CHAPTER IV

THE ORIENT AND THE FAR EAST

In the Orient and the Far East woman is almost without exception a plaything or a beast of burden; and to a degree that would incense us Europeans. In the uncivilized countries, and in the countries of non-European civilization, the majority of the women are insufficiently nourished; in all cases more poorly than the men. Early marriages enervate the women. They are old at thirty; this is especially true of the lower classes. Among us, to be sure, such cases occur also; unfortunately without sufficient censure being given when necessary. But we have abolished polygamy and the harem. Both still exist almost undisturbed in the Orient and the Far East.

TURKEY AND EGYPT

Total population: 34,000,000.

A federation of women's clubs has just been founded in each country.

In all the Mohammedan countries the wealthy woman lives in the harem with her slaves. The woman of the lower classes, however, is guarded or restricted no more than with us. Apparently the Turkish and the Arabian women of the lower classes have an unrestrained existence. But because they are subject to the absolute authority of their husbands, their life is in most cases that of a beast of burden. They work hard and incessantly. For the Mohammedan of the lower classes polygamy is economically a useful institution: four women are four laborers that earn more than they consume.

Domestic service offers workingwomen in the Orient the broadest field of labor. The women slaves in the harems[110] are usually well treated, and they have sufficient to live on. They associate with women shopkeepers, women dancers, midwives, hairdressers, manicurists, pedicures, etc. These are in the pay of the wives of the wealthy. Thanks to this army of spies, a Turkish woman is informed, without leaving her harem, of every step of her husband.

The oppression that all women must endure, and the general fear of the infidelity of husbands, have created among oriental women an _esprit de corps_ that is unknown to European women. Among the upper classes polygamy is being abolished because the country is impoverished and the large estates have been squandered; moreover, each wife is now demanding her own household, whereas formerly the wives all lived together.

Through the influence of the European women educators, an emancipation movement has been started among the younger generation of women in Constantinople. Many fathers, often through vanity, have given their daughters a European education. Elementary schools, secondary schools, and technical schools have existed in Turkey and Egypt since 1839. The women graduates of these schools are now opposing oriental marriage and life in the harem. At present this is causing tragic conflicts.[111]

To the present, two Turkish women have spoken publicly at international congresses of women. Selma Riza, sister of the "Young Turkish" General, Ahmed Riza, spoke in Paris in 1900, and Mrs. Hairie Ben-Aid spoke in Berlin in 1904.

The Mohammedan women have a legal supporter of their demands in Kassim Amin Bey, counselor of the Court of Appeals in Cairo. In his pamphlet on the woman's rights question he proposes the following programme:--

Legal prohibition of polygamy.

Woman's right to file a divorce suit. (Hitherto a woman is divorced if her husband, even without cause, says thee times consecutively "You are divorced.")

Woman's freedom to choose her husband.

The training of women in independent thought and action.

A thorough education for woman.

In 1910 a congress of Mohammedan women will be held in Cairo.

I may add that the Koran, the Mohammedan code of laws, gives a married woman the full status of a legal person before the law, and full civil ability. It recognizes separation of property as legal, and grants the wife the right to control and to dispose of her property. Hence the Koran is more liberal than the Code Napoleon or the German Civil Code. Whether the restrictions of the harem make the exercise of these rights impossible in practice, I am unable to say.

European schools, as well as the newly founded _Universites populaires_, are in Turkey and in Egypt the centers of enlightenment among the Mohammedans. The European women doctors in Constantinople, Alexandria, and Cairo are all disseminators of modern culture. A woman lawyer practices in the Cairo court, and has been admitted to the lawyers' society.

The Young Turk movement and the reform of Turkey on a constitutional basis found hearty support among the women. They expressed themselves orally and in writing in favor of the liberal ideas; they spoke in public and held public meetings; they attempted to appear in public without veils, and to attend the theater in order to see a patriotic play; they sent a delegation to the Young Turk committee requesting the right to occupy the spectators' gallery in Parliament; and, finally, they organized the Women's Progress Society, which comprises women of all nationalities but concerns itself only with philanthropy and education. As a consequence, the government is said to have resolved to erect a humanistic _Gymnasium_ for girls in Constantinople. The leader of the Young Turks, the present President of the Chamber of Deputies, is, as a result of his long stay in Paris, naturally convinced of the superiority of harem life and legal polygamy (when compared with occidental practices).[112] The freedom of action of the Mohammedan women, especially in the provinces, might be much hampered by traditional obstacles. Nevertheless, the restrictions placed on the Mohammedan woman have been abolished, as is proved by the following:--

In Constantinople there has been founded a "Young Turkish Woman's League" that proposes to bring about the same great revolutionary changes in the intellectual life of woman that have already been introduced into the political life of man. Knowledge and its benefits must in the future be made accessible to the Turkish women. This is to be done openly. Formerly all strivings of the Turkish women were carried on in secret. The women revolutionists were anxiously guarded; as far as possible, information concerning their movements was secured before they left their homes. The Turkish women wish to prove that they, as well as the women of other countries, have human rights. When the constitution of the "Young Turkish Woman's League" was being drawn up, Enver Bey was present. He was thoroughly in favor of the demands of the new woman's rights movement. The "Young Turkish Woman's League" is under the protection of Princess Refia Sultana, daughter of the Sultan. Princess Refia, a young woman of twenty-one years of age, has striven since her eighteenth year to acquire a knowledge of the sciences. She speaks several languages. The enthusiasm of the Young Turkish women is great. Many of them appear on the streets without veils,--a thing that no prominent Turkish woman could do formerly. Women of all classes have joined the League. The committee daily receives requests for admission to membership.

BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA

Total population: 1,591,036.

The men preponderate numerically.

Bosnia and Herzegovina, being Mohammedan countries, have harems and the restricted views of harem life. Naturally, a woman's rights movement is not to be thought of. Polygamy and patriarchal life are characteristic.

Into this Mohammedan country the Austrian government has sent women disseminators of the culture of western Europe,[113]--the Bosnian district women doctors. The first of these was Dr. Feodora Krajevska in Dolna Tuszla, now in Serajewo. Now she has several women colleagues. The women doctors wear uniforms,--a black coat, a black overcoat with crimson facings and with two stars on the collar.

PERSIA

Total population: about 9,500,000.

In Persia hardly a beginning of the woman's rights movement exists. The Report[114] that I have before me closes thus: "The Persian woman lives, as it were, a negative life, but does not seem to strive for a change in her condition." Certainly not. Like the Turkish and the Arabian woman, she is bound by the Koran. Her educational opportunities are even less (there are very few European schools, governesses, and women doctors in Persia). Her field of activity is restricted to agriculture, domestic service, tailoring, and occasionally, teaching. However, she is said to be quite skillful in the management of her financial affairs. As far as I know, the Persian woman took no part in the constitutional struggle of 1908-1909.

INDIA

Total population: 300,000,000.

The Indian woman's rights movement originated through the efforts of the English. The movement is as necessary and as difficult as the movement in China. The Indian religions teach that woman should be despised. "A cow is worth more than a thousand women." The birth of a girl is a misfortune: "May the tree grow in the forest, but may no daughter be born to me."[115]

Formerly it was permissible to drown newborn girls; the English government had to abolish this barbarity (as it abolished the suttee). The Indian woman lives in her apartment, the zenana; here the mother-in-law wields the scepter over the daughters-in-law, the grandchildren, and the women servants. The small girl learns to cook and to embroider; anything beyond that is iniquitous: woman has no brain. The girls that are educated in England must upon their return again don the veil and adjust themselves to native conditions. At the age of five or six the little girls are engaged, sometimes to young men of ten or twelve years, sometimes to men of forty or fifty. The marriage takes place several years later. Sometimes a man has more than one wife. The wife waits on her husband while he is eating; she eats what remains.

If the wife bears a son, she is reinstated. If she is widowed, she must fast and constantly offer apologies for existing. The widows and orphans were the first natives to become interested in the higher education of women. This was due to economic and social conditions.

India was the cradle of mankind. Even the highest civilizations still bear indelible marks of the dreadful barbarities that have just been mentioned. The Indian woman has rebelled against her miserable condition. The English women considered it possible to bring health, hope, and legal aid to the women of the zenana, through women doctors, women missionaries, and women lawyers. Hence in 1866 zenana missions were organized by English women doctors and missionaries. Native women were soon studying medicine in order to bring an end to the superstitions of the zenana. Dr. Clara Swain came to India in 1869 as the first woman medical missionary. As early as 1872-1873 the first hospital for women was founded; in 1885, through the work of Lady Dufferin, there originated the Indian National League for Giving Medical Aid to Women (_Nationalverband fuer aerztliche Frauenhilfe in Indien_).

Native women have studied law in order to represent their sex in the courts. Their chief motive was to secure an opportunity of conferring with the women in the zenana, a privilege not granted the male lawyer. The first Indian woman lawyer, Cornelia Sorabija, was admitted to the bar in Poona. Even in England the women have not yet been granted this privilege. This is easily explained. The Indian women cannot be clients of men lawyers; what men lawyers cannot take, they generously leave to the women lawyers.

India has 300,000,000 people; hence these meager beginnings of a woman's rights movement are infinitesimal when compared with the vast work that remains undone.[116] The educated Indian woman is participating in the nationalist movement that is now being directed against English rule. Brahmanism hinders the Indian woman in making use of the educational opportunities offered by the English government. Brahmanism and its priests nourish in woman a feeling of humility and the fear that she will lose her caste through contact with Europeans and infidels. The Parsee women and the Mohammedan women do not have this fear. The Parsee women (Pundita Ramabai, for example) have played a leading part in the emancipation of their sex in India. But the Mohammedan women of India are reached by the movement only with difficulty. By the Hindoo of the old regime, woman is kept in great ignorance and superstition; her education is limited to a small stock of aphorisms and rules of etiquette; her life in the zenana is largely one of idleness. "Ennui almost causes them to lose their minds" is a statement based on the reports of missionaries.

There are modern schools for girls in all large cities (Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, etc.). The status of the native woman has been Europeanized to the greatest extent in Bengal. The best educated of the native women of all classes are the dancing girls (_bayaderes_); unfortunately they are not "virtuous women" (_honnetes femmes_), hence education among women has been in ill repute.

A congress of women was held in Calcutta in 1906 with a woman as chairman; this congress discussed the condition of Indian women. At the medical congress of 1909, in Bombay, Hindoo women doctors spoke effectively. The women doctors have formed the Association of Medical Women in India. In Madras there is published the _Indian Ladies' Magazine_.[117]

CHINA[118]

Total population: 426,000,000.

The Chinese woman of the lower classes has the same status as the Mohammedan woman,--ostensible freedom of movement, and hard work. The women of the property owning classes, however, must remain in the house; here, entertaining one another, they live and eat, apart from the men. As woman is not considered in the Chinese worship of ancestors, her birth is as unwished for as that of the Indian woman. Among the poor the birth of a daughter is an economic misfortune. Who will provide for her? Hence in the three most densely populated provinces the murder of girl babies is quite common. In many cases mothers kill their little girls to deliver them from the misery of later life. The father, husband, and the mother-in-law are the masters of the Chinese woman. She can possess property only when she is a widow (see the much more liberal provisions of the Koran).

The earnings of the Chinese wife belong to her husband. But in case of a dispute in this matter, no court would decide in the husband's favor, for he is supposed to be "the bread winner" of the family. Polygamy is customary; but the Chinese may have only _one_ legitimate wife (while the Mohammedan may have four). The concubine has the status of a _hetaera_; she travels with the man, keeps his accounts, etc. The Chinese woman of the property owning class lives, in contrast to the Hindoo woman, a life filled with domestic duties. She makes all the clothes for the family; even the most wealthy women embroider. Frequently the wife succeeds in becoming the adviser of the husband. A widow is not despised; she can remarry. The women of the lower classes engage in agriculture, domestic service, the retail business, all kinds of agencies and commission businesses, factory work (to a small extent), medical science (practiced in a purely experimental way), and midwifery; they carry burdens and assist in the loading and unloading of ships. Women's wages are one half or three fourths of those of the men.

The lives of the Chinese women, especially among the lower classes, are so wretched that mothers believe they are doing a good deed when they strangle their little girls, or place them on the doorstep where they will be gathered up by the wagon that collects the corpses of children. Many married women commit suicide. "The suffering of the women in this dark land is indescribable," says an American woman missionary. Those Chinese women that believe in the transmigration of souls hope "in the next world to be anything but a woman."

Foreign women doctors, like the women missionaries, are bringing a little cheer into these sad places. Most of these women are English or American. The beginning of a real woman's rights movement is the work of the Anti-Foot-Binding societies, which are opposing the binding of women's feet. This reform is securing supporters among men and women.

For seventeen years there has existed a school for Chinese women. This was founded by Kang You Wei, the first Chinese to demand that both sexes should have the same rights. The women that have devoted themselves during these seventeen years to the emancipation of their sex must often face martyrdom. Tsin King, the founder of a semimonthly magazine for women, and of a modern school for girls, met death on the scaffold in 1907 during a political persecution directed against all progressive elements.

Another woman's rights advocate, Miss Sin Peng Sie, donated 200,000 taels (a tael is equivalent to 72.9 cents) for the erection of a _Gymnasium_ for girls in her native city, 100,000 taels to endow a pedagogical magazine, and 50,000 taels for the support of minor schools for girls. Still another woman's rights advocate, Wu Fang Lan, resisted every attempt to bind her feet in the traditional manner. There exists a woman's league, through whose efforts the government, in 1908, prohibited the binding of the feet of little girls.

In recent years the _women's magazines_ have increased in number. Four large publications, devoted solely to women's interests, are published in Canton; five are published in Shanghai, and about as many in every other large city. The new system of education (adopted in 1905) grants women freedom. Girls' schools have been opened everywhere; in the large cities there are girls' secondary schools in which the Chinese classics, foreign languages, and other cultural subjects are taught. In Tien Tsin there is a seminary for women teachers.

Sie Tou Fa, a prominent Chinese administrative official (who is also a governor and a lawyer), recently delivered a lecture in Paris on the status of the Chinese woman. This lecture contradicts the statements made above. Among other things he declared that China has produced too many distinguished women (in the political as well as in other fields) for law and public opinion to restrict the freedom of woman. "The Chinese admits superiority, with all its consequences, as soon as he sees it; and this, whether it is shown by man or woman."[119] According to him there can be no woman's rights movement in China, because man does not oppress woman! He declares that the progress of women in China since 1905 is a manifestation of patriotism, not of feminism. According to our experiences the opinions of Sie Tou Fa are attributable to a peculiarly masculine way of observing things.

JAPAN AND KOREA[120]

Total population: 46,732,876. Women: 23,131,236. Men: 23,601,640.

Previous to the thirteenth century the Japanese woman, when compared with the other women of the Far East, occupied a specially favored position,--as wife and mother, as scholar, author, and counselor in business and political affairs. All these rights were lost during the civil wars waged in the period between the thirteenth and seventeenth centuries. War and militarism are the sworn enemies of woman's rights. A further cause of the Japanese woman's loss of rights was the strong influence of Chinese civilization, embodied in the teachings of Confucius.

The Japanese woman was expected to be obedient; her virtues became passive and negative. In the seaports and chief cities, European influence has during the last fifty years caused changes in the dress, general bearing, and social customs of the Japanese. During the past thirty years these changes have been furthered by the government. While Japan was rising to the rank of a great world power, she was also providing an excellent educational system for women. The movement began with the erection of girls' schools. The Empress is the patroness of an "Imperial Educational Society," a "Secondary School for Girls," and "Educational Institute for the Daughters of Nobles," and of a "Seminary for Women Teachers." All of these institutions are in Tokio. Women formed in 1898 13 per cent of the total number of teachers.

Japanese women of wealth and women of the nobility support these educational efforts; they also support the "Charity Bazaar Society," the Orphans' Home, and the Red Cross Society. The Red Cross Society trained an excellent corps of nurses, as the Russo-Japanese War demonstrated.

Women are employed as government officials in the railroad offices; they are also employed in banks. Japanese women study medicine, pharmacy, and midwifery in special institutions,[121] which have hundreds of women enrolled. Many women attend commercial and technical schools. Women are engaged in industry,--at very low wages, to be sure; but this fact enables Japan to compete successfully for markets. The number of women in industry exceeds that of the men; in 1900 there were 181,692 women and 100,962 men industrially engaged. In the textile industry 95 per cent of the laborers are women. Women also outnumber the men in home industries. Women's average daily wages are 12-1/2 cents. Women remain active in commerce and industry, for the workers are recruited from the lower classes, and they have been better able to withstand Chinese influence. Chinese law (based on the teachings of Confucius) still prevails with all its harshness for the Japanese woman.

The taxpaying Japanese becomes a voter at the age of twenty-five. The Japanese woman has no political rights. Hence a petition has been presented to Parliament requesting that women be granted the right to form organizations and to hold meetings. Parliament favored the measure. But the government is still hesitating, hence a new petition has been sent to Parliament.

The modern woman's rights movement in Japan is supported by the following organizations: two societies favoring woman's education, the associations for hygiene, and the society favoring dress reform. The _Women's Union_ and the _League of Women_ can be regarded as political organizations. There are Japanese women authors and journalists.

Since Korea has belonged to Japan, changes have begun there also. The Korean women have neither a first name nor a family name. According to circumstances they are called daughter of A. B., wife of A., etc. It is a sign of the time and also of the awakening of woman's self-reliance that the government of Korea has been presented with a petition, signed by many women, requesting that these conditions be abolished and that women be granted the right to have their own names.

* * * * *

We have completed our journey round the world,--from Japan to the United States is only a short distance, and the intellectual relations between the two countries are quite intimate. Few oriental people seem more susceptible to European culture than the Japanese. But whatever woman's rights movement there is in non-European countries, it owes its origin almost without exception to the activity of educated occidentals,--to the men and women teachers, educators, doctors, and missionaries. Here is an excellent field for our activities; here is a duty that we dare not forget in the midst of our own struggles. For we cannot estimate the noble work and uplifting power that the world loses in those countries where women are merely playthings and beasts of burden.

CONCLUSION

In the greater part of the world woman is a slave and a beast of burden. In these countries she rules only in exceptional cases--and then through cunning. Equality of rights is not recognized; neither is the right of woman to act on her own responsibility. Even in most countries of European civilization woman is not free or of age. In these countries, too, she exists merely as a sexual being. Woman is free and is regarded as a human being only in a very small part of the civilized world. Even in these places we see daily tenacious survivals of the old barbarity and tyranny. Hence it is not true that woman is the "weaker," the "protected," the "loved," and the "revered" sex. In most cases she is the overworked, exploited, and (even when living in luxury) the oppressed sex. These circumstances dwarf woman's humanity, and limit the development of her individuality, her freedom, and her responsibility. These conditions are opposed by the woman's rights movement. The movement hopes to secure the happiness of woman, of man, of the child, and of the world by establishing the equal rights of the sexes. These rights are based on the recognition of equality of merit; they provide for responsibility of action. Most men do not understand this ideal; they oppose it with unconscious egotism.

This book has given an accurate account of the _means_ by which men oppose woman's rights: scoffing, ridicule, insinuation; and finally, when prejudice, stubbornness, and selfishness can no longer resist the force of truth, the argument that they do not wish to grant us our rights. There is little encouragement in this; but it shall not perplex us. Man, by opposing woman, caused the struggle between the sexes. Only equality of rights can bring peace. _Woman_ is already certain of her equality. _Man_ will learn by experience that renunciation can be "manly," that business can be "feminine," and that all "privilege" is obnoxious. The emancipation of woman is synonymous with the education of man.

Educating is always a slow process; but it inspires limitless hope. When "ideas" have once seized the masses, these ideas become an irresistible force. This is irrefutably proved by the strong growth of our movement since 1904 in all countries of European civilization, and by the awakening of women even in the depths of oriental civilization. The events of the past five years justify us in entertaining great hopes.

Footnotes:

[1] I have discussed the theoretical side in a pamphlet of "The German Public Utility Association" (_Deutscher Gemeinnuetziger Verein_), Prague, 1918 Palackykai.

[2] The presiding officers of the International Council to the present time were: Mrs. Wright Sewall and Lady Aberdeen. This year, June, 1909, Lady Aberdeen was reelected.

[3] The report of the International Woman's Suffrage Congress, London, May, 1909, had not yet appeared, and the reader is therefore referred to it.

[4] Their inferiority in numbers (in Australia and in the western states of the United States) has, however, often served their cause in just the same way.

[5] "The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

[6] Composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

[7] In many states by two consecutive legislatures.

[8] On November 8, 1910, an amendment providing for woman's suffrage was adopted by the voters of Washington. [Tr.]

[9] On November 8, 1910, both South Dakota and Oregon rejected amendments providing for woman's suffrage. [Tr.]

[10] In October, 1911, California adopted woman's suffrage by popular vote. [Tr.]

[11] This "Conference on the Care of Dependent Children" was called by President Roosevelt, and met, January 25 and 26, 1909, in the White House. Two hundred and twenty men and women,--experts in the care of children, from every state in the Union,--met, and proposed, among other things, the establishment of a Federal Child's Bureau. Thus far Congress has done nothing to carry out the proposal. (_Charities and the Commons_, Vol. XXI, 643, 644; 766-768; 968-990.) [Tr.]

[12] The "mothers" hold special congresses in the United States to discuss educational and public questions. (Mothers' Congresses.)

[13] Here universal male suffrage is meant. [Tr.]

[14] In November, 1910, an amendment in favor of woman's suffrage was defeated by a referendum vote in Oklahoma. [Tr.]

[15] The amendment passed the Senate and was adopted in November, 1910, by popular vote. [Tr.]

[16] In November, 1910, a woman's suffrage amendment was again defeated, as was the amendment prohibiting the sale of liquor. [Tr.]

[17] In November, 1910, four women were elected to the House of Representatives of the Colorado legislature. [Tr.]

[18] Mrs. Ida Husted Harper, in collaboration with Susan B. Anthony, has written a _History of Woman's Suffrage_ which deals with the subject so far as the United States are concerned. [Tr.]

[19] Equal pay has been established by law in the states having woman's suffrage.

[20] It is worth mentioning that in the Spanish-American War Miss McGee filled the position of assistant surgeon in the medical department, doing so with distinction.

[21] A. v. Maday, _Le droit des femmes au travail_, Paris, Giardet et Briere.

[22] In her book, _L'ouvriere aux Etats-Unis_, Paris, Juven, 1904.

[23] Those who cannot pay an annual tax of two dollars.

[24] In _L'ouvriere aux Etats-Unis_.

[25] The organ of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association is _Progress_ and is published in Warren, Ohio. There, one can also secure _Perhaps_ and _Do you Know_, two valuable propaganda pamphlets written by Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt. Other literature on woman's suffrage can be obtained from the same source.

[26] Although New Zealand is not politically a part of the Australian Federation, it will for convenience be treated here as such.

[27] The theological degrees are granted only in England.

[28] Report of the International Woman's Suffrage Conference, Washington, 1902.

[29] Report of the National Council of Women, 1908.

[30] _Woman Suffrage in Australia_, by Vida Goldstein.

[31] Both published in Rotterdam, 92 Kruiskade, International Woman's Suffrage Alliance.

[32] Consult Helen Blackburn, _History of Woman's Suffrage in England_.

[33] See the excellent little work of Mrs. C. C. Stopes, "The Sphere of 'Man' in the British Constitution," _Votes for Women_, London, 4 Clement's Inn.

[34] In the Irish Sea, between Ireland and Scotland, having a population of 29,272 women and 25,486 men.

[35] 4 Clement's Inn, Strand, London, W.C.

[36] See E. Robin's novel, _The Convert_.

[37] By Lawrence Housman, Feb. 11, 18, and 26, 1909.

[38] See E. C. Wolstenholme Elmy, _Women's Franchise, the Need of the Hour_.

[39] Wolstenholme Elmy, _ibid._

[40] This right is possessed by women in Scotland and Ireland also.

[41] This is in direct conflict with the statute (13 Vict., c. 21, sec. 4) providing that women enjoy all those rights from which they are not expressly excluded.

[42] London, like other capital cities, is regulated by a separate set of laws.

[43] Applying to England and Wales.

[44] The right to vote is a condition necessary for the holding of office.

[45] See the Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1883.

[46] See the article by Mr. Pethick Lawrence in _Votes for Women_, March 3, 1909.

[47] London, S.W., 92 Victoria Street.

[48] Valuable information concerning women in the industries is given in the programme of April 4, 1909, of the London Congress of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance.

[49] Ansiaux, _La reglementation du travail des femmes_.

[50] See Mrs. Pethick Lawrence, "Women and Administration," _Votes for Women_, March 12, 1909.

[51] See the article of Alice Salmon, _Zentralblatt_.

[52] For a survey of English conditions affecting women we recommend _The Women's Charter of Rights and Liberties_, by Lady McLaren, 1909, London.

[53] In Canada there are municipal elections, provincial parliamentary elections, and elections for the Dominion Parliament.

[54] See the Report of the Woman's Suffrage Alliance Congress, Amsterdam, 1908.

[55] See the Report of the International Women's Suffrage Alliance, Amsterdam, 1908.

[56] The last two arguments are easily refuted.

[57] Woman never reaches her majority; she must always have a male representative.

[58] The husband still remains the guardian of the wife. To-day the wife controls her personal earnings, but merely as long as they are in cash; whatever she _buys_ with them falls into the control of the husband.

[59] See the Report of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance Congress, Amsterdam, 1908.

[60] See the supplement, "Opposed to Alcoholism," in _One People, One School_, for April, 1909.

[61] A _Realschule_ teaches no classics, but is a scientific school emphasizing manual training. A _Gymnasium_ prepares for the university, making the classics an essential part of the curriculum. [Tr.]

[62] By Vera Hillt, _Statistics of Labor_, VI, Helsingfors, 1908.

[63] See the complete list of measures in _Jus Suffragi_, September 15, 1908. This is the organ of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance.

[64] In 1904 women were declared eligible by an official ordinance to hold university offices.

[65] It might be well to mention _Dansk Kvindesamfund, Politisk Kvindeforening, Landsforbund, Valgretsforeningen of 1908_ (a Christian association of men and women).

[66] Compare similar proceedings in the United States and England.

[67] Since Switzerland contains a preponderance of the Germanic element, it will be considered with the Germanic countries.

[68] In Geneva and Lausanne the men exerted every effort to exclude women from the typographical trade. The prohibition of night work made this easy. The same result will follow in the railroad and postal service. Therefore in the Swiss woman's rights movement there are some that are opposed to laws for the protection of women laborers.

[69] Industrial training was promoted chiefly by the "Lette-House," founded in Berlin in 1865 by President Lette and his wife.

[70] In Germany there are one million domestic servants.

[71] For information concerning the German woman's rights movement we recommend _The Memorandum-book of the Woman's Rights Movement_ (_Das Merkbuch der Frauenbewegung_), B. G. Teubner, Leipzig.

[72] A body having advisory powers in matters relating to the medical profession and to sanitary measures. [Tr.]

[73] The question was decided by the administrative court in _one_ special case. Compare the case of Jacobs, Amsterdam.

[74] See _Dokumente der Frauen_ (_Documents concerning Women_); November 15, 1899.

[75] The German system of stenography. [Tr.]

[76] See the resolutions of the party sessions in Graz, 1900; in Vienna, 1903; and of the first, second, and third conferences of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, in 1904, 1906, and 1908.

[77] Except in Illyria, Carinthia, and Lower Austria.

[78] For political and practical reasons Hungary will be discussed at this point.

[79] _Dokumente der Frauen_, June 1, 1901.

[80] The proposed law grants the suffrage even to male illiterates.

[81] Later the Code Napoleon infected other countries, but such horrors originated spontaneously nowhere else.

[82] In the years 1848, 1851, 1871, 1874, 1882, 1885.

[83] See the resolutions of the two women's congresses, Paris, 1900.

[84] _Le mouvement feministe_, Countess Marie de Villermont.

[85] _Le feminisme_, Emile Ollivier.

[86] Miss Chauvin made a similar request of the French Chamber of Deputies; as we have seen, her request was granted. Dr. Popelin did not make her request of the Belgian Chamber of Deputies, which had not a Republican majority. Dr. Popelin may have considered such a step hopeless.

[87] Since 1899 special socialistic workingwomen's congresses have been held.

[88] See the action of the Socialists in Sweden and in Hungary.

[89] Else Hasse, _Neue Bahnen_.

[90] The recognized gallant of a married woman. [Tr.]

[91] Marianne Weber, _Zentralblatt_.

[92] But only the enlightened clergy--those living in Rome--consent to the higher education of girls.

[93] _Dokumente der Frauen_, June 1, 1901.

[94] See Stanton, _The Woman's Rights Movement in Europe_.

[95] _El Feminismo_, 1899.

[96] See the Report of the International Suffrage Congress, Washington, 1902.

[97] See the Report of the International Suffrage Congress, Washington, 1902.

[98] This has just been organized.

[99] The following statistics are significant: Between January 1 and July 1, 1908, Russia showed an increase in the consumption of alcoholic liquors. The total amount of spirits consumed was 40,887,509 _vedros_ (1 _vedro_ is 3.25 gallons), which is an increase of 600,185 _vedros_ over the amount consumed during the same months of the preceding year. These figures correspond also to the government's income from its monopoly on spirits; this was 327,795,312 rubles (a ruble is worth 51.5 cents), an increase of 3,745,836 rubles over the same months of the preceding year.

[100] See the very interesting article _Frauenbewegung_ (_The Woman's Rights Movement_), by Berta Kes, Moscow.

[101] See Berta Kes, _Frauenbewegung_.

[102] See _Documents Concerning Women_ (_Dokumente der Frauen_), April 15, 1900.

[103] I am indebted to Mrs. Eudokimoff, of St. Petersburg, for an English translation of the resolutions, the address of the Lord Mayor, and the proceedings against the deputy of the Duma; also for a biography of Mrs. v. Philosophow.

[104] Springtime.

[105] A doctor employed by a workingmen's association. [Tr.]

[106] Dr. Schirmacher treats Russian Poland here with Galicia, which is Austrian Poland. [Tr.]

[107] _Dokumente der Frauen_, November, 15, 1901.

[108] Greek conditions are analogous to conditions prevailing in Slavic countries; hence Greece will be treated here. Greece was liberated from Turkish control in 1827.

[109] There are elementary schools for boys and girls. The secondary schools for girls are private. The first of these was founded by Dr. Hill and his wife, who were Americans. Preparation for entrance to the university is optional and is carried on privately. Athens University has admitted women since 1891.

[110] The English have abolished slavery in Egypt.

[111] See _Conseil des Femmes_, October, 1902, for the romantic "Desenchantees" of P. Loti, and Hussein Rachimi's "Verliebter Bey."

[112] Compare _La crise de l'orient_, by Ahmed Riza.

[113] See the analogous action of the English in India.

[114] Report of the International Suffrage Congress, Washington, 1902.

[115] _Mag der Baum wohl wachsen in dem Walde, Aber keine Tochter mir geboren werden._

[116] India still retains the official regulation of prostitution (which was abolished in England in 1886). Here again, militarism is playing a decisive part in blocking this reform.

[117] In Bangkok, in Farther India (Siam), there is a woman's club with the Siamese Princess as President.

[118] Report of the International Suffrage Conference, Washington, 1902.

[119] "_Le Chinois admet la superiorite, avec toutes ses consequences, des qu'il la constate, qu'elle se revele chez un homme ou chez une femme._"

[120] Report of the International Suffrage Conference, Washington, 1902.

[121] The University of Tokio is still closed to women. Women attend the Woman's University, founded in 1901 by N. Naruse.

INDEX

Abbans, Count Jouffroy d', 57.

Aberdeen, Lady, xi, note 1, 96.

Actresses' Franchise League, 68.

Adams, Mr. Alva, 22, 23.

Adler, 167.

Adlersparre, Baroness of, 106.

Age of consent, in woman's suffrage states of the United States, 39. in Australia, 53, 54.

Agricultural Association for Women, 83.

Agriculturists, women, in the United States, 36. in Great Britain, 82-84. in Sweden, 108. in France, 186. in Italy, 203, 204.

Alcala, Catalina d', 210.

Alexander II, 218.

Alexandra House, 82.

Aloisia, Sigea, 208.

Amberly, Lady, 62.

American Commission, report on European prostitution, 37.

American Federation of Labor, favors woman's suffrage, 10. forms organizations of workingwomen, 33.

American Woman's Suffrage Association, 12.

American women, activities of, at Constitutional Convention (1787), 2-4. means of agitation used by, 15, 16. and political life, 18. and the protection of youth, 18 and note 1. and state legislative offices, 22, 23 and note 1. members of city councils, 22. in the Colorado legislature, 22, 23 and note 1. and education, 23-27. excluded by certain universities, 24. and the teaching profession, 25. students in higher institutions of learning, 26. suffrage of, in school affairs, 27. increase of women students, 27. admitted to technical schools, 29. legal status of, 36, 37. and sports, 38, 39.

Amsterdam, xiii.

Ancketill, Mr., 100.

Ancketill, Mrs., 100.

Anstie, Dr., 77.

Anthony, Susan B., the Napoleon of the woman's suffrage movement, 7. various facts concerning, 7, 8. joint author of a _History of Woman's Suffrage_, 23, note 2.

Anti-Foot-Binding Societies, 258.

Anti-Slavery Congress, 5, 6.

Arenal, Concepcion, 209, 210.

Argentine Republic, 214.

Arsuaga, Pi y, 211.

Artists' Suffrage League, 68.

Asquith, Mr., 66.

Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage (in the United States), 23.

Auclert, Madame, 188.

Augsburg, Dr. Anita, 151.

Australia, member of the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 42 and ff.

Australian universities, 45, 46.

Australian Women's Political Association, 54.

Austria, represented in The International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii; _see also_ German Austria.

Austrian Women Teachers' Society, 159.

Bajer, 123.

_Baltic Women's Review_, 229.

Bassiliades, Dr., 243, 244.

_Bayaderes_, 255.

Bazan, Emilia Pardo, 208, 209.

Beauharnais, Josephine, 178.

Becker, 63.

Belgium, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 190, 191.

Ben-Aid, Mrs. Hairie, 247.

Beothy, Dr., 170.

Beresford-Hope, Mrs., 71.

Bey, Kassim Amin, 247.

Bieber-Boehm, Hanna, 151.

Biggs, 63.

Birmingham, 61.

Bjoernson, 110, 117, 123.

Blackburn, Helen, 59, note 1.

Blackwell, Elizabeth, 28, 29.

Blackwell, Emily, 29.

Blake, Jex, 77.

Boer War, 64.

Bohemia, conditions in, 230-232.

Boise, Idaho, 21.

Bonald, de, 180.

Bonnevial, Madame, 188.

Bosnia, conditions in, 250.

Boston, 22, 27, 38.

Brabanzon House, 82.

Brahmanism, 254.

Brandes, George, 123.

Braun, Lily, 152.

Bremer, Frederika, 103; _see also_ Fredericka Bremer League.

Bristol, 61.

Bruestlein, Miss Dr., 136.

Buchner, Miss, 204.

Bulgaria, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 239-242.

Butler, Mrs. Josephine, 95, 204.

Cabinet, British, and woman's suffrage, 65, 67.

_Cahiers feministes_, 193.

California, woman's suffrage amendment adopted by, 17, note 1. efforts of women of, to secure the suffrage, 21.

Cambridge University, 75, 76.

Canada, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. woman's rights movement in, 96 and ff.

Carima, Mrs., 241.

Carinthia, _see_ Slovene Woman's Rights Movement.

Carniola, _see_ Slovene Woman's Rights Movement.

Catharine II, 217.

Catholic Woman's League, 154.

Catholic Women Teachers' Society, 159.

Catt, Mrs. Carrie Chapman, xiii, 42.

Cauer, Mrs., 150, 151, 152.

Cave, Miss, 78.

Central America, conditions in, 212, 213.

Central Committee for Woman's Suffrage (England), 63.

Central states (of the United States), 35.

Chauvin, Jeanne, 185.

Chicago, 40.

Child labor, in United States, 35.

Children, "Conference on the Care of Dependent Children," 18 and note 1. National Child Labor Committee, 35. laws protecting, in Australia, 54. _see also_ Laws protecting women and children.

Children, authority over, in Colorado, 19, 20. in thirty-eight of the United States, 37. in Australia, 49, 55. in England, 74. in Finland, 115. in German Austria, 169. in Switzerland, 140. in France, 179. in Spain, 210.

Chili, 214.

China, conditions in, 256-260.

Cincinnati, 30, 37.

Clergy, English, 6.

Cleveland, President, 15.

Clough, Anne, 75.

Cobden, Mrs., 71.

Code Napoleon, absence of, in Australia, 44. in the Netherlands, 126. in France, 178, 179. in Belgium, 191. in Italy, 202.

Coeducation, in the United States, 24, 25. in Australia, 45, 46. in Scotland, 75. in Sweden, 105. in the Netherlands, 127. in Switzerland, 134, 135. in Germany, 147. in Italy, 200.

College Equal Suffrage League, 10.

Collett, Clara, 117.

Colorado, woman's suffrage in, 16. activities and rights of women in, 19, 20. vote of immoral women in, 18, 19. women in legislature of, 22, 23 and note 1. conditions of women and children in, 39, 40.

Columbia University, 24.

"Conference on the Care of Dependent Children," 18 and note 1.

Confucius, 260.

Conradi, Mrs., 219.

Conservative and Unionist Women's Franchise Association, 68.

_Convert, The_ (novel), 67, note 1.

Coote, Miss, 172.

Copenhagen, xiii.

Court of Appeals, 71.

Craigen, 63.

Creighton, Mrs. Louise, 69.

Curie, Madame, 84, 224.

Czaky, 172.

Davies, Emily, 75.

Dazynska, Dr., 234.

_De Stem der Vrouw_, 194.

Declaration of Independence, Woman's, 6, 7, 11. "The Declaration of the Rights of Women," 176.

Deflou, Madame Oddo, 182.

Denison, Mrs. Macdonald, 98.

Denmark, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 122-126.

Dennis, Mrs., 192.

Denver, Colorado, 18, 19.

Deraismes, Marie, 180.

Deroin, Jeanne, 180.

Derscheid-Delcour, Mrs., 193.

Despard, Mrs., 68.

Disraeli, 61.

Divorce laws, in woman's suffrage states, 39. in Australia, 49, 52, 55. in England, 74. in Mexico and Central America, 213. in Turkey and Egypt, 247.

Dobson, Mrs., 47.

Doctors, women, in the United States, 28, 29. in Australia, 46. in Great Britain, 77. in Sweden, 104, 107. in Finland, 111. in Norway, 121. in the Netherlands, 128, 130, 131. in Switzerland, 136. in Germany, 148. in German Austria, 160, 161. in Hungary, 171. in Belgium, 193. in Italy, 201. in Portugal, 212. in Russia, 220, 221, 222, 223. in Servia, 237. in Bulgaria, 240. in Rumania, 242. in Bosnia, 251. in Persia, 251. in India, 253.

_Dokumente der Frauen_, 166.

Donohue, Mrs. M., 44.

_Do You Know?_ (pamphlet), 42.

Drummond, Mrs., 66.

Dufferin, Lady, 254.

Durand, Madame Marguerite, 188.

Ebner-Eschenbach, Marie v., 169.

Education, women and, in the United States, 23-27, 39. in Australia, 45, 46. in Great Britain, 74 and ff. in Canada, 97. in Sweden, 104, 106, 107. in Finland, 111. in Norway, 117-119. in Denmark, 123. in the Netherlands, 127, 128. in Switzerland, 134-136. in Germany, 146-148. in Luxemburg, 157, 158. in German Austria, 159, 160, 161-163. in Hungary, 169-171. in France, 183, 184. in Belgium, 191-193. in Italy, 199-201. in Spain, 207, 208. in Portugal, 212. in Mexico and Central America, 212. in South America, 214. in Russia, 217-222, 225. in Czechish Bohemia and Moravia,230. in Servia, 236, 237. in Bulgaria, 240. in Greece, 243. in Turkey and Egypt, 247, 248. in India, 255. in China, 259. in Japan, 261.

Education Act, 71.

Egypt, conditions in, 245-250.

_El Feminismo_, 209.

Elmy, E. C. Wolstenholme, 70, notes 1 and 2.

_Encyclopedia Britannica_, 60.

England, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xii; _see_ Great Britain.

English Constitution, 72.

Enrooth, Adelaide, 110.

Eudokimoff, Mrs., 229, note 1.

Factory inspectors, women, in the Netherlands, 128, 129. in Switzerland, 137. in Germany, 149. in France, 185. in Italy, 201. in Russia, 224.

Far East, conditions in the, 245-265.

Favre, Miss Nellie, 136.

Fawcett, 63, 69.

February Revolution (1848), 180.

Federal Child's Bureau, proposed in the United States, 18 and note 1.

Federation of French Women's Clubs, 181, 183.

Federation of Labor, 10.

Federn, Elsie, 166.

_Feminisme chretien, le_, 187.

"Feminist Society," 172.

Fibiger, Matilda, 122.

Fickert, Augusta, 166.

Fifteenth Amendment, women and the, 9.

Finland, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 110-116.

Fontaine, Mrs., 192.

Fourierists, 180.

France, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii; conditions in, 175 and ff.

_Frauenwohl_ (magazine), 150.

"Frederika Bremer League," 106.

French Revolution, and the woman's rights movement, 175-178.

French Woman's Suffrage Society, the, 189.

Fries, Ellen, 107.

"Fronde," the, 188.

Galicia, conditions in, 232-235.

Galinda, Donna, 208.

Gammond, Madame Gatti de, 193.

Garfield, President, 15.

Garrison, William Lloyd, 6.

Geneva, University of, 29.

German Austria, conditions in, 158 and ff.

German Evangelical Woman's League, 154.

Germanic countries, modern woman's rights movement in, 1-174.

Germany, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 143-145.

Gikycki, Lily v., 151.

Girton College, 75.

Goldmann, (Mrs.) Dr., 166.

Goldschmidt, Henrietta, 145, 146.

Goldstein, Vida, 49, note 1, 54, 56.

Gore-Langton, Lady Anne, 62.

Gouges, Olympe de, 176, 177.

Great Britain, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 58 and ff.

Greece, conditions in, 242-244.

Grimke, Angelina, 5.

Group of Women Students, the, in France, 182, 183.

Gruber, Dr. Ludwig, 172.

Gyulai, P., 170.

Hainisch, Marianne, 166.

Hansteen, Aasta, 117.

Harem, 245.

Harper, Ida Husted, 23, note 2.

Harvard University, 24.

Hayden, Sophia, 29.

Hayes, President, 15.

Hein, Frau Dr., 136.

Helenius, Trigg, 116.

Hertzka, Mrs. Jella, 166.

Herzegovina, conditions in, 250.

Herzfelder, Miss, 166.

Heymann, Miss, 151.

Hickel, Rosina, 111.

Higinbotham, George, 50.

Hill, Octavia, 91.

Hirsch-Duncker Trades Union, 153.

_History of Woman's Suffrage_, by Harper and Anthony, 23, note 1. referred to, 37.

Holloway College, 75, 83.

House of Commons, attitude toward woman's suffrage, 65.

Housmann, Lawrence, 69.

Hungarian Woman's Club, 170.

Hungary, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 169 and ff.

Hutchins, Mrs. B. L., 92.

Ibsen, 110, 117, 123.

Iceland, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii.

Idaho, woman's suffrage in, 16. activities and influence of women in, 20, 21. establishes lectureship in domestic science, 27. condition of women and children in, 39, 40.

Illinois, and woman's suffrage, 6, 21. women jurors in, 28.

India, conditions in, 252-255.

_Indian Ladies' Magazine_, 255.

Inspectors of schools, _see_ School inspectors (women).

Institute de demoiselles, 217.

International Council of Women, x-xii.

International Federation for the Abolition of the Official Regulation of Prostitution, headquarters of, 140. Austrian branch of, 166. Hungarian branch of, 172. Italian branch of, 204, 205. Polish branch of, 235.

International Vigilance Society, 172.

International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, the, various facts concerning, x, xii, xiii.

Ionades, Miss, 244.

Iowa, 21.

Ireland, 68; _see_ Great Britain.

Isle of Man, 63.

Italy, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 196-199.

Jackson, Miss, 32.

Jacobs, Dr. Aletta, 130.

Japan, conditions in, 260-262.

Java, woman's suffrage society in, 132.

Johns Hopkins University, 24.

Jones, Miss, 29, 30.

Journalists, women, in the United States, 28. in Great Britain, 81. in Spain, 209. in Bulgaria, 240.

July Revolution (1830), 180.

Juvenile courts, in Australia, 54. advocated in Germany, 155.

Kalapothaki, Marie, 243.

Kang You Wei, 258.

Kansas, municipal woman's suffrage in, 16, 20. efforts of women of, to secure full suffrage rights, 21.

Kapnist, Mrs. v., 244.

Keller, Helen, 27.

Kelly, Abby, 4, 5.

Kenney, Annie, 66.

Kerschbaumer, Dr., 160, 161.

Kettler, Mrs., 146.

Key, Ellen, 107, 108.

Kingsley, 63.

Koran, 248, 251.

Korea, conditions in, 262, 263.

Kowalewska, Sonja, 107, 224.

Krajevska, Feodora, 251.

Kronauwetter, 167.

Kutschalska-Reinschmidt, Mrs., 234, 235.

Kveder, Zofka, 235, 236.

Labriola, Therese, 201.

_La Francaise_, 189.

Lang, Helena, 146.

Lang, Maria, 166.

Lascaridis, Miss, 244.

Lawrence, Mr. Pethick, 66, 74, note 1, 92, note 1.

Lawrence, Mrs., Pethick, 66.

Laws protecting women and children, in the United States, 39, 40. in Australia, 48, 52-54. in Great Britain, 86, 87. in Finland, 115. in Norway, 121, 122. in Switzerland, 138, 140, 141. in Germany, 154. lack of, in France, 179.

Lawyers, women, in the United States, 27. in Australia, 54. absence of, in Great Britain, 77. in Canada, 97. in Sweden, 107. in Finland, 112. in Norway, 121. in Switzerland, 136. in Germany, 148. in German Austria, 161. in France, 185. in Belgium, 192. in India, 253, 254.

League for Freedom of Labor Defense, 86.

Lee, Mrs. Mary, 53.

Lincoln, Abraham, 15.

Lindsey, Judge, 18.

Lischnewska, Maria, 146.

Listrow, Mrs. v., 166.

Local Self-government Act for England and Wales, 72.

Loeper-Houselle, Marie, 146.

London, xiii, 61, 81.

London, University of, 77.

London College for Workingwomen, 89, 90.

_London Girls' Club Union Magazine_, 90.

Lords, House of, 72.

Losa, Isabella, 208.

Luxemburg, conditions in, 157.

McCullock, Mrs. C. Waugh, 39.

McGee, Miss, 29, note 1.

Mackenroth, Miss Anna, 136.

MacLaren, Agnes, 204.

MacLaren, 63, 96, note 1.

Maclay, A. v., 173.

_Madame Mere_, 178.

Mahrenholtz-Buelow, Countess, 127.

Maine, 21.

Maireder, Rosa, 166.

Malinoff, Mrs., 241.

Manchester, 61, 62.

Mariani, Emilia, 203.

Mario, Jessie White, 202.

Massachusetts, 21.

Meath, Countess of, 82.

Men's League for Woman's Suffrage, 68.

Men's League Opposing Woman's Suffrage, 68.

Mericourt, Theroigne de, 177.

Mexico, conditions in, 212, 213.

Meyer, Mr. Julius, 150.

Michel, Louise, 180.

Mill, John Stuart, 60, 61, 123.

Miller, Paula, 154.

Minnesota, 21.

Mohammedan countries, _see_ Turkey, Egypt, Persia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina.

Monod, Miss Sara, 188.

Montessori, Maria, 201.

Monti, Rina, 201.

Moravia, conditions in, 230-232.

Morgenstern, Lina, 145, 152.

Morsier, Emile de, 190.

Mothers, school for, 94, 95.

Mothers' congresses, in the United States, 20, note 1.

Mott, Lucretia, 5, 6.

Muensterberg, Deputy, 156.

_Mystery of Woman, The_, 236.

Napoleon, 178, 179.

Napoleonic Code, _see_ Code Napoleon.

National American Woman's Suffrage Association, 22, 42, note 1.

National Anti-slavery Society, 6.

National Child Labor Committee, 35.

National Council, xi, xii.

National Council of French Women, 189.

National Council of Women (in Australia), 47, note 1.

National Trades Union League, 10.

National Union of Woman's Suffrage Societies, 64.

National Woman's Antisuffrage Association, 68.

National Woman's Social and Political Union, 64.

Nebraska, 16, 21.

Netherlands, the, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 126.

New Hampshire, 21.

Newnham College, 75.

New York, 21.

New Zealand, 42, note 2; _see_ Australia.

Nightingale, Florence, 91.

Night labor, of women, in the United States, 36.

North America, the cradle of the woman's rights movement, 2.

Northern states (of the United States), 35.

Oberlin College, 24.

Ohio, 27.

Oklahoma, 21, and note 2.

Olga, Queen of Greece, 243.

Oregon, outlook for woman's suffrage in, 16. woman's suffrage amendment (1910) defeated in, 16, note 2; 22, note 2. opposition to woman's suffrage in, 22. failure of woman's suffrage campaign (1906) in, 22.

Orient, the, conditions in, 245-265.

Otto-Peters, Louise, 145.

Oxford University, 75, 76.

Panajuta, Miss, 244.

Pankhurst, Miss, 66.

Pankhurst, Mrs., 66.

Pappritz, Anna, 151.

Parent, Mrs., 192.

Parental authority, _see_ Children, authority over.

Parliament, act of, bearing on woman's suffrage, 62. obligation of members of, to the woman's suffrage movement, 65. women deputations and, 66, 67.

Parren, Madame Killirhoe, 243, 244.

Parsee women, 255.

Patents, taken out by women in the United States, 30.

Paterson, Mrs., 85.

Paulus, Erica, 171.

Pavlovna, Helene, 218.

Pease, Elizabeth, 5, 6.

Pennsylvania, 21, 27.

_Perhaps_ (pamphlet), 42.

Pernerstorfer, 167.

Persia, conditions in, 251, 252.

Peter the Great, 217.

Petzold, Miss v., 78.

Philosophow, Mrs. v., 228, 229.

"Physical Force Fallacy, The," 69.

Poet, Laidi, 201.

Police matrons, in the United States, 37.

Political Equality League, in Australia, 55.

Political Equality League (Chicago), 40.

"Political Equality Series," 12, 33.

Popelin, Miss Marie, 192.

Popp, Mrs., 166.

Pornography, prohibited in woman's suffrage states of the United States, 40. suppressed in Australia, 54.

Portland, 27.

Portugal, conditions in, 211, 212.

Posada, Professor, 207, 208.

Possauer, Dr., 161.

Poster, F. Laurie, 40.

Preachers, women, in the United States, 28. in Australia, 46. in Great Britain, 78. in Canada, 97. in Sweden, 104, 107. in the Netherlands, 128. in German Austria, 161. in France, 185.

"Primrose League," 63.

Prohibition movement, in Sweden, 109, 110. in Finland, 116.

_Progress_, 42.

Prostitution, laws concerning, in the United States, 37. in woman's suffrage states, 39. in England, 95. in Finland, 115, 116. in Norway, 117. in Denmark, 126. in Switzerland, 140. in Germany, 144, 155, 156. in German Austria, 165, 166. in Hungary, 172. in France, 190. in Italy, 204, 205. in Galicia, 234. in Servia, 238. in India, 254, note 1.

Purischkewitch, Mr., 229.

Putnam, Mary, 77.

Quakers, in the United States, 4.

Qualification of Women Act, 72.

Qvam, Mrs., 121.

Ramabai, Pundita, 255.

Red Cross Society, 91, 261.

Refia, Princess, 250.

Rhode Island, 21.

Richer, Leon, 180.

Riza, Selma, 247.

Robin, E., 67, note 1.

Roland, Henrietta, 130.

Roland, Madame, 177.

Romance countries, conditions in, 175.

Rookwood pottery, 30.

Roosevelt, Theodore, and woman's suffrage, 15. calls "Conference on the Care of Dependent Children," 18, note 1. involved in conflict with American women, 34.

Rose, Ernestine, 8.

Rosores, Isabel de, 208.

Rumania, conditions in, 242-244.

Runeburg, Frederika, 110.

Rural Woman's Industrial Society, 171.

Russia, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 215 and ff.

Saint Simonians, 180.

Salaries, women's compared with men's, in the United States, 25 and note 1, 31. in woman's suffrage states, 39. in Australia, 46, 47, 55. in Great Britain, 78-80, 85. in Canada, 97. in Sweden, 105, 107, 108. in Norway, 118, 119. in the Netherlands, 128. in Switzerland, 135. in Germany, 147. in German Austria, 159. in France, 184. in Portugal, 212. in Bulgaria, 240.

Salic Law, absence of, in Australia, 44. in England, 58.

Salt Lake City, Utah, 21.

Sand, George, 180.

Sandhurst, Lady, 71.

Scandinavian countries, conditions in, 102, 103.

Schabanoff, Mrs., 228.

Schiff, Paoline, 203.

Schirmacher, Dr., 151.

Schlesinger, Mrs., 166.

Schmall, Madame, 189.

Schmidt, Augusta, 145, 146.

School inspectors, women, appointment of, agitated in the United States, 27. in Great Britain, 79. in France, 185.

Schuetze, E., 229.

Schwerin, Jeanette, 151.

Schwietland, Mrs., 166.

Scotland, 68; _see also_ Great Britain.

Seddon, Mrs., 51, 52.

Servia, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 236, 239.

Sevigne, Madame de, 178.

Sewall, Mrs. Wright, xi, note 1.

Sex, the sexes, relationship of the sexes, xiv. woman's use of her sex, as a weapon, 40-42.

Shaw, Rev. Anna Howard, challenges Mrs. Humphrey Ward, 18. Denver elections investigated by, 18. president of the National Woman's Suffrage Association, 22. a woman's rights advocate with theological training, 28. on the legal status of woman, 36, 37.

Sheldon, Mrs. French, 80.

Siam, 255, note 1.

Sie, Tou Fa, 259.

Silberstein, Mr., 150.

Simcox, Miss, 85.

Simpson, Mrs. Anna, 192.

Sin, Miss Peng Sie, 258.

Slavic countries, conditions in, 215 and ff.

Sloane Garden Houses, 81.

Slovene woman's rights movement, 235, 236.

_Slovenka_, 236.

"Social Purity League," 37, 38.

Social secretaries, 35.

Society for Jewish Women, 154.

Society for the Amelioration of the Condition of Woman and for Demanding Woman's Rights, 180.

Soho Club and Home for Working Girls, 90.

Somersville Hall, 75.

Sorabija, Cornelia, 254.

South Africa, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 100, 101.

South America, conditions in, 213, 214.

South Dakota, 16 and note 2, 21.

Southern States, conditions in, 35.

Spain, conditions in, 206, 207.

Sprung, Mrs. v., 166.

Stael, Madame de, 177, 178.

Stanley, Hon. Maude, 90.

Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, refused admission to anti-slavery congress, 5, 6. introduces woman's suffrage resolution, 7.

Steyber, Ottilie v., 145.

Stone, Lucy, 5, 24.

Stopes, Mrs. C. C., 62, note 1.

Strindberg, 110.

Stritt, Mrs., 151.

Styria, _see_ Slovene woman's rights movement.

Suffragettes, English, influence of, in the United States, 21. importance of, 58. tactics, influence, and activities of, 65-70. support given to, 69.

Suslowa, Miss, 221.

Suttner, Bertha v., 169.

Swain, Dr. Clara, 253.

Sweden, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 103-110.

Switzerland, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xiii. conditions in, 133-134.

Tasmania, _see_ Australia.

Teachers, women, in the United States, 25. in Australia, 46, 47. in Great Britain, 76, 81. in Sweden, 104, 106, 107. in Finland, 111. in Norway, 118, 119. in Denmark, 123. in the Netherlands, 128. in Switzerland, 135. in Germany, 147. in German Austria, 161, 162. in Hungary, 174. in France, 184. in Italy, 200, 201. in Spain, 207, 208. in Mexico and Central America, 212, 213. in Russia, 221, 222. in Galicia, 234. in Servia, 237. in Bulgaria, 240. in Persia, 251, 252.

_Terem_, 217.

Tery, Audree, 195.

Tessel Benefit Society (_Schadeverein_), 129.

Thorbecke, Minister, 138.

Tilmans, Madame, 194.

Tod, 63.

Trade-unions, women in, in the United States, 32, 33. in Great Britain, 84-88. in Sweden, 108. in Finland, 112. in Norway, 122. in the Netherlands, 129, 130. in Switzerland, 137. in Germany, 150, 153, 154. in German Austria, 159, 160, 164, 165. in France, 185, 186. in Belgium, 193. in Italy, 203, 204. in Russia, 222, 225. in the Slovene countries, 236. in Bulgaria, 240.

Trinity College, 76.

Troy Seminary, 24.

Tsin King, 258.

Tumova, Miss, 232.

Turkey, conditions in, 245-250.

Turmarkin, Dr. Anna, 135, 136.

Tuszla, Dolna, 251.

United States, Represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xii, xiii. conditions in, 2-42. _See also_ American Women.

United States, Constitution of, leaves suffrage matters to the various states, 3. not opposed to woman's suffrage, 10. preamble to, 10.

United States, women in, leaders in modern woman's rights movement, x. oppose slavery, 4. attitude toward negro suffrage, 9. methods of obtaining the franchise, 13-15.

Universities, state, in the United States, 26.

Utah, woman's suffrage in, 16. work of women in, 19. condition of women and children in, 39, 40.

Vambery, Professor, 172.

Vandervelde, Madame, 193.

Vassar College, 24.

Veres, Mrs. v., 169.

Victoria, represented in the International Woman's Suffrage Alliance, xii; _see also_ Australia.

Vooruit, 194.

Vorst, Mrs. v., her book referred to, 31, 35.

Vos, Roosje, 130.

_Votes for Women_, English woman's suffrage organ, referred to, 62, note 1, 66, 69.

Wachtmeister, Countess, 52.

Wales, _see_ Great Britain.

Wallis, Professor, 105.

War of Independence (1774-1783), relation of, to woman's rights movement, 2.

Ward, Mrs. Humphry, opposed to woman's suffrage, 18. in debate, 69.

Warren, Ohio, 42.

Warwick, Lady, 83.

Washington, State of, woman's suffrage secured in, 16, note 1, 21, 22, and note 1.

Webb, Mrs. Sidney, 69.

Wenckheim, Baroness, 172.

Wendt, Dr, Cecilia, 163.

West Australia, _see_ Australia.

White slave trade, in Australia, 54. in Hungary, 172.

_Why does the Working-woman need the Right to Vote?_ (pamphlet), 33.

Willard, Frances E., 38.

Wisconsin, 21.

Wolfring, v., 166.

Wollstonecraft, Mary, 176.

Woman's Cooperative Gild, 93, 94.

Woman's Equal Suffrage League (Natal), 100.

Woman's Freedom League, 68.

Woman's Industrial Society, 159.

Woman's Institute, 80.

_Woman's Journal_, 34, 35.

Woman's rights movement, the modern, definition, leadership in, origins, ix, x. international organization of, xi, xii. chief demands of, xiii, xiv. characteristics, in Germanic and Romance countries compared, 1, 2. in Germanic-Protestant countries, 1, 2. the cradle of, 2. and American War of Independence, 2. character of, in the United States, 4 and ff. in Australia, 42 and ff. in Great Britain, 58 and ff. in Canada, 96 and ff. in South Africa, 100 and ff. in the Scandinavian countries, 103 and ff. in the Netherlands, 126 and ff. in Switzerland, 133 and ff. in Germany, 144 and ff. in German Austria, 158 and ff. in Europe, 175. in France, 176 and ff. in Belgium, 191 and ff. in Italy, 199 and ff. in Spain, 210, 211. in South America, 214. in Russia, 215 and ff. in Bohemia, 230-232. in Servia, 236-239. in Bulgaria, 240-242. in Turkey and Egypt, 247-250. in Persia, 251. in India, 252-255. in China, 258-260. in Japan, 262. in Korea, 263. _See also_ Woman's suffrage movement.

Woman's Rights Movement (periodical), 20, 21.

Woman's Suffrage Alliance, _see_ International Woman's Suffrage Alliance.

_Woman's Suffrage in Australia_ (pamphlet), 56.

_Woman's Suffrage in New Zealand_, (pamphlet), 56.

Woman's suffrage movement, organized internationally, xii, xiii. in the United States, 2-23. in Australia, 49-58. in England, 58-74. in Canada, 98, 99. in South Africa, 100, 101. in Sweden, 104, 108, 109. in Finland, 114-116. in Norway, 119-121. in Denmark, 124, 125. in Iceland, 125. in the Netherlands, 130-133. in Switzerland, 141-143. in Germany, 153-157. in German Austria, 166-169. in Hungary, 172, 173. in France, 188 and ff. in Belgium, 194, 195. in Italy, 202 and ff. in Russia, 227-229. in Czechish Bohemia and Moravia, 231, 232. in Japan, 262.

Woman's suffrage states (United States), and educational matters, 27. women jurors in, 28. laws concerning women and children in, 39, 40.

Women, _see also_ Agriculturists, American women, Coeducation, Divorce laws, Doctors, Children (authority over), Education, Factory inspectors, Journalists, Laws protecting women and children, Lawyers, Patents, Preachers, Salaries, Sex, Teachers, Trade-unions, Working-day.

Women in the professions and the industries, in the United States, 25-36. in Australia, 46-48. in Great Britain, 77-95. in Canada, 97. in Sweden, 104-108. in Finland, 111-113. in Norway, 117-121. in Denmark, 123-124. in the Netherlands, 128-131. in Switzerland, 135-139. in Germany, 147-150. in Luxemburg, 157, 158. in Hungary, 171-174. in France, 185-187. in Belgium, 193. in Italy, 200-204. in Portugal, 212. in Mexico and Central America, 212, 213. in South America, 214. in Russia, 220-226. in Czechish Bohemia and Moravia, 230, 231. in Galicia, 232, 233, 235. in the Slovene countries, 236. in Servia, 237, 238. in Greece, 243, 244. in Persia, 251, 252. in Japan, 261, 262.

Women, legal status of, in the United States, 36, 37. in Australia, 49. in England, 73, 74. in Canada, 97, 98. in Sweden, 105, 106. in Finland, 113. in Denmark, 122, 123, 124. in the Netherlands, 126, 127. in Switzerland, 140. in Germany, 155. in German Austria, 168, 169. in France, 178, 179, 182. in Belgium, 191. in Italy, 202. in Spain, 210. in Mexico and Central America, 213. in Russia, 226, 227. in Servia, 239. in Bulgaria, 240. according to the Koran, 248. in China, 256, 257.

Women's Charter of Rights and Liberties, the, 96, note 1.

Women's clubs, _see under_ the Woman's rights movement of the various countries.

Women's colleges, in the United States, 24. in Great Britain, 75-77.

Women's Enfranchisement League (in Cape Colony), 101.

_Women's Franchise, the Need of the Hour_, 70, note 1.

Women's Liberal Federation, 63.

Working-day for women, in the United States, 35. in woman's suffrage states, 39. in Australia, 48. in Switzerland, 139. in Germany, 154. in Italy, 203.

Workingwoman's movement, not antagonistic to woman's rights movement, x.

World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union, formation of, x. facts concerning, 38. advocates woman's suffrage, 38.

Worm, Pauline, 122.

Writers' League, 68.

Wu, Fang Lan, 258.

Wyoming, woman's suffrage in, 16. elections in, 20. legal status of women in, 39, 40.

Yale University, 24.

Young Turkish Woman's League, 249, 250.

Young Turk movement, women and, 248, 249.

Zenana, 250, 253.

Zetkin, Clara, 152.

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Transcriber's Notes:

Passages in italics are indicated by _italics_.

Punctuation has been corrected without note.

The following misprints have been corrected: "Cubs" corrected to "Clubs" (page 133) "classses" corrected to "classes" (page 184) "admisson" corrected to "admission" (page 250) "1 4" corrected to "184" (page 270)

Other than the corrections listed above, inconsistencies in spelling and hyphenation have been retained from the original.