Chapter 44

Chapter 4415,272 wordsPublic domain

TEACHING TRUTH

We confidently believe that most of the sex immorality seen in young people is more or less the result of ignorance and curiosity; therefore we most earnestly desire in this chapter to portray so interestingly the beautiful story of life as seen in the vegetable and animal world, that our mother-readers will be seized with the great desire wisely to convey to the young child's mind this sublime and beautiful story. The questions most naturally arising in the mind of the reader at this time are: When shall we begin to tell this story? How shall we tell it? Where shall we begin? Where shall we stop? Realizing full well that the subject is usually handled prematurely and with unpreparedness, we will attempt in this chapter to discuss it with courage and candor, believing that there is a right way, a right time, and a right place to impart this information.

A LESSON FROM NATURE

When the little folks are about three or four years of age, when confidence and trust are at their height, they often come to us begging for a "story;" and this is the golden opportunity for the parent or caretaker to tell them the story of Mr. and Mrs. Corn, and all their little babies; or Mr. and Mrs. Morning Glory and their little folks. There are a score of other equally interesting and instructive botanical stories which are just as beautiful in their sublimity, and fairy-like in their personality. The little children's eyes grow big with wonder as you tell the story of a whole township of families by the name of Corn (See Fig. 17), who have their residences out in the wide country fields.

We will first introduce the child to Mr. Corn, the tassel, waving proudly and majestically in the breezes, and seeming to say: "I am master of all I survey." The little fellow is filled with wonderment as he learns how the clouds give up their drops of water to quench his thirst and how the sun smiles upon him to yellow his beard; and how the wonderful all-important _pollen_ is developed and ripened.

Often the child eagerly asks, "And where, mamma, is Mrs. Corn?" and to that interested upturned face we relate the pleasing story of the beautiful silken tresses of Mother Corn. Early in her life she is a beautiful shade of green, and as she thus gracefully hangs out from the ear of corn, day by day the smiles of sunshine turn this mother corn to brown, and then to a still darker shade.

"And where, mamma, are the babies?" the child next inquires; and, as we take the ear of corn, removing the outer clothing--the husks--we find the underclothing, a much lighter shade of green, and here now we are in close contact with the babies themselves--the kernels--and to each little kernel or baby corn we find mamma closely clinging. Here is a beautiful opportunity to teach mother-love and mother watchfulness, as also the opportunity to draw lessons from the baby kernels sitting there in even rows, with their faces clean, silently contented--just doing their duty. The stories that may be told are limitless, and possibly as interesting as are the myths and fairy-tales, yet all the while as true as truth itself, with no fakery, no legends--just simple truth.

THE ALL IMPORTANT POLLEN

Now on a second trip into the cornfield, another story may be told of the important work of the pollen. This "father part" of the plant falls upon the silken tresses of the "mother part," by which the pollen is carried down to the sleeping corn-baby seeds--the kernels. And when the "corn dust" does reach the sleeping seeds a great change begins to take place. This change is known to the adult as "impregnation;" to the little child it may be presented as "an awakening" of the sleeping seeds, so that they begin to grow, to develop, to expand and push out, until we have the full-grown seeds seen in the delicious and juicy roasting ear.

Sometimes, in the case of the larger plants and trees, Father Tree may be miles and miles away from Mother Tree and so this all important pollen must be carried by the wind or by the bees, and as it blows against the mother part of the plant-flower she catches it and pushes it downward to the seed babies. The wind scatters the pollen of the oak tree, the hazlenut, the walnut, the birch, the willow and many others; for, without the good kind wind or the bees, the pollen would never find its way to many a mother flower, and the "fertilization" of the seed could not take place.

THE MORNING GLORY FAMILY

Perhaps the story of life can be told as beautifully from the morning-glory as from any other flower. Here the beautiful flower cup is the home of Father and Mother Morning-Glory and all their little babies. (See Fig. 18).

As we carefully take away their little home, the flower cup, we have left a little green cup, and coming up from the center you will see five little stems, every one of them wearing a hat of powder or pollen and this--if you please--is Papa Morning-Glory. Look closely and you will see coming up from the center of these five stems (stamens) one central stalk without a hat, Mother Morning-Glory, known in botany as the "pistil"; and as you follow down this pistil you will find an enlarged part at the base, which is known as the cradle-nest--the home of the seed babies.

Little was known about this wonderful fertilization of the seeds by the pollen two hundred years ago, and a whole century passed before the secret of the blossom and the bees was discovered; and even then it was not fully realized how great was the work of the bees in cross-fertilization. Nor was it understood that the beautiful blossom of the flower, with its sweet nectar, was an exceedingly important factor in attracting the bees. Another century passed before Darwin gave to the world the story of the great work performed by the bees in cross-fertilization--in carrying the pollen from flower to flower, for it is now a well-known fact that all of the blossoms visited by the bees produce better fruit and better flowers.

In the flower where the father and mother part matures at the same time, self-fertilization is the rule. Cross-fertilization occurs in instances where either the father part or mother part ripen at different times, in these cases the pollen is carried from plant to plant by the wind or by the nectar-seeking bees. These busy bees, with their fluffy little feet and fuzzy coats, become completely covered with this all-important flower dust, and in seeking nectar from other flowers they leave the "awakening dust" behind, and thus cross-fertilization takes place; new types of babies are produced, new generations of fruits and flowers.

HOW MOTHER NATURE WORKS

Dr. Chadwick, in her _Blossom Babies_, gives us a beautiful recital concerning the fertilization of plants, which provides an endless number of interesting stories. The water plants are very interesting in that the pollen is just light enough to float on the exact level of the mother part of the flower, otherwise fertilization could never take place, and there would be no more lovely lilies. Long throated blossoms are fertilized by their attraction for certain moths or humming birds who have long tongues. Mother Nature is exceedingly careful to reproduce her children, and in every conceivable way she sees to it that her plant-seeds are fertilized and distributed. We are all familiar with the dandelion and the thistle and a host of others which fly through the air with actual plumes, some seeds fly with wings, such as the maple; other seeds travel by clinging or sticking, such as the cockle burr; still others float and shoot; while we all know about a lot of seeds that are good to eat, such as the nuts and fruits, as well as many of the grains, such as corn, etc.

An incubator about hatching time is a wonderful object lesson in teaching the story of life. Take the children to visit one and let them actually see the live baby chicks coming forth from the seed-shells. Other wonderful lessons may be drawn from the mother horse or the mother cow; and it is impossible to portray the close companionship, the sublime trust and confidence, which exists between the mother and the child who have been bound together by these ties and sentiments of truthfulness, trustfulness, and frankness.

THE SALMON FAMILY

The little fellow is daily learning that everything that grows comes from a seed, even the salmon which was eaten at lunch yesterday was the text for an impressive story about Papa and Mamma Salmon. In the beautiful Columbia river Mother Salmon is swimming about quietly seeking a shallow place in the stream where she may deposit her cluster of baby seeds, which looks very much like a mass of tapioca pudding as they gently sink to the bed of a shallow spot in the river. There they lay "sound asleep" until Father Salmon, swimming by, is attracted to the spot and, hesitating, talks something like this to himself: "Why the idea, here are some helpless fish-baby seeds, they can't grow and develop without me, here they are sound asleep;" and, nestling over them, he contributes the self-same and all important "something"--comparable to the pollen of the plants--which wakes them up. In the case of the fish the "awakening" substance is not in the form of a powder as in the plant world; but is in the form of a semi-liquid mass, much resembling the white of an egg. The little seeds soon begin to tremble--begin to wake up--and then begin to swell and grow and develop. In a few days what do you suppose happens to these little bulging baby seeds? The very same thing that happened to the chick seed--they burst and out come hundreds of cute little fish minnows. In just a few hours they are all swimming about in a most wonderful fish-like manner.

EARLY QUESTIONS

Some day you will be surprised by your little child suddenly asking you some such question as this: "Mother, where did I come from?" while in the same frank manner you reply: "Why from your mamma, of course; where do you think you could have come from? Everything that grows comes from its mamma--oranges, apples, radishes, cabbages, cats, dogs, and chickies--everything that grows has to have a mamma and papa," and they are often satisfied with this answer for a long time. No child should go to kindergarten without knowing that he came from his mother, and this knowledge should come to him from his own mother's lips. These are different days than those in which our grandmothers lived. The spirit of investigation and of inquiry is in the air. The moving-picture show makes it necessary for children of nine or ten to understand these things--to have a knowledge of certain of the conventionalities of life. Twenty years ago this may not have been so necessary--the youth of that day might have waited several years longer for certain phases of his sex instruction. It is highly important that this knowledge be obtained from a wise and pure and sympathetic mind--from the child's own parents.

One mother put her little girl's questions off week after week, saying: "I will tell you when you get older, dear--no, not now, dear; run away, you are not old enough to know such things, you must forget about them." Thus the unprepared mother sought to gain time in which to consult the doctor or the library. Finally the day came when the mother felt that she was sufficiently wise to answer the query, "Where did I come from," and so with her heart in her throat she approached her daughter, saying: "Come, Mary, mother is going to tell you all about it. I am now ready to answer your question." Imagine her surprise and astonishment when Mary said: "Oh, you needn't mind, mother, Kate told me all about it last week." Now the question in my mind is: how did Kate tell her? How much unnecessary information did this older and experienced Kate put into the pure mind of this innocent little girl?

ONE MOTHER'S AWAKENING

One mother in a western state--a county superintendent of schools--told us the following interesting story of her own experience, which we think may be of help to some of our mother readers.

One morning her seven-year old son rushed into the house exclaiming: "Oh, mother, there is a new calf out in the barn, and I know where it came from; I saw a wagon load of calves come by here yesterday, and one of them must have dropped off, for it is right out there in the barn with old Bess this minute."

The mother was very busy with her papers and her reports, and she let the incident pass with a smile, thinking it was a very pretty little story. A week later the six-year old brother came in saying: "Mother, I think there must have been another wagon load of calves passed by, and one must have been lost off, for old Nell is cleaning up a little calf out in the barn for all she is worth," while the older brother piped up: "Sure, it was another load of calves; that is just exactly the way the other calf got here;" and the two little fellows went off to school.

About a month later that county superintendent suddenly became a much wiser mother than she was before, although her heart was made to ache. Both boys came home from school one day and the older one met her with something like this: "I am mad! I've been lied to; all the fellows at school say I have, and they are making sport of me, too," and with a glare in his reddened eye he continued, "You know that new calf did not come off that wagon; you know that calf came from old Bess herself; all the fellows say so at school, and they are making all kinds of fun of me, and I don't want to go back. I'd like to run away from home." The mother quietly drew the boy to her side and reminded him that she had simply listened; that she had not opened her mouth; that he came into the room and told about the incident himself, but this did not satisfy him. He turned to her wounded and crushed, saying: "Well, you let a fellow believe it, and that's just as bad;" and this educated mother--this trusted custodian of a county full of school children--beseeched me to warn mothers everywhere to teach their children the truth, and to never let a child go to school with a sex misunderstanding. She told me that it took her six months to get that boy's confidence back again.

DON'T GET SHOCKED

I believe that many mothers make the sad mistake of showing the child that they are shocked by trivial sayings and trifling experiences of their little people. If we could only get it into our heads for once and for all that our children are born into this world veritable little thieves and falsifiers, as well as adventurers and explorers, we would then cease being so shocked and outraged by their frank statements of what they have heard or have done. Let the mother listen to all these things with calmness, while she seeks to direct the child's mind in pure and elevated channels--to help him upward by imparting "precept upon precept; here a little and there a little."

Children will come in with stories that at first thought do greatly shock the parent; but under no circumstances should the boy or girl discover that the parent is shocked, for if he does he will not likely come again with another such "shocking" difficulty. One mother told me that her seven-year-old boy, beginning third grade, came into her bedroom one morning saying: "Mother, I am just busting to say something," and this mother very wisely said, "Well, say it; certainly I don't want you to burst," and she told me that this boy whispered to her three of the filthiest words that he could possibly have heard on the streets. In relating this experience to me she said: "Do you know, doctor, that I really did not know what to think at first, but I remembered that you had taught me never to be shocked, and so I looked up and asked: "Do you feel better?" whereupon he breathed a big sigh and exclaimed: "What a relief! I have just been busting to say that to somebody." Mother, to whom would you rather he would say these things? to you, or to some little girl out on the street, or to some older boy? Think what trouble and possible mischief were avoided by whispering into the sympathetic ear of mother. This wise mother turned to that little boy and said: "Son, that ear is always waiting for just such things and whenever you feel like saying something--like getting it off your mind--you just come to me;" and he came repeatedly. One time he came in saying: "I don't know whether you want me to play with Harold or not; he does some of those things you told me about the other day." And the mother thoughtfully and wisely looked up and said: "Did he do it in front of his mother? Why of course he didn't. Did he ask you to go into the bedroom or bathroom and lock the door?" and the little fellow quickly answered: "Why sure he did; how did you guess it?" and added "now I suppose you are not going to let me play with him any more," and this wise mother, knowing that if she denied him this privilege that it would quite likely be frequently sought, said: "Why, certainly play with Harold in the open, but whenever he suggests secrecy--" she did not have time to finish the sentence, the boy said: "I am wise; whenever he gets to doing that 'funny business' I'll skiddoo." The confidence between that mother and son, to my mind, was wonderfully sublime--all the while practical and helpful in his daily training.

DON'T REPULSE THE CHILD

A little older child sees the fowls, the dogs, or the cats, "mating," and then, rushing into the house, inquires what it is all about; and unless the mother is on her guard some older member of the family may show surprise and thus thoughtlessly convey to the child's mind that his question is improper and entirely out of place. To the question, "What are they doing, mamma?" quietly answer, "Just mating, dear, just as the flowers mate; everything that lives or grows comes as the result of mating."

Suppose that you were repulsed every time you approached a dear friend, your husband, or some other member of the family? Take, for instance, the matter of a caress or an embrace--how would you react to repeated rebuff? And so with the little child; he comes into this world full of confidence and trust, full of wonder and curiosity; possessed with the spirit of exploration and investigation--everywhere and all the time he asks questions. Usually, his questions are answered thoughtfully and without hesitancy, except along the line of one thought--that of sex. Do not think for one moment that he is satisfied by your evasive answers. You have but to recall your own childhood experiences, and remember that today the moving picture show and general public sentiment has placed the age for such knowledge from one to five years earlier in this generation than in the past. I do not care what the child comes into your presence with, be it the most shocking thing in this world, do not under any circumstances let it disturb your mental poise, or raise your ire or shock you; for if you do, then and there--at that moment--occurs a break in the sublime confidence which the child reposes in you.

NECESSARY MORAL TRAINING

While we are using the plant and animal world as object lessons in teaching our children the facts of sex and the secrets of life; while we face the commonplace sex matings of the animals about us without cringing, without appearing to be shocked when our children call attention to these things; nevertheless, when the child is old enough to take cognizance of these phenomena, he is old enough to begin to receive some definite instruction from his parents regarding the moral phase of these great biologic problems. We cannot safely and indefinitely utilize the animal world as an object lesson in sex education, without at the same time emphasizing the moral difference between man and the beast.

Many parents treat these sex problems so lightly and endeavor to act so naturally and unconcerned about these questions, that the child comes to look upon the promiscuous sexual relations of the animal world as something altogether natural; and, unless proper moral and religious training is carried on at this time, he stands in danger of coming to regard lightly the moral standards of modern society.

At the same time of life that Mother Nature fully develops the sex instincts--at adolescence--she also awakens the religious emotions; the one being so necessary for the proper and adequate control of the other. Let parents take a cue from old Mother Nature, and at the same time the sex relations of animals are freely discussed with the growing child, let the mother or father wisely call attention to the fact that but very few of the animals live family lives as do human beings. In this connection valuable use--by way of illustration--can be made of the ostrich and some of the ape family who are loyal and true to their chosen companions.

Moral and religious instruction must accompany sex-hygiene teaching just as soon as you leave the realms of botany and enter the sphere of zoology. We could here relate many a tragic experience which our patients have passed through as a result of volunteering too much sex knowledge and at the same time neglecting this very necessary moral instruction.

SANTA CLAUS AND THE STORK

We must bear in mind that the child believes what we tell him; he trusts us implicitly and we owe it to him to teach him the truth in answer to his numerous questions. We must keep his confidence. Take the matter of Christmas, for instance. How many confidences have been broken over the falsehood of Santa Claus and the chimney. Two little fellows hesitated in their play in the back yard, and the following conversation was heard: "You know that story about Santa Claus is all a fake." "Sure it is, I know it isn't so, I saw my father and mother filling the stockings. You know that stork story is all a lie too, there's nothing to it, babies don't come that way, and now I'm investigating this Jesus Christ story, I suppose that's all a fake too." The fact of the matter is, that while these children have discovered the truth of the first two stories, for a long time they will query the third story, for to them, that too is mysterious and fairy-like. They hadn't seen Santa or the Stork and had only heard about Jesus.

STORY OF THE HUMAN BABY

The story of the human baby may be told to any child of seven to ten years. Each mother will have to decide in her own mind the right time to go into the details of the human baby seed. The child should have had an opportunity to have planted some seeds in the ground, to have visited an incubator, or to have visited the farm and observed the family groups of babies--the chicks, pigs, calves, etc.--with their mothers.

Let me see now how many different baby seeds do we know? Yes, we do know the radish seeds, many flower seeds, chicken seeds, bird seeds, corn, potatoes, and many others, and we can tell them all apart. The boy and girl baby seeds are too tiny to be seen with the eye. They are so small that it takes about two hundred of them in a row to make one inch. We can only see these human baby seeds with the aid of a microscope. It is such a precious seed that it cannot be intrusted to the ground or to a tree nest for development. The great Wise Father decided that a mamma would love and care for it better than anything or anybody in all the world. So, just as there is a cradle bed in the mamma flower, so there is in the human mother's own warm body, tucked far away from the cold rains and the hot sun, a little bed, for the boy and girl baby seeds. Right near to this little seed bed Mother Nature has prepared a little room, which holds the tiny "waked up" seed for nearly a year as it slowly grows into a little baby girl or baby boy.

THE MATING STORY

You remember the story of how Bob Robin found Jenny Robin, don't you? You remember mamma told you how Bob came up from the southland early in the spring and asked Jenny in lovely bird song to come and be his very own wife? How he promised her he would feed her on cherries, and currants and the fattest of worms? And that she told Bob she loved him and went to live with him, and how they built that cute little nest to hold the eggs; and how Jenny Robin sat on the nest until the little baby robins were all hatched out.

Well, one day papa found mamma. He met her and loved her dearly and told her he wanted her to come and live with him, and they built their home nest and were very happy together, because they decided they would always love each other more than any one else in the world. After mamma and papa built their home and lived together, one day a wonderful change came to one of the baby seeds and it awakened and began to grow. Mother Nature whispered to it, and told it how to find its way into this little room and there it clung to the wall and grew for nearly a year. Papa brought mamma nice things to eat, just as Bob Robin did Jenny. Papa did everything he could to make mamma happy and comfortable.

For nearly five months this little seed just grew and did not let anybody know it was there, until one day it began to tap against the sides of the walls of this little room, and every time it did mamma's heart just bounded with joy as she thought of the precious seed growing to be a darling baby--and all inside of her very own body. And one day, after nearly a whole year had passed, the door to the room began to open, and, very soon, a lovely baby found its way out of this special room into the big, big world. Mother Nature then told this little baby that it might still remain close to the mamma it had been with so long, and so she taught it how to get its food every day from mamma's breast. At this point the child usually breaks out by saying, "Now, mamma, I know just why I love you so much."

UNFOLDING THE TRUTH

I shall always remember with pleasure my own son, not quite two-and-a-half years old, who sat at the table one day asking numerous questions such as, "Mamma, what is that? Mamma, where did that come from?" etc.

He picked up a navel orange, and pointing to the navel said, "What is that?"

I frankly said to him, "Why, my dear, that is the baby orange."

"Why, Mamma," he exclaimed, "do oranges come from oranges?"

"Certainly, dear child; where else could they come from?"

"But," he says, "Mamma, do potatoes come from potatoes?"

"Why, honey," I said, "Orange babies come from orange mammas, potato babies from potato mammas, grapes come from grape mammas, little kitties from kitty mammas, and little boys from their mammas."

We simply mixed all the babies up, just as you would mix up a delicious fruit salad. We took from the mind all question of mystery and surprise by quickly and honestly answering his question. Thus, his first knowledge of his origin, if he is able to recall it, will ever be associated with oranges, grapes, potatoes, kittens, etc.

We did not tell the whole story for some two or three years later, but day by day we simply answered the questions as he asked them.

One day, when he was about three, he burst into my bedroom, saying, "Mamma, dear, I did come from you, didn't I?"

"Why, yes, darling, from nobody else; just from your own mamma and papa."

"Say, mamma, was my hand in your hand, my foot in your foot, my head in your head?"

"No, dear," I replied, "You were all curled up as snug as a little kitty is when it's asleep, and you slept for nearly a year in a little room underneath mamma's heart."

It was a wonderful story. He threw his chubby arms about my neck, his legs around my waist, and said: "You dear, dear, mamma. I do love you and papa more, just awful much."

THE DOCTOR'S PART

In my private sitting-room, where William and I have had many conferences, there hangs my medical-class picture with classmates and faculty. A member of my family was one day answering the boy's queries as to who this one or that one was, etc. Finally, on pointing to one particular face, the answer came to his inquiry, "That's Dr. P. You wouldn't be here if it wasn't for him." That evening the little fellow, just past three years, came to me and asked, "Mamma, didn't you say I came from you?"

"Yes, dear," I replied.

"Well, Auntie says I wouldn't be here if it wasn't for Dr. P. What did the doctor have to do with it?"

"Why, simply this, dear. The door to the little room in which you grew in mamma's body wouldn't open, and so kind Dr. P. came and helped open the door."

"And let me out?" exclaimed the eager child. "Oh, I want to go and see Dr. P. and thank him for helping me out!"

And this little fellow was neither shocked or surprised, any more than he was over finding out that orange babies came from orange mammas.

In the same frank manner in which the simpler questions are answered, strive to answer these important ones. If we seek to evade, to postpone, to wrap in mystery these sex questions, the little ones will not forget but will ponder and worry over them, and seek to obtain certain knowledge from others who oftentimes tell too much or too little, and such information is usually mixed with much unnecessary matter which may or may not be foreign to this particular subject. On the other hand, if we frankly and honestly answer the question at hand, curiosity is avoided and the child feels he understands it all. The subject drops into the background of his mind--into the marginal consciousness--with the countless other facts he has accumulated. A sense of "knowledge possession" is as comfortable to the child as it is to the adult.

TRUSTING YOUR CHILD

Often the question arises: "Will they tell to other children this newly found knowledge?" If the wise mother makes them feel they are a part of a "family," and reminds them that such matters as the secrets about Santa Claus, the stork, and the baby nest are only discussed in "family groups," they are often seized with the normal pride which accompanies confidence, and often keep secrets as well or even better than do most adults.

One day a little man, three-and-a-half years old, was posing for a photograph. The photographer said: "My little fellow, you pose well. We've had such a good time together. Where did they get such a lad as you?"

The mother's heart stood still. From her hiding place behind a large curtain at the back of the studio, she listened, wondering what would be his answer.

At first he hesitated, but after a moment's pause, said: "Really, Mr. W. if you don't know I feel sorry for you, and I'd really like to tell you, but I can't, it's a secret between me and my mamma."

Children enjoy secrets. If possible, isolate a group of subjects that are not to be discussed with playmates, such as Santa Claus facts, the stork story, and the baby story; often the very isolation of one single fact stands out so big in the child's mind that he is many times tempted to mention it, when, if it were associated with a whole group of "family secrets" he would seldom be led to talk about it. As we have said, children can keep secrets much better than most adults; and just suppose they _should_ tell something--what harm? With twenty-five false stories in the neighborhood, suppose one story of truth should escape! No particular harm would result; but I find they keep these secrets well.

Numerous questions will arise which should be met with open frankness. No blush, no shame, should even suggest itself, for we are dealing with a wonderful truth, so let us give out our answers with clean hearts and pure minds. The Great Father will bless us and surround our loved "flock" with a garment of confidence in mother and father that will protect from much of the evil which is in the world, and, eventually, our little ones will grow into men and women whose very life of purity will cast its influence into the social circle. Only the company of the good and the true and the pure will be sought when associating with the opposite sex; while, in the end, better mothers and better fathers will be developed for the work of the next generation.

TEN POSSIBLE CAUSES OF SECRET VICE

1. The attention of the little folks is often drawn to the sexual organs by a sensation of itching which accompanies a state of uncleanliness and filth. The genitals must be kept scrupulously clean. Elsewhere in this book we paid our respects to the rubber diaper, and we wish to reiterate at this time that it is in all probability responsible for a great deal of masturbation. The constant moisture and heat keeps the genital organs in a state of congestion which is more or less accompanied by itching sensations.

2. A long or tight foreskin in the male child favors the accumulation of secretions which not only occasion itching sensations but oftentimes are the cause of convulsions in early infancy. In the case of the female, a tight foreskin over the clitoris will retain secretions which also cause an itching sensation.

3. Unscrupulous nurses sometimes actually teach these little fellows to masturbate.

4. Lying in bed on the back with a full bladder, in the case of the boy, often produces an erection of the penis, and this is usually accompanied by a feeling of fullness which serves to direct the mind to the genital organs.

5. Lying in bed alone with nothing to do but to investigate often results in secret vice.

6. The unwise practice of allowing children to visit each other over night and sleep together, is often productive of mischief.

7. Constantly telling a little girl to keep her feet down, to keep her dress down, makes her over conscious of sex and otherwise causes the attention to be directed in unhealthy channels.

8. Teasing a child unnecessarily about a little sweetheart often produces an emotional reaction which is not altogether desirable. These suggestions are especially bad in the older children.

9. Unwise sex knowledge is usually productive of curious investigations, which if not properly followed up, particularly in those children who are temperamentally secretive, and who do not fully confide in mother and father, often results in moral misdemeanors.

10. Do not allow two young children habitually to isolate themselves in their play. Direct their play away from the attic, the basement, and other places remote from direct observation.

There is no use telling a child not to touch that part of his body, particularly if it is a boy, for it is going to be absolutely impossible for him to carry out such instructions. One mother overheard her caretaker say, "Don't put your hand there, it isn't nice." Immediately the wise mother called the caretaker to her and reminded her that most children usually continue to investigate even though they are told not to, and so the caretaker received this instruction: "When you see Harry putting his hand to that particular part of his body, just gently draw it away and divert his attention to something else, and when he goes to sleep in his little bed teach him to lie on his side and bring his little hands up under his chin or the side of his face and remain near him telling him a beautiful story until the eyes begin to get sleepy and pick him up immediately on awaking in the morning."

This mother was quite unlike the mother who once came to my office, saying: "Doctor Lena, I have done everything to prevent my boy's handling himself, why every time he wakes up at night I am always awake and I instantly say to him, Charlie where are your hands? You see Doctor, I am doing the best I know how." Very likely it is unnecessary to call the attention of the reader to the fact that this mother was doing more harm than good in constantly calling his attention to the fact that he did have a sexual side to his nature.

TRUTH VS. EXAGGERATION

And just here let us add that while masturbation is an unclean habit, an impure habit, and a thing altogether to be shunned, we would not be honest to ourselves and to our readers if we did not explain that under no circumstances does it make foolish minds out of sound minds or insane minds out of sane minds. If your boy or your girl is going to grow up to be foolish or insane he had a through ticket for the feebleminded institution or the insane asylum when he was born into the world. The time when masturbation does affect the mind of the child is when the mind awakens to the fact that it is allowing an abnormal, unclean, or filthy habit to dominate mind, soul, and body, and then, and usually not until then, does this bad habit begin to cause mental depression and a host of other symptoms that so often accompany masturbation.

In our worthy efforts to combat the evils of secret vice let us not go to the other extreme and create such a condition of mind in the youth of our generation as to lay the foundation for sexual neurasthenia later on in life, as a result of the protracted worry, constant brooding, and conscientious condemnation, which they so often experience following some brief or trivial indulgence in early secret vice. Let us fight this vice with the truth, and not resort to over-exaggerated pictures which can only serve to blight the hopes and destroy the courage of over-sensitive boys and girls after they have grown up--as they look back on their lives and recall perhaps a single misstep in their childhood. In this way we can hope to do good today without mortgaging the child's happiness and mental peace in years to come.

APPENDIX

BATHS USED TO REDUCE FEVER

1. _The Sponge Bath._ The child, completely undressed but loosely wrapped in a wool blanket, is placed on a table so that the mother or a nurse may conveniently stand while administering the bath. Close at hand have a number of soft linen towels and a large bowl of tepid water which may or may not contain a small amount of alcohol, witch-hazel, salt, or vinegar, according to the doctor's directions. The upper portion of the body is partially uncovered and the tepid water is applied with the hands to the skin surface of one arm. The hands may be dipped in water from one to four times, thus making repeated applications of the water to the arm. These are followed by careful drying--patting rather than rubbing. The other arm is now taken, then the chest, then the back and last the legs.

2. _The Wet-Sheet Pack._ Two light-weight wool blankets are folded to fit the child; they should extend eighteen inches below the feet and should be wide enough to lap well in front. A sheet just large enough to envelop the body is then wrung out of cold water and spread out over the woolen blankets. The feverish child is entirely disrobed and is placed on the wet sheet, which is quickly wrapped about the body, over the chest, under the arms, and between the legs--coming in contact with the entire skin surface. The dry blankets are quickly brought around and tucked snugly about the patient. This is a cooling wet-sheet pack and will often so relieve the nervousness and irritability of a feverish child that he will go to sleep in the pack. In the very young child, under two years, it is important to put some accessory warmth to the feet such as a warm-water bottle--not hot. The effect of this pack is very quieting, and is indicated when the temperature of the child reaches 103 F. or more.

3. _The Graduated Bath._ This is usually administered in a large bathtub and is beneficial in the fevers of the older children. The temperature of the water should be one or two degrees higher than the body temperature, for example--if the child's temperature is 103 F. then the bath starts out with a temperature of 104 or 105 F. The temperature is then gradually lowered, about a degree every two minutes, until it reaches 92 or 90 F. A helper should support the head while the mother or nurse briskly rubs the entire skin surface of the body. This friction greatly facilitates the fever-reducing work of the bath because it brings the blood to the surface where it is more readily cooled by the bath. This bath should last ten or fifteen minutes.

4. _The Hot Sponge Bath._ Often, in combating the high fever of typhoid, the hot sponge bath is valuable. The hands are dipped in water just as hot as can be borne and are applied to the chilly, mottled skin which is so often seen in high fever. This bath is administered just as is the tepid sponge bath. Evaporation is allowed to take place to some extent by delaying the drying. In this instance the child should be wrapped in a warm wool blanket with only a portion of the body exposed at one time.

5. _The Hot-Blanket Pack._ The hot-blanket pack is indicated at the onset of many fevers such as in typhoid, grippe, pneumonia, etc. Like the wet-sheet pack, the blankets are spread upon the bed, abundant accessory heat is applied--such as a half-dozen hot-water bottles. In the absence of these, glass jars or hot ears of corn may be utilized. Hot bricks or hot stove lids wrapped in paper are also serviceable. A blanket, in size to suit the individual (an adult would use a full single blanket, a child one-half of a single blanket), is wrung very dry from boiling water. This may be done by the means of a wash wringer, or two persons grasping the blanket by its gathered ends may so twist it that it looks very much like an old-fashioned twisted doughnut. The twist is now lowered into boiling water, and as each pulls the twist wrings itself. This is at once quickly spread out so as to let the child lay on the center, and then the hot sides are brought in contact with the skin, just as in the wet-sheet pack. The dry blankets are now brought quickly and snugly about the child. Just outside the second dry blanket the accessory heat is placed to the sides of the trunk, the sides of the thighs, and one at the feet. A wrapped stove lid or a hot-water bottle is placed over the pelvis and one under the back. Cold cloths are put on the face and around the neck, and these should be changed every three minutes. This pack continues for fifteen or twenty minutes, at the end of which time the accessory heat and the wet blanket are removed and the patient is cooled off by a cold mitten friction, a saline rub, a witch-hazel rub, or an alcohol rub; or the patient may be placed in a tub of water, temperature 98 F., after which he should be carefully dried off.

6. _Sweating Baths._ Another bath which is effectual at the onset of grippe or pneumonia is the sweating bath. The bowels should have moved some time before the treatment. Have ready a large bowl of ice water, two turkish towels, one sheet, and four wool blankets. The bathtub is now filled with water at the temperature of 100 F.; which is quickly raised up to 103 or 104 F. Ice-water towels are applied to the head, neck and heart. The patient remains in this bath for about ten minutes, after which he steps out and at once gets into the four hot, dry blankets previously spread out on the bed. No time is lost, the patient is quickly wrapped in the hot blankets and sweating continues for twenty minutes. The covering is now loosened and gradual cooling takes place. It is well to go to bed at once.

TONIC BATHS

1. _The Cold Mitten Friction._ The cold mitten friction is a bath that is applicable to any condition where the child or adult needs "toning up." It should always be preceded by heat to the feet. The following articles are necessary. Four or five turkish towels, a warm wool blanket, a hot-water bottle for the feet, a bowl containing water, a generous piece of ice, and a rough mitten without a thumb. The patient's clothes are removed and he is wrapped in the warm blanket with heat to the feet. One part of the body is taken at a time, first the arm, then the other arm, then the chest, the abdomen, one leg, the second leg, and last the back and the buttocks. A dry turkish towel is placed under the part to be treated, and after the mittened hand is dipped in ice-water, brisk short friction strokes are given to the arm until it is pink. Several dippings of the mitten in ice-water are necessary. One cannot be too active in administering this bath. Slow, Delsarte movements are entirely out of place at this time. Action--and quick action--is a necessity. No part of the child's body is left until it is pink. It is an invigorating tonic bath and is indicated in all conditions of low vitality, functional inactivity, puniness, rickets, etc.

2. _The Salt Glow._ Fill the bathtub half full of warm water, temperature 100 F. Slightly moisten one quart of coarse salt. Stand the patient in the water, placing one foot on the side of the tub while you rub the entire leg with the salt until it is very pink. The other leg is treated in the same manner, as also are the arms, abdomen, chest, and last, the back. By this time he will be all aglow from head to foot. Rinse off the salt, and give him a cold dash with the hands or a spray.

THE NEUTRAL BATH

Fill the tub with water at just 97 F., and remain in the bath for twenty minutes or more, with the eyes covered, all the while maintaining the temperature at 97 F. Dry gently with a sheet to avoid exertion and exposure. Go at once to bed.

FOMENTATIONS

Hot fomentations often relieve suffering and are indicated in such conditions as menstrual pain, abdominal cramps, colic, backaches, etc. A good substitute for fomentations may be given as follows: Fill a hot bag half-full of boiling water. Over this place a wet flannel and two layers of dry flannel. Apply for fifteen or twenty minutes over the skin area to be treated, finishing up with a cold water or alcohol rub.

A very effectual way of applying moist heat to any portion of the body is by the means of hot fomentations which are given as follows:

One-fourth of a single woolen blanket (part cotton) is folded and grasped at the ends and twisted like an old-fashioned doughnut. The twist is then immersed in boiling water, the hands still grasping the dry ends, and then by simply pulling out the twist (widely separating the hands) the fomentation wrings itself. This is placed steaming hot over the affected area which has been first covered by a dry flannel. It is allowed to remain on for three or four minutes, and then another hot one wrung from the boiling water replaces the cool one. About four or five such applications are made. The skin should be very red at the close of this treatment. It is finished up with a quick, cold application to the reddened skin area.

THE SOAP SHAMPOO

The undressed child is placed upon a low stool in the half-filled bathtub at 100 F. with the feet in the warm water. A good lather is applied all over the body with good friction by the means of a shampoo brush and soap. He is then allowed to sit down in the tub and splash about all he pleases, rinse the soap off and allow him to have a good time generally. At the close of the treatment the water is cooled down and the treatment is finished with a brisk rub with the hands dipped in cold water. The skin of the child should be pink at the close of the treatment.

MOIST ABDOMINAL BANDAGE

The moist abdominal bandage is indicated in such conditions as kidney inflammation which is so often seen in the second week of scarlet fever; or in congestion of any of the internal organs such as the liver, the stomach, intestines, etc., and is applied as follows: Spread out the flannel bandage and over it place the mackintosh. Wring dry the cotton strip from cold water, and spread it over the mackintosh. Wrap all three layers, the wet cloth next the skin, closely about the body, so as to prevent the air from getting under it. Be sure that the feet are warm while adjusting the bandage. In the morning remove the bandage, and rub the skin briskly with a turkish towel dipped in cold water, until the skin is pink and dry. The cotton strip should be boiled every other day to avoid skin eruptions.

HEATING COMPRESS

The heating compress is indicated in the following cases: Sprained ankles, rheumatic joints, arthritis, sore throat, etc. Directions: Wring two thicknesses of cheesecloth from cold water, place over the painful part, and quickly cover with a mackintosh and two thicknesses of woolen blanket bandage. On removing in the morning, sponge with cold water or alcohol.

MUSTARD PASTE

In the bronchitis of small children, particularly babies, mustard pastes are to be preferred to the hot fomentations which are used to such great advantage in children above ten. The mustard paste is administered as follows: One part of mustard and six parts of flour of the same measurements are quickly stirred up with warm water to a paste thin enough to spread well upon a piece of thin muslin, which is large enough to cover twice the part to be treated. One-half of this muslin is thus covered with the mustard and the dry piece of cloth brought over. The edges are then folded in such a way that the mustard will not run out. This is applied to the affected part and allowed to remain for seven minutes on an infant, nine minutes on a child, and ten or twelve minutes on an adult. It is then removed and the moisture which is always seen on the reddened skin surface is _not_ wiped off but talcum powder is sprinkled on thickly to absorb it. If this is done, a mustard paste may be repeated every two hours if necessary and no blistering or other harm will come to the skin.

THE OIL-SILK JACKET

The oil-silk jacket is used in bronchitis of babies and children. It consists of three layers, the innermost layer of cheesecloth, the middle layer of thin sheet wadding, and the outer layer of oil-silk. This jacket should comfortably cover the chest, front, and back; it has no sleeves, and is opened on the shoulder and under the arm. It should always follow the mustard paste in bronchitis. There should always be two such cheesecloth and cotton jackets with the oil-silk covering so they may be changed every twelve hours, thus allowing for airing.

STEAM INHALATIONS

1. Steam inhalations are indicated in hoarseness and bronchitis. They may be given in a number of ways. Perhaps that most convenient for the young infant is the "bronchitis tent." A sheet completely covers the crib, and, with the bed amply protected with rubber sheeting or an extra blanket, steam is allowed to enter under the sheet at the foot of the bed from a funnel put into the nose of the teakettle. The steam should continue for seven or eight minutes.

2. A large, heavy-paper funnel is put in the nose of the teakettle which is boiling on the gas range. The mother holds the child in her arms while she is enveloped with a sheet which also includes the funnel. A helper carefully guards the flame. The mother and baby may thus conveniently get the steam with very little difficulty.

3. For the older child or adult, steam inhalations are to be had from the ordinary croup kettle or from a twelve- or fourteen-inch tin can which is filled two-thirds full of boiling water. Over the top is loosely spread a cheesecloth upon which a few drops of compound tincture of benzoin or eucalyptus are sprinkled. The opened mouth is brought near the top of this can and a towel is thrown over the head, can and all; the patient thus being able satisfactorily to inhale the medicated steam.

LOTIONS FOR SORE MOUTH

Boric-Acid-and-Myrrh Lotion.

Boric acid 20 grains Tincture of myrrh 1/2 fluidrachm Glycerine 1 fluidrachm Water, enough to make 1 fluid ounce

Apply frequently to the inside of the mouth for inflammation or thrush.

FOR NOSEBLEED

Tannic acid 2 drachms Glycerine 1 fluidrachm Water 2 fluid ounces

To be injected or snuffed into the nose in obstinate cases of nosebleed.

THROAT GARGLES

Dobell's solution is an excellent throat gargle. A solution of half alcohol and half water is also a splendid gargle.

MOUTH WASH

Listerine 2 teaspoons Soda bicarbonate 10 grains Water 4 ounces

Essence of cinnamon, six drops in one-half glass cold water, may also be used in brushing the teeth and in cleansing the tongue and mouth.

DISINFECTANTS

1. Carbolic Acid. Carbolic acid (95%) 6 ounces Glycerine 4 ounces Water 1 gallon

Clothes should be soaked in this for several hours, then removed in a covered receptacle and boiled thoroughly. Sheets may be wet with this and hung at the doors in case of infectious diseases.

2. Chloride of Lime. Chloride of Lime 4 ounces Water (rain) 1 gallon

In typhoid fever, all the movements from the bowels should be thoroughly mixed with this, covered and allowed to stand several hours before pouring down the water closet. All vomited matter should be treated the same way.

POULTICES

There are a number of mush poultices recommended for different conditions--boils, felons, etc., but we find the aseptic heating compress to be as effectual as any of these dirty, mush poultices and we suggest that our readers try the boracic-acid poultice which is put on as follows: Over any infected area or abrasion of the skin a thick padding of cotton moistened by a saturated boracic-acid solution is placed. This is entirely covered with wax paper or oiled-silk, and held in place by a binder. It is sanitary and much to be preferred to any of the mush poultices of bygone days.

COUGH SYRUP

A very useful cough syrup may be made as follows: Two tablespoons of flaxseed are steeped on the stove until clear, the jelly strained and flavored quite sour with lemon juice to which is added rock candy for sweetening. This will often effectively relieve the irritating coughs of childhood.

LOTIONS FOR CHAPPED HANDS

No. 1. Glycerine 3 ounces Tr. Benzoin 1/2 ounce Water 1 ounce

No. 2. Glycerine 2 ounces Lemon juice 1/2 ounce Tr. Myrrh 1/2 ounce

No. 3. Glycerine 2 ounces Rose Water 2 ounces Acetic Acid 2 ounces

ECZEMA

We wish to submit two very useful prescriptions for that troublesome skin disease which is so annoying in childhood as well as in adult life. Prescription No. 1 is a clear fluid, and after the affected area is thoroughly cleansed with resinol soap and rinsed in soft water, the lotion is applied and allowed to dry. No. 2 is then patted on with sterile cotton and often repeated to keep the eczematous skin area moist. This has proved curative in many persistent cases.

Lotion No. 1.

Acid Carbolic 1 drachm Listerine 1 drachm Rose Water 3 ounces Alcohol q. s. 6 ounces

Apply No. 1 and allow to dry of itself.

Lotion No. 2.

Ichthyol 4 drachms Lime Water 1 ounce Oil sweet almonds 1 ounce Glycerine 1½ ounces Rose Water 1½ ounces

Apply No. 2 and repeat to keep moist.

CONSTIPATION

We submit the following home regime, which has proved successful to many sufferers for the treatment of constipation.

1. On rising in the morning, remove the moist abdominal bandage (mentioned above); drink two-thirds of a glass of cold water; and spend fifteen to twenty minutes in the following exercises, before dressing: Abdominal lifting with deep breathing, auto-massage, leg raising, trunk twisting, trunk bending--forward and to sides; lying down for the trunk raising, and sitting for the trunk circumduction. Immediately following these exercises, go to stool. Have feet raised from the floor eight or ten inches, in order to simulate the squatting position.

2. Breakfast should include bran or bran bread, and two or three of the following foods: Apples with skins, grapefruit, cranberries with skins (but little sugar), and figs. Immediately after breakfast walk fifteen minutes in the open air, practicing deep abdominal breathing. If the results at stool before breakfast were not satisfactory, vaseline rectum and go to stool again.

3. Lunch should consist of fruit only, while dinner should include bran bread and two of the following foods: Spinach, celery, carrots, parsnips, squash, or cabbage.

4. Before retiring, walk in the open air for fifteen minutes; after undressing, exercise same as morning; and on retiring, apply the moist abdominal bandage.

TABLE OF POISONS AND ANTIDOTES

_Poison._ _Antidotes._

Unknown { Emetic, followed by Jeaunel's antidote { and soothing drinks.

Acid--acetic, hydrochloric, { An alkali, such as magnesia, chalk, sulphuric, nitric { whiting, soda, soap; followed by { soothing drinks or sweet oil.

Acid--carbolic, creosote { Epsom salts in abundance; soap; no { oil. Dilute alcohol.

Acid--oxalic, including { Emetic, followed by lime (as chalk, "salts of lemon" { plaster, whiting) or magnesia, but { not by potash or soda; then soothing { drinks.

Acid--prussic { Fresh air; ammonia to nostrils; cold { douche; artificial respiration.

Aconite { Emetic, followed by digitalis; no pillow { under head; free stimulation.

Alcohol (brandy, etc.) { Emetic; cold douche on head; warmth { and artificial respiration.

Alkalies--ammonia, spirits { Vinegar or lemon juice, followed by of hartshorn, lye, caustic { soothing drinks or sweet oil. potash {

Antimony (tartar emetic). { Emetic if vomiting is not already { profuse; then tannic acid freely, or { strong tea; later, milk or other { soothing drinks; finally, castor oil { to empty the bowels.

{ Emetic, quickly followed by plenty of { a fresh mixture of the tincture of { chloride of iron with calcined magnesia, Arsenic (Fowler's { washing or baking soda, or solution, Paris { water of ammonia, or by Jeaunel's green, "Rough { antidote. Then white of egg, soothing on Rats") { drinks, or sweet oil; castor oil { to empty bowels.

Atropine (see Belladonna).

{ Emetic; tannic acid freely; cold to Belladonna (atropine) { head; coffee. Stimulants and { warmth if needed.

Blue stone; blue vitriol (see Copper).

{ Emetic (but often useless); external Chloral { heat; stimulants; strong coffee; { strychnine; atropine; artificial respiration.

Chloroform, inhaled { Cold douche; friction of skin; inverting { child; artificial respiration.

Copper (blue stone; blue { Emetic, followed by white of egg or vitriol; verdigris) { milk, yellow prussiate of potash; { then soothing drinks.

{ Emetic, followed by white of egg or Corrosive sublimate { milk; soothing drinks; tannic acid (bichlorid of mercury) { freely; castor oil to open bowels.

Cyanide of potash (see Acid, prussic).

Fowler's solution (see Arsenic).

{ Inhalation of oxygen; artificial Gas (illuminating gas, coal { respiration; ammonia to nostrils; gas) { cold douche.

Iodine {Starch or flour mixed with water given { freely; emetic; soothing drinks.

Laudanum (see Opium).

Lead (sugar of lead) {Emetic, followed by Epsom salts; { white of egg or milk; alum.

Matches (see Phosphorus).

Morphine (see Opium).

Nux vomica (see Strychnine).

{Emetic (but generally useless); Opium (including laudanum, { permanganate of potash in doses of 4 morphine, paregoric, { or 5 grains if case is seen early; soothing syrups, { strong coffee; atropine; keep child etc.) { awake and breathing by cold douche to { head and spine, walking, etc., but { not to extent of exhaustion; { artificial respiration.

Paregoric (see Opium).

Paris green (see Arsenic).

Phosphorus (match-heads, {Emetic; then permanganate of potash some roach and rat poisons) { in doses of 4 or 5 grains well { diluted, and frequently repeated; { then Epsom salts or magnesia to { open bowels, but no milk or oil of { any kind.

Poisonous plants (Jimson {Emetic, followed by tannic acid; weed, poisonous mushrooms, { strong coffee or brandy; ammonia deadly nightshade, { to nostrils; external warmth; tobacco, etc.) { artificial respiration.

Prussic acid (see Acid, prussic).

Silver nitrate (lunar caustic) {Table-salt, followed by emetic; milk { or white of eggs.

Spoiled food {Emetic, followed by castor oil as { purgative.

Strychnine (nux vomica, {Emetic, followed by tannic acid, some rat poisons) { bromide of potash freely, or chloral.

Tartar emetic (see Antimony)

TABLE SHOWING THE AVERAGE WEIGHT, HEIGHT, AND CIRCUMFERENCE OF HEAD AND CHEST OF BOYS[D]

At birth. Weight 7½ pounds Height 20½ inches Chest 13½ inches Head 14 inches

One year. Weight 21 pounds Height 29 inches Chest 18 inches Head 18 inches

Two years. Weight 27 pounds Height 32 inches Chest 19 inches Head 19 inches

Three years. Weight 32 pounds Height 35 inches Chest 20 inches Head 19¼ inches

Four years. Weight 36 pounds Height 38 inches Chest 20¾ inches Head 19¾ inches

Five years. Weight 41 pounds Height 41½ inches Chest 21½ inches Head 20½ inches

Six years. Weight 45 pounds Height 44 inches Chest 23 inches

Seven years. Weight 49½ pounds Height 46 inches Chest 23½ inches

Eight years. Weight 54½ pounds Height 48 inches Chest 24½ inches

Nine years. Weight 60 pounds Height 50 inches Chest 25 inches

Ten years. Weight 66½ pounds Height 52 inches Chest 26 inches

[D] Weights for the first four years are without clothes, after that with ordinary house clothes.

The weight of girls is on the average about one pound less than boys. They are about the same in height.

ICHTHYOL SUPPOSITORIES

Ichthyol 5 per cent Cocoa Butter q. s. ad. to make 24 suppositories.

Sig. Use one suppository in the rectum each evening for hemorrhoids.

OIL ENEMA

The best way to administer an oil enema is by means of a special enema can which holds one pint, to which is attached a rubber tube. It is wise not to use an ordinary fountain syringe as the oil spoils the rubber very quickly. This oil is allowed to flow in slowly, under low pressure, and should be retained over night. Any oil is acceptable, the cheaper sweet oils will serve just as well as olive oil.

TABLE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

HOT COLONIC FLUSHING

The hot colonic flushing is particularly serviceable in combating the sick headaches of migraine. They should be taken at night just before retiring with the temperature of water as hot as can be borne, from 108 to 110 F. Half of the water is allowed to flow into the colon and is retained as long as possible. This brings the heat in close contact with the sympathetic nervous system whose headquarters is in the abdomen.

ENEMAS

_Position for an Enema._ Lie on left side, knees brought up against abdomen, with the left arm well underneath. This will relax the abdominal muscles and allow the water to pass upward more freely. The water should be allowed to flow until it is felt low on the right side.

_The one, two, three enema_ is an injection that is used for the relief of gas in the bowel. It consists of the following: One part epsom salts, two parts glycerine, and three parts soap suds. It is introduced by the aid of the colon tube and retained as long as is possible.

Glycerine and soapy water, equal parts, may be introduced into the bowel for temporary relief of a persistent constipation.

In instances when feeding by the mouth is impossible, _nutrient enemas_ should be given every three or four hours during the day. The absorption does not take place in the large bowel as readily as in the small intestines, so only a small amount of a more highly concentrated solution is given at one time. A child one year of age will be given one teaspoon, from one to four years of age a teaspoon to a tablespoon is allowed, and up to twelve years from one to eight tablespoons are given in the nutrient enema. Peptonized meat preparations may be employed in greater concentration than directed by the use of the mouth. Peptonized milk containing an egg is often used. The pepsin is added to the mixture only when warm, and is injected at once.

EMETICS

1. A glass of warm water containing as much common table salt as can be dissolved. 2. A teaspoon of mustard in a large glass of warm water. 3. A teaspoon of syrup of ipecac, repeated in fifteen minutes if necessary.

Any one of these emetics is useful in instances where it is desirable to empty the stomach at once.

A CALORIE

A calorie is the heat unit used in the estimation of the fuel value of various foods. For instance, an ordinary slice of homemade bread contains 100 calories. An ordinary fig contains almost 100 calories. A large orange or an apple or a glass of grape juice contains about 100 calories. There are 100 calories in three teaspoons of sugar or honey.

A complete food list with the estimation of calorie value of foods is found in _The Science of Living_, page 370, while on page 99 of the same book is a very helpful table showing the amounts of various foods required to equal 100 calories. The reader will find this exceedingly practical in estimating food values for the household.

ACIDIFYING AND ALKALINIZING FOODS

Since we find that in all acute diseases the acidity of the urine is greatly increased and in time of health it is less acid, we submit two lists of foods which tend to acidify the urine or to alkalinize the urine.

FOODS WHICH TEND TO ACIDIFY.

1. _Animal Foods_: All forms of flesh foods, fish, fowl, etc., including all kinds of meat broths, soups, beef tea, bouillon, etc.

2. _Eggs._ 3. _Breadstuffs_: All kinds of breads, whether made of wheat, rye or corn, crackers, toasts, griddle cakes, etc. 4. _Pastries._ All sorts of pies and cakes--except fruit pies, and other desserts containing milk or sour fruits.

5. _Cereals_: Rice, oatmeal, and breakfast foods of all kinds, including the flaked and toasted breakfast foods.

6. _Peanuts_, plums, prunes, and cranberries. Plums and cranberries fall in this column because of their benzoic acid, which the body cannot fully oxidize.

FOODS WHICH TEND TO ALKALINIZE.

1. _Dairy Products_: Milk, ice cream, cottage cheese, cheese, buttermilk, etc.

2. _Potatoes_ and _bananas_.

3. _Soups_: All forms of vegetable and fruit soups and broths.

4. _Fruit Juices_: All the fresh fruit juices except plums.

5. _Fresh Fruits_: All fresh fruits, sweet and sour, except plums and cranberries.

6. _Vegetables_: All kinds, especially beets, carrots, celery, lettuce, and muskmelon.

7. _Dried Fruits_: Figs, raisins, dates, currants--all except prunes.

8. _The Legumes_: Beans, peas, and lentils.

9. _The Nuts_: All the nuts belong in this column, including almonds and chestnuts.

CEREAL WATERS, ETC.

It is often necessary to give the infant or the young child cereal water to replace food in occasions of summer diarrhoea, etc.

1. _Barley Water._

One tablespoon of barley flour in one pint of water. Boil for one-half hour, strain, and add sufficient boiled water to make one pint.

2. _Flaxseed Tea._

One tablespoon of flaxseed, one pint of boiling water; let stand and keep warm for one hour; strain. Add juice of lemon.

3. _Oatmeal Jelly._

Four tablespoons of oatmeal, one pint of water; boil for three hours in double boiler, adding water from time to time; strain.

4. _Toast Water._

One, two, or three slices of bread toasted dark brown, but not burned. Put in one quart of boiling water, cover, and strain when cold.

5. _Arrowroot Water._

Wet two teaspoons of arrowroot with a little cold water, and rub until smooth; then stir into one pint of boiling water and boil for five minutes, stirring all the while.

6. _Oatmeal Water._

One tablespoon of oatmeal to one pint of boiling water, cover and let simmer for one hour. Add water from time to time as it evaporates; strain.

7. _Rice Water._

One tablespoon of (washed) rice to one pint of water. Boil three hours adding water from time to time.

FRUIT JUICES

Fruit juices are exceedingly beneficial all through life; particularly is this true during early childhood when the little ones are so likely to be constipated. Any of the fruit juices are good, particularly the juices from oranges, raisins, prunes, apples, pears, and cranberries. All these juices are better cooked than raw with the exception of orange juice. All children should have some fruit juice every day. For the very young baby the juices are strained through a wire strainer and a clean cheesecloth so as to remove every particle of solid matter, and there should be added an equal amount of cold, boiled water for the infant under ten months.

LEMONADE AND EGGNOGS

Lemonade, along with orangeade, grapefruitade and limeade should be used for children above a year. They should be well diluted and not too sweet.

Eggnogs are splendid for children who need to be helped along with their diet. They may be given at the close of the meal, never between meals--unless so prescribed by a physician. The stomach should have ample time to complete the work of digesting one meal before another partial meal is allowed to enter it. Eggnogs consist of a well-beaten egg into which there is placed a small amount of sugar, flavoring with either nutmeg, vanilla, or cinnamon, and the glass filled up with rich milk.

MILKSHAKE

Milkshake is a delightful drink. The white of an egg with one or two teaspoons of sugar, two tablespoons of chopped ice, flavoring, and one ounce of cream are briskly shaken in a milk-shaker for two minutes. Cold milk is added to fill the glass.

MEAT AND MEAT JUICES

Beef extracts are regarded by the medical profession as purely stimulants. Beef juice is practically without food value. In the preparation of beef juice the extractives and juices leave the fibre. The food is in the fibre of the meat. The extractives are purely of a stimulating order. We do not advocate the giving of beef tea and beef juices to children; as a rule, we think that cereal, gruels, strained soups, and milk are preferable.

The only reason for cooking meats is to destroy the parasites such as tapeworm, trichina, etc., which are so often found in the meat. The cooking of meat decreases its digestibility, as raw meat is more easily digested than cooked meat, but we feel it is necessary to advocate the cooking of meat in order to kill the parasites.

CODDLED EGG

A fresh egg, shell on, is placed in boiling water which is immediately after removed from the fire. The egg then cooks slowly in the water, which gradually cools, for seven or eight minutes, when the white should be about the consistency of jelly. For a delicate digestion the white only should be given, with salt; it can be easily separated from the yolk. The above is the best form of egg for the young child. Later on the eggs may be soft boiled or poached, or even soft scrambled.

SOUPS

Two varieties of soups are given children. In the early months of childhood, from six years to eighteen months, the soups are usually strained, but after eighteen months, soups may be thickened with flour and rich milk making a cream soup of it. Most vegetables make good soups. The pulp from such vegetables as asparagus, carrots, beans, peas, tomatoes, and potatoes are made into cream soups by the addition of a little flour, rich milk, butter, and a dash of salt.

BREADS

New breads should never be given to a child. Only bread twenty-four hours old should ever be given to a child under six years; it should be cut into slices and allowed to dry out; and even then is better if slightly toasted. We publish a recipe for bran bread and bran biscuits which are exceedingly good for children and adults.

_Recipe for Bran Bread._ Two eggs, beaten separately; three-fourths of a cup of molasses, with one round teaspoon soda; one cup of sour cream; one cup of sultana seedless raisins; one cup of wheat flour, with one heaping teaspoon baking powder; two cups of bran; stir well and bake one hour.

_Bran Biscuits._ Mix one pint of bran, one-half pint of flour, and one level teaspoon of baking soda. Mix one-half pint of milk and four tablespoons of molasses. Add this to the bran mixture and bake in gem pans.

INDEX

Abortion, advice on occurrence of, 39; care needed at third month of pregnancy, 38; consequences of, 7, 8; defined, 39; remedy for threatened, 38; warning signs of, 38. _See also_ Miscarriage; Pregnancy

Adenitis, 345

Adenoids, 303

Air, supply of fresh, for baby, 213-17, 219

Baby, care of the: Abdomen, shape of, at birth, 105; advice in care of baby, 377-78; bathing, 107-8, 111-12, 190-201; bed for, arrangement of, 108, 115; bouncing harmful, 226; bowels and bladder, training of, 242; breast of baby, care of, 229; buttocks, care of, 200; chafing, how prevented, 201, 333; chest, shape of, 105; circumcision, when desirable, 110; clothing of the, 108; constipation, 279; cord, dressing of, 107; diet after first year, 245-47; ears, treatment of, 198-99; exercise of baby, 223; eyes, treatment of, 107, 198-99; falls, to be prevented, 228; feeding the, 109; genitals of the, how cared for, 110, 200; habits to be guarded against, 378; hair, treatment of, 201, 233; handling, 111; head, treatment of, 104, 233, 344; legs of, at birth, 105; lifting the baby, how accomplished, 228; mouth, treatment of, 199; necessities for newborn baby, 60-61, 64; nose, treatment of, 198-99; pulse and respiration, 105; putting to sleep, 127, 217; registration of birth of, 113; respiration, how started at birth, 105-6; second summer, care during, 230; skin of baby, 106; stools, regulation of, 142; temperature of baby, 226; the "spoiled" baby, 128; things bad for babies, list of, 377; treatment of baby during and after birth, 67, 69; umbilicus, how cared for, 112; urine of baby, 109, 223; warmth necessary, 225; water, how and when administered, 140, 222; weight of baby at birth, 106; when to give first feeding, 70. _See also_ Colic; Crying; Nursery; Nursing the baby; Sleep; Urine; _see also_ under several diseases

Babyhood, 1

Backache, cause of, 43; method of relief for, 43-44

Bathing the baby, toilet, etc., 190-201. _See also_ Baby, care of the

Bed for baby. _See_ Baby, care of the; Sleep

Bed-wetting, 328. _See also_ Urine

Birthmarks, discussion of, 16, 17, 18, 40, 338

Bites, of dogs, snakes, cats, etc., 349

Blindness, precautions to avoid, in new-born infant, 69, 331. _See also_ Baby, care of the

Blisters (fever), 338

Blood-pressure, 46; observation of, 3

Boils, 337

Bottle feeding, additional foods, 153; bottle, preparation of, 149; ice-box, home-made, 148; intervals between meals, 153; nipple, how withdrawn, 152; position of baby during feeding, 150-51; quantity of food, 148; refrigeration a necessity, 148; rules for, 154; schedule for, 147; stomach, capacity of, 148; time allowance for, 152; traveling, food for baby while, 153; treatment of baby after, 152; water, when and how administered, 147

Bowel, prolapse of the, 283

Bow legs, how avoided, 228

Bran bread, recipes for, 448

Bravery, how to instil in a child, 382-84

Breasts, caked (mastitis), care of, 100, 136 ff.; changes in, a sign of pregnancy, 4; care of, during pregnancy, 33. _See also_ Pregnancy

Bronchitis, 304

Bruises, 354

Burns, 358

Calisthenics, how applied, 244

Caretaker (for children), 376-77

Carriages and go-carts, 227

Chafing, 333. _See also_ Baby, care of the

Chicken-pox, 294-95

Chilblains, 356

Child culture, 1

Cleft palate, 341

Clothing the baby, bands, 204; booties, 206; caps, 210; diapers, 204; errors in clothing, 208; layette, the, 203-208; nightgowns, wrappers, and slips, 207; rules for, 212; shirts, 204; shoes, 210; short clothes, 209; skirts and petticoats, 206; sleeping-bag, 207; stockings, 206; suggestions for, 202; suits for play, 210; winter garments, 211; wraps, 210

Clubfoot, 342

Colds, 300, 301

Colic, causes and treatment of, 129-32, 142, 274

Confinement, bed and accessories, 61-62, 64; calculation of date of, 5, 6; preparations for, 53 ff., 57; supplies needed for, 58 ff.; room for, 61. _See also_ Labor

Constipation, treatment of, 31, 40; in baby, 184, 185, 279

Contagious diseases, how contracted, 285; incubation period of various, 287; spread of, 286. _See also_ under various diseases

Convulsions, 326

Coughing, 255

Cramps, 41

Croup, 306

Crying, abnormal, 124; birth cry, 123; cause of, 132; colicky cry, 129; fretful cry, 125; habit cry, 127; healthy crying, 123; hunger cry, 124; illness cause of, when, 129; pain cry, 126; "spoiled-baby" crying, 128; temper cry, 128; thirst cry, 124

Cuts, wounds, etc., 353

Deaf-mutism, 331

Deafness, 302

Deformities, causes of, 17

Delivery, calculation of date of, 5, 6

Depressors, function of, 9, 15

Determiners, function of, 9, 15

Development of child, 240-41

Diarrhoea, 185, 280

Diet: Appetite, improvement of the, 401; assimilation, 360; baby, diet of, 245-47; cellulose, 365; eating between meals, 368; elimination, 360-62; fats, 364; food requirement (daily), 369; foods, full value of, 366; for children, 367; fruit sugars, 363; hygiene, 400; mineral salts, 364; nutrition, 362; proteins, 363; starches, 363; treatment of child, daily program for, 402-4; water, 365. _See also_ Feeding the baby; Nursing the baby

Digestion: Disorder of, chronic indigestion, 275; stomach, disordered, 278; stomatitis or thrush, 279; vomiting, 274. _See also_ under various diseases

Diphtheria, 296

Discipline, methods of, 316-22

Dislocations and fractures, 254

Doctor, choice of, 55

Earache, 351

Ears, running, 299

Eclampsia, 47, 48; prevention of, 50. _See also_ Urine

Eczema, 334-35

Embryonic development, 11, 12

Enema, how administered, 280

Exercise, necessity of, during pregnancy, 27

Exercise of baby, 223

Eye infections, 298

Eyes, ears, and nose, care of, 198; foreign bodies in, 351

Fainting, 359

Fear, overcoming of, in children, 380-82

Feeble-mindedness, 331

Feeding the baby: Bottle-fed baby, healthy characteristics of, 178; changes in food to be gradual, 179; constipation, how treated, 185, 279; diarrhoea, cause of, 185, 280; dissatisfaction, signs of, 181; flatulence, 182; formula, choice of, for, 178; infant foods, 187-89; mistakes in formulas, 180; mixed feeding, 186; overfeeding, 183; vomiting, 182; weight of baby, 183. _See also_ Diet; Milk; Nursing the baby

Fertilization, process of, 8, 9

Fever, 264. _See also_ Sickness of child

Flatulence. _See_ Feeding the baby

"Flour ball," how prepared, 175

Foods, for baby, 153, 165-76; full value of, 366. _See also_ Bottle feeding; Infant foods; Milk

Freckles, 336

Frostbites, 356

Games for children, 392

Germ plasm, 8

Glands, enlarged, 345

Goitre, 42

Governesses, 370-75

Grippe, 302

Habits, inculcation of good, 380-89

Harelip, 341

Headache, in children, 326; relief for, during pregnancy, 45; sign of auto-intoxication during pregnancy, 47

Heartburn, care for, 36

Hemorrhoids, treatment of, 41

Heredity, effect of, on individual, 9, 14; extent of influence of, 14, 15, 19, 20

Hip-joint disease, 343

Hives, 336

Homemaking, 370-75

Hookworm, 278

Hospital, recommended for confinement, 55-56; requisites for, 60

Housekeeping, 370-75

Hygiene, of baby, 222-31; of child, 400-4. _See also_ Diet

Hysteria, prevention of, 315

Indigestion, 275

Infant foods, 187-89. _See also_ Feeding the baby; Nursing the baby

Infant welfare, 178

Insects, bites of, 348

Insomnia, relief for, 45; in children, 323

Itch, the, 339-40

Jaundice, 276

Kissing the baby, precautions against, 224

Labor, analgesia in, 86; anesthesia in, 84-92; bath, preliminary, 64; care of mother during and after, 67-68; chloroform and ether, administration of, 91; duration of, 65; duties of nurse before and during, 67; "false pains" in, 66; fear in, importance of allaying, 84; laughing gas (nitrous oxid), administration of, 85; effect of, 87; pain of, 71, 84-85; preparations for, 64-65, 67, 72-73; progress of, 65; second stage of, 66; "sunrise slumber" in, 84-90; symptoms of approaching, 64; third stage of, 66; "twilight sleep" in, 71-72, 73-83; what to do in, before arrival of doctor, 67

Layette. _See_ Clothing of baby

Leucorrhea, relief for, 37-38

Lice, 339

Lime water, use of, in baby's food, 173

Lochia, the, 97

Lying-in period, the, 93; abdominal binder, 97; "after-pains," 95; bowels, care of, 98; breast binder, 97; "cold-mitten friction" during, 95; cystitis, how avoided, 100; diet, rules for the, 98; getting up from bed, when to be permitted, 99; hemorrhage, treatment of, 100; infection, advice for treatment of, 100; lochia, the, 97; nipples, care of, 98; nurse, duties of, during, 93; pneumonia, how avoided, 100; rest and exercise during, 94; temperature of mother, 96; toilet of the vulva, 96

Malaria, 346

Maternal instinct, the, 1

Maternal impressions, explained and discussed, 16

Measles, 293-94

Medical supervision in early days of pregnancy, 2

Medicine chest, the, 270

Meningitis, 329

Menstruation, cessation of, a sign of pregnancy, 4; cessation of, due to other causes than pregnancy, 4; passage of ovum at time of, 9. _See also_ Pregnancy

Milk, acidity, how counteracted, 158; analysis of cow's, 156; analysis of mother's, 156; annatto, test for, 159; boiling, when necessary, 161; bottled milk, care of, 163; bottles, care of, 166; buttermilk, when used, 174; certified milk, 161; condensed milk, how used, 175; cow's milk, modification of, 157; cream gauge, 158; cream, gravity of, 172; dairy, essentials of a good, 159; "flour ball," the, 175; food, special, 175; formulas for feeding, 171, 173; goat's milk, use of, 157; herd milk desirable, 159; lactometer, 158; lime water, use of, 173; "modification" of cow's milk, 165; nipples, care of, 166; pasteurization of, 162; peptonized, 174; preparation of, 168-70; schedule for feeding, 171; seven per cent milk, 173; spores, how guarded against, 163; sterilization of, 162; sugar, use of, with, 157; "top-milk" formula, 172; whey, how used, 176. _See also_ Feeding the baby

Milk crust, 198

Miscarriage, care needed at seventh month of pregnancy, 39; causes of, 39; defined, 390. _See also_ Abortion; Pregnancy

Monstrosities, causes of, 17

Moral training of child, 415-24

Morning sickness, a sign of pregnancy, 4; remedies for, 35 ff.; vomiting (pernicious), 44. _See also_ Pregnancy

Mothercraft, 1; science of, 2, 370-75

Motherhood, characterized, 1; preparation for, 2

Mouth of baby, care of, 199

Mouth wash for use during pregnancy, 30

"Mulberry Mass," the, 11

Mumps, 291

Nails, ingrowing, 342

Nature, lessons from, in teaching children, 405-12

Navel, bleeding from the, 284

Nervousness, hereditary (in child), 308-10; how overcome, 310-14, 323-32

Nervous system, absence of connection between, of mother and child, 18

Nitrous oxid, effects of, 87-90

Nosebleed, 352

Nurse, choice of, 56-57

Nursery, bath equipment, 121; bed, arrangement of, 108, 115, 119; cleanliness, necessity for, 122; equipment of, 114; heating and ventilation, 118; lighting, 120; refrigerator, 268; sleeping blanket, 118; ventilation of, 120

Nursing the baby, caked breasts, 136-37; diet of mother, 135; foods to be avoided by mother, 136; hygiene of nursing mother, 134; importance of, 133; irritability of mother, effect of, 142; mastitis (caked breast), treatment for, 100; milk supply, how increased, 143; mixed feeding, 186; mother's milk, constituents of, 139; overheating of mother to be guarded against, 142; position of mother when, 141; regularity in feeding, 141; sore nipples, how treated, 138; stools, regulation of, 142; successful or unsuccessful, how determined, 142-43; time of first feeding, 139; to be avoided, when, 144; water, administering, 140; wet nurse, the, 145. _See also_ Bottle feeding; Diet

Ovary, the, 8

Ovum, development of, into foetus, 11, 12

Paralysis, infantile, 330

Parents, relation of to children, 413-24

Pernicious vomiting. _See_ Morning sickness

Physician, selection of, for treatment during pregnancy, 21-22

Pigeon toe, 342

Placenta, role of, 18

Play and recreation, 390-91

Playmates of children, 311

Pneumonia, 307

Poisons and antidotes, 356-58

Pott's disease, 343

Pregnancy: Bathing, necessity of, during, 29; blood-pressure in, 49, 50, 52; breasts, care of the, 33; cheerful anticipation, advantages of, 4; clothing appropriate during, 22; constipation, how avoided during, 31-33, 40; convulsions, treatment for, 48; craving for special food, in, 40; diet during, 24 ff.; dizziness during, 47; duration of, 5, 12; exercise, necessity of, 27; fresh air, necessity of, 29; goitre in, 42; hemorrhoids, treatment of, 41; hygiene of, 21 ff.; irritation of the bladder, 37; kidney complications, 3; medical supervision in early days of, 2; mental state during, how regulated, 33; miscarriage, danger of, at seventh month, 39; morning sickness, remedies for, 35; progress of, 11, 12; quickening, 5; resentfulness of mother, consequences of, 3; rest, necessity of, 28; signs of, 4; swellings in, 42, 47; teeth, care of, during, 30; urine, diminution of, 47; urine, testing of, 30; vision, blurring of, the, 47; water, necessity of, in, 26. _See also_ Abortion; Miscarriage

Puerperium. _See_ Lying-in period

"Quickening," 5. _See also_ Pregnancy

Rheumatism, 344

Rickets, 345

Ringworm, 337

Rupture, 283

Saint Vitus' Dance, 330

Saliva, flow of, not indicative of teeth-cutting, when, 233

Scalds, 358

Scarlet fever, 292-93

Scurvy, 344

Senses of new born baby, 232, 233

Shortening clothes of baby. _See_ Clothing the baby

Sickness of the child: Abdomen in sickness, 254; breathing, 256; chest in sickness, 254; convalescence, 272-73; cough, the, 255; cry of infant in sickness, 255; disinfectants for sick room, 269; examination of sick child, 260; facial expression, 254; feeding directions, 259; fever, 264; gestures indicating sickness, 253; head indicates sickness, 254; medicine chest, the, 270; medicines, 263; mouth, the, 257; nurse, the, 251; nursing records, 262; patent medicines, 271; position of, in sickness, 252; pulse, the, 257; sick room, location of, etc., 266; skin color, 253; stools, the, 258; swallowing, 258; temperature and pulse, 263; temperature, the, 257; treatment of sick child, 261; urine, the, 258. _See also_ under several diseases

Skin troubles, 333

Sleep: Air, supply of fresh, 213-17, 219; bed-clothes, 219; bedtime for baby, 218; daily naps, 221; food, effect of, on, 220; position of baby in, 218; putting baby to, 127, 217; requirements of, by baby, 217; soothing syrups, 220; waking up in night, 219

Smallpox, 295

Soothing syrups, 220

Sore throat, 302

Spasms, 326

Speech of baby, 243

Sperm, blending of, with ovum, 11

Spinal curvature, 342-44

Spoiling the child, 310

Sprains, 355

Stools of baby, 184, 185

Stream of life, the, 8

Sucking habits in baby, to be guarded against, 224, 378

Suggestion, effect of, 19, 380-89

Summer complaint, 278. _See also_ Diarrhoea; Dysentery

Sunrise slumber. _See_ Labor

Suppressors, function of, 9, 15

Swallowing of bones, buttons, etc., 350

Syphilis, 346, 347

Teeth, care of, during pregnancy, 30

Teething, 234-37; suggestions for treatment during, 237

Thrush, 279

Tonsils, diseased, 303; tonsilitis, 302

Toys, selection of, 230

Tuberculosis, 346

Twilight sleep. _See_ Labor

Twitchings, 327. _See also_ Nervousness, hereditary

Typhoid fever, 288-91

Umbilical cord, function of, 18

Uremic poisoning. _See_ Urine

Urine: Albumin and casts in, 47, 50; bed-wetting, 328; diminution of, during pregnancy, 47; disturbance in, a sign of pregnancy, 4, 5; eclampsia, 3; examination of, 3; irritation of the bladder, 37; retention of, by child, 328; testing of, during pregnancy, 30, 42, 45, 49, 55; toxemia, indications of, 48; uremic poisoning, 3; urinating after labor, 97; urination of baby, 223; urine an index of disease or sickness, 258. _See also_ Pregnancy; Sickness of child

Uterus, entrance of fertilized ovum into, 9, 10

Vaccination, 295

Varicose veins, 41

Vice, secret, causes of, 421

Vomiting, 274. _See also_ Digestion, disorders of; Feeding the baby

Vulva, toilet of the, 96

Vulvovaginitis, 334

Walking of baby, 244

Warts, 338

Water: Administered to baby, when, 222; necessity of, during pregnancy, 26, 45, 48, 50; part played by in nutrition of body, 365

Water on brain, 331

Weaning: Breast-fed babies, 241; bottle-fed babies, 241

Weight of baby, 183, 238-39

Whooping cough, 297

Worms, 276