers are of the same pale carnation colour as the rest, but rather more inclined to blueish.
The black winged Parrot is described as a native of Batavia and Luzonia. Our specimen we are assured is from the Brazils. We have also very lately had an opportunity of consulting an extensive series of drawings, representing the principal Natural productions of Surinam, made by an Englishman resident upon the spot, for his own amusement, and among those drawings have met with one of the black winged Parrakeet. Upon this authority we have no hesitation in pronouncing it to be a native of Surinam; and indeed it seems to be so well known in that part of the world that it is distinguished among the inhabitants by a peculiar name, it is called by them _Ajàlàlero_.
ENTOMOLOGY.
PLATE XXXI.
PAPILIO HIPPODAMIA HIPPODAMIA’S BUTTERFLY.
LEPIDOPTERA.
GENERIC CHARACTER.
Antennæ thicker towards the tip, and generally terminating in a knob: wings erect when at rest. Fly by day.
**** P. HELICONII.
SPECIFIC CHARACTER AND SYNONYMS.
Wings oblong and entire; anterior pair black, with three hyaline bands: lower ones hyaline.
PAPILIO HIPPODAMIA: alis oblongis integerrimis: anticis nigris: fasciis tribus hyalinis, posticis hyalinis. _Fabr. Ent. Syst. T. 3. p. 1. 165. 509._
_Jon. pict. n. 149._
* * * * *
The Papiliones of the _Heliconii_ tribe are named by Linnæus after the nymphs of the fabulous and mythological history of the ancient classics; an example that has been followed by Fabricius, and subsequently by other writers. Thus the present interesting insect is dedicated to commemorate among the votaries of science, the name of Hippodamia, a nymph feigned by the poets to be the daughter of Oenomaiis, and who according to the legends of classic lore, besides being much celebrated for her beauty, was distinguished for her swiftness in the race; and at length bestowed her fair hand in marriage upon Pelops, because in speed he excelled her.
This insect, which is of a moderate size, is of a light and elegant structure. The wings are black, but the transparent spots occupy so much space that the sable colouring does not appear predominant; it is less prevalent in the posterior than the anterior wings, and yet less upon the under surface than the upper. The form and disposition of these transparent spots with which the dark colour of this fly is variegated, are altogether characteristic, and deserve particular attention, because there are other insects of the same tribe which pretty nearly resemble it. From the middle of the anterior wing extends a transparent spot of a very elongated heart shaped form, having the point directed to the thorax, and a bar of black crossing it at the broader end, so as to give it the appearance of two distinct spots; and beyond this is another hyaline spot about the same size as the larger one of the two transparent spaces of which the first-mentioned spot consists. The posterior part of the wing is further marked with two bands of the same transparent texture as the others, each consisting of three distinct spots. The lower wings present a larger transparent space than the upper wings, the whole disk being hyaline with only the posterior limb or border opake, and of a black colour. The thorax and body is black.