Part 1

THE MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGIST

Vol. 34 Nos. 1-2 Dec. 1972

THE MISSOURI ARCHAEOLOGIST

VOLUME 34, NOS. 1-2 COLUMBIA, MO. DECEMBER, 1972

Editor: Robert T. Bray, University of Missouri-Columbia

SOCIETY OFFICERS 1972 Henry W. Hamilton, President

VICE-PRESIDENTS

Leonard W. Blake J. Allen Eichenberger Dr. H. Lee Hoover Dr. Carl H. Chapman, Secretary Edward C. Matthews, Jr. Clem T. Kelly Leo J. Roedl David R. Evans, Treasurer

TRUSTEES Harold W. Mohrman, (Chairman)

Leo O. Anderson Ramsey Bearden Dale Belshe John E. Berry C. L. Blanton, Jr. Freddie Bollinger Fred Brandenburger Mrs. Mary B. Bruno C. Warren Cagle Miss Harryette Campbell R. I. Colborn J. L. Connelly Paul Corbin J. M. Crick Mrs. W. L. Davidson W. B. Debo Jack Dennis Richard V. Dolby Terrance Dyche Benedict Ellis Jim D. Feagins Dr. Raymond Felling Forrest Femmer Charles R. Fiorita Maynard A. Fisher Michael R. Fisher Howell Geiger Henry H. Gerdes J. W. Gerhardt Harold Green T. M. Hamilton Dr. E. B. Hanan Harry L. Harner Dr. M. M. Hart Dr. William Hayes O. Lee Herberger J. P. Herring Leo P. Hopper James G. Houser Dr. Shelby Hughes Elmo Ingenthron Sam C. Irvine Sam G. Jones James F. Keefe Thomas Keel, Jr. David Kimbrough George W. Kirk Claude Knoles Miss Margaret Lawlor I. H. Lehmer Dr. James L. Lowe Frank Magre Winton O. Meyer Steve Miller George W. Nichols Dr. Peter Nichols Charles V. Orr W. L. Philyaw Mrs. Howard Platz Art Province Julian D. Pyatt Nelson Reed Donovan Reynolds Ralph G. Roberts Paul V. Sellers Dr. Francis L. Stubbs John W. Taylor Floyd Vavak John C. Vinton George Von Hoffman, Jr. James Walden

PRESERVATION OF SITES COMMITTEE J. J. McKinny (Chairman)

Joseph B. Abell Dr. Hugh L. Cutler William R. Denslow Robert L. Elgin Arthur L. Freeman, Jr. Genevieve Huss Charles E. Martien Haysler A. Poague Robert M. Seelen George U. Shelby, Jr. Allen B. Soper Frank Stonner C. H. Turner Art. L. Wallhausen, Jr.

CONTENTS

CLAY PIPES FROM PAMPLIN by Henry W. Hamilton and Jean Tyree Hamilton 1 Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 2 The Home Pipemaking Industry 3 Home Industry Pipe Making Methods 7 The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company 8 Factory Machinery 11 Factory Firing and Glazing 12 Reed Stems 12 Pipes Made By The Factory 12 Factory Price List of Pipes and Jobbers Discounts, As of 1941 13 Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 14 Conclusions 21 Bibliography 23 THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL SITE By Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart 48 Burial Descriptions 48 Discussion 61 References Cited 65 Appendix: Skeletal Remains from the Utlaut Site by Kevin Hart and Clark Larsen 67 A REPORT OF SALVAGE INVESTIGATIONS AT ST. CHARLES, MISSOURI By J. M. Shippee 75

ILLUSTRATIONS

CLAY PIPES FROM PAMPLIN By Henry W. Hamilton and Jean Tyree Hamilton _Plate_ _Page_ 1. Tools of the Home Pipemaking Industry 26 2. Pamplin Pipe from the steamboat _Bertrand_ 27 3. Stencils on the Box of Pamplin Pipes from the _Bertrand_ 27 4. The Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, Inc. 28 5. Kiln of the Pamplin Smoking Pipe Company 29 6. Pipe Molding Machine from Pamplin Factory 30 7. Saggers from the Pamplin Factory 31 8. Advertising Brochure, Pamplin Pipe Company 32 9. The “original” Powhatan and other Pamplin Pipe Forms 33 10. Price List of Pamplin Company Pipe Forms 34 11. “Tomahawk Pipe,” 1941 Brochure 35 12. Sales Tag for “Original” Powhatan Pipe 36 13. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 37 14. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 38 15. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 39 16. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 40 17. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 41 18. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 42 19. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 43 20. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 44 21. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 45 22. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 46 23. Pamplin Area Pipe Forms 47

_Tables_ _Page_ 1. Sources of Pipes and Relative Numbers available for Examination 14 2. Identifications Appearing on Certain Pamplin Pipes 15

THE UTLAUT SITE (23SA162W): AN ONEOTA-HISTORIC MISSOURI BURIAL SITE By Patricia J. O’Brien and Kevin Hart _Figures_ _Page_ 1. Floodplain of the Missouri River with Locations of 23SA4, 23SA162W and 23SA162 49 2. Test Excavations at the Utlaut Site 50 3. Burial 1, 23SA162W 51 4. Artifacts from the Utlaut Site 53 5. Burial 2, 23SA162W 54 6. Pottery Vessels from the Utlaut Site 55 7. Burial 3, 23SA162W 56 8. Burial 4, 23SA162W 58 9. Burial 6, 23SA162W 59 10. Pottery Vessels Associated with Burial 6 60 11. Tibiae of Burial 1 68 12. Skull Profiles of Burial 3 71

_Tables_ _Page_ 1. Post-Cranial Measurements and Indices for Skeletal Material from 23SA162W 73 2. Cranial Measurements and Indices, Burials, 2, 6 73 3. Comparison of Male Stature for Oneota Indians 74

A REPORT OF SALVAGE INVESTIGATIONS AT ST. CHARLES, MISSOURI By J. M. Shippee _Figures_ _Page_ 1. Pit A Pottery 77 2. Pits B and D Artifacts 79 3. Pit D Pottery 81 4. Pottery from Pit D and from Surface of Road 82

CLAY PIPES FROM PAMPLIN

by Henry W. Hamilton & Jean Tyree Hamilton

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to express appreciation to all of the following for their help and assistance in the preparation of this report. The contributions of some are discussed in detail in the text, but we are grateful to each and every one.

Miss Wilsie Thornton, Mrs. Bess Franklin Mattox, Stuart M. Farrar and Jack Price, Pamplin, Virginia.

Dr. Clyde G. O’Brien, M.D.; Calvin Robinson, retired editor; Ray Noble and William Sperry, Appomattox, Virginia.

Mrs. Aldah B. Gordon, Clerk Circuit Court, Appomattox County, Appomattox, Virginia.

Vernon C. Womack, Clerk Circuit Court, Prince Edward County, Farmville, Virginia.

Alford L. Rector, Charles H. Meadows, and Mrs. Charles S. Martin, Appomattox Court House, National Historic Park, Virginia.

Edward A. Chappell, Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission, Richmond, Virginia.

Edward F. Heite, formerly with Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission.

Francis B. Fitzgerald, Suffolk, Virginia.

David Dautenhahn, Marshall, Missouri

John W. Walker, John W. Griffin and Richard D. Faust, Southeast Archaeological Center, National Park Service, Macon, Georgia.

J. Paul Hudson, Jamestown National Historic Park, Virginia.

Rex L. Wilson, Acting Chief, Division of Archaeology and Anthropology, National Park Service, Washington.

John C. Ewers, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.

Jerome E. Petsche, National Park Service, Washington.

Charles Phillips, Williamstown, Massachusetts.

Miss Mary M. Watts, Times-Dispatch, Richmond, Virginia.

Robert L. Saville, Jr., Lawyers Title Insurance Corp, Richmond Virginia.

Morton L. Wallerstein and Ralph Dombrower, Richmond, Partners in the last factory operation.

Microfilm Department, Virginia State Library, Richmond.

Miss Eleanor Thompson, Assistant Librarian, Missouri Valley College, Marshall, Missouri.

Mrs. Dorothy Erdmann, Summit County Historical Society, Akron, Ohio.

Floyd Painter, Editor, _The Chesopiean_, Norfolk, Virginia.

Ronald A. Thomas, State Archaeologist, Dover, Delaware.

Mrs. Elizabeth Schick and L. T. Alexander, Archaeological Society of Delaware, Wilmington.

R. H. Landon, Minnesota Archaeological Society, Minneapolis.

Howard A. MacCord, Sr., Archaeology Society of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia.

Ronald R. Switzer, Bertrand Conservation Laboratory, DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge, Missouri Valley, Iowa.

The photography is by T. M. Hamilton, Miami, Missouri, except where otherwise noted.

To the many others who have helped, we also wish to express our thanks.

INTRODUCTION

This is presented as an aid in the identification of clay pipes from the general area of Pamplin, Virginia, that might appear in archaeological and historic sites. Interest in these pipes has been stimulated by their being reported as found in various sites in the western United States.

The circumstances under which this information has been gathered and the fact that it has been a number of years since clay pipes were made here, either as a home industry or commercially by the Pamplin Smoking Pipe and Manufacturing Company, leave much to be desired. On the other hand, in our work we have inspected a total of 4,451 Pamplin pipes; of this number 39% were from the factory grounds, and 61% were from the Thornton Store Site and represented the home industry, so we feel that the 39 forms presented represent at least a majority of the pipe forms made at Pamplin.

This is not to say that a similar form could not have been made elsewhere; however the style, the generally heavier and thicker character of the piece, and the finish, or lack of it, as well as the usual deep red color of the Virginia clay, would seem to make these pipes distinctive.

Under the conditions in which these pipes were retrieved it is obvious that the numbers of the different forms located give little indication of the relative numbers of the different styles that were manufactured, the popularity of the various styles, or the relative time of their manufacture.

Nearly all of the pipes examined were retrieved by excavation, by people who simply happened to become interested; this is equally true whether the pipes had been made by the factory and excavated out of fill on the old factory grounds, or whether they were made at the homes and excavated from the basement of the old Thornton Store, which through the years had taken them in trade for merchandise.

In some cases among the pipes examined there were not more than one, or a few, examples of a certain form. In other cases there were hundreds. Among the examples available to us there was generally little variation in size within the same form. We have illustrated the largest and the smallest, since this also gives an opportunity to note minor variations that may exist between different molds for the same pipe form. However, a rather wide variation in size was present in that shown as (Plate 13 A), the “Original” Powhatan, where a total of 12 gradations from largest to smallest were found.

The predominant color of the pipes is dark red. A lighter color is infrequently present, running from almost yellow, to salmon, to light brown. The very dark, almost black coloration of some is said to come either from minerals present in the soil of this area, to which the pipes presented here had been subjected since nearly all had been many years underground, or from actual fire that had fallen into the saggers of the Company kiln, or the iron pots in which the pipes had been fired in the home industry.

During the last years of factory operation “some white clay from either West Virginia or Kentucky was shipped in by railroad”. This resulted in pipes of a lighter color, at times light grey to white. Apparently no pipes made from this particular clay were seen by us, except possibly those illustrated in Plate 23 AJ.

THE HOME PIPEMAKING INDUSTRY

Well established local tradition indicates that clay pipemaking in the homes, for home and neighborhood use, started almost as soon as the first settlers reached the area, and after the suitability of the local clay was discovered. Initial county organization in this part of Virginia was well underway by the 1740’s.

Bradshaw’s _History of Prince Edward County_, Virginia, 1955, p. 5 states, _Batho Austin road to be cleared from the Appomattox River near Colonel Richard Randolph’s quarter to Hill’s Fork on Vaughan’s Creek by all who lived near the route and were not employed on other roads. 1742._

Vernon C. Womack, Clerk of the Circuit Court, Prince Edward County, in a personal letter states, “Since the south fork of Vaughan’s Creek originates a short distance from where the pipe factory was later located in Pamplin, this might be the starting point. John Wood’s map of Prince Edward County, dated 1820 which shows that part that was later cut off to form Appomattox County, gives a detail network of roads through Kelso’s Old Store, which appears to be near the present location of Pamplin.”

_There were stores at Sandy River, Wm. and Samuel Matthew had a store at Walker’s Church, and Kelso’s Old Store was between Walker’s Church and Merriman’s Shop_ (now Pamplin).” The statement is footnoted _John Wood map_, 1820. (Bradshaw, 1955:319).

_Merriman’s Shop Post Office, 94 miles from Richmond, 185 miles from Washington._ (Martin, 1835:269).

_Advertisement for renewal of bids for rural route for port office in Merriman’s Shop in 1843-1848_ (Bradshaw, 1955:315).

The area that was later to become Appomattox County had been, successively, included in the areas of several earlier and larger counties. Appomattox County was formed in 1845. The railroad came through Merriman’s Shop in 1854, and was renamed Pamplin. The Appomattox County Courthouse burned and the county records were destroyed by fire on February 2, 1892 (Communication from Mrs. Aldah Gordon).

Mrs. Bess Franklin Mattox reported, “Nicholas Pamplin, a resident of Merriman’s Shop, was the only citizen who permitted the railroad to go through his land without charge and so the village was renamed for him” (Mattox, personal communication). For a time it was known as Pamplin Depot, then Pamplin City, finally simply Pamplin.

The home manufacture of pipes has had a long history in this part of Virginia and can be considered as well underway by the 1740s. It existed long before the Company came to Pamplin and continued after the Company had ceased operations, or as long as there was an active demand for clay pipes.

The Home Industry finally came to a close in 1953. “Mrs. Betty Price of Appomattox County was the last to make pipes. I have a mold used by her. She made them from childhood and in her prime could make 40,000 pipes per year, having been taught by her mother in 1866 when she was eight years old. Her mother had made them a lifetime before her. In the last year of Mrs. Betty Price’s life, 1953, she made 500 pipes at the age of 95. They were made from clay from her own farm.” (Personal letter from Dr. Clyde G. O’Brien of Appomattox, and her son, Jack Price of Pamplin).

A column by the _News-Leader_ correspondent from Appomattox, April 30, (year unknown) said, _Hollywood bar reached all the way to Pamplin to get Mrs. Betty Price’s pipes for use by the Indians in the movie, “Northwest Mounted Police”. Cecil B. DeMille’s research man ferreted out the Powhatan pipe some months before the film went into production. Several dozen were ordered. Frank Lloyd also bought pipes to be used in the production of “Howards of Virginia”._

Practically speaking, all of the pipes made at the homes were made by white women, and from about the time of the first settlement of the territory, as the special suitability of the local clay for that purpose was early discovered.

Miss Wilsie Thornton of Pamplin said that this industry had become especially important after the War Between the States, because with so many men having been killed and the area in such straitened circumstances, the women were badly in need of some means of making a living. The pipes they made could be traded at several general stores, or sold for a few cents, and there was no cost for materials.

One such establishment at which the local women disposed of their pipes was J. R. Franklin & Co., of Pamplin. Some of these pipes were recovered when the cargo of the sternwheeler, _Bertrand_, which sank in the Missouri River at Port La Force, Nebraska, April 1, 1865, (Petsche, 1970:1) was salvaged in 1968-69. The official list of artifacts recovered in the salvage operation, supplied by Jerome E. Petsche, National Park Service, who was in charge of that operation shows:

_Pipes, Smoking; Several types and sizes recovered; briars and clay; one lot included clay bowls exclusively, others contained stems and bowls. Consignee: Vivian and Simpson, Virginia City. Manufacturer’s stenciling_: ‘THE CELEBRATED VIRGINIA POWHATAN (CLAY), J. R. FRANKLIN & CO., SOLE AGENTS FOR THE MANUFACTURERS, PAMPLIN DEPOT, APPOMATTOX COUNTY, VA.’ Field lot numbers MPC 104, MPC 358, FSC 171.

The following description of the pipe shipment on the _Bertrand_ was provided by Ronald R. Switzer, Director, Bertrand Conservation Laboratory, National Park Service, Missouri Valley, Iowa.

“The pipes are of one type and design (Plate 2). Forty pipe bowls plus 136 fragments ... all but 15 are chipped or broken, condition otherwise good. Clay, predominantly grayish-tan, mottled with brick red and brown. Paste soft, fine, and uniform, ... exterior has soft sheen. Preservation: Brushed with soft bristle brush in running tap water to remove mud.” (Switzer, personal communication).

This pipe is similar to (Plate 19 U); however, there are slight variations due to differences in individual molds made for production of the same pipe form.

The two pipe forms (Plate 19 T & U), were the only examples we found that carried the peculiar pinkish-gray tan color, and they were found only among the pipes made by the Home Industry. They were probably made of clay from the same source and by the same individual, since home pipemakers usually dug their clay on their own premises, and the condition of the pipes, after a century in mud and moisture, indicates that the work was done well.

The shipment was contained in a wooden box, which was approximately 15½ inches long, 8½ inches wide, and 8 inches tall (Plate 2). The stenciling on the box is faint, but legible.

“Lettering on the top of the box indicated the consignee but is so faded that it was impossible to obtain a good photograph; however the stencil once read,—B. A. L. Vivian & Simpson, Virginia City, M. T.” (Plate 3) (Switzer, personal communication).

“One end of the box was lettered, No. 1, 216, M. Size” (Plate 3). The meaning of this can only be conjectured, however it may have indicated shipment No. 1, to this consignee; containing 216 pipes; of Medium size.

The stencils identifying the consignor, J. R. Franklin & Co., appeared on both sides of the box and were identical (Plate 3). The same, except in abbreviated form, appeared diagonally on one end of the box.

The account book of the store at New Store, Virginia, about 23 miles northeast of Pamplin, which is in the collections at Appomattox Courthouse, records that on Sept. 1, 1866, I. H. Schenault was paid $8.00 for 1,600 pipes, and later, (apparently the same day) was paid $8.75 for 2,175 pipes. The latter was evidently a partial and immediate “in trade” transaction.

So in the Pamplin area in the 1860s general stores were taking clay pipes made in the home industry, allowing about ½¢ each in trade for commodities, and at least in one instance were shipping them west for use by the miners in the gold fields.

Mrs. Betty Price has said that the Powhatan “Original” (Plate 13 A) the “Hamburg” (Plate 14 F) and the “Zuvee” or “Zoo” (Plate 19 T) were some of the first pipe forms made in the area. (_News-Leader_, April 30, year unknown).

Many of the clay pipes made at homes near Pamplin were traded for commodities at the Thornton General Store in Pamplin, and this store was truly “general”, for it handled, in addition to groceries, everything from threshing machines and horsepower mills to silk thread.

Miss Wilsie Thornton had a copy of her Father’s letterhead: the letter was dated, Jan. 9, 1892. The letterhead reads,—

_W. D. THORNTON, DEALER. General Merchandise and Agricultural Implements. Wholesale dealer in All Styles of Clay Pipes and Stems Manufacturer’s Agent for Aultman and Taylor Threshers, Horse Power and Farm Engines. Also Buckeye Reapers & Mowers & Thornmill Wagons._

“The pipes made by the local women,” Miss Thompson said, “were traded to the Thornton Store for the necessities of life. The pipes were stored in the basement of the store and packed in barrels, in either pine needles or sawdust, and shipped to the Baltimore Bargain House, or to other wholesale houses. From the wholesale houses they were shipped to the Cotton States and to the West. Large orders were filled for a tobacco factory in Pennsylvania, where they sold bags of tobacco with the pipes.”

Pamplin pipes have been reported from the sites of Fort Laramie, Wyoming; Fort Sanders, Wyoming; Fort Stambaugh, Wyoming; Fort Phil Kearny, Wyoming; Fort Union, New Mexico; Fort Sully, South Dakota; and Fort Davis, Texas (Wilson, 1971).

Miss Thornton’s parents were married in 1874, but the store was already in operation at that time. Her father continued operation until his death, December 16, 1897; after that the store was run by her brother. A bank, the “Farmer’s and Merchant’s National Bank” was also operated in the store. In later years the building became a drug store.

Finally with time and disuse the old building came down and erosion, with perhaps some intentional filling of the area, took place. So the site of the old general store, which in its heyday had meant so much to Pamplin and Appomattox County and its people in their daily living, became simply a vacant area.