The Municipal and Sanitary Engineer's Handbook

Office of surveyor first legalised -- Clause of Public Health Act 1875, making appointment -- Division of England into districts -- Surveyor to Rural Authority -- Clauses of Act...

Sub-committee to fix salary and duties -- Specimen report and list of duties -- Test of merit necessary -- Examination by Sanitary Institute of Great Britain -- Particulars of t...

Public Health Act and surveyors of highways -- List of duties devolving upon surveyor in consequence -- Meetings of boards and committees -- List of suitable names for committee...

Interests involved in construction and maintenance of streets -- Requirements of a good roadway -- Wearing effect of traffic -- Mr. Deacon’s standard -- Effect of horses’ hoofs...

Laying out new roads -- Macadamised roads a luxury -- Telford and Macadam -- Specification of roadway, fifty years ago -- Modern specification of roadway -- Advantages of Telfor...

Test of fitness of stone -- Primary investigations -- Qualities necessary -- List of stones used as road metal -- Variety of materials used -- Table of comparative efficiency of...

First introduction of rollers -- Mr. Parry on steam rolling -- Cost for repairs -- Number of men necessary -- Fuel used -- Other uses for engine power -- Spikes for chequering -...

Economy under heavy traffic -- Noise and slipperiness -- Improvements effected -- Size of setts -- Description of best class of stones -- Mr. Walker and wear of stones -- The Eu...

First introduced into metropolis -- Improvements since -- List and description of many various modern methods -- Sanitary objections to wood pavement -- Power of absorption of w...

Description of asphalte -- Mr. Deland’s test -- Percentage of bitumen necessary -- Method of construction of compressed asphalte roadway -- Advantages of this description of pav...

Foundation -- List of materials for footpaths -- Mastic asphalte -- Description of manner of laying -- Proportions of asphalte, bitumen, and grit -- Yorkshire flagging -- Specif...

Necessity for kerb -- Section of granite kerb and channel -- Setting kerb -- Cost of kerb and channelling -- Necessity for gutter or channel crossings -- Gully gratings -- Objec...

Gas v. Electricity -- Public Health Act on lighting -- Different hours at which public gas lamps are lighted -- Hints for a contract with a gas company -- Supply by meter -- Obj...

Necessity of naming and numbering streets -- Public Health Act on the subject -- Different methods of naming -- Minton’s china letters -- Cast iron plates -- Painted names -- En...

The law on the subject -- Water Works Clauses Act, 1847 -- Consideration of the clauses -- What is meant by “plan” -- Specimen of specification or plan -- Damage caused to roads...

List of subjects discussed -- Improving line of frontages -- Assessing value of compensation -- Removing projections of buildings -- What are legal projections? -- Doors or gate...

The 150th section of the Public Health Act -- Criticisms of this section -- Duties of the surveyor in connection with it -- Specimen forms of notices -- Carrying out the work --...

Important duty of surveyor -- Clauses of the Public Health Act -- Model bye-laws -- What is a new building? -- The term “ground floor” -- Alteration of existing buildings -- Dep...

The Public Health Act on the subject -- List of duties involved by the clauses of the Act -- What is house refuse? -- Removal of trade or garden refuse -- Position of dust bin -...

Public Health Act on the subject -- Definition of sewer -- Definitions of sewerage and sewage -- Requirements of good system of sewerage -- Position of sewers should be at back...

Magnitude of question -- Interception -- List of methods of disposal -- Tidal outfalls -- Broad irrigation -- Crops for sewage -- Intermittent filtration -- Action of earth on s...

Duty of dealing with noxious sewer vapours -- Germ theory and open ventilation -- Open shafts and objections to them -- Shafts against dwellings -- Use of rainwater pipes -- Use...

Clause of Public Health Act empowering their erection -- Selection of site -- Construction of Urinals -- Why iron is preferable -- Description of urinals -- Public w. c. accommo...

The Act of 1868 -- Mode of procedure under it -- Amendment of Act in 1879 -- Further amendment in 1882 -- Importance of this amendment -- Act of 1875 for improvement of dwelling...

Cellar dwellings -- Clauses of the Public Health Act on the subject -- Insufficient w. c. accommodation -- Clauses on the subject -- Forms of notice to be served -- W. C. accomm...

Definition of drain -- Difficulty of always deciding what is a drain -- Duties of surveyor in connection with house drainage -- Inspection of new drains -- Form of “regulations”...

Law empowering acquisition and maintenance of parks, &c. -- Duties of surveyor in connection therewith -- Public playgrounds -- A few hints -- List of a few useful shrubs -- Tre...

Necessity and law for their establishment -- Defects of private slaughter-houses -- Legal powers to close private slaughter-houses -- Particulars of London private slaughter-hou...

Law authorizing their establishment -- Site for a cattle market -- Accommodation necessary -- Paving -- Cattle enclosures -- Sheep pens -- Dimensions of pens and lairs -- Weighi...

The surveyor’s duties in connection with these -- Some legal points to be remembered -- Selection of site on sanitary grounds -- Mr. Eassie on soils -- Dr. Parsons on requiremen...

Evils arising from keeping corpses -- Some clauses of the Public Health Act on the subject -- List of different descriptions of mortuaries -- A German Leichenhaus -- Requirement...

Clauses of the Public Health Act -- Stimulus to public works -- List of time for which money can be borrowed -- Mr. Rawlinson on procedure and plans, &c., necessary -- Responsib...

The office of town surveyor was first legalised by the Towns Improvement Clauses Act 1847 (10 & 11 Vic. c. 34, s. 7),[1] although for some considerable period prior to this date...

Whenever a vacancy occurs in the office of surveyor to a town, or upon a sanitary authority determining to make such an appointment, the question is usually relegated to a commi...

“Every urban authority shall within their district, exclusively of any other person, execute the office of and be surveyor of highways, and have, exercise, and be subject to all...

Before a surveyor can decide upon the best material with which the streets of his town shall be paved, it will be well to consider the question of the class of traffic they will...

I do not propose in this work to speak of any of the engineering operations necessary to lay out or construct long lines of connecting roadways, as that is a duty which seldom f...

The only true test of the fitness of any stone for use as a road metal is by an experimental trial upon a certain length of roadway; but in making the first selection for such t...

The march of civilisation has decided that road rolling is a necessity for macadamised roads, instead of allowing the stones of which they are composed to be worn in by the traf...

It has been asserted that where a roadway has a traffic exceeding 1000 vehicles per diem, that to maintain it as a macadamised roadway is not economical.[53] However that may be...

In the year 1843 Mr. Charles Cochrane, the President of the ‘Association for the promotion of Improved Street Paving, etc.,’ in a paper which he read before the Institution of C...

The word asphalte in its generally accepted sense implies a natural rock consisting of pure carbonate of lime, intimately combined and impregnated with mineral bitumen in very v...

As in the case of roadways, so with footpaths: the foundation is of primary importance, whatever material may be used for the surface. Where this material may be classed under t...

Many materials are used for kerb, of which granite being the best is generally used in streets where there is much traffic, as the kerb is often subjected to severe blows from t...

At the present moment the question of lighting streets by electricity is gaining so much attention, that it must necessarily be first considered in connection with the subject o...

It was not until the commencement of the present century that inconvenience was apparently felt from the want of any distinguishing names of streets, or numbers to houses, eithe...

In nearly every city and town of the United Kingdom, except those where the gas and water undertakings are the property of the urban authority, the town surveyor is constantly a...

For convenience, I propose to treat in this chapter some subjects which, strictly speaking, do not come under the head of “obstructions,” but they are all questions which have t...

part which projected beyond the regular line of street when taken down, on payment of compensation,[133] and this and the following sections were incorporated in the general Pub...

Prior to the passing of the Public Health Act 1875 the improvement of private roads and streets was dealt with under section 69 of the Public Health Act 1848, but the clause und...

“Where any street within any urban district (not being a highway repairable by the inhabitants at large) or the carriageway, footway, or any other part of such street is not sew...

binding upon the owner of the property in question, unless he appeals within three months from the service of the notice, as the following extract from the clause will show:

One of the most important duties devolving upon a “town surveyor” is that of exercising control over any new streets that may be constructed, or any new buildings that may be er...

“(4.) With respect to the drainage of buildings, to waterclosets, earth closets, privies, ashpits, and cesspools, in connexion with buildings, and to the closing of buildings or...

In a great number of towns in this country the town surveyor has charge of the unostentatious, though very necessary sanitary work of the scavenging of the district over which h...

The Public Health Act 1875 contains a considerable number of clauses dealing with the subject of the sewers of a town, but two of the shortest sections in the whole Act, and yet...

The collection and disposal of the mass of excrement under these dry systems is found to be a very troublesome matter, and they are at their best but inferior substitutes for wa...

The necessity for some manner of dealing with the noxious vapours emanating from sewage other than that of letting it find its way from the sewers into the house drains and then...

In almost every town in the United Kingdom public urinals are now erected, although it is not often that good watercloset accommodation is provided, except at hotels and railway...

The Artizans and Labourers’ Dwellings Act 1868 (31 & 32 Vic. c. 130) was in effect incorporated in the Public Health Act 1875 so that “every urban authority shall within their d...

The Act is to be put in force where an official representation is made by the medical officer of health to the local authority of an urban sanitary district (which must contain...

There are many defects in dwelling-houses with which it is the duty of the sanitary inspector to deal, such as the Bakehouse Regulations Act, offensive trades, nuisances renderi...

For this reason what are known as “Fowler’s closets,” or some modification of this principle, should be adopted in all such localities where earthclosets or some of the dry syst...

It would not be possible in one chapter of a book of this description to enter into all the details and necessary apparatus in connection with house drainage. I propose only to...

“Any urban authority may purchase or take on lease, lay out, plant, improve, and maintain lands for the purpose of being used as public walks or pleasure grounds, and may suppor...

The following is the clause of the Public Health Act 1875 which empowers an urban authority to establish public slaughter-houses (or “abattoirs“[223] as they are sometimes calle...

“Where an urban authority are a local board or improvement commissioners, they shall have power, with the consent of the owners and ratepayers of their district, expressed by re...

Amongst the many duties that a town surveyor has to perform is sometimes included that of laying out land for a large burial ground or cemetery, and its management after constru...

interment, that the Local Government Board may compel a local authority to provide and maintain cemeteries. Power is also given for the compulsory purchase of land for this purp...

The great and terrible evils arising from the practice of keeping corpses in inhabited rooms by the poorer classes were pointed out by Mr. Chadwick in the year 1843[245] and the...

There are a number of clauses in the Public Health Act 1875, which empower a local authority to borrow money on the credit of the rates for the purpose of “defraying any costs,...

“(2.) Every such contract shall specify the work, materials, matters or things to be furnished, had or done, the price to be paid, and the time or times within which the contrac...

_A Practical Treatise on Coal Mining._ By GEORGE G. ANDRÉ, F.G.S., Assoc. Inst. C.E., Member of the Society of Engineers. _With 82 lithographic plates._ 2 vols., royal 4to, clot...

Surveying; comprising General Observations -- The Chain -- Offsets Surveying by the Chain only -- Surveying Hilly Ground -- To Survey an Estate or Parish by the Chain only -- Su...