PART II
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECT
_OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE MENTAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE HUMAN BEING IN THE FIRST YEARS OF LIFE_
BY W. PREYER PROFESSOR OF PHYSIOLOGY IN JENA
TRANSLATED FROM THE ORIGINAL GERMAN BY H. W. BROWN TEACHER IN THE STATE NORMAL SCHOOL AT WORCESTER, MASS.
NEW YORK D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 1895
COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
EDITOR'S PREFACE.
This second volume contains the further investigations of Professor Preyer on the mind of the child. The former volume contained the first and second portions, devoted respectively to the development of the senses and of the will. The present volume contains the third part, treating of the development of the intellect; and three appendixes are added containing supplementary matter.
Professor Preyer considers that the development of the power of using language is the most prominent index to the unfolding of the intellect. He differs with Professor Max Mueller, however, on the question whether the operation of thinking can be carried on without the use of words (see the recent elaborate work of the latter on "The Science of Thought").
At my suggestion, the painstaking translator of this book has prepared a full conspectus, showing the results of Professor Preyer's careful observations in a chronological order, arranged by months. This considerable labor will render the book more practical, inasmuch as it will enable each reader to see at a glance the items of development of the child in the several departments brought together in epochs. This makes it possible to institute comparative observations under the guidance of Professor Preyer's method. I think that I do not exaggerate the value of this conspectus when I say that it doubles the value of the work to the reader.
WILLIAM T. HARRIS. CONCORD, MASS., _November, 1888_.
CONTENTS. PAGE
PREFACE BY THE EDITOR v
CONSPECTUS SHOWING THE PROGRESS OF THE CHILD BY MONTHS ix
THIRD PART.
_DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECT._
CHAPTER
XVI.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD'S INTELLECT INDEPENDENT OF LANGUAGE 3
XVII.--LEARNING TO SPEAK 33
1. Disturbances of Speech in Adults 34 (1) Periphero-Impressive or Perceptive Disturbances, 36. (2) Central Disturbances, 37. (3) Periphero-Expressive or Articulatory Disturbances, 38.
2. The Organic Conditions of Learning to Speak 42
3. Parallel between the Disturbances of Speech in Adults and the Imperfections of Speech in the Child 45
I. Lalopathy, 47. A. The Impressive Peripheral Processes disturbed--Deafness, 47. B. The Central Processes disturbed--Dysphasia, 47. (1) The Sensory Processes centrally disturbed, 47. (2) The Sensori-motor Processes of Diction disturbed, 48. (3) The Motor Processes centrally disturbed, 49. C. The Expressive Peripheral Processes disturbed, 54. (1) Dyslalia and Alalia, 54. (2) Literal Pararthria or Paralalia, 56. (3) Bradylalia, or Bradyarthria, 57. II. Dysphasia, 58. III. Dysmimia, 62.
4. Development of Speech in the Child 64
XVIII.--FIRST SOUNDS AND BEGINNINGS OF SPEECH IN THE CASE OF A CHILD OBSERVED DAILY DURING HIS FIRST THREE YEARS 99
XIX.--DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEELING OF SELF, THE "I"-FEELING 189
XX.--SUMMARY OF RESULTS 208
APPENDIXES.
APPENDIX A.--Comparative Observations concerning the Acquirement of Speech by German and Foreign Children 221 (_a_) Diary of the Child of the Baroness von Taube, of Esthonia, 261.
APPENDIX B.--Notes concerning Lacking, Defective, and Arrested Mental Development in the First Years of Life 272
APPENDIX C.--Reports concerning the Process of Learning to See, on the part of Persons born blind, but acquiring Sight through Surgical Treatment. Also some Critical Remarks 286
I. The Chesselden Case, 286. II, III. The Ware Cases, 288. IV, V. The Home Cases, 296. VI. The Wardrop Case, 300. VII. The Franz Case, 306. Final Remarks, 312.
A CONSPECTUS OF THE OBSERVATIONS OF PROFESSOR PREYER ON THE MIND OF THE CHILD.
ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY BY MONTHS, FOR THE CONVENIENCE OF THOSE WHO WISH TO VERIFY THESE OBSERVATIONS, OR TO USE THEM AS A GUIDE IN THEIR OWN INVESTIGATIONS.
BY H. W. BROWN.
FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.[A]
SIGHT.--_Light._--Five minutes after birth, slight sensibility to light (2). Second day, sensitiveness to light of candle (3). Sixth and seventh days, pleasure in moderately bright daylight (3, 4). Ninth and tenth days, sensitiveness greater at waking than soon afterward (3). Sleeping babes close the eyes more tightly when light falls on the eyes (4). Eleventh day, pleasure in light of candle and in bright object (3).
_Discrimination of Colors._--Twenty-third day, pleasure in sight of rose-colored curtain (6).
_Movements of Eyelids._--First to eleventh day, shutting and opening of eyes (22). Irregular movements (23). Lid closed at touch of lashes from sixth day on (26). Twenty-fifth day, eyes opened and shut when child is spoken to or nodded to (30).
Pleasure shown by opening eyes wide, displeasure by shutting them tightly; third, sixteenth, and twenty-first days (31).
_Movements of Eyes._--First day, to right and left (35). Tenth day, non-cooerdinated movements (36). Third week, irregularity prevails (37).
_Direction of Look._--Eleventh day, to father's face and to the light (43). Upward look (43). Twenty-third day, active looking begins (44). Twenty-third and thirtieth days, a moving light followed (44).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Twelfth day, hypermetropia (60).
HEARING.--First days, all children deaf (72). Fourth day, child hears noises like clapping of hands (81). Eleventh and twelfth days, child quieted by father's voice: hears whistling. Twenty-fifth day, pulsation of lids at sound of low voice. Twenty-sixth day, starting at noise of dish. Thirtieth day, fright at loud voice (82).
FEELING.--_Sensitiveness to Contact._--At birth (97-105). Second and third days, starting at gentle touches. Seventh day, waked by touch on face (105). Eleventh day, lid closed at touch of conjunctiva more slowly than in adults (103).
_Perception of Touch._--First gained in nursing (110).
_Sensibility to Temperature._--At birth, cooling unpleasant. Warm bath agreeable. Seventh day, eyes opened wide with pleasure from bath (112). First two or three years, cold water disagreeable (114). Mucous membrane of mouth, tongue, lips, very sensitive to cold and warmth (115).
TASTE.--_Sensibility._--At birth (116-118). First day, sugar licked (118). Second day, milk licked (119). Differences among newly-born (120). Sensation not merely general (122).
_Comparison of Impressions._--During nursing period child prefers sweet taste (123). Second day, child accepts food that on the fourth he refuses (124).
SMELL.--_Faculty at Birth._--Strong-smelling substances produce mimetic movements (130).
_Discrimination._--Eighth day, groping about for nipple (134).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--_Pleasure._--First day, in nursing; in the bath; in the sight of objects; in the light (141).
_Discomfort._--First days, from cold, wet, hunger, tight clothing, etc. (147).
_Hunger._--First days, manifested in sucking movements, crying, restlessness (152). Cry differs from that of pain or of satisfaction. Other signs of hunger (153).
_Satiety._--Third to fifth week, the nipple pushed away with the lips: mouth-piece of bottle ditto. Tenth day, smile after eating. Fourth week, signs of satisfaction; laughing, opening and half shutting eyes; inarticulate sounds (157).
_Fatigue._--From crying and nursing (159). Second and third weeks, from use of senses (160). First month, sleep lasts two hours; sixteen of the twenty-four hours spent in sleep (162).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Outstretching and bending of arms and legs just after birth; contractions, spreading and bending of fingers (205). Grimaces (207). Wrinkling of forehead (309). First day, arms and legs take same position as before birth (206). Second week, stretching of limbs after waking (205).
_Reflex Movements._--In case of light-impressions (34-42). First cry (213). Sneezing of newly-born (214). Coughing, ditto. (216). Seventh day, yawning (215). First day, spreading of toes when sole of foot is touched (224). First day, hiccough (219). First five days, choking (218). Wheezing, yawning (215). Seventh day, respiration irregular (217). Ninth day, clasping (243). Tenth day, lips protruded (283). Fourteenth day, movement of left hand toward left temple (220). Twenty-fourth day, snoring (215).
_Instinctive Movements._--First to third day, hands to face. Fifth day, fingers clasp firmly; toes do not. Sixth day, hands go into eye (244). Seventh day, pencil held with toes, but no seizing. Ninth day, no clasping by sleeping child (245). Sucking (257-261). At end of first week, lateral movements of head (264). Third week, clasping with fingers, not with thumb (245).
_Expressive Movements._--Twenty-sixth day, smile of contentment (296). Twenty-third day, tears flow (307). Crying, with tears, and whimpering, become signs of mental states (308).
INTELLECT.[B]
Memory first active in the departments of taste and of smell; then in touch, sight, hearing (5). Comparison of tastes (I, 123). Vowel-sounds in first month (67). Sounds in first six months (74). Sounds made in crying and screaming, _u-ae_ (101). Twenty-second day, association of the breast with nursing (I, 260).
FOOTNOTES:
[A] Under "Senses" and "Will" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages in Vol. I.
[B] Under "Intellect" the numbers in parentheses indicate pages from Vol. II, unless otherwise stated.
SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Light._--Bright or highly-colored objects give pleasure (4).
_Discrimination of Colors._--Forty-second day, pleasure in sight of colored tassels (7).
_Movements of Eyelids._--Fifth week, irregular movements of lids. Eighth week, lid covering iris (23). Twenty-fifth day, opening and shutting eyes in surprise (30). Fifty-seventh and fifty-eighth days, winking. Sixtieth day, quick opening and shutting in fright (26).
_Movements of Eyes._--Thirty-first day, strabismus rare. Forty-sixth to fiftieth day, very rare. Fifty-fifth day, irregular movements rare, but appearing in sleep till the sixtieth day (37).
_Direction of Look._--Fifth week, toward the Christmas-tree (45). Thirty-ninth day, toward tassels swinging (46). Seventh week, moving lamp or bright object followed (45).
HEARING.--Fifth week, child does not sleep if persons walk or speak. Starting at noises. Sixth week, starting at slight noises even in sleep; quieted by mother's singing. Seventh week, fright at noise is greater (83). Sensibility to musical tones, ditto. Eighth week, tones of piano give pleasure (84).
TOUCH.--Thirty-eighth day, movements caused by touch of water (107). Forty-first day, reflex movement of arms caused by a general slight agitation (105, 106). Fiftieth and fifty-fifth days, closing of eyelid at touch of eyelash (103). Seventh week, upper lip sensitive (100).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in musical sounds (141); in sight of human face (142). Reflexive laughing (145). Sixth week, fretfulness and hunger (155). Eighth week, fatigue after hearing piano-playing (160). Sleep of three, sometimes of five or six hours (162).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Of eyes before waking, also twistings and raisings of trunk (206). Seventh week, number of respirations twenty-eight to the minute (217).
_Reflex Movements._--Of right arm at touch of left temple (220). Forty-third day, sneezing caused by witch-meal (215). Fifth week, vomiting (219). Eighth week, laughing caused by tickling (225).
_Instinctive Movements._--Seventh week, clasping not yet with thumb. Eighth week, the four fingers of the child embrace the father's finger (245).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Forty-third day, first consonant; child says _am-ma_; also vowel-sound _ao_. Forty-fourth day, syllables _ta-hu_; forty-sixth day, _goe_, _oeroe_; fifty-first day, _ara_; eighth and ninth weeks, _oerroe_, _arra_, frequent (102).
THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of the Eyelids._--Eyelid not completely raised when child looked up (23). Irregular movements of eyes appear (though rare) up to tenth week; at three months are no more observed (37).
_Direction of Look._--Sixty-first day, child looked at his mother and gave a cry of joy; the father's face made the child gay. Sixty-second day, look directed at a swinging lamp (46).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Ninth week, accommodation apparent (54).
HEARING.--Ninth week, sound of watch arouses attention; other noises (84). Eleventh week, head moved in direction of sound (85). Eighty-first day ditto. (47). Twelfth week, sudden turning of head toward sounding body (85).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--_Pleasure._--Smile at sight of the mother's face (145).
_Unpleasant Feeling._--From some internal cause (151).
_Fatigue._--Sucking tiresome (159). Sleep of four or five hours without waking (162).
_Hunger._--Tenth week, child hungry three times or more in a night (155).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Respirations, thirteenth week, twenty-seven to the minute (217). Hiccough frequent; stopped by use of sweetened water (219).
_Instinctive Movements._--Eleventh week, pencil held, but mechanically; thumb not used in clasping (245). Twelfth week, eighty-fourth day, contra-position of thumb reflexive (245, 246). Thirteenth week, thumb follows fingers more readily (246). Eleventh week, head balanced occasionally. Twelfth week, some gain in holding head. Thirteenth week, head tolerably well balanced (264). Seizing merely apparent (246). No voluntary movement (266).
INTELLECT.
Eighty-first day, seeking direction of sound (I, 47).
_Speech._--Consonant _m_ frequent (67). Sixty-fourth day, _ma_ (102). Sixty-fifth day, _nei nei nei_ and once _a-omb_. Sixty-sixth day, _la_, _grei_, _aho_, _ma_. Sixty-ninth day, _moemm_ and _ngoe_. Seventy-first day, _ra-a-ao_. Seventy-sixth day, _nae_ and _n[=a]i-n_. Seventy-eighth day, _habu_. Twelfth week, _a-i_ and _u[=a]o_, _ae-o-a_, _ae-a-a_ and _o-ae-oe_ (103).
_Feeling of Self._--Eleventh week, child does not see himself in mirror (197).
FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Ninety-eighth day, brow wrinkled when look is upward (24). Fifty-seventh day, winking (26). Fifteenth and sixteenth weeks, ditto (27). Seventeenth week, objects seized are moved toward eyes; grasping at objects too distant (55).
_Movements of Eyes._--No more non-cooerdinated (37).
_Direction of Look._--Fourteenth week, following person moving. One hundred and first day, following pendulum. Sixteenth week, gazing at sides and ceiling of carriage and at objects (48).
HEARING.--Sixteenth week, head turned toward sound with certainty of reflex (85).
FEELING.--Seventeenth week, eyes are closed when a drop of water touches lashes (103). Fourteenth week, sleeping child throws up arms at sudden touch (106).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in grasping at objects (142). Fifteenth week, intervals between meals three or four hours (155). Sleep lasts five or six hours (162). Twenty-second week, astonishment at seeing father after separation (173). Fourteenth week, smile of satiety. Seventeenth week, joy in seeing image in mirror (297).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Fourteenth week, right hand to right eye (220).
_Instinctive Movements._--Fourteenth week, hands hold objects longer and with contra-position of thumb. Fifteenth and sixteenth weeks, no intentional seizing. One hundred and fourteenth day, ditto (246). Seventeenth week, efforts to take hold of ball; ball moved to mouth and eyes. One hundred and eighteenth day, frequent attempts at seizing; following day, grasping gives pleasure (247). Fourteenth week, head seldom falls forward. Sixteenth week, head held up permanently (264), this the first distinct manifestation of will (265). Fourteenth week, child sits, his back supported (267). Seventeenth week, biting (261).
_Imitative Movements._--Fifteenth week, beginnings of imitation; trying to purse the lips (283). Seventeenth week, protruding tip of tongue (284).
_Expressive Movements._--Sixteenth week, turnings of head and nodding, not significant; head turned away in refusal (314).
_Deliberate Movements._--Fourteenth week, attentive looking at person moving; one hundred and first day, at pendulum swinging (48). Fifteenth week, imitation, pursing lips (283). Sixteenth and seventeenth weeks, voluntary gazing at image in mirror (343).
INTELLECT.
Intellect participates in voluntary movements (I, 338).
_Speech._--Fourteenth week, _ntoe_, _ha_, _loe_, _na_. Fifteenth week, _nan-nana_, _n[=a]-n[=a]_, _nanna_, in refusal (103). Sixteenth week, in screaming, _ae-[)u] ae-[)u] ae_, _[=a]-[)u] [=a]-[)u]_, _[)u]-ae [)u]-ae_, _[=u]-[=u]-[=a]-oe_, _amme-a_; in discomfort, _[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]-[=u][)a]_ (104).
_Feeling of Self._--Seventeenth week, child gazes at his own hand (193). One hundred and thirteenth day, for the first time regards his image with attention (197). One hundred and sixteenth day, laughs at his image (198).
FIFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Looking inquiringly (48).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Reaching too short (55).
HEARING.--Nineteenth week, pleasure in sound of crumpling of paper by himself. Twenty-first week, beating of gong enchains attention (85). Disturbed by noise (86).
TOUCH.--Auditory canal sensitive (106).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in crumpling paper, tearing newspapers and rolling them into balls, pulling at glove or hair, ringing of a bell (142, 143). Eighteenth week, discomfort shown by depressing angles of mouth (149). Eighteenth week, nights of ten to eleven hours without taking food (155). Eighteenth week, desire shown by stretching out arms (247).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Eighteenth week, objects seized are held firmly and carried to the mouth (247). Nineteenth week, child takes bit of meat and carries to mouth. One hundred and twenty-third day, lips protruded in connection with seizing (248).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Consonant _k_, _goe_, _koe_, _[)a]gg[)e]gg[)e]koe_. First five months, screaming sounds _u_, _ae_, _oe_, _a_, with _ue_ and _o_; _m_ almost the only consonant (104).
_Feeling of Self._--Discovery by child that he can cause sensations of sound (192). Looking at his own fingers very attentively (194).
SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Twenty-fifth-week, winking caused by puff of wind in face (27).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Child laughs when nodded to by father; observes father's image in mirror, etc. (62).
TASTE.--Medicine taken if sweetened (124). One hundred and fifty-sixth day, child refuses breast, having had sweeter milk. End of twenty-third week, milk of new nurse taken, also cow's milk, meat-broth (125).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in grasping increases (142). Arms moved up and down when child is nodded to (144). Twenty-third week, depression of angles of mouth and cry of distress caused by harsh address (149). Hunger apparent in persistent gaze at bottle, crying, and opening of mouth (154). Sleep of six to eight hours (162). Astonishment at seeing father after separation, and at sight of stranger (173).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Sneezing caused, on one hundred and seventieth day, by blowing on the child (215).
_Instinctive Movements._--Twenty-second week, child raised himself to sitting posture (267). Twenty-third week, ditto; pleased at being placed upright (275).
_Expressive Movements._--Laugh accompanied by raisings and droppings of arms when pleasure is great (299). Arm-movements that seemed like defensive movements (314). "Crowing" a sign of pleasure (II, 104).
INTELLECT.
Use of means to cause flow of milk (12).
_Speech._--Twenty-second week, _oegoe_, _ma-oe-[)e]_, _h[)a]_, _[=a]_, _ho-ich_. "Crowing" and aspirate _ha_, and _brrr-ha_, signs of pleasure (104). So _aja_, _oerrgoe_, _[=a]-[=a]-i-[)o]-[=a]_, _eu_ and _oeu_ (French) and _ae_ and _oe_ (German), also _ijae_; _i_ and _u_ rare (105).
_Feeling of Self._--Twenty-third week, discrimination between touch of self and of foreign object (194; I, 109). Twenty-fourth week, child gazes at glove and at his fingers alternately (194). Twenty fourth week, sees father's image in mirror and turns to look at father. Twenty-fifth week, stretches hand toward his own image. Twenty-sixth week, sees image of father and compares it with original (198).
SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--End of seventh month, opening and shutting of fan causes opening and shutting of eyes (30).
_Direction of Look._--Twenty-ninth week, looking at flying sparrow (48). Thirtieth week, child does not look after objects let fall (49).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Accommodation is perfect (55).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Staring at strange face (62).
HEARING.--Gaze at person singing; joy in military music (86).
FEELING.--Child became pale in bath (115).
TASTE.--New tastes cause play of countenance (124). One hundred and eighty-fifth day, cow's milk boiled, with egg, is liked; leguminous food not (125).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Pleasure in his image in mirror (142). Child laughs when others laugh to him (145). Twenty-ninth week, crying with hunger; spreading out tongue (153). Satiety shown by thrusting mouth-piece out (157).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Nose becomes mobile. Babes strike about them vigorously (207).
_Reflex Movements._--Sighing appears (216).
_Instinctive Movements._--Thirtieth week, seizing more perfect (249). Child places himself upright on lap, twenty-eighth week (275).
_Imitative Movements._--Imitation of movements of head; of pursing lips (283).
_Expressive Movements._--Averting head as sign of refusal; thrusting nipple out of mouth (313, 314). Astonishment shown by open mouth and eyes (55).
INTELLECT.
Child did not recognize nurse after absence of four weeks (7); but children distinguish faces before thirtieth week (6).
_Speech._--When hungry, child screams _mae_, _ae_, _[)u]ae_, _[)u]ae[)e]_; when contented, says _oerroe_; _lae_, _[)u]-[=a]-[)u]-i-i_; _t_ seldom, _k_ only in yawning, _p_ very rarely (106).
EIGHTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Brow not wrinkled invariably in looking upward (24). Play of lid on hearing new noises; no lifting of eyebrows (30, 31). Thirty-fourth week, eyes opened wide with longing (31).
_Direction of Look._--Thirty-first week, gaze turned in direction of falling object. Thirty-third week, objects moved slowly downward are followed with close gaze. Thirty-fourth week, objects let fall by him are seldom looked after (49).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Interest in bottles (62).
HEARING.--Quick closing of lids at new impressions of sound (86).
TASTE.--Pleasure in the "prepared food" (125).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Discomfort accompanied by square form of the mouth (149). Craving for food shown by cooing sound (155). Strongest feeling connected with appeasing of hunger (157). Restless nights (162). Astonishment at new sounds and sights; with fright (86). Thirty-first week, at clapping of fan. Thirty-fourth week, at imitation of voices of animals (173).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Accompanying movement of hand (210). Thirty-fourth week, stretchings of arms and legs accompanying utterance (II, 108).
_Instinctive Movements._--Thirty-second week, seizing with both hands more perfect; attention more active (248). In same week, legs stretched up vertically, feet observed attentively, toes carried to mouth with the hands (249). Pulling objects to him; grasping at bottle (250). Thirty-fourth week, carrying things to mouth (251).
_Expressive Movements._--Laugh begins to be persistently loud (299). Thirty-second week, child no longer sucks at lips when he is kissed, but licks them (305). Eyelid half closed in disinclination (315). Interest in objects shown by stretching out hands (321).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Variety of sounds made in the first eight months at random (76). Concept of bottle before language (79). Sounds in screaming different (106). Once the sound _h[=a]-upp_; frequently _a-[(ei]_, _a-[(au]_, _[)a]-h[(au]-[)a]_, _hoerroe_. Also _nt[)e]-oe_, _mi-ja mija_; once _o[)u][=a][)e]i_ (107).
FEELING OF SELF.--Thirty-second week, child looks at his legs and feet as if they were foreign to him (194).
NINTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyes._--Eyes converged easily (38).
_Direction of Look._--Thirty-sixth week, objects that fall are not regularly looked after, but slowly moving objects, e. g., tobacco-smoke, are followed (49).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Boxes are gazed at (62). More interest shown in things in general (63).
HEARING.--Winking and starting at slamming noise (86).
TASTE.--Yolk of egg with cane-sugar taken with expression of surprise. Water and bread liked (126).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Striking hands together and laughing for joy (145). Eyes shut when something disagreeable is to be endured; head turned away also (148). Cooing, as in eighth month (155). Fear of dog (167, 168).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Number of respirations (in fever) forty and forty-two in a minute (217).
_Instinctive Movements._--Teeth-grinding (262). Turning over when laid face downward (266). Thirty-fifth week, child places himself on arm and hand of nurse, and looks over her shoulder (275). Thirty-ninth week, likes to sit with support (267). Thirty-ninth week, stands on feet a moment without support (269).
_Expressive Movements._--Loud laughing at new, pleasing objects (299). Turns head to light when asked where it is (321).
_Deliberate Movements._--Things brought to mouth are put quickly on tongue (329).
INTELLECT.
Question understood before child can speak (I, 321).
_Speech._--Voice more modulated: screaming varies with different causes (107). Delight shown by crowing sounds: _mae-mae_, _aemmae_, _mae_, are expressions of pleasure; _[=a]-au-[=a]-[=a]_, _[=a]-[)o]_, _a-u-au_, _na-na_; _apa_, _ga-au-[)a]_, _acha_ (108).
FEELING OF SELF.--Feet are felt of, and toes are carried to mouth (190). Thirty-fifth week, foot grasped and carried to mouth. Thirty-sixth week, other objects preferred to hands and feet. Thirty-ninth week, in the bath his own skin is looked at and felt of, also his legs (194). Thirty-fifth week, his image in mirror is grasped at gayly (198).
TENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Movements of Eyelids._--Brow invariably wrinkled at looking upward (24).
_Movements of Eyes._--Convergence of lines of vision disturbed (38).
_Direction of Look._--Forty-third week, objects thrown down are looked at (49).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Visual impressions connected with food best interpreted (63).
HEARING.--Head turned at noise (87).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Joy at lighting of lamp (145).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Inhibition of reflex (229).
_Instinctive Movements._--Forty-third week, carrying objects to mouth (252). Taking a hair from one hand into the other (253). Finger bitten (261). Bread crunched and swallowed (262). Turning over when laid on face (266). Fortieth and forty-first weeks, trying to sit without support (267). Forty-second week, sitting up without support in bath and carriage (267, 268). Forty-first week, first attempts at walking (275). Forty-second week, moving feet forward and sidewise; inclination to walk. Forty-third week, foot lifted high; moving forward (276).
_Imitative Movements._--Beckoning imitated (285).
_Expressive Movements._--Laughing becomes more conscious and intelligent (299). Crying in sleep (308). Striking hands together in sleep (319). Object pointed at is carried to mouth and chewed (322). Body straightened in anger (324). This not intentional (326).
INTELLECT.
Forty-third week, knowledge of weight of bodies (I, 50). A child missed his parents when they were absent, also a single nine-pin of a set (7, 8).
_Speech._--Child can not repeat a syllable heard (77). In monologue, syllables are more distinct, loud, and varied when child is left to himself than when other persons entertain him: _ndae[)e]_, _b[=a]e-b[=a]e_, _ba ell_, _arroe_. Frequent are _mae_, _pappa_, _tatta_, _appapa_, _babba_, _taetae_, _pa_, _rrrr_, _rrra_. Hints at imitation (108).
_Feeling of Self._--Forty-first week, striking his own body and foreign objects (191). Forty-first to forty-fourth week, image in mirror laughed at and grasped at (198).
ELEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Forty-seventh week, child throws down objects and looks after them (49).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Forty-fourth week, new objects no longer carried to eyes, but gazed at and felt. Forty-seventh week, accommodation perfect (55).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Trying to fixate objects (63).
HEARING.--Screaming is quieted by a "Sh!" or by singing. Three hundred and nineteenth day, difference in sound of spoon on plate when plate was touched by hand (87).
TASTE.--Meat-broth with egg taken; scalded skimmed milk rejected; dry biscuit liked (126).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Forty-fourth week, astonishment at strange face (173).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Forty-fifth week, grasping at flame of lamp; forty-seventh, at objects behind a pane of glass; gain in moving muscles of arm; shreds of paper handled (252). Biting father's hand (261). Smacking lips (262). Sitting becomes habit for life (268). Standing without support; stamping; but standing only for a moment (269). End of forty-seventh week, feet well placed, but lifted too high and put down too hard (276).
_Expressive Movements._--Grasping at his image with laugh; jubilant noise at being allowed to walk (299).
_Deliberate Movements._--Striking spoon against object and exchanging objects (326, 327). Child takes biscuit, carries it to mouth, bites off a bit, chews and swallows it; but can not drink from glass (329).
INTELLECT.
Syllables correctly repeated; intentional sound-imitation on the three hundred and twenty-ninth day. Forty-fifth week, response made for diversion: whispering begins (109). Three kinds of _r_-sounds: new syllables, _ta-h[(ee]_, _dann-tee_, _[(aa]-n[(ee]_, _ngae_, _tai_, _bae_, _dall_, _at-tall_, _kamm_, _akkee_, _prai-jer_, _tra_, _[=a]-h[(ee]_. Some earlier sounds frequent; consonants _b_, _p_, _t_, _d_, _m_, _n_, _r_; _l_, _g_, _k_: vowel _a_ most used, _u_ and _o_ rare, _i_ very rare (110). Accentuation not frequent (111). Association of idea with utterance in one case (111, 122). Forty-fifth week, to word "papa," response _rrra_ (113).
_Feeling of Self._--Forty-fifth to fifty-fifth week, discovery of his power to cause changes (192).
TWELFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Fifty-first week, pleasure in seeing men sawing wood at distance of more than one hundred feet (55).
HEARING.--Screaming quieted by "Sh!" (87). Three hundred and sixty-third day, hears noise in next room and looks in direction of sound (88).
TASTE.--Fastidious about food (126).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Grunting as indication of pleasure (144). Fifty-second week, astonishment at new sound (173).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Accompanying movement of hand in drinking (209).
_Instinctive Movements._--Child seized father's hand, carried it to mouth and bit it (261). Forty-eighth week, standing without support a moment; stamping; pushing a chair (276). Forty-ninth week, child can not raise himself without help or stand more than an instant. Fiftieth week, can not place himself on his feet, or walk without help (277).
_Imitative Movements._--Trying to strike with spoon on tumbler; puffing repeated in sleep (287).
_Expressive Movements._--End of year, imitative laughing; crowing (299). Laughing in sleep (300). Opening of mouth in kissing (305). Arms stretched out in desire (322).
_Deliberate Movements._--Biscuit put into mouth with few failures; drinking from glass, breathing into the water (329).
INTELLECT.
Ideas gained before language (78). Logical activity applied to perceptions of sound (I, 88). Abstraction, whiteness of milk (18).
_Speech._--Imitation more successful, but seldom correct. Articulate sounds made spontaneously: _haja_, _jajajajaja_, _aja_, _njaja_, _nain-hopp_, _ha-a_, _pa-a_, _d[=e]waer_, _han-na_, _moemma_, _allda_, _alldai_, _apa-u-a_, _gaegae_, _ka_, _ladn_; _atta_ is varied, no more _dada_; _w_ for the first time. Ability to discriminate between words (112). Fifty-second week, child of himself obeys command, "Give the hand!" Quieting effect of sounds "sh, ss, st, pst" (113).
_Feeling of Self._--Striking hard substances against teeth; gnashing teeth (189). Tearing of paper continued (192).
THIRTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Child strikes on keys of piano; pleased with singing of canary-bird (89).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Laughing almost invariably follows the laugh of others (145). Sleep, fourteen hours daily (162).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Standing some moments without support (270). Fifty-third week, creeping. Fifty-fourth week, walking, with support; movements in creeping asymmetrical (277).
_Expressive Movements._--No idea of kissing (305). Shaking head in denial (315). Begging sound along with extending of hands in desire (323).
INTELLECT.
Trying door after shutting it (15, 16). Hears the vowel-sounds in word (68).
_Speech._--Desire expressed by _ae-na_, _ae-nananana_ (112). Awkwardness continues; attention more lively. Tries to repeat words said for him. Three hundred and sixty-ninth day, _papa_ repeated correctly (113, 114). Syllables most frequent, _nja_, _njan_, _dada_, _atta_, _mama_, _papai_, _attai_, _na-na-na_, _hatta_, _meen[)e]-meen[)e]-meen[)e],_ _moemm_, _moemma_, _ao-u_: _na-na_ denotes desire, _mama_, mother. Fifty-fourth week, joy expressed by crowing, some very high tones; first distinct _s_, three hundred and sixty-eighth day (114). Understanding of words spoken (115). Confusion of associations; first conscious act of obedience (116).
_Feeling of Self._--Rapping head with hand (191). Finding himself a cause; shaking keys, etc. (192). Fifty-fifth week, strikes himself and observes his hands; compares fingers of others with his own (195).
FOURTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Fifty-eighth week, grasping at lamp above him (55).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of falling (169). Fifty-eighth week, astonishment at lantern (173).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Child could be allowed to bite paper to pieces; he took the pieces out of his mouth (253). Fifty-seventh week, he hitches along on hands and knees; can not walk without support. Sixtieth week, raises himself by chair (277).
_Imitative Movements._--For imitating swinging of arms an interval of time was required (287). Coughing imitated (288). Nodding not imitated (315).
_Expressive Movements._--Confounding of movements (322). Affection shown by laying hand on face and shoulders of others (324).
_Deliberate Movements._--Child takes off and puts on the cover of a can seventy-nine times (328).
INTELLECT.
Wrong understanding of what is heard (89).
_Speech._--No doubt that _atta_ means "going"; _brrr_, practiced and perfected; _dakkn_, _daggn_, _taggn_, _attagn_, _attatn_; no special success in repeating vowels and syllables (117). Child tries and laughs at his failures, if others laugh; parrot-like repetition of some syllables (118). Gain in understanding of words heard; association of definite object with name (119). More movements executed on hearing words (120). Confounding of movements occurs, but grows rare; begging attitude seen to be useful (121).
_Feeling of Self._--Four hundred and ninth day, child bit himself on the arm (189). Pulling out and pushing in a drawer, turning leaves of book, etc. (192). Fifty-seventh week, child looks at his image in hand-mirror, puts hand behind glass, etc. (198). Fifty-eighth week, his photograph treated in like manner; he turns away from his image in mirror; sixtieth week, recognizes his mother's image in mirror as image (199).
FIFTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Sixty-third to sixty-fifth week, objects thrown down and looked after (50).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Grasps at candle, puts hand into flame, but once only (63).
HEARING.--Laughing at new noises, as gurgling or thunder (89).
SMELL.--Coffee and cologne make no impression till end of month (134).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Sixty-second week, child stands a few seconds when support is withdrawn. Sixty-third week, walks, holding on to a support (277). Sixty-fourth week, can walk without support, if he thinks he is supported; sixty-fifth week, walks holding by one finger of another's hand; raises himself to knees, stands up if he can hold to something (278).
_Imitative Movements._--Coughing. Learns to blow out candle (288). Opening and shutting of hand (289).
_Expressive Movements._--Laughing at new sounds (299). The words "Give a kiss" produce a drawing near of head and protruding of lips (306). Wrinkling of brow in attempts at imitation (310). Deprecating movement of arm (314). Sixty-fourth week, nodding sometimes accompanies the word "no"; four hundred and forty-fifth day, an accompanying movement (316). First shrugging of shoulders (317). Begging gesture made by child when he wants something (318). Same made in asking for amusement (319). Wish expressed by handing a ring, looking at glasses to be struck, and saying _hay-[)u]h_ (323).
INTELLECT.
Hunting for scraps of paper, etc. (17). After burning his finger in flame of candle, the child never put it near the flame again, but would, in fun, put it in the direction of the candle. He allowed mouth and chin to be wiped without crying (20).
_Speech._--New sound _wa_; astonishment expressed by _h[=a]-[=a]-[)e][=a]-[)e]_, joy by crowing in high and prolonged tones, strong desire by _haeoe_, _hae-[)e]_, pain, impatience, by screaming in vowels passing over into one another (121). The _atta_ still used when a light is dimmed (122). Advance in repeating syllables. Child is vexed when he can not repeat a word. One new word, _heiss_ (hot) (123). The _s_ is distinct; _th_ (Eng.) appears; _w_; smacking in sixty-fifth week; tongue the favorite plaything (124). Understands words "moon," "clock," "eye," "nose," "cough," "blow," "kick," "light"; affirmative nod at "ja" in sixty-fourth week; negative shaking at "no"; holding out hand at words "Give the hand" or "hand"; more time required when child is not well (125).
_Feeling of Self._--Child bit his finger so that he cried out with pain (191). Sixty-second week, playing with his fingers as foreign objects; pressing one hand down with the other (195). Sixty-first week, trying to feel of his own image in the mirror (199).
SIXTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Sixty-eighth week, reaching too short, too far to left or right, too high or too low (56).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Grasping at jets of water (63).
HEARING.--Child holds watch to his ear and listens to the ticking (89).
SMELL.--Smell and taste not separated; a flower is taken into mouth (135).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of high tones (169).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Sleeping child raised hand to eye (202). Accompanying movement of fingers in drinking (210).
_Reflex Movements._--Respirations, in sleep, twenty-two to twenty-five a minute (217).
_Instinctive Movements._--Sixty-sixth week, four hundred and fifty-seventh day, child runs alone (278). Next day, stops and stamps. Four hundred and sixty-first day, can walk backward, if led, and can turn round alone. At the end of the week can look at objects while walking. Sixty-seventh week, a fall occurs rarely. Sixty-eighth week, walking becoming mechanical (279).
_Imitative Movements._--A ring put on his head in imitation (289). Waiting attitude (318).
_Expressive Movements._--Lips protruded almost like a snout (302). Shaking head meant "No" and "I do not know" (316). Child shrugs shoulders when unable to answer (317). Waiting attitude becomes a sign (318).
_Deliberate Movements._--Opening and shutting cupboards, bringing objects, etc. Holding ear-ring to ear (327).
INTELLECT.
Child holds an ear-ring to his ear with understanding (I, 327). A begging movement at seeing box from which cake had come (11). Small understanding shown in grasping at ring (13).
_Speech._--Progress in repeating words spoken for him and in understanding words heard. Desire expressed by _hae!_ _hae-oe!_ _hae-[)e]!_ _h[)e]-[)e]!_ More seldom _hi_, _goe-goe_, _goe_, _f-pa_, _[(au]_; more frequently, _ta_, _dokkn_, _ta-ha_, _a-bwa-bwa_, _b[)u][=a]-b[)u][=a]_; once _dagon_. Child "reads" the newspaper (126). Pain expressed by screaming; joy by crowing with vowel _i_; _a_ repeated on command; _moe_ and _ma_; imitation tried (127). Touches eye, ear, etc., when these are named--not with certainty (128). Understands "bring," "give," etc. (129).
_Feeling of Self._--Putting thumbs against the head and pushing, experimenting (191). Sixty-sixth week, child strikes at his image in mirror. Sixty-seventh week, makes grimaces before mirror; turns round to see his father, whose image appeared in mirror (199). Sixty-ninth week, signs of vanity (200).
SEVENTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Interpretation of what is seen._--Child grasps at tobacco-smoke (64).
HEARING.--Holding watch to ear (89).
TASTE.--Surprise at new tastes (119).
SMELL.--Inability to separate smell and taste (135).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Prolonged sleep; ten hours at a time (162).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Right hand moved when right nostril is touched (221).
_Instinctive Movements._--Clasping of finger in sleep (243). Seventieth week, child raises himself from floor alone; seventy-first week, steps over threshold (279).
_Expressive Movements._--Shaking head means "I do not wish" (316). Throwing himself on floor and screaming with rage (323).
INTELLECT.
Child brings traveling-bag to stand upon in order to reach (12). Play of "hide and seek" (17).
_Speech._--Screaming, whimpering, etc. (101). Increase of discrimination: _bibi_, _nae-nae-nae_, _t-to_, _hoet-to_; voluntary imitation (129). Associations of words heard with objects and movements (130).
_Feeling of Self._--Making grimaces before mirror (200).
EIGHTEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Direction of Look._--Seventy-eighth week, throwing away of playthings is rare (50).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Anxiety on seeing man dressed in black (64).
SMELL.--Objects no longer carried to mouth (135).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Laughing at thunder (170).
WILL.
_Impulsive Movements._--Holding little finger apart from others (209).
_Instinctive Movements._--Walks over threshold by holding on (275). Seventy-seventh week, runs around table; seventy-eighth, walks over threshold without holding on (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Blowing horn (290).
_Expressive Movements._--Trying to hit with foot, striking, etc. (315). Waiting attitude (318).
_Deliberate Movements._--Full spoon carried to mouth with skill (329).
INTELLECT.
Memory of towel (8). Watering flowers with empty pot (16). Plays (17). Giving leaves to stag, etc. (18). Stick of wood put in stove (20).
_Speech._--Understanding of words increases (130). Repeating of syllables is rare; _atta_ becomes _tto_, _t-tu_, _ftu_; feeling recognized by tone of voice (131).
_Feeling of Self._--Recognition of himself as cause of changes (192).
NINETEENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Hearing watch on his head (89).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of strangers ceases (150). Laugh at thunder and lightning (170).
WILL.
_Imitative Movements._--Combing and brushing hair, washing hands, etc. (290).
_Expressive Movements._--Fastidious about kissing (306). Pride in baby-carriage (324).
_Deliberative Movements._--Spoon taken in left hand (329).
INTELLECT.
Father recognized after absence (8). Bringing cloth for wrap and begging for door to be opened (12). Grunting in order to be taken away (13). Induction, watch and clock (18). Crying seen to be useless (20).
_Speech._--Imitation of whistle (91). Spontaneous sound imitations more frequent (131). Gazing after objects thrown and whispering, reading newspaper (132). Response to _pa_ correctly given (133). Objects correctly pointed out; memory of tricks (134).
_Feeling of Self._--Attempt to give his foot (190).
TWENTIETH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--First color-tests. Eighty-fifth week, no discrimination (7). Eighty-sixth and eighty-seventh weeks, no results (8).
_Movements of the Eyes._--Readiness of convergence, pupils very wide open (38).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Prolonged sleep habitual, etc. (163).
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Respirations twenty-two and more (217).
_Instinctive Movements._--Eighty-fifth week, thresholds stepped over quickly; inclines forward in running (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Use of comb and brush, putting on collar (290). Scraping feet, putting pencil to mouth, marking on paper (291).
_Expressive Movements._--Proximity essential in kissing; bends head when "kiss" is said (306). Antipathy expressed by turning head at approach of women in black (315).
_Deliberate Movements._--Carries spoon with food to mouth cleverly (329).
INTELLECT.
As in nineteenth month, grunting (12,13).
_Speech._--_Rodi_, _otto_, _rojo_ (93). Understanding of the word "other" (128, 129). Five hundred and eighty-fourth day, important advance in repeating words said (135). Imagination; can not repeat three syllables; laughs when others laugh (136). Single words more promptly understood (137). One new concept, expressed by _d[=a]_ and _nd[=a]_, or _t[=a]_ and _nt[=a]_. Eighty-seventh week, _attah_ said on railway-train; _papa_ and _baet_ or _bit_ (for "bitte") rightly used; much outcry (138). Crowing tones not so high; loud readings continued (139).
TWENTY-FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Dancing not rhythmical (89, 90).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of the sea (170).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Eighty-ninth week, running is awkward, but falling rare (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Imitation without understanding (290, 291).
_Expressive Movements._--Ninetieth week, pointing as expression of wish (321).
INTELLECT.
Recognition of father (8). Association of biscuit with coat and wardrobe (11).
_Speech._--Imitations more frequent. Eighty-ninth week, babbling different, more _consonants_; _ptoe-ptoe_, _pt-pt_, and _verlapp_, also _dla-dla_; willfulness shown in articulate sounds and shaking head (139). Unlike syllables not repeated, _dang-gee_ and _dank-kee_; tendency to doubling syllables, _tete_, _bibi_; babbling yields great pleasure; _bibi_ for "bitte" rightly used. New word _mimi_, when hungry or thirsty (140). Understands use and signification of sound, _neinein_; and answers of his own accord _jaja_ to question in ninety-first week. Strength of memory for sounds; points correctly to nose, mouth, etc. (141). Astonishing progress in understanding what is said. Few expressions of his own with recognizable meaning, _j[=a][)e]_ excepted. _Att_, _att_, _att_, unintelligible. Tried to imitate sound of steam of locomotive (142).
_Feeling of Self._--Placing shells and buttons in rows (193). Puts lace about him; vanity; laughs and points at his own image in mirror (200). The same on six hundred and twentieth day (201).
TWENTY-SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--New impressions enchain attention; the mysterious more attractive (64).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Progress in understanding; orders executed with surprising accuracy (142). Strength of word-memory; facility of articulation; spontaneous utterance of _pss_, _ps_, _ptsch_, _pth_; _pa-ptl-dae-pt_; greeting with _h[=a][=a]-oe_, _ada_ and _ana_. Singing, _rollo_, _mama_, _maemae_, etc. More certainty in reproducing sounds: "pst, anna, otto, lina," etc. Three-syllabled words correctly repeated, _a-ma-ma_, _a-pa-pa_ (143). Words too hard are given back with _tap[)e]ta_, _p[)e]ta_, _pta_, _ptoe-ptoe_ or _rateratetat_. _Ja ja_ and _nein nein_, with _da_ and _bibi_ and _mimi_, used properly in request. Cry of pain a strong contrast with the crowing for joy (144).
TWENTY-THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--Ninety-sixth week, does not appreciate distance (56).
WILL.
_Imitative Movements._--Imitative impulse seems like ambition; ceremonious movements imitated (291).
_Expressive Movements._--Kiss given as a mark of favor (306). Striking hands together in applause and desire for repetition (319). Tears of sorrow instead of anger; tries to move chair to table, etc. (324).
INTELLECT.
Joy at seeing playthings after absence of eleven and a half weeks (8). Concept of "cup" not sharply defined (16). Use of adjective for the first spoken judgment (96).
_Speech._--_Heiss_ (hot) means "The drink is too hot," and "the stove is hot" (144). _Watja_ and _mimi_; _mimmi_, _moemoe_, _m[=a]m[=a]_, mean food; _atta_, disappearance; spontaneous articulation, _[(oi]_, _[(eu]_, _ana_, _ida_, _didl_, _dadl_, _dldo-dlda_; in singing-tone, _opojoe_, _apojopojum aui_, _heissa_; calls grandparents _e-papa_ and _e-mama_; knows who is meant when these are spoken of. Understands words more easily, as "drink, eat, shut, open" (145). Word-memory becoming firm; imagination. Great progress in reproducing syllables and words (146). Child's name, "Axel," is called _Aje_, _Eja_. "Bett, Karre, Kuk," repeated correctly. Echolalia reappears (147). Words are best pronounced by child when he is not called upon to do it (148).
_Feeling of Self._--Child holds biscuit to his toes (190).
TWENTY-FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Interpretation of what is seen._--Moving animals closely observed (64).
HEARING.--Trying to sing, and beating time (90).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Astonishment more seldom apparent (174).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Child turns, of himself, dancing in time to music; beats time (280).
_Imitative Movements._--Ceremonious movements imitated, salutation, uncovering head (291).
_Expressive Movements._--Roguish laughing first observed (299).
INTELLECT.
Understanding of actions and of use of utensils more developed than ability to interpret representations of them (I, 64, 65).
_Speech._--Voluntary sound-imitations gain in frequency and accuracy; genuine echolalia (148). Imperfect imitations (149). Multiplicity of meanings in the same utterance (150). Distinguishing men from women. Combination of two words into a sentence, seven hundred and seventh day; words confounded; also gestures and movements; but not in the expression of joy and grief (151, 152).
TWENTY-FIFTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Color-tests, red and green; seven hundred and fifty-eighth day, eleven times right, six wrong; seven hundred and fifty-ninth, seven right, five wrong; seven hundred and sixtieth, nine right, five wrong (8). Does not yet _know_ what blue and green signify. Moves and handles himself well in twilight (21).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--One hundred and eighth week, power of accommodation good; small photographic likenesses recognized (56).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Progress is extraordinary. Does not pronounce a perfect "u." All sound-imitations more manifold, etc.; begins saying "_so_" when any object is brought to appointed place (152). Has become more teachable, repeats three words imperfectly. Evidence of progress of memory, understanding and articulation in answers given. No word invented by himself; calls his nurse _wola_, probably from the often-heard "ja wohl." Correct use of single words picked up increases surprisingly (153). Misunderstandings rational; words better understood; reasoning developed (154). Inductive reasoning. Progress in forming sentences. Sentence of five words. Pronouns signify objects or qualities (155, 156).
TWENTY-SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Seven hundred and sixty-third day, 15 right, 1 wrong. Three colors pointed out; disinclination to continue (8). Seven hundred and sixty-fifth day, green confounded with yellow. One hundred and tenth week, right 73, wrong 22. Blue added. End of one hundred and tenth week to one hundred and twelfth week, right 124, wrong 36. Yellow more surely recognized than other colors. Violet added (9). Colors taken separately. One hundred and twelfth week, right 44, wrong 11. Tests in both ways; attention not continuous. Gray is added. One hundred and twelfth and one hundred and thirteenth weeks, right 90, wrong 27 (10, 11). Child does not know what "green" means in one hundred and twelfth week (21).
_Seeing Near and Distant Objects._--One hundred and thirteenth week, articles of furniture recognized in pictures at distance of three inches or three feet (56).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--First attempts at climbing (331).
INTELLECT.
Child points out objects in pictures, and repeats names given to them; list of results (156). Points out of his own accord, with certainty, in the picture-book. Appropriates many words not taught him, _tola_ for "Kohlen," _dals_ for "Salz." Others correctly said and used (157). Some of his mutilated words not recognizable; "sch" sometimes left out, sometimes given as _z_ or _ss_. Independent thoughts expressed by words more frequently; "Good-night" said to the Christmas-tree (158). Verb used (in the infinitive) showing growth of intellect; learning of tricks decreases (159). No notion of number; does not understand "Thank you," but thanks himself. More names of animals, learned from adults; no onomatopoeia (160).
TWENTY-SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Color-tests, from one hundred and fourteenth to one hundred and sixteenth week, four trials, colors mixed; result, 59 right, 22 wrong (11). Blue especially confounded with violet, also with green. Four trials in one hundred and fourteenth and one hundred and fifteenth weeks; result, 58 right, 32 wrong (12). Two trials in one hundred and fifteenth week; result, 25 right, 16 wrong (13).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Uncomfortable feeling through pity; child weeps if human forms cut out of paper are in danger of mutilation (150, 151).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Pleasure in climbing begins (280).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Activity of thought. Observation and comparison. Gratitude does not appear (161). Wishes expressed by verbs in the infinitive or by substantives. Adverbs; indefinite pronouns. Seven hundred and ninety-sixth day, makes the word _Messen_ (162). _Wola_ and _atta_ have almost disappeared. Independent applications of words (163). Monologues less frequent. Begs apple to give to a puppet. Echolalia prominent. Tones and noises imitated (164). Laughing when others laugh; fragments of a dialogue repeated. Feeble memory for answers and numbers. Eight hundred and tenth day, gave his own name for first time in answer to a question (165). No question yet asked by the child. The article is not used. Pronunciation slowly becoming correct (166).
TWENTY-EIGHTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and twenty-first week, greater uncertainty (13).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of pigs (168).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Going on all-fours; jumping, climbing gives pleasure (280).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Rapid increase of activity in forming ideas, and greater certainty in use of words. Ambition; observation and combination; beginning of self-control; use of his own name and of names of parents; independent thinking (167). Increase in number of words correctly pronounced; attempt to use prepositions; first intelligent use of the article (168). Questioning active; first spontaneous question on eight hundred and forty-fifth day. "Where?" is his only interrogative word. Reproduction of foreign expressions (169). Imagination lively; paper cups used like real ones. Articulation better, but still deficient. Many parts of the body named correctly (170). Child makes remarks for a quarter of an hour at a time concerning objects about him, sings, screams in sleep (171).
TWENTY-NINTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and twenty-fourth week, right, 58; wrong, 49. Eight hundred and sixty-eighth day, child takes colors of his own accord and names them; confounding rose, gray, and pale-green, brown and gray, blue and violet. One hundred and twenty-fourth and one hundred and twenty-fifth weeks, right, 80; wrong, 34 (14). Red and yellow generally named rightly; blue and green not. Red and yellow are removed; child is less interested. One hundred and twenty-fifth and one hundred and twenty-sixth weeks, right, 80; wrong, 63. Orange confounded with yellow, blue with violet, green with gray, black with brown. Failure of attempt to induce child to put like colors together, or to select colors by their names (15).
_Direction of Look._--One hundred and twenty-fourth week, gaze follows ball thrown (50).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of dogs (168).
INTELLECT.
Personal pronoun used in place of his own name. Inflection of verbs appears, but the infinitive is generally used for imperative; regular and irregular verbs begin to be distinguished (171). Desire expressed by infinitive. Numbering active; numerals confounded. Eight hundred and seventy-eighth day, nine-pins counted "one, one, one," etc. (172). Questioning increases; "too much" is confounded with "too little." Yet memory gains (173). Sounds of animals well remembered. Slow progress in articulation (174).
_Feeling of Self._--Personal pronoun in place of his own name; "me" but not yet "I" (202).
THIRTIETH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and twenty-sixth, one hundred and twenty-seventh, and one hundred and twenty-eighth weeks, four trials with single color at a time; 75 right, 34 wrong. Eight hundred and ninety-eighth day, every color rightly named; some guessing on blue and green (16).
_Interpretation of what is seen._--Persistent desire daily to "write" locomotives (66).
HEARING.--While eating, by chance puts hand to ear while kettle of boiling water stood before him; notices diminution in force of sound (88).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--Mounting a staircase without help; ten days later with hands free (280, 281).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Independent activity of thought. When language fails, he considers well (174). Deliberation without words; concepts formed. Intellectual advance shown in first intentional use of language (175). Only interrogative word is still "Where?" "I" does not appear, but "me" is used. Sentences independently applied (176). More frequent use of the plural in nouns; of the article; of the strong inflection; auxiliaries omitted or misemployed. Twofold way of learning correct pronunciation (177). Memory for words denoting objects good; right and left confounded (178).
THIRTY-FIRST MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Nine hundred and thirty-fourth day, child says he can not tell green and blue. Green mostly called gray; blue, violet (17).
FEELING.--_Sensibility to Temperature._--Child laughs joyously in cold bath (115).
WILL.
Weakness of will shown by ceasing to eat when told that he has had enough (344).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Onomatopoeia: imitation of locomotive-whistle (91). Two new questions. Indefinite article more frequent. Individual formations of words, as comparative of "high"; "key-watch." Confounding of "to-day" and "yesterday" (178). Forming of sentences imperfect. Reporting of faults. Calls things "stupid" when he is vexed by them. Changes occupation frequently. Imitation less frequent. Singing in sleep. "Sch" not yet pronounced (179).
_Feeling of Self._--Causing change in objects, pouring water into and out of vessels (193). Laughing at image of self in mirror (201).
THIRTY-SECOND MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and thirty-eighth and a few previous weeks, six trials, child taking colors and naming them; right 119, wrong, 38 (16, 17). Green and blue called "nothing at all." Unknown colors named green; leaves of roses called "nothing," as are whitish colors. One hundred and thirty-eighth and one hundred and thirty-ninth weeks, three trials; right, 93, wrong, 39 (17, 18). Green begins to be rightly named, blue less often (18).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--"I" begins to displace the name of child. Sentence correctly applied. Clauses formed. Particle separated in compound verbs. Longer names and sentences distinctly spoken, but the influence of dialect appears (180). Memory improved, but fastidious; good for what is interesting and intelligible to child (181).
_Feeling of Self._--Fourfold designation of self (202).
THIRTY-THIRD MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--One hundred and thirty-ninth, one hundred and forty-first, and one hundred and forty-sixth weeks, took colors of his own accord and named them; result of three trials, 66 right, 19 wrong (18).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Fear of even smallest dog (168).
INTELLECT.
Understanding that violations of well-known precepts have unpleasant consequences (21).
_Speech._--Strength of memory shown in characteristic remarks Narrative of feeding fowls (181). Interest in animals and other moving objects; lack of clearness in concepts of animal and machine; meaning of word "father" includes also "uncle"; selfhood more sharply manifested. Confounds "too much" with "too little," etc. (182).
_Feeling of Self._--"I" especially used in "I want that," etc. (202).
THIRTY-FOURTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--"Green" rightly applied to leaves and grass (18). Order in which colors are rightly named up to this time; right, one thousand and forty-four; wrong, four hundred and forty-two: right, 70.3 per cent; wrong, 29.7. Yellow and red much sooner named rightly than green and blue (19).
WILL.
_Instinctive Movements._--First gymnastic exercises (281).
_Expressive Movements._--Kissing an expression of thankfulness (306).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Repeating, for fun, expressions heard. Calls, without occasion, the name of the nurse; calls others by her name, sometimes correcting himself. Seldom speaks of himself in third person; gradually uses "Du" in address; uses "What?" in a new way. One thousand and twenty-eighth day, "Why?" first used; instinct of causality expressed in language (183). Questioning repeated to weariness. Articulation perfected, with some exceptions (184).
_Feeling of Self._--Repeats the "I" heard, meaning by it "you" (202).
THIRTY-FIFTH MONTH.
WILL.
_Reflex Movements._--Responsive movement in sleeping child (221).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Fondness for singing increases; pleasure in compass and power of his voice (185).
THIRTY-SIXTH MONTH.
SENSES.
HEARING.--Musical notes C, D, E, could not be rightly named by child, in spite of teaching (90).
INTELLECT.
"When?" not used until close of the third year (184). Great pleasure in singing, but imitation here not very successful, though surprisingly so in regard to speech. Grammatical errors more rare. Long sentences correctly but slowly formed. Ambition manifested in doing things without help (185).
Invention in language rare. Participles well used (186).
THIRTY-SEVENTH MONTH.
SENSES.
SIGHT.--_Discrimination of Colors._--Colors named correctly except very dark or pale ones (21).
ORGANIC SENSATIONS AND EMOTIONS.--Night's sleep from eleven to twelve hours; day-naps no longer required (163). Fear (in sleep) of pigs (168).
INTELLECT.
_Speech._--Child's manner of speaking approximates more and more rapidly to that of the family (186).
FORTIETH MONTH.
INTELLECT.
_Feeling of Self._--Fortieth month, pleased with his shadow (201).
THE MIND OF THE CHILD.
THIRD PART.
_DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTELLECT._
The development of the intellect depends in so great measure upon the modification of innate endowments through natural environment and education, even before systematic instruction begins, and the methods of education are so manifold, that it is at present impossible to make a complete exposition of a normal intellectual development. Such an exposition would necessarily comprise in the main two stages:
1. The _combination_ of sensuous _impressions_ into _perceptions_ (Wahrnehmungen); which consists essentially in this--that the sensation, impressing itself directly upon our experience, is by the intellect, now beginning to act, co-ordinated in space and time.
2. The _combination_ of _perceptions_ into _ideas_; in particular into _sense-intuitions_ and _concepts_. A sense-intuition (Anschauung) is a perception together with its cause, the object of the sensation; a concept (Begriff) results from the union of the previously separated perceptions, which are then called separate marks or qualities.
The investigation of each of these stages in the child is in itself a great labor, which an individual may indeed begin upon, but can not easily carry through uniformly in all directions.
I have indeed tried to collect recorded facts, but have found only very little trustworthy material, and accordingly I confine myself essentially to my own observations on my child. These are not merely perfectly trustworthy, even to the minutest details (I have left out everything of a doubtful character), but they are the most circumstantial ever published in regard to the intellectual development of a child. But I have been acquainted with a sufficient number of other children to be certain that the child observed by me did not _essentially_ differ from other healthy and intelligent boys in regard to the principal points, although the time at which development takes place, and the rapidity of it, differ a good deal in different individuals. Girls often appear to learn to speak earlier than boys; but further on they seem to possess a somewhat inferior capacity of development of the logical functions, or to accomplish with less ease abstractions of a higher order; whereas in boys the emotional functions, however lasting their reactions, are not so delicately graduated as in girls.
Without regard to such differences, of which I am fully aware, the following chapters treat exclusively of the development of purely intellectual cerebral activity in both sexes during the first years. I acknowledge, however, that I have found the investigation of the influence of the affectional movements, or emotions, upon the development of the intellect in the child during the first years so difficult, that I do not for the present enter into details concerning it.
The observations relate, first, to the non-dependence of the child's intellect upon language; next, to the acquirement of speech; lastly, to the development of the feeling of self, the "I"-feeling.