Part 4

BLAIR, C. DEAN 1965 _The Potters and Potteries of Summit County, 1828-1915_ The Summit County Historical Society, Akron, Ohio. BRADSHAW, HERBERT C. 1955 _History of Prince Edward County, Virginia_ Dietz Press, Inc. Richmond. COTTER, JOHN L. 1958 _Archaeological Excavations at Jamestown, Virginia_ Archaeological Research Series No. 4, National Park Service, Washington. COTTER, JOHN L. AND J. PAUL HUDSON 1957 _New Discoveries at Jamestown_ National Park Service, Washington. CRESTHULL, PAUL 1969 “Styles of Detachable Stem Pipes” _Maryland Archaeology_ V:2. EWERS, JOHN C. 1969 Personal Communication January 27, 1969. 1972 Personal Communication January 19, 1972. FEATHERSTONE, NATHANIEL R. 1948 _The History of Appomattox County, Virginia._ Appomattox American Legion Post 104, Appomattox. FONTANA, BERNARD L., AND J. CAMERON GREENLEAF 1962 _Johnny Ward’s Ranch_ The Kiva, 28:1-2, Tucson. HEITE, EDWARD F. 1969 “Pipe Industry History Reflected in Tools” _Quarterly Bulletin_, Archaeological Society of Virginia 24:2, 118-119. 1971 “Pipes from the Pamplin Factory in Appomattox County Virginia” _Quarterly Bulletin_, Archaeological Society of Virginia 25:3, 195-196. MARTIN, JOSEPH 1835 _Gazetteer of Virginia_ published by Joseph Martin, Charlottesville. MILLER, CARL F. 1960 “Excavation And Investigations of Fort Lookout Trading Post II in the Fort Randall Reservoir, South Dakota” _River Basin Surveys Papers No. 17_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 176, Nos. 15-20 pp. 49-82. OMWAKE, H. GEIGER 1967 “Supplemental Report on Additional White Clay Pipe Evidence Recovered from the Buck Site Near Chestertown, Maryland” _Bulletin Archaeological Society of Delaware_ Nos. 5 and 6, New Series, Fall 1967: 23-30. PRUCHA, FRANCIS PAUL 1964 _Guide to the Military Posts of the U.S._ State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 1964. SACKET, RICHARD 1943 “Historical Clay Pipes of the Minnesota Area”. _Minnesota Archaeologist_ 9:3, 69-82. Minneapolis. SMITH, G. HUBERT 1960a. “Fort Pierre II, an Historic Trading Post in the Oahe Dam Area, South Dakota”. _River Basin Surveys Papers No. 18_ Bureau American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, Nos. 15-20: 83-158. 1960b. “Investigations at Fort Stevenson” _River Basin Surveys Papers No. 19_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176, Nos. 15-20: 159-238. THOMPSON, ERWIN T. 1965 Communication to John W. Walker, Jan. 8, 1965. THOMPSON, WILLIAM A., JR. 1969 “Pamplin Pipes” _The Chesopiean_ 7:1. WALKER, JOHN W. 1962 Field Notes, on Pamplin Pipes, while engaged in Archaeological Research Appomattox Courthouse. WILSON, REX L. 1961 “Clay Pipes from Fort Laramie” _Annals of Wyoming_, 33:2, 120-134 Cheyenne. 1966 “Tobacco Pipes from Fort Union, New Mexico” _El Palacio_, 73: 1, 32-40. Santa Fe. 1971 _Clay Tobacco Pipes from Fort Laramie, National Historic Site and Related Locations._ Division of Archaeology and Anthropology, National Park Service, Washington. WOODLING, R. H. 1969 Communication to Charles H. Meadows, Appomattox National Historic Park, May 15, 1969 WOOLWORTH, ALLAN R. AND W. RAYMOND WOOD 1960 “Archaeology at Kipp’s Post” _River Basin Surveys Papers No. 20_, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 176: 239-321. Washington.

Newspapers

1935 _Farmville Herald_, Farmville, Va. Mar. 29, 1935 “Pamplin Pipe Factory” 1946 _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. April 21, 1946 “Indian Pipes are Still Produced from Clay Found in Virginia”. 1965 _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. March 31, 1965 “Pamplin Pipes in Smithsonian”. ? _Times-Dispatch_, Richmond, Va. March 30 ? “Historic Pipes Shipped West From Virginia”. 1962 _Times-Virginian_, Appomattox, Va. “Ramblings About Clay Pipes” Oct. 18, ’62

PIPEMAKER’S TOOLS FROM APPOMATTOX COUNTY, VIRGINIA COMPOSITE DRAWING DERIVED FROM SPECIMENS OWNED BY DR. C. G. O’BRIEN VIRGINIA HISTORIC LANDMARKS COMMISSION ARCHÆOLOGY OFFICE 1 MOLD CLOSED TOP VIEW 2 MOLD CLOSED EDGE VIEW 3 MOLD OPEN, TO SHOW WORKINGS 4 KNIFE 5 STEM TOOL 6 BOWL TOOL

This is the largest plant in the world devoted exclusively to the manufacture of Indian stone clay pipes. Our plant has a capacity of 25,000 pipes per day; our kiln has a capacity of 200,000 pipes at a single burning.

From careful search of the records, this factory started more than 200 years ago. The present plant has been in operation for 44 years. Skilled American labor is used in a modern, day-lit plant with special attention to cleanliness, sanitation and ideal conditions.

The buying trend is toward Indian clay and stone pipes. Tourists and visitors to your locality are buying them as gifts, souvenirs and for personal use. Every true American wants a genuine Indian pipe—and can buy one, for little more than the cost of a can of smoking tobacco.

Order your assortment today. Display them well and they will sell quickly. Pamplin Indian Pipes give you a profit unheard of in the tobacco trade.

PAMPLIN SMOKING PIPE AND MANUFACTURING CO., Inc. Established 1739 Manufacturers of All Styles of Stone and Powhatan Clay Pipes and Reed Stems PAMPLIN, VIRGINIA, U. S. A.

Printed in U. S. A.

Hand-Made “Powhatan”

_Powhatan_ INDIAN CLAY PIPES

MILD _mellow_ SWEET PURE _50¢_ WITH _Two_ STEMS

_Be A Modern Indian Chief! Smoke the Genuine “Powhatan” pipe_ MADE IN VIRGINIA BY NATIVES OF VIRGINIA

This handsome display card, in five colors, given with each order for five dozen “Powhatan” Hand-Made Pipes, makes selling easy. Order yours.

The POWHATAN, the original Indian hand-made Pipe, sells on sight, pays Big Profit!

“POWOW” SMOOTH SHAKER “WIGWAM” SHAKER ORIGINAL “POWHATAN” HAND-MADE “AKRON” SHAKER “OLE VIRGINNY” SHAKER

THESE ARE THE MOST POPULAR STYLES OF PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPES All (except “Powhatan”) are available in both Shaker (Stone) and Hamburg (Clay).

The Original Powhatan Pipe

The original Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe has the distinction of being the exact reproduction of the real pipe made and smoked by the Red Men in pre-colonial days.

Pipe smoking was introduced into England by Sir Walter Raleigh who had seen the Indians smoking. With the start of tobacco cultivation in Virginia, the Powhatan Pipe became generally used in England and in all of the American colonies.

A host of that day took great pride in offering his guests tobacco grown on his own plantation, in a Powhatan Indian hand-made Pipe.

An Authentic American Treasure

The natives who have been making Powhatan Pipes for centuries are rapidly disappearing. Their children seem unwilling to do the necessary primitive and tedious work. Manual clay pipe-making, probably America’s oldest industry, will soon be only a tradition.

Today the Powhatan Pipe is more than a source of peaceful, contented smoking enjoyment. It is a collector’s prize, an authentic American treasure. In a few years it will be generally unobtainable.

This company is the world’s sole producer of genuine Indian pipes. Since 1739 it has preserved this historic industry. Its clay deposit in Appomattox County, Virginia, holds the only clay discovered as ideal for Indian pipes. The trade-mark and name, “Original Powhatan Indian Pipe,” is its exclusive property.

Yet the famous Powhatan Pipe is very low in price, as for many years past, giving the consumer a splendid value, and the jobber and retailer a profit unheard of in the tobacco trade.

PRICE LIST (EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 15, 1941) [_See Page 6 for Jobber’s Discounts_]

POWHATAN HAND-MADE PIPES

Individually packaged in attractive rustic container, Historical Booklet, instruction tag, and two 10″ reed stems—one curved, one straight, ready for mailing.

Gross $48.00 Minimum order ¼ Gross _Retails for from 50¢ to $1.00_

Buy Pipes Made in America—For American Smokers!

POWHATAN COUNTER DISPLAY

Twelve Powhatan Pipes, each with Historical Booklet, instruction tag, and extra 10″ straight stem included.

DOZEN TO DISPLAY CARD Gross $48.00 Minimum order ¼ Gross.

(_Display card illustrated on Page 3 of this Catalog._)

Page 10

Powhatan Machine-Made

Machine-made Powhatan, fitted with cork closures and 10″ reed stems, bowls trade-marked. Packed 50 to the box with stems. 25¢ Retailer. Price, $4.00 per box.

Akron Shaker

Machine moulded from fire clay, hard-burned and glazed; a stone pipe fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to a box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Powow Shaker

Stone pipe, smooth finish, glazed, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to a box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Ole Virginny Shaker

Heavier stone pipe, attractive finish, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Wigwam Shaker.

Real character distinguishes this attractive stone pipe, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.00 per box.

Shaker Assortment.

An assortment of 25 each of the four above described stone pipes, 100 pipes, fitted with 5″ reed stem. Packed 100 to box. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $3.50 per box.

Stems can be furnished straight or bent. Additional Stems and Stems Extra Length Can Be Supplied at Slight Extra Cost.

_Send Money Order or Check with Order to Save Time._

Terms: 20% Cash With Order. Net 30 Days.

Page 11

Akron Hamburg (_Similar to Akron Shaker_)

Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned, attractive red color. Also made in white. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.50 per box.

Powow Hamburg (_Similar to Powow Shaker_)

Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned, an attractive small bowl. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.50 per box.

Ole Virginny Hamburg (_Similar to Ole Virginny Shaker_)

Machine-made from finest fire-clay, hard-burned, white, simulates meerschaum, one of the most popular shapes. Also made in red. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.70 per box.

Wigwam Hamburg (_Similar to Wigwam Shaker_)

Machine-made from Virginia Clay, hard-burned. Choice of red or white. Shape appeals to young and old. Packed 100 to box with 5″ reed stems. 10¢ Retailer. Price, $2.70 per box.

Hamburg Assortment

An assortment of 25 each of the four above described clay pipes, 100 pipes, fitted with 5″ reed stems. Packed 100 to box with stems. 15¢ Retailer. Price, $2.85 per box.

Stems can be furnished straight or bent. Additional Stems and Stems Extra Length Can Be Supplied at Slight Extra Cost.

_Send Money Order or Check with Order to Save Time._

Terms: 20% Cash With Order. Net 30 Days.

Page 12

The Tomahawk Pipe—A Real Novelty

Moulded from hand-engraved brass die, of finest quality fire clay, hard-burned and glazed. An attractive item for carnivals, conventions, fairs, club meetings, etc. Packed 200 to box, with 5″ reed stems. Price, $13.50 per box.

To the Trade

JOBBER’S DISCOUNTS

Apply ONLY When Whole Order Is Shipped At SAME Time 10 to 20 Boxes 20% 21 to 40 Boxes 25% 41 to 100 Boxes 30% 101 to 500 Boxes 35%

In addition to the 10 styles of Indian Pipes illustrated and quoted in this folder, we make many other styles of Indian Clay and Stone Pipes. Orders for additional designs—for Advertising, Souvenirs, Gifts, Tourists, Fairs, Exhibitions, and Special Purposes—are solicited. We can make any style of pipe that can be made from either Virginia Red Clay or Fire Clay. Our own designers and artists are at your service. _We invite your inquiries._ Samples will be mailed promptly to rated firms.

(Note: If you have a friend to whom you would like for us to send one of these folders, please write. It will be sent promptly.)

_This Is An “Original” Powhatan Pipe_

Made entirely by hand in a primitive way, from hand-carved moulds several centuries old, by natives in Appomattox County, Va. Succeeding generations, dating back to the earliest days of America, have practiced the ancient art of making these Indian pipes by hand. The slow, tedious work, requiring innate skill, is not attractive to the moderns. This art is rapidly disappearing. Soon the genuine Powhatan Pipe will be generally unobtainable. This Pipe, therefore, will become a rare and cherished antique and keepsake.

This Powhatan Pipe is an original, made exactly like those the Indians used prior to the coming of the white man to America, and as smoked in the early colonies and in England following Sir Walter Raleigh’s introduction of tobacco into that country. The clay is porous and the old Virginia reed stem also absorbs the nicotine. To clean the pipe according to the old Virginia method, remove the stem and place the bowl into the fire-place. This will burn out the absorbed nicotine without in any way harming the pipe. New stems may be obtained from your tobacconist.

PAMPLIN INDIAN PIPE CO., Pamplin, Va., U. S. A.

THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL SITE

by Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart

The Utlaut site (23SA162W) is located on the floodplain of the Missouri River about one mile west of Malta Bend, Saline County, Missouri and approximately two miles northwest of the junction of Highway 65 and 127.

The site is situated on land owned by Oscar John of Sweet Springs, Missouri and was farmed by Ryland Utlaut of Grand Pass. Both kindly allowed us to excavate there. We were directed to the site by J. M. “Buster” Crick of Corder, Missouri, a local collector who had been finding ceramics which looked “Mississippian.” His aid was invaluable, for without it this work could not have been done.

Scattered occupational debris was found covering an area ca. 100 feet in diameter around our test, but the major materials recovered, in six burials, seem not to be related to the surface debris. Those materials will be reported in a later paper dealing with site 23SA162, the Cole Lake Sand Ridge site.

As mentioned, the Utlaut site is situated on the floodplain of the river. The area, though, is in reality an old beach of the Missouri, formed when the river swung south of its present course and came near Grand Pass. Because the soil was almost pure sand, all of it was screened.

The initial test was an east-west trench comprising five alternating squares (Fig. 2). Burial materials were found between stakes 35W and 55W north and south of the 0 line (Fig. 2). Remains of five burials were recovered. While a few bones were treated as a separate burial in the field (Burial 5), they were found to be related to Burial 2 on completion of the analysis. The bones in burials 1 through 5 were in very poor condition, and because of cultivation many are missing.

BURIAL DESCRIPTIONS

The osteological analysis of the skeletal remains found in Appendix I is by the junior author and Clark Larsen. The descriptions to follow will focus on the cultural nature of the burials.

_Burial 1._ This is an adult male. The body was extended and oriented on a northeast-southwest axis with the head northeast. Although a vessel was found in the same square as the burial, it is thought that it belongs to Burial 4. One projectile point was found just east of the neck. Due north by about one foot was a biface chopper/scraper. These artifacts may be associated with this burial (Figs. 2 and 3).

_BURIAL 6_ _Pot_ _BURIAL 2_ _Child’s skull_ _Pot_ _Shell Spoon_ _BURIAL 3_ _Scraper_ _BURIAL 4_ _Pot_ _Biface_ _BURIAL_ _Projectile point_ _Bundled bones_

The projectile point is triangular, of tan-cream chert and is 3.1 cm. long, 1.44 cm. wide and 0.25 cm. thick (Fig. 4a). It is a typical Mississippian/Oneota point. The biface was cream colored with cortex present. There is a scraper edge on the long axis on one side (Fig. 4b). It is 14.0 cm. long, 9.9 cm. wide, and 3.1 cm. thick.

One of the most interesting aspects of this 35+ year old male burial is the possible “trophy” skeletal materials placed on the knee area. Remains of three persons and possibly a fourth were found in a fragmentary condition, and while some of the long bones were intact, the cranial remains present were shattered. Two explanations seem most obvious: (1) the remains are the result of some type of human sacrifice, or (2) they are secondary burial of remains disturbed from their original location. These ideas will be more fully explored later in the paper.

_Burial 2._ The skeletal material recovered from this burial was very fragmentary and the actual number of individuals involved could be three rather than the two suggested in the anatomical analysis. No complete skeleton was found, rather a series of jumbled long bones with the femur head facing southwest (Figs. 2 and 5), suggesting an extended burial on a northeast-southwest axis. At the knee area was found a skull which showed evidence of burning. This data, even more than that of Burial 1, suggests “human sacrifice” or some such exotic behavior. Because some of the long bones were burnt too, it is possible the firing occurred as a part of the burial ritual. At the northeastern end of the burial was found a child’s skull; its relationship to the adult is unclear at this time.

Also associated with Burial 2 was a ceramic vessel and a fresh water mollusc spoon (Fig. 6a-b). The spoon was very fragile and crumbled on cleaning. The vessel was a small globular jar with an everted rim and two strap handles. On the shoulder of the vessel below the handles were incised double nestled chevrons, while two single incised lines ran vertically from neck to base between the handles (Fig. 6a). The handles had double incised lines on them. The vessel was shell tempered with a slight scalloping of the lip. It was 7.63 cm. high, the orifice was 6.27 and 6.07 cm. in diameter, while the shoulder was 9.95 and 9.5 cm. in diameter. The vessel seems to be a typical Oneota form.

_Burial 3._ This burial was extended with head to the northeast and body on a northeast-southwest axis (Fig. 7). It was a child’s, and the only grave goods associated with it was a chert scraper (Fig. 4c). It was found south of the pelvic area. It is cream chert, is 3.39 cm. long, 1.78 cm. wide and 0.6 cm. thick. Anterioral and posterioral flattening of the frontal and occipital region is marked on this individual’s skull.

_Burial 4._ The burial when found was highly fragmentary; the legs are all that remain. No artifacts were found with it. Alignment of the legs indicates that the head was to the northeast and the body was on a northeast-southwest axis. However, in the process of analyzing these data it was discovered that by projecting the former location of the missing head and torso, this burial seems to be associated with the isolated pot from square 0-40W. As figures 2 and 8 show, the vessel would have been placed beside the left shoulder.

This oval-shaped vessel has 14 rows of punctations running around the whole surface. There are two strap handles each with two incised lines placed vertical to the rim (Fig. 6c-d). The rim has been damaged by the plow. Orifice size is 8.21 cm. at the handles and 7.7 cm. between them. It is 12.36 by 13.2 cm. at the shoulder and 8.15 cm. high (incomplete).