Chapter 22

[1] This chapter is reprinted from the _Harvard Theological Review_ for April, 1909.

[2] I have treated this matter more fully in my _Approach to Philosophy_, Chapters III and IV. At the close of that book the reader will find a selected bibliography of the subject.

[3] John Henry Newman: _Apologia pro Vita Sua_, p. 239. The whole book is of interest in this connection.

[4] Munro and Sellery: _Mediaeval Civilization_, p. 69.

[5] _Fragments of Xenophanes_, in Burnet's _Early Greek Philosophy_, p. 115.

[6] Lucretius: _De Rerum Natura_, Book I, lines 1021-1028, translated by Munro.

[7] _Isaiah_ 1:15-17.

[8] For a brief account of primitive religion, _cf._ J. B. Pratt's _Psychology of Religious Belief_. For a fuller account, _cf._ F. B. Jevons's _Introduction to the History of Religion_.

[9] Munro and Sellery: _Op. cit._, pp. 80, 75.

[10] A. H. Sayce: _Babylonians and Assyrians_, p. 253.

[11] A. Wiedemann: _Religion of the Ancient Egyptians_, p. 250.

[12] _Cf._ H. C. Warren's _Buddhism in Translation_.

[13] The reader will find a good exposition of mysticism in Royce's _World and the Individual_, First Series, Lectures II, IV, V.

[14] _Cf., e. g._, _Epictetus_: Discourses, Book II, Chapter VIII.

[15] _Cf._ Spinoza's Ethics, _passim_, translated by Elwes.

[16] _Cf._ Royce's account of Romanticism and Hegel, in his _Spirit of Modern Philosophy_, Lectures VI, VII. This motive, together with the motive of mysticism, appears in such writings as J. McT. E. McTaggart's _Studies in Hegelian Cosmology_, Chapter IX; and A. E. Taylor's _Problem of Conduct_, Chapter VIII.

[17] Thomas Hardy: _The Dynasts_, Part I, p. 5.

[18] John Davidson: _A Rosary_, p. 88.

[19] James: _Pragmatism_, p. 144. The whole chapter is a brilliant representation of the stand-point of moral idealism.

[20] G. K. Chesterton: _The Man Who Was Thursday_, pp. 278-279.

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INDEX

Achievement, 79, 81, 97. Adaptation, 22. Aesthetic Interest, definition of, 179; varieties of, 181 _ff._, 189; moral limitation of, 190; sell-sufficiency of, 192; exaggeration of, 192, 195, 198 _ff._; its pervasiveness, 194 _ff._; vicariousness of, 197; stimulating character of, 201, 203 _ff._; liberality of, 209 _ff._; in religion, 246 _ff._ Aimlessness, 94. Anarchism, 107. Aristotle, quoted, 100, 106, 192, 204. Arnold, M., quoted, 108, 109, 112, 164, 211. Art, moral criticism of, Ch. V; its liability to moral criticism, 173 ff; definition of, 177; distinction between industrial and fine, 177 _ff._; emotion in, 182 _ff._; representative function of, 185 _ff._, 203 _ff._; Greek, 185 _ff._; of Renaissance, 187; censorship of, 190; stimulating character of, 201 _ff._; truth in, 205 _ff._; universality and particularity of, 207 _ff._; and liberality, 209 _ff._; moral function of, 212. Asceticism, 79, 81, 92 _ff._

Bagehot, quoted, 106, 127, 132. Beauty, and goodness, 172 _ff._ Belief, and religion, 216, 220, 228. Benson, A., quoted, 194. Bigotry, 79, 81, 101 _ff._ Browne, Sir Thomas, quoted, 115, 117, 118. Buddhism, 243. Burke, quoted, 6, 92, 158, 214. Butler, J., quoted, 1.

Castiglione, quoted, 89, 90, 119. Character, 97. Chesterton, G. K., 32; quoted, 28, 55, 250. Christianity, 94, 111, 114 _ff._, 140, 158, 187, 228, 239, 243. Civilization, 3, 6, 10, 23, 32, 124, 137, 167, 170, 215. See Progress. Competition, 14, 129, 130; relation to morality, 24 _ff._ Conscience, 34, 36. See Duty. Conservatism, 144 _ff._ Convention, 36, 38 ff. Cosmological, test of religion, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240, 241, 252. Courage, 95. Culture, 211, 253. Chap. V, _passim_. Cynics, the Greek, 92 _ff._, 137.

Davidson, J., quoted, 70, 248. Democracy, 29, 39; modern idea of, 158 _ff._, 163 _ff._ Descartes, quoted, 35. Desire, 11. See Interest. Discussion, 106, 132. Dogmatism, 4. Duty, Ch. II, 40, 72; formalism and, 76.

Egoism, theoretical, 59 _ff._; practical, 79, 81, 101. Emotion, and art, 182 _ff._, 201 _ff._ Epictetus, quoted, 93, 96, 100. Equality, 65, 66, 158 _ff._, 163 _ff._ Ethics, and history, 124; and religion, 224 _ff._, 233, 240, 241, 252; independence of, 228. See Morality. Euripides, quoted, 114. Evil, 11, 15, 84, 86; religious conception of, 243 _ff._, 249 _ff._ See Good, Vice, Formalism, Materialism.

Faith, 33, 71. Fine Art. See Art. Formalism, 74 _ff._, 92; and duty, 76, 77; varieties of, 79, 81, 92, 98, 107, 116, 209, 242. Freedom, 36, 107, 164.

God, 216, 224 _ff._, 229, 232, 237, 240, 245, 249. Good, basal definition of, 11 _ff._, 44; definition of moral, 15 _ff._; relativity of, 45 _ff._; relation to beautiful, 172 _ff._, 212. Good-will, logic of, 67 _ff._; virtue of, 79, 81, 113 _ff._, 158. Government, 14; progress in, 148 _ff._; Platonic theory of, 148; definition of, 150; ancient forms of, 152 _ff._; summary of modern, 160 _ff._ Greece, morality of, 110, 114; government in, 154 _ff._; art of, 185 _ff._, 204; religion of, 226.

Happiness, 18, 115, 116 _ff._ Hardy, T., quoted, 247. Health, 79, 81, 88 _ff._ Hebrews, government of, 152; religion of, 227, 239. Hedonism, 16. History, meaning of, 123 _ff._ Hobbes, 89. Honesty, 88. Huxley, theory of morality and nature, 21 _ff._

Idealism, metaphysical, 242 _ff._; aesthetic, 246; moral, 248 _ff._ Idleness, 94. Imagination, 28, 69, 111. Imprudence, 79, 81, 85 _ff._ Incapacity, 79, 81, 83. Individualism, 34 _ff._ Injustice, 79, 81, 103. See Justice. Institutions, their necessity, 3, 147. See Government. Intelligence, 79, 81, 82 _ff._ Interest, definition of, 11, 43; organization of, 13, 14, 19, variety of, 16, 17; the higher, 52; conflict of, 53; objective validity of, 54; private, 57 _ff._; the potential, 67, 68, 167; present and ulterior, 74 _ff._; economies of, 78; simple, 78, 81, 82 _ff._; reciprocity of, 78, 81, 87 _ff._, incorporation of, 78, 81, 95 _ff._; fraternity of, 78, 81, 105 _ff._; universal system of, 79, 81, 112 _ff._; and progress, 132; and reform, 137; and revolution, 139; and government, 148 _ff._; the aesthetic, 179; the theoretical, 180, 193; varieties of the aesthetic, 181 _ff._ See Aesthetic Interest.

James, W., quoted, 116, 199, 249. Justice, meanings of, 63, 79, 81, 105, 158, 163; logic of, 63 _ff._

Kant, quoted, 64.

Laissez-faire, 108. Liberality, 156; and art, 209. Life, morality as the organization of, Ch. I; versus mechanism, 10, 22; morality one with, 19, 27; method of, 23. Locke, quoted, 34, 35, 62. Logic, of the moral appeal, Ch. II; and the imagination, 69. Lord, H. G., quoted, 69. Lucretius, quoted, 226.

Maeterlinck, quoted, 71. Manners, 121. Materialism, 74 _ff._, 84; varieties of, 79, 81, 94, 101, 110, 243. Mechanical Nature, 12; lack of value in, 9, 84; and progress, 130. Menander, quoted, 88. Metaphysics and religion, 242 _ff._ Moderation, 87. Moore, G. E., critique of egoism, 59 _ff._ Morality, as the organization of life, Ch. I; the dulness of, 1; as verified truth, 7; its universal pertinence, 7 _ff._; essential to life, 9, 32; natural genesis of, 9 _ff._; basal definition of, 13; and nature, 20 _ff._; and competition, 24 _ff._; the logic of, Ch. II; rational ground of, 38, 40 _ff._; material and formal aspects of, 74 _ff._, 121; and progress, Ch. IV; and art, Ch. V; and aesthetic standards, 172 _ff._; and religion, Ch. VI; and idealism, 248 _ff._ Mysticism, 116, 244; and art, 208.

Nationalism, 99. Nature, genesis of morality in, 9 _ff._; and morality, 20 _ff._; theories of, in religion, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240. Newman, J. H., quoted, 220. Nietsche, his conception of morality, 1, 5, 6, 20, 29 _ff._, 165.

Optimism, 230, 242, 247. Other-worldliness, 115, 243. Overindulgence, 79, 81, 84 _ff._

Panlogism, 244. Pater, quoted, 185, 188; on the aesthetic interest, 196. Patience, 95. Pessimism, 114, 243. Philosophy, of history, 123 _ff._; and religion, 241 _ff._ Piety, 67, 68, 120, 223, 253, 254. Pity, 111, 163. Plato, quoted, 32; individualism in, 37; nationalism in, 100; account of disinterested activity in, 135 _ff._; theory of government in, 148; on art, 190, 193, 202, 212; on religion, 244. Pleasure, its relation to morality, 16 _ff._ Preference, 50; the quantitative principle of, 55 _ff._, 127. Progress, moral test of, Ch. IV, 127; definition of, 125 _ff._; principles of, 130 _ff._; by constructive reform, 134 _ff._; by revolution, 139 _ff._ Prudence, 79, 81, logical ground of, 43 _ff._; limits of, 49, 88, 90, 91, 94; meaning of, 87 _ff._; basal character of, 91; in religion, 232. Purpose, logic of, 50 _ff._; virtue of, 95 _ff._

Radicalism, 145 _ff._ Rationality, 37, 42, 65; and progress, 134, 142; in government, 152. Reform, 134 _ff._ Religion, 79, 81; and good-will, 113; mysticism in, 117; as an institution, 148; and progress, 170; moral justification of, Ch. VI; moral necessity of, 214 _ff._; definition of, 215 _ff._; quantitative tests of, 218 _ff._; psychological study of, 220; belief in, 216, 220; therapeutic test of, 222 _ff._; superstitious, 232 _ff._; primitive, 233 _ff._; and ethics, 224 _ff._, 233, 240, 241, 252; cosmological test of, 224, 225, 234, 237, 240, 241, 252; tutelary, 237 _ff._; Assyrian, 238; Egyptian, 238; Hebrew, 227, 239; philosophical, 241 _ff._; generic proof of, 252 _ff._ See Piety, Good-will, Worship and Christianity. Revolution, definition of, 139; the Christian, 140; the French, 141. Rightness, 18. See Virtue.

Satisfaction, 11, 79, 81, 83. Scepticism, 4 _ff._, 36, 108. Sentimentalism, 98 _ff._, and art, 209. Society, Chap. I, _passim_, 38; prudential basis of, 89; character of modern, 39, 166; progress in, 126, 132; continuity of, 143; and the aesthetic interest, 195, 211. Sophocles, quoted, 102, 151. Sordidness, 79, 81, 94. Spinoza, quoted, 35. Stoics, religion of, 245. See Epictetus. Struggle for existence, 30; its relation to morality, 21 _ff._; its relation to progress, 130. Superstition, 232 _ff._ Survival, 24, 131.

Tact, 88. Taine, quoted, 185. Taylor, J., quoted, 86, 94. Temperance, 90. Thrift, 68, 87. Thucydides, quoted, 156. Tolerance, 38, 105, 164. Tolstóy, on art, 207. Truth, of art, 205 _ff._; of religion, 220 _ff._ Truthfulness, 96. See Veracity. Tyranny, 36, 39, 151 _ff._

Value, the simpler terms of, 11, 82; definition of moral, 15; varieties of moral, 79, 81. Veracity, 88, 96, 105. Vice, varieties of, 79, 81. See Virtue, Formalism, and Materialism. Virtue, the order of, Ch. III; verification of, 73; varieties of, 73, 79; classification of, 73 _ff._; table of, 81. See under particular virtues, Prudence, etc.

War, and morality, 24 _ff._, 30; the passing of, 28, 162; and progress, 131. Wells, H. G., quoted, 89, 167. Worldliness, 79, 81, 110 _ff._ Worship, 122, 232, 235, 237, 240.

Xenophanes, quoted, 326.