CHAPTER XXII.

Chapter 2832,766 wordsPublic domain

THE STRUGGLE FOR KANSAS CONCLUDED

The Lecompton Convention Ordered--Robert J. Walker and F. P. Stanton--Stanton and the "Free-state" Men--Walker's Address--The "Free-State" Legislature and Mass-meeting--The Plan to Capture the Territorial Legislature by the "Free-state" Men--The "Free-state" Men in Majority in the Territorial Legislature--The Lecompton Convention--The Lecompton Constitution--Only the Slavery Article to be Submitted Fully to the People--Protest of the "Free-state" Men--The Extra Session of the New Territorial Legislature--Stanton Removed--Lecompton Constitution With Slavery Adopted--The "Free-state" Men Capture the Lecompton Government and Reject the Lecompton Constitution--Denver Advises the President Against the Admission of Kansas Under the Lecompton Instrument--The President's Message of February 2nd (1858)--The Passage of the Lecompton Bill by the Senate--The Rejection of the Bill by the House--The English Bill--The Rejection of the Lecompton Constitution by the People of Kansas--A Fourth Government for Kansas--The Struggle for Kansas Closed--Dr. Robinson--The General Government--Mr. Jefferson Davis--The Beginning of Error and Wrong--Brown's Atrocities--The Forerunners of War.

According to the dictum of the Court in the great case reviewed in the preceding chapter, slave property was lawful in Kansas during the Territorial period, and could be first dealt with by the constitutional convention, which should prepare the organic law for Kansas as a Commonwealth of the Union.

{461} [Sidenote: The Lecompton convention ordered.]

Already before the promulgation of the decision, the Territorial legislature had provided for the holding of the constitutional convention at Lecompton, and for the election of the delegates thereto. This election was appointed for June 15th, 1857.

It was certain that the "Free-State" men now outnumbered the pro-slavery men, and that upon a fair census, registration, and distribution of seats, and with a fair election and count, they would be able to secure the majority in the convention. But could they consistently participate in an election ordered by, and under the control of, the Territorial government? Many of them felt that they could not. Others, however, were inclined to do so, if the regulations were impartial. They examined the provisions made by the Territorial legislature for the machinery of the registration and the election, and found that they were grossly favorable to the pro-slavery party. They also found that the legislature had made no provision for submitting the constitution which might be framed to the vote of the people.

[Sidenote: Robert J. Walker, and F. P. Stanton.]

While the "Free-state" men were deliberating upon this matter, the new Territorial officials appointed by the new President appeared. President Buchanan had selected Robert J. Walker, of Mississippi, to be Governor, and F. P. Stanton, of Tennessee, to be Secretary, of the Territory. Both of these men were capable, honest, and resolute. Walker was a shrewd politician, indeed, but he was fair-minded and faithful to his plighted word. Stanton arrived on the scene about the middle of April. Walker came a month later. Stanton, therefore, was Acting Governor during the first month of his residence in the Territory.

[Sidenote: Stanton and the "Free-state" men.]

Stanton went to Lawrence, on the 24th, and urged the {462} "Free-state" men to take part in the approaching election. He had, however, already apportioned the representation in the convention on the basis of the existing census. It was evident that he was unaware that this was unjust to the "Free-state" men. Seeing this, the "Free-state" men made a counter proposition for a new census and apportionment, and for an impartial control of the elections. Stanton did not think he had the power to conclude an agreement with them on this basis, and the negotiations fell through.

[Sidenote: Walker's address.]

The new Governor now arrived, and bent all his energies to induce the "Free-state" men to participate in the election. He issued an address, in which he solemnly declared that he would secure honest elections and returns, and pledged himself that the constitution, which the convention might form, should be submitted to the people for ratification or rejection. He also threatened that he would enforce the laws of the Territory. His idea seems to have been to create an Administration party, which would win a majority of the seats in the convention and make Kansas a Democratic non-slaveholding Commonwealth. The pro-slavery men discovered the plan at once, and accused the Governor of leaning toward the "Free-state" party.

[Sidenote: The "Free-state" legislature and mass-meeting.]

The "Free-state" men were not yet, however, ready to trust the Governor. They thought it wisest to maintain their own organization, and make the Governor feel their power. On June 9th the "Free-state" legislature assembled, to provide for the election of successors to the existing members and officials. Along with it was convoked a sort of mass-meeting of citizens. The legislature was at first without a quorum, and never had an honest quorum. {463} This fact was sedulously concealed from the Governor, while the orators at the mass-meeting raised enough dust and smoke to cover up the real condition of affairs. They made the place fairly blue with their bluster and their threats, and the little Governor was greatly impressed by the apparent seriousness of the situation.

[Sidenote: The plan to capture the Territorial legislature by the "Free-state" men.]

By this time, however, the "Free-state" men had become considerably discouraged in regard to the admission of Kansas into the Union under the Topeka constitution. The Senate had given the application the cold shoulder, and had, apparently, laid it aside permanently. The prevarications of Lane were said to have produced this result. As matters now stood, Robinson and the more conservative men of the "Free-state" party began to consider the advisability of attempting to capture the Territorial legislature, by participating in the election of members, which was to take place in the following October. They felt certain that upon a true census and a fair apportionment, and with an honest election, they could win a majority of the seats in the legislature, and would then be in a position to nullify the work of the Lecompton convention, which, on account of the abstention of the "Free-state" men from the election of the delegates, would be packed with pro-slavery representatives.

The matter of first importance was to obtain a true census. Senator Wilson, of Massachusetts, was at the moment in Lawrence, conferring with Robinson and his friends concerning the state of affairs, and he strongly advised these gentlemen to take a correct census under the auspices of the "Free-state" government, and to nominate candidates for seats in the Territorial legislature, and elect them. He felt so decidedly about the matter that he offered to secure the funds necessary to defray the expenses of taking the new census.

{464} Robinson and his friends were now convinced that this was the wise course, but they knew that it would be difficult to persuade the radical elements in their party to go with them. The mass-meeting at Topeka of June 9th had voted to stick to the "Free-state" government, and a convention of the "Free-state" men had assembled on July 15th to provide for its continuance. This convention, after nominating candidates for the legislative seats and for the offices, and resolving to adhere to the "Free-state" government, recommended the people to assemble in mass convention, at Grasshopper Falls, on the 26th of the following August, to take action in regard to the participation of the "Free-state" men in the October election of members of the Territorial legislature, since Governor Walker had declared that this election would be held under the laws of Congress, and not under the acts of the Territorial legislature, and had pledged himself to secure an honest election. It was evident from this that the conservative element in the "Free-state" party had won the day.

Before the day appointed for the Grasshopper Falls convention had arrived, the new census had been completed under the direction of the "Free-state" government, and it was morally certain that the "Free-state" men could elect a majority of the members of the new Territorial legislature. When the convention assembled, it therefore resolved, by a large majority, that the "Free-state" men should participate in the October election, warning the people, however, of the seriousness of the undertaking, and cautioning them against over-confidence in success.

The Lecompton convention assembled on the seventh day of September, and, after organizing, adjourned to October 19th, as if to await the result of the election of the members of the Territorial legislature.

{465} [Sidenote: The "Free-state" men in majority in the Territorial legislature.]

This election came off on October 5th. The Governor remained true to his pledge of protecting the ballot-box. The presence of United States soldiers discouraged any movements from Missouri, and peace reigned at the polls. The returns from the counties of McGee and Johnson were, however, so manipulated by the pro-slavery election officers as to give the majority of the seats in the legislature to the pro-slavery party. These returns, as well as those from the other counties, were, however, to be canvassed finally by the Governor and Secretary. The "Free-state" men now demanded of them the fulfilment of their pledge of pure elections. The "Free-state" men had their newly taken census, and they convinced the Governor and Secretary that about ten times as many votes had been returned from these localities as there were residents in them. Walker and Stanton threw out the fraudulent returns, and gave, thus, the Territorial legislature to the "Free-state" men.

[Sidenote: The Lecompton convention.]

Two days before the Governor announced his intention of purging the returns of the frauds committed by the pro-slavery men in regard to them, and while the excitement about them was intense, it was suddenly discovered by the conservative "Free-state" men that Lane was working up a conspiracy for using violence against the members of the Lecompton convention. He, as commander-in-chief, had ordered the "Free-state" forces to assemble in Lawrence on October 19th for that purpose. The conservative men at once set themselves against this movement, and after a serious struggle happily won the day. They appointed a mass-meeting of the party at Lecompton for the following week, as much to protect the members of the convention against any sudden attack by {466} Lane and his reckless adherents as to watch their constitution-framing work. Before the meeting took place the Governor had announced the rejection of the fraudulent returns, and had thus deprived the "Free-state" men of all excuse for violence. Some boisterous speeches were, nevertheless, indulged in at the meeting, but the convention was allowed to complete its work in peace.

[Sidenote: The Lecompton constitution.]

[Sidenote: Only the Slavery article to be submitted fully to the people.]

The convention framed an instrument after the Missouri model, and incorporated in it an article guaranteeing the property in slaves already within the Territory. The convention then framed an independent provision in regard to slavery as a permanent institution of the new Commonwealth. This provision alone was to be fully submitted to the vote of the people. The people must take the Lecompton constitution with slavery as a permanent institution, or the Lecompton constitution without slavery as a permanent institution but containing a guarantee of the slave property already in the Territory. The day appointed by the convention for the voters to signify their approval or disapproval of the provision in regard to slavery as a permanent institution was December 21st, 1857, and the day designated for the election of members and officers under the new constitution was January 4th following.

[Sidenote: Protest of the "Free-state" men.]

The "Free-state" men regarded this submission of only a single article of the constitution to popular vote as a fraud upon the principle of "popular sovereignty," and demanded of Stanton, who was then discharging the Governor's duties, in the temporary absence of the latter, that the Governor's pledge as to the full submission of the proposed constitution to the people at the polls should be redeemed. Stanton bravely resolved to keep the Governor's word of {467} honor, although he believed it would cost him his position.

[Sidenote: The extra session of the new Territorial legislature.]

What the "Free-state" men asked of him was to convene at once the new Territorial legislature, in which the "Free-state" men now had a majority of the seats, for the purpose of giving it the opportunity to order the full submission of the Lecompton constitution to the suffrages of the people. Stanton yielded to their request, and called the legislature to meet at Lecompton on December 7th. This body at once resolved to submit the proposed constitution fully and in all its parts to the people, to be adopted or rejected by them at their pleasure, and appointed the 4th day of the following January as the time for taking the vote.

[Sidenote: Stanton removed.]

Stanton was immediately removed from office by the Administration, and General John W. Denver, of Virginia, at the moment Indian Commissioner, was assigned to the duties of Acting Governor in the Territory.

[Sidenote: Lecompton constitution with slavery adopted.]

The "Free-state" men resolved to take no part in voting upon the slavery article of the Lecompton constitution, since they must take this constitution either with or without slavery as a permanent institution, and could not vote against the constitution as a whole. Consequently the Lecompton constitution with slavery as a permanent institution was, so far as the returns of the voting on December 21st were concerned, adopted. According to these returns six thousand two hundred and sixty-six votes were cast for it. Of these, nearly three thousand were afterward shown to be fraudulent. Between five and six hundred votes were cast for this constitution without slavery as a permanent institution. None were counted against it _in toto_. That is to say, out of a {468} voting population of about fifteen thousand, less than four thousand were in favor of this constitution in either form.

The more prudent of the "Free-state" men now thought, however, that it would be wise to participate in the election of members and officers of the Lecompton "State" government on the day fixed by the Lecompton constitution, January 4th, 1858. They were to vote fully at that time, as we have seen, upon the Lecompton constitution, by order of the Territorial legislature, now in their hands. They felt certain of defeating the constitution, and they knew that they could win in the election of the officers and members. They nominated a ticket with G. W. Smith at its head, as their candidate for Governor.

[Sidenote: The "Free-state" men capture the Lecompton government and reject the Lecompton constitution.]

On January 4th, more than ten thousand votes were cast against the Lecompton constitution entire, and only about one hundred and fifty votes were cast in its favor. The "Free-state" men also elected their candidates for the offices and seats in the government created by the Lecompton constitution.

The "Free-state" men now had possession of the Topeka "Free-state" government, of the Territorial legislature, and of the Lecompton "State" government, and had rejected the Lecompton constitution by an undoubted majority of the suffrages of the citizens of Kansas.

[Sidenote: Denver advises the President against the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton instrument.]

As yet the Lecompton constitution had not been presented by the President to Congress, and Acting Governor Denver hastened to give him a truthful statement of the condition of affairs in the Territory, and to urge him not to recommend to Congress the admission of Kansas under this constitution, but to suggest to that body the passage simply of an enabling {469} act, under which the people of Kansas might begin again the work of forming a Commonwealth constitution.

[Sidenote: The President's message of February 2nd (1858).]

But the President did not heed this wise warning. On February 2nd, 1858, he sent the Lecompton constitution, with the provision making slavery a permanent institution in Kansas, to Congress, and recommended the admission of the distracted Territory into the Union, as a "State," under it. His line of argument was that every step in the procedure of framing and adopting this constitution had been regularly and legally taken, and that all the voters could have participated in the work if they had chosen to do so. He claimed that the act of the Territorial legislature, after it came under the control of the "Free-state" men, in ordering another vote, and a different sort of vote, upon the constitution, than and from that appointed and required by the convention, was irregular; and he undertook to comfort the "Free-state" men with the suggestion that, Kansas once admitted, they could change its constitution to suit themselves, if they were really in majority.

[Sidenote: The passage of the Lecompton bill by the Senate.]

The President's argument carried the Senate with him despite the powerful opposition of Mr. Douglas, who bravely antagonized the Administration, and held firmly that his great principle of "popular sovereignty" required the unreserved submission of every part of the constitution to the free suffrages of the people, in order to establish its validity. He declared that unless this should be done Congress could not know whether the people of Kansas had made a constitution or not, and that without that knowledge the admission of Kansas under the constitution before the Senate was tantamount to making a {470} constitution for Kansas by Congressional act. The honest and manly stand taken by Mr. Douglas upon this great subject certainly presents him in the role of a patriotic statesman, rather than in his usual character of the shrewd politician.

[Sidenote: The rejection of the bill by the House.]

The Senate passed the Lecompton bill on March 23rd, 1858, by a substantial majority, but the House promptly rejected it. The House passed a measure, instead, for referring the Lecompton constitution back to the people of Kansas, who should vote freely upon it in all its parts, and for admitting Kansas, without further Congressional action, under this constitution, if it should receive the popular ratification; but the Senate rejected this substitute for its bill.

[Sidenote: The English bill.]

The matter was then sent to a conference committee of the two Houses. After long deliberation a measure was matured by this committee which appeared to deal with a subsidiary question only, but which, by some sort of an understanding, was held to give the people of Kansas the chance to reject the Lecompton constitution _in toto_ at the polls. The measure is known as the English bill from its projector, Mr. W. H. English, a member of the conference committee from the House of Representatives. It provided for a reduction of the land grants from twenty-three millions of acres, asked for by Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, to about four millions of acres, and proposed the submission of this change to a vote of the people of Kansas. If the people adopted the change, they would be considered as having adopted the Lecompton constitution _in toto_. If, on the other hand, they rejected this change, they would be considered as having rejected this constitution _in toto_.

{471} [Sidenote: The rejection of the Lecompton constitution by the people of Kansas.]

The English bill was agreed to by both Houses; and on August 2nd, 1858, the people of Kansas voted upon the measure. They rejected it, and with it the Lecompton constitution, by a vote of more than eleven thousand in a total vote of about thirteen thousand.

[Sidenote: A fourth government for Kansas.]

In the meantime, fearing that Congress might pass the bill for admitting Kansas under the Lecompton constitution, the Territorial legislature, now in the hands of the "Free-state" men, passed a bill ordering a new constitutional convention. The bill was passed within a few days of the end of the session, and Governor Denver, thinking that Kansas had about enough governments already, pocketed the measure. The convention was, however, held, and a constitution was framed and submitted to the people which received some three thousand votes in favor of its adoption, while none were cast against it. Officers were chosen under it, and thus a fourth government for Kansas was created. All of these governments were now, however, in the hands of the conservative men of the "Free-state" party.

[Sidenote: The struggle for Kansas closed.]

[Sidenote: Dr. Robinson.]

With the rejection of the Lecompton constitution by the people of Kansas, on August 2nd, the struggle for Kansas was closed. It was to be a non-slaveholding Commonwealth and a Republican Commonwealth. The record of this struggle is certainly one of the most remarkable chapters in the history of the United States. There is much to admire in it, much to be ashamed of, and much to be repudiated as foul and devilish. The prudence, moderation, tact, and bravery of Dr. Robinson and his friends have rarely been excelled by the statesmen and diplomatists of the New World or of the Old. They were placed in a most trying situation {472} both by their foes and by those who, professing to be their friends, endangered the cause more by violent and brutal deeds than did their open enemies. Their triumph over all these difficulties is a marvel of shrewd, honest, and conservative management, which may well serve as one of the best object-lessons of our history for succeeding generations.

[Sidenote: The general Government.]

[Sidenote: Mr. Jefferson Davis.]

The attitude of the general Government was also honorable and praiseworthy. It did its best to hold the balance even and impartial between the contending forces. It sent out intelligent, honest, and resolute men as Governors; and it used the army to maintain the peace, and protect person and property from violence. Even President Pierce's Secretary of War, Mr. Jefferson Davis, who was considered the very high-priest of the slavery interest, sent a military commander, Colonel E. V. Sumner, to Kansas, whom he knew to be in sympathy with Free-soil principles, and instructed him only to do what was just between all parties; and when Colonel Sumner, fearing that, from personal sympathy with the cause of the "Free-state" men, he might unconsciously act too favorably toward them, really went farther than his duty required against them, in dispersing their legislature, Mr. Davis expressed the opinion that the United States forces ought not to have interfered with the "Free-state" government until it had undertaken to execute some of its measures. It was said at the time that Mr. Davis' quasi disavowal of Colonel Sumner's act was caused by its unpopularity throughout the North; but Mr. Davis was not to any such degree sensitive to Northern opinion. Personally and officially Mr. Davis was a remarkably upright man, and was accustomed to take counsel chiefly of his own judgment and conscience, and to disturb himself very little about the views of {473} others concerning his duties and acts. Governor Robinson has recently testified to the impartial attitude of the military power of the United States in Kansas, and has declared that "had it not been for the officers of the United States army, the 'Free-state' struggle would have ended in disaster on more than one occasion."

[Sidenote: The beginning of error and wrong.]

[Sidenote: Brown's atrocities.]

Error began, unquestionably, with the repeal of the Act prohibiting slavery in the Louisiana territory above thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes north latitude, and wrong began, just as unquestionably, with the incursion of the Missourians, and their fraudulent voting at the Territorial election in March of 1855. A bogus legislature was thus thrust upon Kansas Territory at the outset. It was a political outrage of the first degree, and it would have justified rebellion against the execution of the enactments of this body. But it does not excuse, or even palliate, the criminal atrocities inaugurated by John Brown at Dutch Henry's Crossing, and the wild reign of murder and robbery which followed in their train. All this was common crime of the blackest and most villainous sort, and the men who engaged in it were cutthroats and highwaymen, who took advantage of the confusion in Kansas to prosecute their nefarious work.

It is often said that the Civil War began in Kansas, and simply spread from there over the country. It is true that violence began there, and in its degeneration into savagery developed those devilish dispositions that carried murder and robbery into Virginia, and thereby helped mightily to create that intensely hostile feeling between the North and the South which resulted in Civil War, but we affront good morals and common sense when we dignify those Kansas atrocities by the title of war; and we obliterate moral distinctions when {474} we attempt to justify them by the end which their authors professed to have in view, the extermination of African slavery throughout the country. Such deeds are not means to anything except the establishment of the reign of hell on earth, and the maudlin adoration sometimes accorded their doers is evidence of an unbalanced moral sense. It is a source of congratulation that the juristic sense of the last decades of the nineteenth century refuses to place the crank who kills or robs for what he considers, or professes to consider, the welfare of society under any other class than that of the most dangerous criminals. It remains for the ethical sense of the twentieth century to sweep the hero-worship too often accorded such characters out of the world's literature.

* * * * * * *

[Sidenote: The forerunners of war.]

But if the murders, and robberies, and arson committed in Kansas were not war, they were the forerunners of war. The last expedient which the minds of men could invent for putting the slavery question in the position of a purely local matter had been tried, and had utterly and miserably failed. The nation must now settle the question, by peaceable means if it could, but if it could not, then by force. The record of its attempts, first upon the one line, and then upon the other, will be the chief subject of the next and last volume of this series.

APPENDIX I.

THE ELECTORAL VOTE IN DETAIL, 1820-1856.

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1820.

PRESIDENT. | James | John Quincy | Monroe, | Adams, | of | of STATES. | Virginia. | Massachusetts. --------------+-----------+--------------- Alabama | 3 | .. Connecticut | 9 | .. Delaware | 4 | .. Georgia | 8 | .. Illinois | 3 | .. Indiana | 3 | .. Kentucky | 12 | .. Louisiana | 3 | .. Maine | 9 | .. Maryland | 11 | .. Massachusetts | 15 | .. Mississippi | 2 | .. Missouri[1] | 3 | .. New Hampshire | 7 | 1 New Jersey | 8 | .. New York | 29 | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. Ohio | 8 | .. Pennsylvania | 24 | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. South Carolina| 11 | .. Tennessee | 7 | .. Vermont | 8 | .. Virginia | 25 | .. --------------+-----------+--------------- Total | 231 | 1

VICE-PRESIDENT. | Daniel D. | Richard | Daniel | Richard | Robert G. | Tompkins, | Stockton, | Rodney, | Rush, | Harper, | of | of | of | of | of STATES. | New York. | New | Dela- | Pennsyl- | Maryland. | | Jersey. | ware. | vania. | --------------+-----------+-----------+---------+----------+---------- Alabama | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. Delaware | .. | .. | 4 | .. | .. Georgia | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. Illinois | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Indiana | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | 12 | .. | .. | .. | .. Louisiana | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maine | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maryland | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 1 Massachusetts | 7 | 8 | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 2 | .. | .. | .. | .. Missouri[1] | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Hampshire | 7 | .. | .. | 1 | .. New Jersey | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. New York | 29 | .. | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Ohio | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 24 | .. | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. Tennessee | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. Vermont | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. Virginia | 25 | .. | .. | .. | .. --------------+-----------+-----------+---------+----------+---------- Total | 218 | 8 | 4 | 1 | 1

[Footnote 1: Missouri was not formally admitted as a state until August, 1821.]

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1824.

PRESIDENT. | Andrew | John Quincy | William H. | Henry | Jackson, | Adams, | Crawford, | Clay, | of | of | of | of STATES. | Tennessee. | Massachu- | Georgia. | Kentucky. | | setts. | | --------------+------------+-------------+------------+---------- Alabama | 5 | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | 8 | .. | .. Delaware | .. | 1 | 2 | .. Georgia | .. | .. | 9 | .. Illinois | 2 | 1 | .. | .. Indiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | .. | .. | .. | 14 Louisiana | 3 | 2 | .. | .. Maine | .. | 9 | .. | .. Maryland | 7 | 3 | 1 | .. Massachusetts | .. | 15 | .. | .. Mississippi | 3 | .. | .. | .. Missouri | .. | .. | .. | 3 New Hampshire | .. | 8 | .. | .. New Jersey | 8 | .. | .. | .. New York | 1 | 26 | 5 | 4 North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. Ohio | .. | .. | .. | 16 Pennsylvania | 28 | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. | .. South Carolina| 11 | .. | .. | .. Tennessee | 11 | .. | .. | .. Vermont | .. | 7 | .. | .. Virginia | .. | .. | 24 | .. --------------+------------+-------------+------------+---------- Total | 99[2] | 84 | 41 | 37

[Footnote 2: Since no President was elected, the House of Representatives proceeded to elect one, and John Quincy Adams was chosen on the first ballot, the vote standing Adams, 13 States; Jackson, 7 States; Crawford, 4 States.]

VICE-PRESIDENT. | John C. | Nathan | Henry | Andrew | Martin | Calhoun, | Sanford, | Clay, | Jackson, | Van Buren, | of | of | of | of | of STATES. | South | New | Ken- | Tenne- | New | Carolina. | York. | tucky. | see. | York. --------------+-----------+----------+--------+----------+----------- Alabama | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | .. | .. | 8 | .. Delaware | 1 | .. | 2 | .. | .. Georgia | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9 Illinois | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Indiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | 7 | 7 | .. | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maine | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maryland | 10 | .. | .. | 1 | .. Massachusetts | 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Missouri | .. | .. | .. | 3 | .. New Hampshire | 7 | .. | .. | 1 | .. New Jersey | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. New York | 29 | 7 | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Ohio | .. | 16 | .. | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 28 | .. | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. Tennessee | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. Vermont | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. Virginia | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. --------------+-----------+----------+--------+----------+---------- Total | 182 | 30 | 2 | 13 | 9

VICE-PRESIDENT (Continued). | Nathaniel | | Macon, | | of | Vacancies. STATES. | North | | Carolina. | --------------+-----------+----------- Rhode Island | .. | 1 Virginia | 24 | .. --------------+-----------+----------- Total | 24 | 1

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1828.

PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT. | | John | | | | Andrew | Quincy | John C. | Richard | William | Jackson, | Adams, | Calhoun, | Rush, | Smith, | of | of | of | of | of STATES. | Tenne- | Massach- | South | Pennsyl- | South | see. | usetts. | Carolina. | vania. | Carolina. --------------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+---------- Alabama | 5 | .. | 5 | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | 8 | .. | 8 | .. Delaware | .. | 3 | .. | 3 | .. Georgia | 9 | .. | 2 | .. | 7 Illinois | 3 | .. | 3 | .. | .. Indiana | 5 | .. | 5 | .. | .. Kentucky | 14 | .. | 14 | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | 5 | .. | .. Maine | 1 | 8 | 1 | 8 | .. Maryland | 5 | 6 | 5 | 6 | .. Massachusetts | .. | 15 | .. | 15 | .. Mississippi | 3 | .. | 3 | .. | .. Missouri | 3 | .. | 3 | .. | .. New Hampshire | .. | 8 | .. | 8 | .. New Jersey | .. | 8 | .. | 8 | .. New York | 20 | 16 | 20 | 16 | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | 15 | .. | .. Ohio | 16 | .. | 16 | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 28 | .. | 28 | .. | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. | 4 | .. South Carolina| 11 | .. | 11 | .. | .. Tennessee | 11 | .. | 11 | .. | .. Vermont | .. | 7 | .. | 7 | .. Virginia | 24 | .. | 24 | .. | .. --------------+----------+----------+-----------+----------+---------- Total | 178 | 83 | 171 | 83 | 7

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1832.

PRESIDENT. | Andrew | Henry | John | William | | Jackson, | Clay, | Floyd, | Wirt, | Vacancies. | of | of | of | of | STATES. | Tenne- | Ken- | Virginia. | Maryland. | | see. | tucky. | | | --------------+----------+--------+-----------+-----------+----------- Alabama | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | 8 | .. | .. | .. Delaware | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. Georgia | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. Illinois | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Indiana | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | .. | 15 | .. | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maine | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maryland | 3 | 5 | .. | .. | 2 Massachusetts | .. | 14 | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. Missouri | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Hampshire | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Jersey | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. New York | 42 | .. | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Ohio | 21 | .. | .. | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 30 | .. | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| .. | .. | 11 | .. | .. Tennessee | 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Vermont | .. | .. | .. | 7 | .. Virginia | 23 | .. | .. | .. | .. --------------+----------+--------+-----------+-----------+----------- Total | 219 | 49 | 11 | 7 | 2

VICE-PRESIDENT. | Martin | | | | | Van | John | William | Henry | Amos | Buren, | Sergeant, | Wilkins, | Lee, | Ellmaker, | of | of | of | of | of STATES. | New | Pennsyl- | Pennsyl- | Massach- | Pennsyl- | York. | vania. | vania. | usetts. | vania. --------------+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+---------- Alabama | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | 8 | .. | .. | .. Delaware | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. Georgia | 11 | .. | .. | .. | .. Illinois | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Indiana | 9 | .. | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | .. | 15 | .. | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maine | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maryland | 3 | 5 | .. | .. | .. Massachusetts | .. | 14 | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. Missouri | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Hampshire | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Jersey | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. New York | 42 | .. | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Ohio | 21 | .. | .. | .. | .. Pennsylvania | .. | .. | 30 | .. | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| .. | .. | .. | 11 | .. Tennessee | 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Vermont | .. | .. | .. | .. | 7 Virginia | 23 | .. | .. | .. | .. --------------+---------+-----------+-----------+----------+---------- Total | 189 | 49 | 30 | 11 | 7

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1836.

PRESIDENT. | Martin | William | | | Willie | Van | Henry | Hugh L. | Daniel | P. | Buren, | Harrison, | White, | Webster, | Mangum, | of | of | of | of | of STATES. | New | Ohio. | Tenne- | Massach- | North | York. | | see. | usetts. | Carolina. --------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+---------- Alabama | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. Arkansas | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | 8 | .. | .. | .. | .. Delaware | .. | 3 | .. | .. | .. Georgia | .. | .. | 11 | .. | .. Illinois | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Indiana | .. | 9 | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | .. | 15 | .. | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maine | 10 | .. | .. | .. | .. Maryland | .. | 10 | .. | .. | .. Massachusetts | .. | .. | .. | 14 | .. Michigan[3] | 3 | .. | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. Missouri | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Hampshire | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. New Jersey | .. | 8 | .. | .. | .. New York | 42 | .. | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. | .. Ohio | .. | 21 | .. | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 30 | .. | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| .. | .. | .. | .. | 11 Tennessee | .. | .. | 15 | .. | .. Vermont | .. | 7 | .. | .. | .. Virginia | 23 | .. | .. | .. | .. --------------+---------+-----------+---------+----------+---------- Total | 167 | 73 | 26 | 14 | 11

VICE-PRESIDENT. | Richard M. | Francis | John | William | Johnson, | Granger, | Tyler, | Smith, | of | of | of | of STATES. | Kentucky. | New York. | Virginia. | South Carolina. --------------+------------+-----------+-----------+---------------- Alabama | 7 | .. | .. | .. Arkansas | 3 | .. | .. | .. Connecticut | 8 | .. | .. | .. Delaware | .. | 3 | .. | .. Georgia | .. | .. | 11 | .. Illinois | 5 | .. | .. | .. Indiana | .. | 9 | .. | .. Kentucky | .. | 15 | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. Maine | 10 | .. | .. | .. Maryland | .. | .. | 10 | .. Massachusetts | .. | 14 | .. | .. Michigan[3] | 3 | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 4 | .. | .. | .. Missouri | 4 | .. | .. | .. New Hampshire | 7 | .. | .. | .. New Jersey | .. | 8 | .. | .. New York | 42 | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. Ohio | .. | 21 | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 30 | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| .. | .. | 11 | .. Tennessee | .. | .. | 15 | .. Vermont | .. | 7 | .. | .. Virginia | .. | .. | .. | 23 --------------+------------+-----------+-----------+---------------- Total | 144 | 77 | 47 | 23

[Footnote 3: Michigan had not been formally admitted as a State at the time when the electors were chosen. When the votes were counted the President of the Senate declared Martin Van Buren elected President, no election for Vice-President. The Senate then elected a Vice-President, Richard M. Johnson receiving 33 votes and Francis Granger 16.]

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1840.

PRESIDENT. | William | Martin | Henry | Van | Harrison, | Buren, | of | of STATES. | Ohio. | New York. --------------+-----------+---------- Alabama | .. | 7 Arkansas | .. | 3 Connecticut | 8 | .. Delaware | 3 | .. Georgia | 11 | .. Illinois | .. | 5 Indiana | 9 | .. Kentucky | 15 | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. Maine | 10 | .. Maryland | 10 | .. Massachusetts | 14 | .. Michigan | 3 | .. Mississippi | 4 | .. Missouri | .. | 4 New Hampshire | .. | 7 New Jersey | 8 | .. New York | 42 | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. Ohio | 21 | .. Pennsylvania | 30 | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. South Carolina| .. | 11 Tennessee | 15 | .. Vermont | 7 | .. Virginia | .. | 23 --------------+-----------+---------- Total | 234 | 60

VICE-PRESIDENT. | John | Richard M. | Littleton W. | James K. | Tyler, | Johnson, | Tazewell, | Polk, | of | of | of | of STATES. | Virginia. | Kentucky. | Virginia. | Tennessee. --------------+-----------+------------+--------------+----------- Alabama | .. | 7 | .. | .. Arkansas | .. | 3 | .. | .. Connecticut | 8 | .. | .. | .. Delaware | 3 | .. | .. | .. Georgia | 11 | .. | .. | .. Illinois | .. | 5 | .. | .. Indiana | 9 | .. | .. | .. Kentucky | 15 | .. | .. | .. Louisiana | 5 | .. | .. | .. Maine | 10 | .. | .. | .. Maryland | 10 | .. | .. | .. Massachusetts | 14 | .. | .. | .. Michigan | 3 | .. | .. | .. Mississippi | 4 | .. | .. | .. Missouri | .. | 4 | .. | .. New Hampshire | .. | 7 | .. | .. New Jersey | 8 | .. | .. | .. New York | 42 | .. | .. | .. North Carolina| 15 | .. | .. | .. Ohio | 21 | .. | .. | .. Pennsylvania | 30 | .. | .. | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. | .. | .. South Carolina| .. | .. | 11 | .. Tennessee | 15 | .. | .. | .. Vermont | 7 | .. | .. | .. Virginia | .. | 22 | .. | 1 --------------+-----------+------------+--------------+----------- Total | 234 | 48 | 11 | 1

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1844.

PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT. | James K. | Henry | George M. | Theodore | Polk, | Clay, | Dallas, | Frelinghuysen, | of | of | of | of STATES. | Tennessee. | Ken- | Pennsylvania. | New Jersey. | | tucky. | | --------------+------------+---------+---------------+--------------- Alabama | 9 | .. | 9 | .. Arkansas | 3 | .. | 3 | .. Connecticut | .. | 6 | .. | 6 Delaware | .. | 3 | .. | 3 Georgia | 10 | .. | 10 | .. Illinois | 9 | .. | 9 | .. Indiana | 12 | .. | 12 | .. Kentucky | .. | 12 | .. | 12 Louisiana | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Maine | 9 | .. | 9 | .. Maryland | .. | 8 | .. | 8 Massachusetts | .. | 12 | .. | 12 Michigan | 5 | .. | 5 | .. Mississippi | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Missouri | 7 | .. | 7 | .. New Hampshire | 6 | .. | 6 | .. New Jersey | .. | 7 | .. | 7 New York | 36 | .. | 36 | .. North Carolina| .. | 11 | .. | 11 Ohio | .. | 23 | .. | 23 Pennsylvania | 26 | .. | 26 | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. | 4 South Carolina| 9 | .. | 9 | .. Tennessee | .. | 13 | .. | 13 Vermont | .. | 6 | .. | 6 Virginia | 17 | .. | 17 | .. --------------+------------+---------+---------------+--------------- Total | 170 | 105 | 170 | 105

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1848.

PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT. | | | | | Zachary | Lewis | Millard | William O. | Taylor, | Cass, | Fillmore, | Butler, | of | of | of | of STATES. | Louisiana. | Michigan. | New York. | Kentucky. --------------+------------+-----------+-----------+----------- Alabama | .. | 9 | .. | 9 Arkansas | .. | 3 | .. | 3 Connecticut | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Delaware | 3 | .. | 3 | .. Florida | 3 | .. | 3 | .. Georgia | 10 | .. | 10 | .. Illinois | .. | 9 | .. | 9 Indiana | .. | 12 | .. | 12 Iowa | .. | 4 | .. | 4 Kentucky | 12 | .. | 12 | .. Louisiana | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Maine | .. | 9 | .. | 9 Maryland | 8 | .. | 8 | .. Massachusetts | 12 | .. | 12 | .. Michigan | .. | 5 | .. | 5 Mississippi | .. | 6 | .. | 6 Missouri | .. | 7 | .. | 7 New Hampshire | .. | 6 | .. | 6 New Jersey | 7 | .. | 7 | .. New York | 36 | .. | 36 | .. North Carolina| 11 | .. | 11 | .. Ohio | .. | 23 | .. | 23 Pennsylvania | 26 | .. | 26 | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. | 4 | .. South Carolina| .. | 9 | .. | 9 Tennessee | 13 | .. | 13 | .. Texas | .. | 4 | .. | 4 Vermont | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Virginia | .. | 17 | .. | 17 Wisconsin | .. | 4 | .. | 4 --------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------- Total | 163 | 127 | 163 | 127

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1852.

PRESIDENT. | VICE-PRESIDENT. | | | William | | Franklin | Winfield | Rufus | William A. | Pierce, | Scott, | King, | Graham, | of | of | of | of STATES. | New | Virginia. | Alabama. | North | Hampshire. | | | Carolina. --------------+------------+-----------+-----------+----------- Alabama | 9 | .. | 9 | .. Arkansas | 4 | .. | 4 | .. California | 4 | .. | 4 | .. Connecticut | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Delaware | 3 | .. | 3 | .. Florida | 3 | .. | 3 | .. Georgia | 10 | .. | 10 | .. Illinois | 11 | .. | 11 | .. Indiana | 13 | .. | 13 | .. Iowa | 4 | .. | 4 | .. Kentucky | .. | 12 | .. | 12 Louisiana | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Maine | 8 | .. | 8 | .. Maryland | 8 | .. | 8 | .. Massachusetts | .. | 13 | .. | 13 Michigan | 6 | .. | 6 | .. Mississippi | 7 | .. | 7 | .. Missouri | 9 | .. | 9 | .. New Hampshire | 5 | .. | 5 | .. New Jersey | 7 | .. | 7 | .. New York | 35 | .. | 35 | .. North Carolina| 10 | .. | 10 | .. Ohio | 23 | .. | 23 | .. Pennsylvania | 27 | .. | 27 | .. Rhode Island | 4 | .. | 4 | .. South Carolina| 8 | .. | 8 | .. Tennessee | .. | 12 | .. | 12 Texas | 4 | .. | 4 | .. Vermont | .. | 5 | .. | 5 Virginia | 15 | .. | 15 | .. Wisconsin | 5 | .. | 5 | .. --------------+------------+-----------+-----------+--------------- Total | 254 | 42 | 254 | 42

ELECTORAL VOTE IN 1856.

PRESIDENT. | James | John C. | Millard | Buchanan, | Fremont, | Fillmore, | of | of | of STATES. | Pennsylvania. | California. | New York. --------------+---------------+-------------+---------- Alabama | 9 | .. | .. Arkansas | 4 | .. | .. California | 4 | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | 6 | .. Delaware | 3 | .. | .. Florida | 3 | .. | .. Georgia | 10 | .. | .. Illinois | 11 | .. | .. Indiana | 13 | .. | .. Iowa | .. | 4 | .. Kentucky | 12 | .. | .. Louisiana | 6 | .. | .. Maine | .. | 8 | .. Maryland | .. | .. | 8 Massachusetts | .. | 13 | .. Michigan | .. | 6 | .. Mississippi | 7 | .. | .. Missouri | 9 | .. | .. New Hampshire | .. | 5 | .. New Jersey | 7 | .. | .. New York | .. | 35 | .. North Carolina| 10 | .. | .. Ohio | .. | 23 | .. Pennsylvania | 27 | .. | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. South Carolina| 8 | .. | .. Tennessee | 12 | .. | .. Texas | 4 | .. | .. Vermont | .. | 5 | .. Virginia | 15 | .. | .. Wisconsin | .. | 5 | .. --------------+---------------+-------------+---------- Total | 174 | 114 | 8

VICE-PRESIDENT. | J. C. | William L. | A. J. | Breckinridge, | Dayton, | Donelson, | of | of | of STATES. | Kentucky. | New Jersey. | Tennessee. --------------+---------------+-------------+----------- Alabama | 9 | .. | .. Arkansas | 4 | .. | .. California | 4 | .. | .. Connecticut | .. | 6 | .. Delaware | 3 | .. | .. Florida | 3 | .. | .. Georgia | 10 | .. | .. Illinois | 11 | .. | .. Indiana | 13 | .. | .. Iowa | .. | 4 | .. Kentucky | 12 | .. | .. Louisiana | 6 | .. | .. Maine | .. | 8 | .. Maryland | .. | .. | 8 Massachusetts | .. | 13 | .. Michigan | .. | 6 | .. Mississippi | 7 | .. | .. Missouri | 9 | .. | .. New Hampshire | .. | 5 | .. New Jersey | 7 | .. | .. New York | .. | 35 | .. North Carolina| 10 | .. | .. Ohio | .. | 23 | .. Pennsylvania | 27 | .. | .. Rhode Island | .. | 4 | .. South Carolina| 8 | .. | .. Tennessee | 12 | .. | .. Texas | 4 | .. | .. Vermont | .. | 5 | .. Virginia | 15 | .. | .. Wisconsin | .. | 5 | .. --------------+---------------+-------------+---------- Total | 174 | 114 | 8

APPENDIX II.

THE CABINETS OF MONROE, ADAMS, JACKSON, VAN BUREN, HARRISON, TYLER, POLK, TAYLOR, FILLMORE, PIERCE, AND BUCHANAN--1816-1858.

THE SECRETARIES OF STATE.

Department created by Act of Congress, September 15, 1789.

THE SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.

Department created by Act of Congress, September 2, 1789.

THE SECRETARIES OF WAR.

Department created by Act of Congress, August 7, 1789.

THE SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.

Department created by Act of Congress, April 30, 1798.

THE SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.

Department created by Act of Congress, March 3, 1849.

THE ATTORNEYS-GENERAL.

Duties prescribed by the Judiciary Act of September 24, 1789. Department reorganized in 1870.

THE POSTMASTERS-GENERAL.

A Bureau of the Treasury until 1829. Made a Cabinet office in that year.

CHRONOLOGY

Territory of Missouri erected . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 4, 1812

Treaty of Fort Jackson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 10, 1814

Treaty of Ghent signed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 24, 1814

Commonwealth of Indiana admitted . . . . . . . . . December 11, 1816

Madison's veto of internal improvements bill . . . . . March 3, 1817

Attack on Fowltown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 21, 1817

Commonwealth of Mississippi admitted . . . . . . . December 10, 1817

Jackson's "Rhea" letter to Monroe . . . . . . . . . . January 6, 1818

Execution of Ambrister and Arbuthnot . . . . . . . . . April 29, 1818

Convention with Great Britain as to Oregon . . . . . October 20, 1818

Commonwealth of Illinois admitted . . . . . . . . . . December 3, 1818

Tallmadge amendment offered . . . . . . . . . . . . February 13, 1819

Treaty with Spain as to Florida . . . . . . . . . . February 22, 1819

Decision in McCulloch vs. Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1819

Commonwealth of Alabama admitted . . . . . . . . . December 14, 1819

Thomas amendment offered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 3, 1820

Maine bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 3, 1820

First Missouri bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 6, 1820

Commonwealth of Maine admitted . . . . . . . . . . . . March 15, 1820

Report of Clay's Committee of Thirteen . . . . . . February 10, 1821

Second Missouri bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 2, 1821

Jackson, as Governor, takes command in Florida . . . . July 17, 1821

Commonwealth of Missouri admitted . . . . . . . . . . August 10, 1821

Congress of Verona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October-December, 1822

Monroe's veto of internal improvements bill . . . . . . . May 4, 1822

Clay nominated for presidency by the Kentucky legislature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 18, 1822

"Monroe Doctrine" announced . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 2, 1823

Congressional caucus nominates Crawford . . . . . . February 14, 1824

Harrisburg convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 4, 1824

Jackson's "Coleman Letter" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 26, 1824

Presidential election in House of Representatives . . February 9, 1825

Indian Springs convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 12, 1825

Mexico-Columbia treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 25, 1825

The Creek treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January, 1826

Abduction of Morgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 11, 12, 1826

Protectionist convention at Harrisburg . . . . . . . . July 30, 1827

Treaty with Great Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 6, 1827

Tariff bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 19, 1828

The "South Carolina Exposition" published . . . . . . . . . . . . 1828

Hayne's speech on Foote's resolution . . . . . . . . January 19, 1830

Webster's reply to Hayne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 26, 1830

Jackson's speech on the Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 13, 1830

Veto of the Maysville Road bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 27, 1830

Publication of the "Liberator" begun . . . . . . . . January 1, 1831

"Address to the People of South Carolina" published . . July 26, 1831

The Southampton massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August, 1831

Anti-Masonic convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . September 26, 1831

National Republican convention at Baltimore . . . . December 12, 1831

New England Anti-Slavery Society formed . . . . . . . January 6, 1832

Bank of the United States asks re-charter . . . . . . January 9, 1832

National Democratic convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . May 21, 1832

Calhoun's letter to Governor Hamilton . . . . . . . . August 28, 1832

South Carolina convention meets at Columbia . . . . November 19, 1832

Ordinance of nullification . . . . . . . . . . . . November 24, 1832

President Jackson's nullification proclamation . . December 10, 1832

Clay proposes compromise tariff . . . . . . . . . . February 12, 1833

The "Force Bill" approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 2, 1833

Compromise tariff bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . . March 2, 1833

Re-assembling of the South Carolina convention . . . . March 11, 1833

The "Paper read in the Cabinet" . . . . . . . . . . September 18, 1833

Removal of the deposits ordered . . . . . . . . . . September 26, 1833

American Anti-Slavery Society formed . . . . . . . . . December, 1833

Van Buren nominated by Baltimore convention . . . . . . . May 20, 1835

Charleston, S. C., post-office robbed . . . . . . . . . July 29, 1835

Provisional declaration of Texan independence . . . . November 7, 1835

Meeting of Texas convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 1, 1836

Declaration of Texan independence . . . . . . . . . . . March 2, 1836

The Alamo massacre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 6, 1836

Battle of San Jacinto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 21, 1836

House adopts the "gag" resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . May 26, 1836

Commonwealth of Arkansas admitted . . . . . . . . . . . June 15, 1836

The "Specie Circular" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 11, 1836

Senate passes the "expunging resolution" . . . . . . January 16, 1837

Commonwealth of Michigan admitted . . . . . . . . . . January 26, 1837

Financial panic begins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April, 1837

Murder of Lovejoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . November 7, 1837

Harrisburg "harmony" convention . . . . . . . . . . September 4, 1839

Whig convention at Harrisburg . . . . . . . . . . . . December 4, 1839

Democratic Republican convention at Baltimore . . . . . . May 5, 1840

Independent Treasury bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . July 4, 1840

Death of President Harrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 4, 1841

The Ashburton treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 9, 1842

Veto of National Bank bill . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 16, 1842

Second bank bill vetoed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 9, 1842

Abolition convention at Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . August 30, 1843

Whitman's party reaches the Columbia . . . . . . . September 5, 1843

Whig convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 1, 1844

Democratic convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . . . . . May 27, 1844

Commonwealth of Florida admitted . . . . . . . . . . . March 3, 1845

Polk's message on Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 2, 1845

Commonwealth of Texas admitted . . . . . . . . . . December 29, 1845

Mexicans cross the Nueces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 23, 1846

Arista notifies Taylor of beginning of hostilities . . April 24, 1846

Battle of Palo Alto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 8, 1846

Congress declares war begun by Mexico . . . . . . . . May 12, 13, 1846

Treaty with Great Britain as to Oregon . . . . . . . . June 15, 1846

Kearny takes Santa Fe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 18, 1846

Battle of Monterey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 21-23, 1846

Commonwealth of Iowa admitted . . . . . . . . . . . December 28, 1846

Battle of Buena Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 22, 23, 1847

Capture of Vera Cruz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 27-29, 1847

Battle of Cerro Gordo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 18, 1847

Battle of Chapultepec . . . . . . . . . . . . . September 12, 13, 1847

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . February 2, 1848

Democratic convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . . . . . May 22, 1848

Special message on Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 29, 1848

Commonwealth of Wisconsin admitted . . . . . . . . . . . May 29, 1848

Abolition convention at Rochester . . . . . . . . . . . . June 2, 1848

Whig convention at Philadelphia . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 7, 1848

Special message on California and New Mexico . . . . . . July 6, 1848

Free-soil convention at Buffalo . . . . . . . . . . . . August 9, 1848

Territory of Oregon organized . . . . . . . . . . . . August 14, 1848

California convention at Monterey . . . . . . . . . September 1, 1849

Clay proposes his compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . January 29, 1850

Calhoun's last speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 4, 1850

Webster's speech on the Constitution . . . . . . . . . March 7, 1850

Death of Calhoun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 31, 1850

Clayton-Bulwer treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . April 19, 1850

Clay reports on the compromise . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 8, 1850

Death of President Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 9, 1850

Commonwealth of California admitted . . . . . . . . September 9, 1850

President's message on the fugitive slave law . . . February 21, 1851

The "Jerry rescue" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October, 1851

Democratic convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . . . . . June 1, 1852

Whig convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 16, 1852

Death of Clay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 29, 1852

Free-soil Democratic convention at Pittsburg . . . . August 11, 1852

Death of Webster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 23, 1852

The Gadsden treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . December 30, 1853

Douglas reports on Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . January 4, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska bill approved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 30, 1854

Salt Creek Valley convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 10, 1854

The Ostend manifesto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . October 18, 1854

Congressional election in Kansas . . . . . . . . . November 29, 1854

Territorial election in Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . March 30, 1855

Kansas legislature meets at Pawnee . . . . . . . . . . . July 2, 1855

Robinson's speech at Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . July 4, 1855

Convention at Lawrence, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . August 14, 1855

Convention at Big Springs, Kansas . . . . . . . . . September 5, 1855

Convention at Topeka, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . September 19, 1855

Convention at Topeka, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . October 23, 1855

Popular vote on the Topeka constitution . . . . . . December 15, 1855

Robinson elected governor of Kansas . . . . . . . . . January 5, 1856

President's proclamation on Kansas . . . . . . . . February 11, 1856

Kansas Free-state legislature meets . . . . . . . . . . March 4, 1856

Philadelphia convention of the "American party" . . February 22, 1856

Congressional committee begins sessions at Kansas City April 14, 1856

Sumner's speech on the "Crime against Kansas" . . . . May 19, 20, 1856

The sack of Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 21, 1856

Brooks's attack on Sumner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . May 22, 1856

Massacre at Dutch Henry's Crossing . . . . . . . . . . . May 24, 1856

Affair at Black Jack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 2, 1856

Democratic national convention at Cincinnati . . . . . . June 2, 1856

Republican national convention at Philadelphia . . . . June 17, 1856

Assault on Sheriff Jones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . June 23, 1856

House Committee reports on Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . July 1, 1856

Dispersal of Free-state legislature at Topeka . . . . . . July 4, 1856

Oliver makes minority report on Kansas . . . . . . . . July 11, 1856

Treaty at Lawrence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 17, 1856

Woodson's proclamation in Kansas . . . . . . . . . . August 25, 1856

Destruction of Ossawattomie . . . . . . . . . . . . . August 29, 1856

Whig convention at Baltimore . . . . . . . . . . . September 17, 1856

Free-state legislature dispersed at Topeka . . . . . January 6, 1857

Territorial legislature meets at Lecompton . . . . . January 12, 1857

Dred Scott decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . March 6, 1857

Election of Lecompton constitutional convention . . . . June 15, 1857

Meeting of Free-state convention at Topeka . . . . . . July 15, 1857

Convention at Lecompton, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . September 7, 1857

Free-state election in Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . October 5, 1857

Convention at Lecompton, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . October 19, 1857

Mass-meeting at Lawrence, Kansas . . . . . . . . . . December 2, 1857

Kansas legislature meets at Lecompton . . . . . . . . December 7, 1857

Pro-slavery vote on the Lecompton constitution . . December 21, 1857

Free-state vote on the Lecompton constitution . . . . January 4, 1858

Buchanan's message on Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . February 2, 1858

Commonwealth of Minnesota admitted . . . . . . . . . . . May 11, 1858

Vote in Kansas on the English bill propositions . . . . August 2, 1858

Commonwealth of Oregon admitted . . . . . . . . . . February 14, 1859

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This bibliography must not be taken as containing the material used in the preparation of this volume, but as a list of good books recommended to the general reader, which treat of, or touch upon, the subjects considered. Only a few of the books in this list have been consulted by the author in the preparation of this work. As indicated in the preface, the author has endeavored, in all cases, to go back to original matter, which is usually disconnected and fragmentary, and practically inaccessible to the general reader.

LIST OF TITLES

_The alphabetical arrangement is, in most instances, based upon the names of authors or editors._

Adams, C. F.: Railroads; their origin and problems. New York, 1878.

Adams, H.: Life of Albert Gallatin. Philadelphia, 1879.

Adams, H.: History of the United States. 9 vols. New York, 1889-91.

Adams, H.: John Randolph. Boston, 1882.

Adams, J. Q.: Memoirs; Comprising Parts of His Diary from 1795 to 1848. 12 vols. Philadelphia, 1874-77.

Alfriend, F. H.: Life of Jefferson Davis. Cincinnati, 1868.

Baker, G. E. [Ed.]: Works of William H. Seward. 5 vols. New York, 1853-54.

Bancroft, H. H.: Arizona and New Mexico, 1530-1888. San Francisco, 1889.

Bancroft, H. H.: History of California. 7 vols. San Francisco, 1884-90.

Bancroft, H. H.: North Mexican States and Texas, 1531-1889. 2 vols. San Francisco, 1884.

Bancroft. H. H.: Oregon, 1834-1888. 2 vols. San Francisco, 1886-88.

Barrows, W.: Oregon: The Struggle for Possession. Boston, 1883.

Benton, T. H.: Thirty Years' View; or, History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850. 2 vols. New York, 1854-56.

Birney, W.: James G. Birney and His Times. New York, 1890.

Blaine, J. G.: Twenty Years of Congress (1860-80). 2 vols. Norwich, 1884-86.

Bolles, A. S.: The Financial History of the United States. 3 vols. New York, 1879-86.

Bolles, A. S.: Industrial History of the United States. Norwich, 1878.

Bourne, E. G.: History of the Surplus Revenue of 1837. New York, 1885.

Bruce, H.: Life of General Houston. New York, 1891.

Bryce, J.: The American Commonwealth. 2 vols. New York, 1895.

Cairnes, J. E.: Slave Power: Its Character, Career, and Probable Designs. New York, 1862.

Calhoun, J. C.: Works. 6 vols. New York, 1853-55.

Carr, L.: Missouri, a Bone of Contention. Boston, 1888.

Channing, E.: The United States of America, 1765-1865. New York, 1896.

Choate, R.: Works, with a Memoir by S. G. Brown. 2 vols. Boston, 1862.

Chase, L. B.: History of the Polk Administration. New York, 1850.

Cobb, T. R. R.: Historical Sketch of Slavery. Philadelphia, 1858.

Cobb, T. R. R.: Enquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States. Philadelphia, 1858.

Colton, C. [Ed.]: Works of Henry Clay. 6 vols. New York, 1857.

Colton, C.: Life and Times of Henry Clay. 2 vols. New York, 1846.

Colton, C. [Ed:]: Private Correspondence of Henry Clay. New York, 1855.

Colton, C.: The Last Seven Years of the Life of Henry Clay. New York, 1856.

Cooper, T.: Lectures on the Elements of Political Economy. Columbia, 1826.

Curtis, G. T.: Constitutional History of the United States. 2 vols. New York, 1889, 1896.

Curtis, G. T.: Life of James Buchanan. 2 vols. New York, 1883.

Curtis, G. T.: Life of Daniel Webster. 2 vols. New York, 1870.

Davis, J.: The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. 2 vols. New York, 1881.

Davis, V. H.: Jefferson Davis, ex-President of the Confederate States. 2 vols. New York, 1890.

Douglass, F.: Life and Times. Written by himself. Hartford, 1881.

Draper, J. W.: History of the American Civil War. 3 vols. New York, 1867-70.

Dunbar, C. F.: Laws of the United States relating to currency, finance and banking from 1789 to 1891. Boston, 1893.

Fremont, J. C.: Memoirs of My Life. Chicago, 1887.

Frothingham, O. B.: Gerrit Smith; A Biography. New York, 1879.

Frothingham, O. B.: Theodore Parker; A Biography. Boston, 1874.

Gannett, H.: Boundaries of the United States, and of the several States and Territories. Washington, 1885.

Giddings, J. R.: Speeches In Congress. Boston, 1853.

Gillet, R. H.: Democracy in the United States. New York, 1868.

Gilman, D. C.: James Monroe in his Relation to the Public Service. Boston, 1883.

Greeley, H.: The American Conflict. 2 vols. Hartford, 1864-67.

Greeley, H.: Recollections of a Busy Life. New York, 1868.

Greeley, H.: History of the Struggle for Slavery Extension or Restriction in the United States. New York, 1856.

Hall, B. F.: The Republican Party, 1796-1832. New York, 1856.

Hammond, J. D.: The History of Political Parties in the State of New York. 4th edit. 2 vols. Cooperstown, 1846.

Hay, J.: see Nicolay, J. G.

Helper, H. R: Impending Crisis of the South, and how to meet it. New York, 1857.

Hildreth, R.: The History of the United States. 6 vols. New York, 1851-56.

Holst, H. E. von: The Constitutional History of the United States. 8 vols. Chicago, 1876-92.

Holst, H. E. von: John Brown. Boston, 1888.

Holst, H. E. von: John C. Calhoun. Boston, 1882.

Hurd, J. C.: Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States. 2 vols. Boston, 1858-62.

Jay, W.: Miscellaneous writings on slavery. Boston, 1853.

Jay, W.: Review of the Causes and Consequences of the Mexican War. Boston, 1849.

Jenkins, J. S.: History of Political Parties in the State of New York. Auburn, 1846.

Jenkins, J. S.: Life of James K. Polk. Auburn, 1850.

Johnson, O.: William Lloyd Garrison and his Times. Boston, 1880.

Johnston, A.: History of American Politics. New York, 1880.

Johnston, A. [Ed.]: Representative American Orations. 3 vols. New York, 1884.

Julian, G. W.: Life of Joshua R. Giddings. Chicago, 1892.

Kapp, F.: Die Sklaverei in den Vereinigten Staaten. Hamburg, 1861.

Kinley, D.: History, Organization, and Influence of the Independent Treasury of the United States. New York, 1893.

Knox, J. J.: United States Notes. New York, 1888.

Lalor, J. J.: Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and of the Political History of the United States. 3 vols. Chicago, 1881-84.

Lodge, H. C.: Daniel Webster. Boston, 1883.

Lyman, T.: Diplomacy of the United States. Boston, 1826.

Mackenzie, W. L.: Life and Times of M. Van Buren. Boston, 1846.

McLaughlin, A. C.: Lewis Cass. Boston, 1891.

McCulloch, H.: Men and Measures of Half a Century. New York, 1888.

Mallory, D.: Life and Speeches of Henry Clay. 2 vols. New York, 1843.

May, S. J.: Memoirs: Consisting of Autobiography and Selections from his Diary and Correspondence. Boston, 1873.

May, S. J.: Some Recollections of our Anti-Slavery Conflict. Boston, 1869.

Morse, J. T., Jr.: Abraham Lincoln. 2 vols. Boston, 1893.

Morse, J. T., Jr.: John Quincy Adams. Boston, 1882.

Nicolay, J. G. and Hay, J.: Abraham Lincoln: A History. 10 vols. New York, 1890.

Nicolay, J. G. and Hay, J. [Eds.]: Complete Works of Abraham Lincoln. 2 vols. New York, 1894.

Nixon, O. W.: How Marcus Whitman Saved Oregon. Chicago, 1895.

Ormsby, R. McK.: History of the Whig Party. Boston, 1860.

Parker, J.: Personal Liberty Laws. Boston, 1861.

Parton, J.: General Jackson. New York, 1893.

Parton, J.: Life of Andrew Jackson. 3 vols. Boston, 1883.

Phillips, W.: Conquest of Kansas. Boston, 1856.

Phillips, W.: Speeches, Lectures, and Letters. Boston, 1863.

Pierce, E. L.: Memoir and Letters of Charles Sumner. 4 vols. Boston, 1893.

Pike, J. S.: First Blows of the Civil War. New York, 1879.

Pollard, E. A.: The Lost Cause. New York, 1868.

Quincy, E.: Life of Josiah Quincy. Boston, 1867.

Quincy, J.: Memoirs of the Life of John Quincy Adams. Boston, 1858.

Redpath, J.: Public Life of Capt. John Brown. Boston, 1860.

Rhodes, J. F.: History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. 3 vols. New York, 1893-95.

Robinson, C.: The Kansas Conflict. New York, 1892.

Robinson, S. T. L.: Kansas, Its Interior and its Exterior Life. Boston, 1856.

Roosevelt, T.: Thomas Hart Benton. Boston, 1887.

Royce, J.: California from the Conquest in 1846 to the Second Vigilance Committee in San Francisco. Boston, 1886.

Schouler, J.: History of the United States Under the Constitution. 5 vols. New York, 1893.

Schurz, C.: Life of Henry Clay. 2 vols. Boston, 1887.

Schuyler, E.: American Diplomacy. New York, 1886.

Seward, W. H.: Autobiography, from 1801 to 1834, with a Memoir of His Life. New York, 1877.

Seward, W. H.: Life and Public Services of John Quincy Adams. Auburn, 1849.

Shepard, E. M.: Martin Van Buren. Boston, 1888.

Smith, W. L. G.: Fifty Years of Public Life; the Life and Times of Lewis Cass. New York, 1856.

Spring, L. W.: Kansas; the Prelude to the War for the Union. Boston, 1885.

Stanwood, E.: A History of Presidential Elections. Boston, 1892.

Stephens, A. H.: A Constitutional View of the Late War between the States. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1868-70.

Stickney, W. [Ed.]: Autobiography of Amos Kendall. Boston, 1872.

Story, W. W.: Life and Letters of Joseph Story. 2 vols. Boston, 1851.

Story, W. W. [Ed.]: Miscellaneous Writings of Joseph Story. Boston, 1835.

Strohm, I. [Ed.]: Speeches of Thomas Corwin. Dayton, 1859.

Sumner, C.: Works. 15 vols. Boston, 1870-83.

Sumner, W. G.: Andrew Jackson as a Public Man. Boston, 1882.

Sumner, W. G.: History of American Currency. New York, 1884.

Taussig, F. W.: State Papers and Speeches on the Tariff. Cambridge, 1893.

Taussig, F. W.: Tariff History of the United States, 1789-1888. New York, 1888.

Thayer, E.: History of the Kansas Crusade. New York, 1889.

Tyler, L. G.: Letters and Times of the Tylers. 2 vols. Richmond, 1884.

Tyler, S.: Memoir of R. B. Taney. Baltimore, 1872.

Van Buren, M.: Inquiry into the Origin and Growth of Political Parties in the United States. New York, 1867.

Webster, D.: Works. 6 vols. Boston, 1851.

Webster, F. [Ed.]: Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster. 2 vols. Boston, 1857.

Williams, A. M.: Sam Houston and the War of Independence in Texas. Boston, 1893.

Williams, E.: The Statesman's Manual. 4 vols. New York, 1849.

Wilson, H.: History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America. 3 vols. Boston, 1872-77.

Wilson, W.: Division and Reunion, 1829-1889. New York, 1893.

Wise, H. A.: Seven Decades of the Union. Philadelphia, 1876.

Woodbury, L.: Writings, Political, Judicial, and Literary. 3 vols. Boston, 1852.

Yoakum, H. K.: History of Texas, from its First Settlement in 1685, to its Annexation to the United States in 1846. 2 vols. New York, 1856.

INDEX

Material in the Appendices is not included in this Index.

ABBOTT, J. B., leader of "Free-state" Company, 428

Abolition, 242 _et seq._; relation to Revolution of 1830, 244, 245; its philosophy, 245; the opposite theory, 245; the true philosophy of history, 245, 246; the beginning of abolition, 246 (_see_ Garrison, William Lloyd); possible ways of attacking slavery, 248; charges as to Southampton massacre, 249; denials by abolitionist historians, 249; abolitionist methods, 249, 250; killing of Lovejoy, 250; significance of abolition movement, 250, 251; its growth, 251; the moderates, 251; petitions for abolition in District of Columbia, 251, 252; position of Adams, 252, 253; Quaker petition, 253; position of Mason and Adams, 253; more petitions, 253 (_see_ Petition, right of); Dickson presents petitions, 254; his controversy with Chinn, 254; the Fairfield petitions, 254; excitement begun by Slade's motion, 254; Polk's ruling, 255; action on Jackson's petitions, 255 _et seq._; assumption as to ethical position, 265; attitude of Calhoun and Rives, 267, 268; the Vermont petition, 269; the Calhoun resolutions, 269; use of mails, 270 _et seq._ (_see_ Mail, United States); significance of the contests over petitions and the mails, 274-277; result of struggle over petitions, 296; demands of Clay, 319; criticism of Clay as to annexation, 320; candidacy of Birney, 320; position on Polk's first message, 324, 325; as to war with Mexico, 330, 331; attitude on Texan boundary, 355; attitude to fugitive slave law of 1793, 355; attitude to Clay's proposals, 357; Webster's Seventh of March speech, 359; effect of propaganda, 366; nomination of Hale for presidency, 377; the _National Era_ address, 389; effect of the address, 400; as to leaders of Emigrant Aid Company, 413; relation of Kansas affairs to presidential nominee, 431; point of view of the "Crime against Kansas," 439

Abolitionists, _see_ Abolition

Adams, John Quincy, relation to Jackson, 34-36; opinion of treaty with Spain, 36; negotiations with Spain, 37, 38; effect of Seminole War, 38; declaration to Tuyl, 124, 125; qualification as presidential candidate in 1824, 132-136; electoral vote of 1824, 136, 137; supported in House by Clay, 141; the Kremer charge, 141; elected president, 142; offers State Department to Clay, 142, 143; threats of opposition, 142, 143; no proof of bargain with Clay, 143; opposition to Administration organized, 144-146; relation to Panama Congress, 148, 149; nominates commissioners to the Congress, 149; nomination confirmed, 150; relation to Spain's colonies, 152, 153; as to internal improvements, 155, 156; message of December, 1826, 157; appropriations approved for internal improvements, 169; chairman of committee, 184; reports tariff bill, 185; bill passed, 186; report on Bank, 191; relation to Bank history, 192; representations from Creek chiefs, 212; orders Gaines to Georgia, 213; controversy with Troup, 213, 214; steps to carry out agreement of 1826, 214; defiance of Georgia, 214; submits matter to Congress, 215; refers Cherokee affair to Jackson, 215, 216; view of Indian titles, 217; principles of administration reviewed by Supreme Court, 219; relation to Cabinet intrigue against Jackson, 220; as to authorship of Jacksonian principles, 240; presents abolition petitions, 252; his position on abolition, 252, 253; prevents debate on abolition petitions, 253; compared with Slade, 254; opinion as to procedure on petitions, 256; appeal for right of petition, 257; presents petition on abolition, 258, 259; his belief as to the right involved, 259; effort at settlement, 260; affair of February 6, 1837, 262; address on annexation, 303

"Address on the Relations of the States and Federal Government," 179

"Address to the People of South Carolina," 179

Admiralty jurisdiction, proposal to decrease that of federal courts, 109

Africa, 41

Alabama, Commonwealth of, in process of creation, 62; slavery allowed, 63; Indian problem in Jackson's message of 1829, 216, 217; Alabama letter of Clay, 319, 320; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; Buford's men in Kansas, 438

Alamo atrocities, 293, 294

Albany Regency, The, 133; in election of 1824, 137

Alien and Sedition Laws, 173

Alleghanies, The, 116, 129, 139, 163, 193

Ambrister, Robert C., 32, 36

Amelia Island, 30, 31

America for Americans, principle of, 418

American Anti-Slavery Society, formed, 251

American Board of Missions, sends out Whitman, 315

American Society for Emancipation, 62

"American System," The, 178, 189 (_see_ Clay, H.)

Ampudia, Pedro de, demands Taylor's withdrawal, 329

Anderson, Richard Clough, Jr., nominated commissioner to Panama Congress, 149; nomination confirmed, 150

Appalachicola River, The, 21, 22, 25, 26, 31

Arbuthnot, Alexander, 32, 36

Archer, William S., opposition to Texas treaty, 308, 309; his doctrine adopted by Tyler, 309; report on Texas resolution, 322, 323

Arista, Mariana, notifies Taylor of beginning of hostilities, 329

Arkansas, Commonwealth of, admitted, 290; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Arkansas, Territory of, 88

Arkansas River, the, 33

Army of the United States, legislation upon, 13, 14; troops in Florida, 24 _et seq._ (_see_ Mexico, and Kansas, Territory of); as to South Carolina, 230

Ashburton, Alexander Baring, first Baron, negotiations with Webster, 314

Ashburton Treaty, 303

Asia, California the road to, 332

Astor, John Jacob, understanding with the Government, 313

Astoria, founded, 312, 313

Atchison, Missouri, place of publication of _Squatter Sovereign_, 411

Atchison, David R., criticism of organization of Nebraska Territory, 382; his record and influence, 412, 413; on the Wakarusa, 429; agrees with Robinson, 430; causes Missourians to withdraw, 431; repudiates the sacking of Lawrence, 438; in command at Bull Creek, 445

Austin, Moses, secures Texan grant from Mexico, 291

Austin, Stephen Fuller, colonizes grant in Texas, 291

Austria, in Holy Alliance, 123

BADGER, GEORGE EDMUND, contention as to Chase's amendment, 394; offers amendment, 395

Baldwin, John, claims site of Lawrence, 415

Baltimore, Maryland, petition for abolition, 252; Hamlet case, 367; conventions of 1852, 376

Baltimore & Ohio railroad, system begun, 169

Bank of the United States, bill for its creation, 3; Calhoun's argument, 4, 5, 6; Clay's early view, 4; Webster's objections, 6; Clay's support, 6, 7; modified bill passed by House, 7, 8; attitude of Barbour, Bibb, Taylor, Wells, 8; passed by Senate, 8; bill of 1816 a Southern and national measure, 8, 14; bank bill under comparison, 15, 16; Jackson's message of 1829, 190; later interpretations of Jackson's attack, 191, 192; the troubles in New Hampshire, 191; the opposition of principle, 192, 193; origin of opposition to "money power," 193, 194; origin of "State's rights" opposition to Bank, 194; tax on branches in Ohio and Maryland, 194; the results, 195; relation to "relief party" in Kentucky, 195, 196; Benton's attack, 196; his resolution defeated, 196; attitude of Benton, 197; and of Jackson, 197, 198; Bank supported by committees, 198; Jackson's message of December, 1830, 198, 199; relation of question to slavery, 198; relation to politics, 198; Jackson's second attack, 198, 199; Benton's resolution of 1831, 199, 200; Jackson's message of 1831, 200; the Bank question before the people, 200, 201; advice of Clay and Webster, 201; petition for re-charter, 201; relation of Bank question to question of Jackson's election, 201; action by the Senate, 201, 202; Clayton committee report in House, 202; McDuffie's report on Bank, 202; House passes the Senate bill, 202; veto by Jackson, 202; analysis of his message, 202-206; interpretation of the message, 206-209; the principles of Jackson ratified by the people, 209; effect on Jackson's views of election on Bank issue, 279; control of deposits, 279; removal of McLane and Duane, 280; deposits suspended by Taney, 280; Taney's contention, 280, 281; Senate's resolutions of censure, 281; attitude of Benton, 281; Jackson successful in all points, 282; result of removal of deposits, 283; enforcement and effect of Act of June 23, 283, 284; Bank bills vetoed by Tyler, 286

Barbour, James, supports bank bill, 8; proposes union of Maine and Missouri bills, 82; position on Maine-Missouri bill, 83; on conference committee, 88; letter to Troup, 212, 213; controversy with Troup, 213

Barbour, Philip Pendleton, in Missouri bill debate, 70; opposes tariff bill of 1824, 113, 114

Beaufort, South Carolina, instructions to collector, 230

Beecher, Henry Ward, opposes fugitive slave law, 368

Behring's Strait, 123

Belgium, recognizes Texan independence, 304

Bell, John, report on President's powers, 235; proposition as to California and New Mexico, 359; its reference, 359, 360; on Committee of Thirteen, 360; attitude to Kansas-Nebraska bill and to Douglas's amendment, 393; speech against the bill, 396, 397; vote on the bill, 399

Bell, P. H., extends jurisdiction of Texas, 362, 363

Benton, Thomas Hart, attacks the Bank, 196; resolution defeated, 196; becomes Jackson's lieutenant, 197; resolution against the Bank, 199; his resolution not accepted, 200; attack on practices of Bank, 201; opinion on use of Government deposits by the Bank, 205; defends Jackson against censure of Senate, 281; criticism of Texas treaty, 308; changes vote, 347; opposition to Foote's motion, 360; offers to cudgel Foote, 360

Berrien, John McPherson, opinion of Indian agreement of 1826, 214; report on Calhoun's proposition, 349, 350; views on slavery in Mexican acquisition, 351, 352; on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Bibb, William Wyatt, supports bank bill, 8

Biddle, Nicholas, beginning of bank trouble, 191; management of bank, 195

Birney, James G., effect of Clay's Alabama letter, 320

Bishop of London, 44

Black Jack, Brown captures Pate at, 441

Blair, Montgomery, letter to Welles on Seward, 387, 388

Blood, James, at Kansas City, and at site of Lawrence, 414; in "Free-State" directory, 443

Bloomfield, Joseph, voting, 73

Blow, Taylor, connection with Dred Scott case, 452

"Blue Lodges," in Missouri, 419

Body of Liberties, Massachusetts, 41

Bonaparte, Napoleon, relation to slavery in Louisiana, 54, 55; commercial system, 123; relation to Holy Alliance, 123

Boon, Ratliff, in House proceedings, 254

Boston, Massachusetts, beginning of Abolition, 246; meetings on fugitive slave law, 367; the Crafts case, 368; the Shadrach case, 370; the Sims case, 372, 373; Kansas emigrants departing, 414

Boston and Albany railroad, survey begun, 169

Branscomb, Charles H., goes to Kansas, 413, 414; at the site of Lawrence, 414; buys claim of Stearns, 415

Branson, Jacob, threatens Buckley, 428; arrested by Sheriff Jones, 428; rescued by "Free-state" men, 428, 429; charges as to the rescue, 429; effort to arrest participants in rescue, 433

Bright, Jesse D., motion as to Territorial governments, 346; on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Brooks, Preston Smith, assault upon Sumner, 439, 440; effect of assault modified by Pottawattomie massacre, 442

Brown _vs._ Maryland [12 Wheaton, 419], 195, 198

Brown, John, appears at Lawrence, 431; the Pottawattomie massacre, 440; the massacre characterized, 441; captures Pate at Black Jack, 441; dispersal of the gang and disappearance of Brown, 442; effect of massacre, 442; his work characterized, 473, 474

Brown, Mary, arrest of Hamlet, 367

Brown, R. P., organizes company of "Free-state" men, 426; captured and murdered, 426

Buchanan, James, position upon tariff bill of 1827, 158, 159; attitude to fugitive slave law, 368; candidate for presidential nomination, 376; the Ostend manifesto, 408; relation of his election to events in Kansas, 447; inaugural address quoted, 447; charge as to improper official conduct, 458; appoints Walker and Stanton to office in Kansas, 461; special message of February 2, 1858, 469

Buckley, ----, secures peace warrant against Branson, 428

Buenos Ayres, 30

Buffalo, New York, Free-soil convention, 347

Buford, Jefferson, repudiates sacking of Lawrence, 438

Bull Creek, Kansas, Missourians encamped on, 445; skirmish at, 445

Burrill, James, Jr., position on Maine-Missouri bill, 83

Burt, Armistead, moves amendment to Douglas's bill, 341

Bushnell, Horace, member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409

Bustamente, Anastasio, decree on immigration, 291

Butler, Andrew Pickens, contention as to fugitive slave law, 371; minority report on president's powers, 372; in debate on Foote's resolutions, 374; attacked by Sumner, 439

CABOT, SAMUEL, member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409

Calhoun, John Caldwell, 2; committee service, 3; argument for the bank, 4-6; chief author of bank bill, 8; speech on tariff bill, 10-12; on internal improvements, 14-16; views rejected by Madison, 17; relation to Jackson, 34, 35; effect of Seminole War, 38; as to relation between protection and slavery, 109; bill for internal improvements vetoed, 1817, 116, 117; qualifications as presidential candidate in 1824, 133, 134; as to vice-presidency, 138; elected vice-president, 142, 143; relation to administration, 143; relation to Adams's administration, 144, 146; elected vice-president, 163, 164; political scientist of slavery, 173; publishes "South Carolina Exposition," "Address on Relation of States and Federal Government," and "Address to the People of South Carolina," 179; his argument, 180, 181; his doctrine of nullification, 189; relation to Jackson and Seminole War, 220; the Forsyth letter, 220; hostility of Jackson and Calhoun, 220, 221; his letter to Governor Hamilton, 221; his theory of nullification reproduced, 223; resigns vice-presidency and becomes Senator, 224; opinion on the position of South Carolina, 226, 227; statement in Senate as to South Carolina's acts, 232, 233; opinion of the "Force Bill," 234; attitude to Clay's compromise tariff, 236; attitude to the Wilkins "Force Bill," 236; argument answered by Webster, 237; attitude to Clay's bill, 237; motive in course on nullification, 238; restatement of Jefferson's principles, 239; opinion of slavery cited, 253; antedated by Hammond, 255; contention as to petitions, 264; view of slavery, 265-268; resolutions of December 27, 1837, 269; fallacy of his position, 270; makes committee report, with bills, on use of mails, 273, 274; his plan defeated, 274; views on recognition of Texas, 295, 296; view on annexation of Texas, 301; his views expressed by Wise, 302; again Secretary of State, 307; notifies Texas of proposal to move forces, 307; view of constitutional position of Texas, 308; adopts idea of Archer as to annexation, 309; views as to method of annexation, 321; characterization of his views on annexation, 323, 324; attitude to Mexican War, 330; views as to slavery in Territories, 344, 345; his last speech, 358; his death, 360; views on fugitive slave laws, 367

California, as to Congress of Verona, 124; occupied by Kearny, 332; importance of its occupation, 332; importance of Buena Vista, 333; about to be transferred, 334; acquisition in view, 337; in negotiations, 337 (_see_ Upper California); Polk's message of July 6, 1848, 345, 346; motions of Bright and Clayton, 346; the Clayton bill, 346, 347; Polk's message of December, 1848, 348; gold and silver discoveries, 348; Douglas's bill, 349; Smith's bill, 349; Berrien's report, 349, 350; new bill by Douglas, 350; motion by Walker, 350, 351; proceedings in Congress, 351; views of Berrien and Webster, 351, 352; failure of Congress to act, 352; effect of discoveries, 352, 353; plan of Taylor, 353; the Monterey Convention, 353; Taylor's message of December 4, 1849, 353, 354; Foote's bill, 354; Clay's plan, 355, 356; objections of Southerners, 356; attitude of abolitionists, 357; application for admission, 357; consideration begun, 357, 358; Calhoun's last speech, 358; Webster's Seventh of March speech, 359; Bell's proposition, 359; report of Committee on Territories, 360; Committee of Thirteen, 360; Clay's report, 360-362; passage of bill for admission, 363, 364; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; Robinson in, 413; Sutter land troubles, 413; Robinson's experience in, applied to Kansas, 421, 422

Cambreleng, Churchill C., opposes tariff bill of 1824, 113

Canada, 21, 370, 374

Canning, George, proposal to Rush, 125; declaration to Polignac, 125

Cape Breton, 21

Capulets, tomb of the, 351

Cass, Lewis, opposes Upham's amendment, 336; views on relation of slavery and Mexican War, 338; Presidential nominee, 345; letter to Nicholson, 345; on Committee of Thirteen, 360; attitude to fugitive slave law, 368; candidate for Presidential nomination, 376; attitude to Chase and Douglas, 392

Castle Pinckney, becomes seat of custom-house for Charleston district, 230; Congress notified of change, 232

Catron, John, opinion on Dred Scott case, 453

Cerro Gordo, battle of, 333

Channing, William Ellery, opposition to fugitive slave law, 373

Chapultepec, battle of, 338

Charleston, South Carolina, Government in control of anti-nullifiers, 181; nullifiers elect mayor, 182; test of tariff law, 182; Scott ordered to, 230; instructions to collectors, 230; removal of custom-house, 230; Congress notified, 232; post-office robbed, 271; committee of public safety elected, 271; postmaster communicates with New York postmaster, 271; the position of Postmaster-General Kendall, 271, 272

Chase, Salmon Portland, contention as to fugitive slave law, 371; signs _National Era_ address, 389; moves amendment to Kansas-Nebraska bill, 391; speech in Senate, 391; proposes further amendment, 394; contention with Pratt, 394, 395; proposes third amendment, 395, 396; proposes fourth amendment, 396; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; effect of _National Era_ address, 400

Chattahoochee River, the, 211, 214

Cheever, George Burrell, opposes fugitive slave law, 368

Cherokee Nation _vs._ Georgia [5 Peters, 1], 218

Cherokees, brought under criminal jurisdiction of Georgia, 215; appeal to President, 215, 216; Jackson's reply, 216; Cherokees refuse offers for cession of claims, 216; the question in Jackson's message of 1829, 216, 217; different views of Indian land titles, 217, 218; Cherokee lands incorporated by Commonwealth of Georgia, 218; the Cherokee nation case, 218; the case of Worcester against Georgia, 218, 219

Cherubusco, battle of, 334

Cheves, Langdon, management of bank, 195

Chihuahua, captured by Doniphan, 332

Chili, treaty of 1823 with Columbia, 147

Chillicothe, O., bank trouble, 195

Chinn, Joseph W., resents Dickson's attack, 254

Choate, Rufus, attitude to fugitive slave law, 368

Christian baptism, relation to slavery, 44

Clark, George Rogers, sent out by Jefferson, 312

Clay, Henry, views on the bank in 1812, 4; Speaker of House, 6; support of bank bill, 6, 7; on tariff bill, 10; relation to Jackson, 34, 35; opinion of treaty with Spain, 36, 38; suggests union of Maine and Missouri bills, 77; plan of Clay, 100; report of Committee of Thirteen, 100, 101; first plan defeated, 101; conference committee and its report on Missouri, 101, 102; plan accepted, 102, 103; supports tariff bill of 1824, 112, 113; opposed by Barbour, Cambreleng and Webster, 113, 114; efforts with reference to "Monroe Doctrine," 128; qualifications as presidential candidate in 1824, 134-136; electoral vote of 1824, 137; in control of situation, 140, 141; supports Adams, 141; the Kremer charge, 141; offer of secretaryship of state, 142, 143; opposition threatened, 142, 143; Clay accepts office, 143; no proof of corruption, 143; opposition in Senate to his appointment, 144; approached by ministers of Mexico and Columbia, 147; negotiations, 148, 149; negotiations with Czar of Russia and with Spanish-American colonies, 152, 153; his "American System" anticipated by Jackson, 172; resolution on tariff, 186; speech on the "American System," 187; bill reported and tabled, 188; his ideas used, 188; nominated for presidency in 1831, 201; advice to Bank party, 201; proposes compromise tariff, 235; his purposes, 235, 236; attitude of Calhoun, 236; his bill amended and passed by both Houses, 237, 238; signed by President, 238; motive in course on nullification, 238; opinion of Jacksonian principles, 240; criticises Calhoun's bill as to use of mails, 274; his followers called Whigs, 282; dropped by Whigs, 286; reports resolution on Texas, 295; nominated for presidency, 309; election an apparent certainty, 319; demands of abolitionists, 319; the _National Intelligencer_ letter, 319, 320; effect of the Alabama letter, 320; presidential election of 1844, 320; the Alabama letter, 329; plan as to California, New Mexico and Texas, 355, 356; objections of Southerners, 356, 357; agrees to Douglas's motion, 357; relations with Foote, 357, 358; debate on Clay's resolutions, 358, 359; their reference, 360; chairman of Committee of Thirteen, 360; Clay's report, 360-362; results of debates, 362; passage of bills separately, 363, 364; attitude to fugitive slave law, 368; motion on Shadrach case, 370; motion on President's message, 371; death, 377

Clayton, John Middleton, secures appointment of committee on Bank, 202; makes committee report against Bank, 202; motion as to Territorial government, 346; reports bill, 346, 347; not voting on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 398, 399

Clemens, Jeremiah, in debate on Foote's resolutions, 374, 375

Clinton, DeWitt, qualifications as presidential candidate in 1824, 132

Coahuila-Texas, a province and Commonwealth of Mexico, 291; local government, 291; resistance to Santa Anna, 292; Texans in control, 292, 293; war begun by Mexicans, 293; declaration of independence, 293. _See_ Texas

Cobb, Thomas A., relation to Jackson, 34, 35

Coleman, L. H., letter from Jackson, 138

Coleman, F. N., murders Dow, 428

Columbia, treaties with Chili, Mexico, Peru, and Central America, 147

Colorado River, 291

Columbia, South Carolina, convention of 1827, 159, 160

Columbia River, 123; sources discovered, 312, 314, 316, 318, 324, 325

Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives, 185

Committee on District of Columbia of House of Representatives, 252, 253, 254, 257

Committee on the District of Columbia of the Senate, 253

Committee on Finance of the Senate, 198, 199

Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, 321

Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, 150, 295, 308, 322

Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 232, 235, 369

Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, 82, 83, 84, 87, 232, 233, 341, 343, 349, 363, 371, 372

Committee on Manufactures of the House of Representatives, 110, 112, 158, 160, 172, 174, 175, 184, 185

Committee on Manufactures of the Senate, 188

Committee on Territories of the House of Representatives, 340, 382, 400, 401

Committee on Territories of the Senate, 349, 363, 382, 401

Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives, 9, 10, 110, 172, 174, 185, 198, 231, 351

Compromise Measures of 1850, in Fillmore's message, 368, 369; in Fillmore's message of December 2, 1851, 374; memorials on finality, 375; Democratic platform of 1852, 376; Whig platform of 1852, 376; unity of Whig party imperilled, 376, 377; effect of election of 1852, 377; situation in December, 1852, 381; the Howe-Giddings colloquy, 381, 382; interpretation of the compromise, 382; the Douglas report on Nebraska, 383-387; dictum of the committee, 387; claim of Dixon, 388; as to Kansas-Nebraska bill, 389; dictum of Douglas, 390; the amendment of Chase, 391; the amendment of Douglas, 392; views of Everett, 392, 393 (_see_ Kansas, Territory of, and Nebraska, Territory of); effect of acquiescence, 403

Concord, New Hampshire, 191

Confederation of Spanish-American States, plan initiated, 147; proposed congress and relations of United States, 147 _et seq._

Congress of the Confederation, lack of power over slavery, 48; passed Ordinance of 1787, 48; power in the case, 49

Congress, Continental, forbids importation of slaves, 48

Congress of the United States, Acts of the Fourteenth, 1, 2; Congress of 1801 and 1815, 3; power over Bank, 4, 5; early action on tariff, 8; meeting in December, 1815, 9; vote as to tariff, 9; acts of the Fourteenth, 12-14; discussion of its powers by Calhoun, 13, 14; powers discussed by Monroe, 15; pay of members, 16; passage of internal improvements bill, 16; acts as to Florida, 24, 25; acts of 1811 as to Florida, 30; limitation as to slavery, 50; abolition of slave trade, 51; division of Louisiana territory, 55, 56; power over Territories, 63; power to erect Commonwealths, 64; attitude to slavery, 65; debate on powers of Congress, 67 _et seq._; annals of, 74; powers discussed by Taylor, 79, 80, and by Holmes, 80, 81, and by McLane, 81, 82; Pinckney's argument on powers of, 84-87; conference committee on Missouri, 88, 89; interpretation of Act of Congress, 89; significance of the Compromise, 90-95; powers considered by Lowndes, 96; Sergeant on power of creating Commonwealths, 96, 97; course of Congress considered, 97, 98; oath of members, 98; second conference committee on Missouri, 101-103; significance of the compromise, 104; doctrine of its control of commerce, 110; conference committee on tariff, 114, 115; early practice as to internal improvements, 116, 117; vote on internal improvements bill of 1822, 118; Monroe on the powers of, 120, 121; power over expenditures, 121; act of April 30, 1824, 122; inaction upon "Monroe Doctrine," 128; Calhoun a member of, 133; joint session for count of electoral votes, 141, 142; as to power over roads, 155; Act of April 30, 1824, 155, 156; memorials to, 158; attitude of South Carolina to, 159 _et seq._; passes Maysville Road bill, 167; appropriations for internal improvements, 169; as to powers of, 170; attitude to tariff, 178; Calhoun's attitude to, 179; control of courts by, 180; President's message before, 184; conference committee on tariff, 188; attitude to the planters, 189; decision on Bank Act of, 195; relation to President as to legislation, 206, 207; as a nominating body, 208; failure to override Jackson's veto, 209; inaction as to Indian problem, 215; Jackson's message to, 216; ten years' struggle of South in, 221; its acts nullified, 222; Jackson's messages on South Carolina, 231, 232; abolition petitions to, 251, 252; abolition petitions before, 253; recommendations of Jackson, 272, 273; argument as to power over mails, 273 _et seq._; conflict with President over Bank, 279 _et seq._; passage of Independent Treasury bill, 285, 286; erection of new Commonwealths, 290; President's message on Texas, 298; action of Congress, 298-300; effect of its action, 300; address of certain Whig members, 303; message of Tyler to, 305; affairs of Texas, 306 _et seq._; Tyler's message of December, 1844, 320, 321; competency as to matters of treaty, 322; Polk's message on Oregon, 324; action as to Oregon, 325, 326; power over Texan boundary, 328; Act as to Corpus Christi, 329-331; Polk's message on Mexican War, 330; action on war, 331; Polk's message to, August 8, 1846, 334; consent to acquisition of California and New Mexico, 337; Polk's message on Trist, 338; as to attitude to Missouri Compromise, 341; special message on Oregon, 344; discussion of powers of, 344; Cass on policy of, 345; special message of July 6, 1848, to, 345, 346; as to power in Territories, 347; attitude to slavery, 348; Taylor's message of December 4, 1849, 353, 354; action on new Territories, 353 _et seq._; Fillmore's message of August 6, 1850, 362; completion of compromise measure, 363, 364; Fillmore's message of December, 1850, 368; petitions on fugitive slave law, 369; Fillmore's message of December 2, 1851, 374; Fillmore's message of December 6, 1852, 380; action on organization of Kansas and Nebraska, 381 _et seq._; Kansas election for delegate to, 416, 417; Whitfield in, 418; as to powers in Kansas, 422; memorial from Kansas, 426; Kansas question before, 432; slavery question before, 433; laws of, in Kansas, 464; President's message of February 2, 1858, 469

Connecticut, Commonwealth of, 13; legislation on slavery, 48; in election of 1824, 142; resolution on independence of Texas, 290; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Constitution of the Confederation, 48; relation to Ordinance of 1787, 48, 49

Constitution of the United States of America, the, as to Bank, 5; as cited by Calhoun, 13; as interpreted by Monroe, 17; relative to parties, 17, 18; slavery in, 49, 50; interpreted with reference to national character of slavery, 59; the control of slavery, 62, 65; powers of Congress, 63, 64; test of the Tallmadge amendment, 66 _et seq._; Taylor as to powers of Congress, 79; Holmes' speech, 80, 81; McLane's argument, 81, 82; limitations on new Commonwealths, 85; as to restriction on Commonwealths, 89; significance of the first Missouri Compromise, 90-95; as cited by Lowndes, 97; cited by Sergeant, 97; extent of its protection, 98, 99; second Missouri compromise, 102, 103; significance of the compromise, 104, 106; as to fourteenth amendment, 105; Taylor's interpretation of, 119; Monroe's interpretation of, 120, 121; development of the particularistic interpretation, 122; as construed by Adams, and Clay, 146; as to international status of slavery, 151; amendment proposed, 155; reaction as to interpretation of, 156; as interpreted by Buchanan, 159; amendment suggested by Jackson, 167, 168; as interpreted by Taylor, 168, 169; as interpreted by McDuffie, 173, 174; as interpreted by Calhoun, 178-181; regard for processes of, 181; as interpreted by Calhoun, 183; as to origin of revenue bill, 188; political science of, 192, 193; decision as to constitutionality of Bank Act, 195; as construed by Jackson, 199; Jackson on operation of, 205, 206; effect of his Bank veto, 207-209; as cited by Jackson, 216, 217; the Cherokee nation case, 218; case of Worcester _vs._ Georgia, 218, 219; powers conferred on President by, 220; as interpreted in the Nullification Ordinance, 222; as construed by the nullifiers, 227; as interpreted in Jackson's proclamation, 229; as expounded by Calhoun, 236; as explained by Webster, 237; effect of events of 1832 and 1833 on, 238-241; as to control of civil status, 247, 248; attitude of Garrison to, 248; guarantees as to right of petition, 255, 256; in Calhoun's argument, 273; provision as to treaties, 305; nature of war according to, 306; as to treaty-making powers, 307, 308; as to annexation of Texas, 321; as to procedure on treaties, 324; as interpreted by Rhett, 342; as to Oregon bill, 343; compromises of, 348; as to extension of its effect, 350; amendment suggested by Calhoun, 358; Webster on the, 359; effect of formation of, 366; as to fugitive slaves, 366, 367; as interpreted by Fillmore, 370; as interpreted by Butler, 372; as cited by Fillmore, 374; in Douglas's report, 383, 392; as viewed by Everett, 393; in Chase's amendment, 394; treason, as defined by, 427; the Dred Scott case, 449 _et seq._

Continental Congress. _See_ Congress, Continental

Contreras, battle of, 334

Convention, Federal Constitutional, of 1787, attitude to slavery, 49, 50

Convention. _See_ Treaty

Conway, M. F., letter to Governor Reeder, 424

Cooke, P. St. George, ordered to attack Topeka, 445; refuses to obey, 445

Cooper, James, on committee of Thirteen, 360; not voting on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 398

Cooper, Thomas, speech at Columbia, 159; his life and views, 173; his relation to slavery and to McDuffie, 173

Corpus Christi, made port of delivery, 329; advance of Taylor, 329

Cos, Martin Perfectos de, attacks Gonzales, 293; driven from Texas, 294

Cotton, relation to slavery, 52, 53; exportation reduced, 54

Crafts, Ellen, escape, 368

Crafts, William, escape, 368

Cramer, John, motion in House, 254

Crane, A. C., statement as to Dred Scott case, 449, 450

Crawford, William Harris, relation to Jackson, 34, 35; opinion of treaty with Spain, 36; effect of Seminole War, 38; qualifications as presidential candidate in 1824, 132, 133, 136, 141; electoral vote of 1824, 137; relation to Adams' administration, 144-146; relation to Jackson and the Seminole War, 220

Creeks, the, 26, 29; Council of 1824, 212; Indian Springs convention, 212; its repudiation, 212; resistance to Georgia, 212; protest to general government, 212, 213; controversy as to Creek lands, 213, 214; new agreement of 1826 as to lands, 214; agreement repudiated by Georgia, 214

"Crime against Kansas," the, delivered, 439

Cuba, in the Spanish-American troubles, 152-154; the Ostend manifesto, 408

Cumberland Road, built, 116; bill of 1822, 118; analysis of vote, 118, 119; attitude of East and West, 119, 120

Curtis, Benjamin Robbins, opinion on Dred Scott case, 454, 457, 458

Curtis, George Ticknor, attitude to fugitive slave law, 368; in Shadrach case, 370; connection with Sims case, 373

Cushing, Caleb, relation to Kansas-Nebraska bill, 401

Customs Act, of 1789, 8; of 1812, 9

DAGGETT, DAVID, voting, 74

Dallas, Alexander James, presents Bank memorial, 201; on Senate committee, 201; reports Bank bill, 201

Davis, Jefferson, views as to slavery in Territories, 344, 345; moves amendment to Oregon bill, 344; effect of his action, 345; attitude to Clay's proposal, 357; views on fugitive slave law, 367; contention as to fugitive slave law, 371; relation to Kansas-Nebraska bill, 401, 402; disapproves Col. Sumner's course, 443; attitude to Kansas affairs, 472, 473

De Bree, John, owner of Shadrach, 370

Declaration of Independence, the, 70, 92, 94, 193, 229, 245

Delaware, Commonwealth of, 8; legislation on slavery, 48; in election of 1828, 163; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Democratic party, appearance, 38, 104; principles, 104; circumstances of its appearance, 146; party nomenclature, 162, 163; demands of 1828, 163; the making of its creed, 165; divisions of the party and policies of each, 165; origin and influence, 193, 194; radical development in Kentucky, 195, 196; attack of western element upon privilege, 196; Jackson becomes leader, 196, 197; opposes Gordon's proposal as to independent treasury, 285; supports Independent Treasury Bill of 1840, 285; relation to the questions of slavery and territorial extension, 287, 288; nominates Polk for presidency, 309; the platform, 309, 316; views of the union of Texas and Oregon in platform, 317; Thompson's opinion, 317; characterization the work of the Democrats, 317; platform of 1844, 318; attitude to Wilmot proviso, 338; platform of 1848 as to slavery in Territories, 344, 345; the Clayton committee, 346; election of 1848, 348, 349; convention of 1852, 376; election of 1852, 377; controversy on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 391; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; attitude of Pierce to New York factions, 402; vote in House on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 404, 405; meaning of the vote, 405, 406; as to leaders of Emigrant Aid Company, 413; effect of Kansas struggle, 417; relation to rise of Republican party, 418; Lane's effort at organization in Kansas, 423; relation of Kansas affairs to national party organization, 430, 431; effect on party prospects of sacking of Lawrence, 438; as to effect of events in Kansas, 447; effect of Dred Scott decision, 458; plan as to Democracy in Kansas, 462

Denver, John W., appointed Acting-Governor of Kansas Territory, 467; his report to the President, 468, 469; pockets bill for constitutional convention, 471

Deseret, Foote's bill, 354

Des Moines River, the, Falls of, 66

De Witt, Alexander, signs _National Era_ address, 389

Dickerson, Mahlon, reports tariff bill in Senate, 188

Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Dickson, John, presents abolition petitions, 254; controversy with Chinn, 254

District of Columbia, adoption of Maryland laws, 51; exclusive government vested in central Government, 247, 248; petitions for abolition of slavery in, 251, 252; report on slavery in District, 253; disposal of Quaker petitions, 253; more petitions in House, 254; contest begins, 254; petitions presented by Dickson and Fairfield, 254; the Dickson-Chinn controversy, 254; Slade's motion, 254; Granger's intimation, 257; the demand of Wise, 257, 258 (_see_ Petition, Right of); Pinckney resolutions quoted, 261; re-enacted, 262; Vermont petition, 265, 269; effort of Calhoun as to slavery in the District, 268; recurrence of the slavery question, 355; Clay's plan, 356; attitude of Southerners, 357; attitude of abolitionists, 357; Clay's report, 362; bill passed, 364. _See_ Washington, D. C.

Dixon, Archibald, proposes amendment to Nebraska bill, 387; Blair's letter on Dixon, 387, 388; attitude of Douglas, 388

Dodge, Augustus Caesar, introduces bill on Nebraska, 382

Donaldson, J. B., proclamation as to resistance to service of writs, 435; dealings with citizens of Lawrence, 436, 437; appears with force before Lawrence, 437; dismisses posse, 438; the sacking of Lawrence, 438

Doniphan, Alexander William, captures Chihuahua, 332

Douglas, Stephen Arnold, attitude to Wilmot proviso, 338; presents bill on Oregon in House, 340, 341; presents bill in Senate on Oregon, 343; moves amendment, 347; changes vote, 347; reports bill, 349; Berrien's adverse report, 349, 350; new bill on Territories, 350; motion as to California, 357; attitude to fugitive slave law, 368; candidate for presidential nomination, 376; early plans for organization of territory west of the Mississippi, 381; presents bill and report on Nebraska, 382, 383; consideration of report and its author, 383-387; attitude to Dixon, 388; presents new bill on Nebraska and Kansas, 389; _National Era_ address, 389, 390; Douglas's reply, 390; charged with conspiracy, 391; his principle as to slavery in Territories, 391; amendment to bill, 392; vote on his amendment, 393; debate on further amendments, 394-397; proposes amendment, 395, 396; final argument on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 397, 398; substance of bill reported in House bill, 400; Douglas's bill in House, 401, 403; effect of Dred Scott decision on Douglas Democrats, 458; opposition to Buchanan, 469, 470

Douglas county, Kansas, Sheriff Jones of, 428; charge of Chief Justice Lecompte, 435; indictment by Grand Jury, 435

Dow, C. M., murdered by Coleman, 428

Downs, Solomon W., on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Drayton, William, relation to nullification, 181

Dred Scott _vs._ Sandford [19 Howard, 293], 447, 449 _et seq._

Duane, William John, removed from head of Treasury Department, 280

Dutch Traders, at Jamestown, 40

Dutch Henry's Crossing, massacre at, 440; the massacre characterized, 441; and denounced by settlers, 441; effect of massacre, 442; the work characterized, 473, 474

EAST FLORIDA, 21

Eaton, John Henry, as to Bank trouble, 192

Easton, Kansas, election trouble at, 426

Election, presidential, of 1820, 129; of 1824, 130-137; in House of Representatives, 140-142; of 1828, 163, 164; of 1832, 189, 190 _et seq._; of 1836, 283; of 1840, 286; of 1844, 320; of 1848, 349; of 1852, 377; of 1856, relation to election of Whitfield in Kansas, 417; indications as to election of 1856, 440; of 1856, as related to affairs in Kansas, 446, 447

Electoral Colleges, 50

Ellis, Powhatan, ordered to make final demand on Mexican Government, 299

El Paso, 361

Emancipation, early schemes for, 243, 245

Embargo, of 1807, 54

Emerson, Dr., owner of Dred Scott, 450; his will, 450

Emerson, Irene, owner of Dred Scott, 450; sells him to Sandford, 451

Emigrant Aid Company, misrepresentations as to, 411; conference with Robinson, 413; excitement occasioned in Missouri, 413; claims as to its purpose, 419; indictment against hotel in Lawrence, 435

England, 21, 45, 368

English, William Hayden, bill on Kansas, 470, 471

Erie Canal, 132

Eustis, William, efforts for admission of Missouri, 100

Everett, Edward, reply to McDuffie, 176; speech on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 392, 393; not voting on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 398

Ewing, Thomas, on Bank Committee of Senate, 201

FAIRFIELD, JOHN, presents abolition petition, 254

Federal Party, 12, 104; extinction, 129; its errors, 129; effects of War of 1812, 130; principles on which it lost power, 239

Field, Roswell M., connection with Dred Scott case, 449, 452

Fillmore, Millard, becomes President, 360; message on Texas, 360; message of December, 1850, 368, 369; opposition of Giddings, 369; message on Shadrach case, 370, 371; report on President's powers, 372; message of December 2, 1851, 374; contest in Whig Convention of 1852, 376; message of December 6, 1852, 380, 381

Fitchburg, Massachusetts, home of Charles Robinson, 413

Flint River, 22

Florida, its acquisition, 19-38; treaty of Florida Seminoles, 290; constitution formed, 290; admitted as Commonwealth, 290; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 390

Floyd, John, message on Southampton massacre, 249

Foote, Henry Stuart, bill for Territories, 354; criticises Clay, 357, 358; motion on Bell's resolutions, 359; accepts amendment, 360; draws pistol on Benton, 360; introduces finality resolutions, 374; passed by House and rejected by Senate, 375

"Force Bill," the. _See_ Wilkins, William

Foreign affairs, relation to party development, 122; the Holy Alliance, 123-125; the "Monroe Doctrine," 125-128; significance of the diplomatic questions, 129; success of Van Buren, 164. _See_ Committee on Foreign Relations

Forsyth, John, letter as to intrigue against Jackson, 220; letter from Morfit, 296, 297

Fort Brown, attempt at relief, 329

Fort Jackson, treaty of, 26, 29

Fort Leavenworth, Robinson at, 414; arrival of Governor Reeder, 416; Governor authorized to call troops from, 432; Sumner returns to, 442

Fort Monroe, transfer of artillery, 230

Fort Moultrie, transfer of artillery, 230

Fort Riley, Branscomb at, 414

Fort Scott, 31

Fort Titus, Kansas conflict at, 444

Fowltown, destroyed, 28, 29

France, 21, 22, 23, 24; abolition of slavery, 54; gets Louisiana territory, 54, 65; in Holy Alliance, 123; relation to Congress of Verona, 124; boundary dispute with Spain, 290; recognizes Texan independence, 304; cedes Louisiana to United States, 312, 318, 395. _See_ Treaty

Francis, Indian priest, 26

Franklin, Kansas, Jones goes to, 428; Lane and Robinson accompany Shannon to, 430, 431; as to treaty of August 17, 444

Free-Soil party, Buffalo convention of 1848, 347; nomination and platform, 347, 348; nomination of Hale, 377; the _National Era_ address, 389; its effect, 400; vote in House on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 404, 405; meaning of the vote, 405, 406; appearance of Eli Thayer, 408, 409; as to leaders of Emigrant Aid Company, 413; effect of Kansas struggle, 417; relation of Free-soil party to rise of Republican party, 418; effect of Dred Scott decision, 458

Fremont, John Charles, effect of events in Kansas on his candidacy in 1856, 447

French Republic, the, 23

Fugitive slave law, passed by Congress, 51; law of 1850, 363, 364 (_see also_ Slavery); law of 1850 makes slavery a national matter, 366; its further effect, 366, 367; views of Calhoun, Davis, and Rhett, 367; the Hamlet case, 367; efforts at repeal of law, 367, 368; the Crafts case, 368; the "Underground" established, 368; attitude of the lawyers, 368; Fillmore's message of December, 1850, 368, 369; Fillmore's message, 369; motion of Giddings, 369; petitions for repeal, 369, 370; the Shadrach case, 370; Fillmore's message, 370, 371; debate on Clay's motion, 371; report on powers of President, 371, 372; the Sims case, 372, 373; Boston meetings, 373; leaders of opinion, 373; the "Jerry rescue," 373, 374; Fillmore's message of December 2, 1851, 374; debate on Foote's finality resolutions, 374, 375; the result, 375; petitions for repeal, 375; Whig convention of 1852, 376; attack by Sumner, 377; effect of election of 1852, 377; various policies as to slavery, 377-379

Fuller, Timothy, in Missouri bill debate, 68

"Fundamentals," Massachusetts, 41

Furness, William Henry, opposes fugitive slave law, 368

GAINES, EDMUND PENDLETON, in Florida, 28, 30, 31; ordered to Georgia, 213; authorized to advance into Texas, 298

Garland, James, reply to Slade, 258

Garrison, William Lloyd, beginning of abolition, 246; estimate, 246; the constitutional situation, 246-248; attack on the Constitution, 248; publishes the _Liberator_, 251; compared with moderates, 251; opposition to fugitive slave law, 373

Geary, John White, appointed governor of Kansas with authority over troops, 446; at Lecompton and Lawrence, 446; enforces withdrawal of Missourians, 446, 447; his resignation, 447

Geography, relation to political development, 20

Georgetown, South Carolina, instructions to collector, 230

Georgia, Commonwealth of, 8, 26, 27, 28, 33; slavery prohibited, 43; conditional cession of western lands, 50, 56; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; stock held in United States Bank, 203; nullification in Georgia, 210; conditional cession of lands of 1802, 211; the attempt to erect an Indian State, 211; problem of land titles in Georgia, 211, 212; legislature memorializes for quieting of Indian claims, 212; the Indian Springs convention, 212; its repudiation, 212; the attempt to survey the lands, 212; Barbour's letter to Troup, 212, 213; quieting of Indian titles by agreement of 1826, 214; Georgia repudiates the agreement, 214; defiance of central Government, 214, 215; President refers matter to Congress, 215; Congress fails to act, 215; legislature extends criminal jurisdiction over Cherokees, 215; Jackson's opinion of Georgia's position, 216; obstinacy of the Cherokees, 216; the question in Jackson's message of 1829, 216, 217; opinions of Indian titles, 217; the solution in Georgia, 217, 218; legislature incorporates Cherokee lands in the Commonwealth, 218; the Cherokee Nation case, 218; the case of Worcester against Georgia, 218, 219; failure to execute decision, 219, 220; convention in, 375; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; Jackson's Georgians in Kansas, 438

Ghent, treaty of, 9, 26

Giddings, Joshua Reed, denounces Fillmore and Webster, 369; colloquy with Howe, 381, 382

Glascock, Thomas, attitude on procedure as to petitions, 259

Goliad, atrocities, 293

Gonzales, attacked, 293

Gordon, William F., proposal as to independent treasury, 285; relation of parties to its rejection, 285

Gorham, Benjamin, attitude to tariff bill of 1823, 111; reply to McDuffie, 176

Gorostiza, Manuel Eduardo de, leaves Washington, 299

Granger, Francis, claim as to District of Columbia, 257

Grasshopper Falls, Kansas, convention at, 464

Great Britain, treaty of 1763, 21, 23; treaty of 1783, 22; war of United States with, 24; treaty of 1814, 26; Nicholls's proposition to, 27; Indian allies of, 29; relations with United States as to slaves, 58, 59; claims in North Pacific, 123; relation to Holy Alliance, 123, 124; proposal as to Holy Alliance, 125; Canning's declaration, 125; diplomatic relations, 287; Ashburton Treaty, 303; recognizes Texan independence, 304; as mediator between Mexico and Texas, 304; the London letter of British plans, 304; claims to Oregon, 311; Nootka Convention, 311, 312; effect of war with Spain, 312; Treaty of Utrecht, 312; claim of United States, 312, 313; treaty of 1818 with United States, 313; effect of treaty of 1819 between United States and Spain, 313; agreement of 1828 with United States, 314; in Ashburton-Webster negotiations, 314; ignorance as to Oregon, 314, 315; the work of Whitman, 315, 316; Democratic platform of 1844, 316; negotiations as to Oregon, 321; statement of negotiations in Polk's first message, 324; his recommendations, 324; action of Congress, April, 1846, 325, 326; treaty of June, 1846, 326; possibility of holding California, 332; result of treaty with, 339; United States minister to, 408

Great lakes, 325

Greeley, Horace, views on election of 1844, 320

Grimke, Thomas Smith, relation to nullification, 181

Grinnell, Moses H., member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of, terms, 336; ratified by Senate, 339

HALE, EDWARD EVERETT, member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409

Hale, John Parker, moves amendment to Oregon Bill, 344; effect of his action, 345; contention as to fugitive slave law, 371; presents petitions for repeal of fugitive slave law, 375; nominated for presidency, 377; popular vote compared with Van Buren's in 1848, 377

Hamilton, James, the Calhoun letter, 221; calls special meeting of legislature, 221; chairman of nullification convention, 221; sends ordinance of nullification to legislature, 224

Hamlet, James, arrest, 367

Hamlin, Hannibal, presents petition in Senate, 370

Hammond, James Hamilton, motion not to receive abolition petitions, 255; wrangle over his two motions, 256

Harrisburg, Penn., convention of 1824, 139

Harrison, William Henry, voting, 73; nominated for presidency, 286; succeeded, on his death, by Tyler, 286

Harvey, James Madison, commands column of "Free-state" force, 445

Hayne, Robert Young, theory on tariff, 114; view of slave labor, 161; view repeated by McDuffie, 177; Calhoun and the Webster debate, 179; criticism of Clay's resolution on tariff, 187, and amendment of it, 188; on Bank committee of Senate, 201; his inaugural as governor of South Carolina, 224

Hayti, its affairs mentioned by Salazar, 151; consideration of its example in the United States, 152; isolated, 154

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, cited on human purpose, 243, 244

Heister, William, presents abolition petition, 253

Herrera, Jose Joaquin de, refuses to receive Slidell, 328; gives way to Paredes, 328

Hill, Isaac, in Bank trouble, 191

Hillards, the, in Crafts case, 368

Hillis Hajo, 32

Himallemico, 32

Holmes, John, voting, 73; presents Maine petition for admission, 77; reports bill, 77; speech on Missouri, 80, 81; on conference committee, 88

Holy Alliance, formation, 123; relation to England, 124; Congress of Verona, 124; Canning's declaration to Polignac, 125; the "Monroe Doctrine," 125-128; relation to Spain's colonies, 153, 154

Holst, Hermann Edouard von, opinions reviewed, 27; opinion of Jackson's veto message considered, 206, 207

Holyoke, Massachusetts, residence of Branscomb, 413

Home Government [of England], as to baptism of slaves, 44

Hopkinson, Joseph, committee service, 3

House of Representatives, of the United States, action on Madison's message, 3; Clay, Speaker of, 6; passage of Bank bill, 7, 8; reference of tariff matters, 9; debate on tariff, 10-12; passage of tariff bill, 12; debate on internal improvements, 13, 14; pay of members, 16; passage of internal improvements bill, 18; second passage of internal improvements bill, 18; vote on censure of Jackson, 35, 36; representation in, 63; petitions from Missouri, 66; debate on the Tallmadge amendment, 66 _et seq._; passage of Tallmadge amendment and Missouri bill, 73; disagreement with Senate, 74; petition from Maine referred, 75; Maine bill passed by House, 75; Missouri bill and Taylor's amendment, 78-80; Holmes's speech, 80, 81; McLane's speech, 81, 82; Pinkney's speech on powers of Congress, 84-87; disagreement with Senate, 88; conference committee, 88-89; significance of the compromise, 90-95; Missouri constitution considered, 95, 96; report of Lowndes, 96; speech of Sergeant, 96, 97; consideration of the question, 97, 98; defeat of the Lowndes bill, 99; tables Senate bill, 99; Clay's proposals, 100; report of committee of thirteen, 100, 101; defeat of the bill and amendment, 101; second conference committee, 101, 103; plan to limit membership, 109; reference of Monroe's recommendations, 110; tariff bill of 1823, 110, 111; tariff bill of 1824, 112; Clay's argument, 112, 113; replies to Clay, 113, 114; conclusion in conference committee, 114, 115; early votes on internal improvements, 117; vote on internal improvements bill of 1822, 117, 118, 119, 120; Monroe's letter on internal improvements, 120, 121; vote on vetoed bill, 121; Clay, Speaker of, 134; election of President in, 140-142; memorials on tariff, 158; tariff bill passed, 159; tariff bill reported, 160; vote on tariff bill, 162; vote on vetoed Maysville road bill, 168; question as to reference of President's message, 172-174; tariff bill before House, 174, 175; McDuffie's argument, 175, 176, 177; reference of President's message, 184, 185; tariff bill before, 185, 186; tariff bill passed, 186; refusal to concur with Senate, 188; conference committee, 188; report on the Bank, 198; relation of members of constituencies, 200; reports on Bank, 202; bill for re-charter passed, 202; Jackson on duty of members, 206; early control of presidential elections, 208; action on President's message, 231, 232; bill reported on President's powers, 235; claim as to origin of tariff bills, 236; passage of tariff bill and "Force Bill," 237; abolition petitions in, 252; report on petitions, 253; more petitions referred, 253; action on Dickson's motion, 254; conflict over right of petition, 254 _et seq._; adoption of the Pinckney resolutions, 261; further work of Adams and Slade, 262; rule of January 8, 1840, 263; Gordon's amendment in, 285; resolutions as to recognition of Texan independence, 296; contingent action as to Texan independence, 299, 300; effect of action, 300; Wise's speech in, 302; Tyler's message on Texan treaty, 309; action on annexation of Texas, 321, 322; action on admission of Texas, 322; concurrence with Senate's action on Texas, 323; McKay's bill, 335; the Wilmot proviso, 335, 336; Oregon bill in, 341; action on Oregon bills, 343; rejects Clayton bill, 347; final agreement with Senate, 347; action on erection of California and New Mexico, 349 _et seq._; completion of compromise measures, 363, 364; action on President's message, 369; passage of finality resolutions, 375; action on organization of Kansas and Nebraska, 381 _et seq._; contest for seat in, 432; appointment of committee of investigation for Kansas affairs, 433; memorials from Kansas, 433; bill for admission of Kansas, 442, 443; action on Kansas, 470. _See_ Congress of the United States

Houston, Samuel, leader of Texans, 293; Benton's description, 293, 294; his early record, 294; San Jacinto and the presidency of Texas, 294; sends special envoy to Washington, 306; promise of Murphy disavowed, 307; changes vote, 347; speech on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 393; vote on Douglas's amendment, 393; speech on the bill, 397; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Houston, S. D., withdraws from Kansas Territorial legislature, 421

Howard, William A., on committee for Kansas investigation, 433

Howe, John W., discussion with Giddings, 381, 382

Hudson Bay Company, agents in Oregon, 314; relation to policy of Great Britain, 314; representations as to Oregon, 314, 315

Hunt, Memucan, proposes Texan annexation to Van Buren, 301

Hutchinson, William, in "Free-state" directory of Kansas, 443

IBERVILLE RIVER, the, 21, 22

Illinois, Commonwealth of, slavery forbidden, 62, 63; condition on erection, 68, 69, 71; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; as to Dred Scott case, 450

Independent treasury, Van Buren's message of September 4, 1837, 284, 285; Gordon's proposal, 285; attitude of the parties, 285; Act of July 4, 1840, 285; party contest over the bill, 285, 286

Indian Springs, Convention at, 212

Indiana, Commonwealth of, slavery forbidden, 62, 63; condition on erection, 68, 69, 71; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Indiana, Territory of, relation to slavery, 51; jurisdiction over part of Louisiana Territory, 55

Ingersoll, Joseph R., claim as to District of Columbia, 257; reports joint resolution on Texas, 321

Ingham, Samuel D., in debate, 10; position upon tariff bill of 1827, 158; as to Bank trouble, 191

Internal improvements, bill presented, 14; Calhoun's speech, 15, 16; bill passed, 16; President's veto, 17; Madison's earlier recommendations, 17; failure to overcome veto, 18; development in theory, 116-119; the Act of 1806, 116; Calhoun's bill of 1817 vetoed by Madison, 116, 117; analysis of vote, 117, 118; Cumberland road bill of 1822, 118; analysis of vote, 118, 119; Taylor's position, 119; attitude of East and West, 119, 120; Monroe's veto, 120, and message, 120, 121; vote on vetoed bill, 121; Act of April, 1824, 122; relation to foreign affairs, 122; significance of the questions, 129; Adams's first message, 155; Van Buren's opposition, 155; relation to political divisions, 156; practical difficulties, 156, 157; Jackson's views in 1829, 167; passage of Maysville road bill, 167; the veto, 167, 168; vote on vetoed bill, 168; analysis of vote, 168; significance of veto, 169; appropriations approved by Adams and Jackson, 169; relation to private enterprise, 169, 170; relation to slavery, 170; Jackson's message of December, 1830, 178; Jackson's message of December, 1831, 184

Iowa, Commonwealth of, admitted, 290; memorial of legislature on finality resolutions, 375; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

JACKSON, ANDREW, in Florida, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33; attempt at censure, 34, 35, 36; vindicated, 36; Territorial governor of Florida, 38; effect of Seminole War, 38; qualifications as presidential candidate in 1824, 135, 136, 139, 141; electoral vote of 1824, 136, 137; the Coleman letter, 138; opposition to Adams threatened, 142, 143, and begun, 144, 146; elected President, 163, 164; makes Van Buren secretary of state, 164; vigorous foreign policy, 164; first annual message, 166, 167; vetoes Maysville road bill, 167, 168; significance of the veto, 169; appropriations approved by Adams and Jackson, 169; message of December, 1829, as to tariff, 171, 172; its reference, 172; message of December, 1830, 178; message of December, 1831, 184; message of December, 1829, 190; later interpretations of his attack on Bank, 191, 192; relation to "relief party" in Kentucky, 196; leader of Democratic party, 196, 197; attitude to Bank, 197, 198; his views opposed by committees, 198; message of December, 1830, 198, 199; his message of December, 1831, 200; puts the Bank question before the people, 200; relation of Bank question to question of Jackson's election, 201; effect of his veto of Bank bill, 202; analysis of his message, 202-206; opinion of von Holst on the veto message considered, 206, 207; the message interpreted, 206-209; relation of Congress to his election as President, 207; the people accept the principles of Jacksonian democracy, 209; opinion of Georgia's claims, 216; reply to Cherokees, 216; message of December, 1829, 216, 217; different opinions of Indian titles, 217; failure to execute decision of Supreme Court, 219, 220; view on South Carolina's opinion of tariff, 220; supposition as to Cabinet intrigue of 1819, 220; the Forsyth letter, 220; hostility of Jackson and Calhoun, 220, 221; message of December, 1832, 228; proclamation of December 10, 1832, 228-230; active military preparations, 230, 231; instructions to collectors, 230; instructions to Scott, 230, 231; popular approval of Jackson's course, 231; attitude of Congress, 231; Hayne's proclamation, 232; Jackson's message of January, 1833, 232; Bell's report on President's powers, 235; signs Compromise Tariff, and "Force Bill," 238; motive in course on nullification, 238; significance of his doctrines, 239, 240; as to responsibility for Jacksonian principles, 240; message of 1835 as to use of mails, 272, 273; decides to destroy the Bank, 279; power of removal, 279; removal of McLane and Duane, 280; the work of Taney, 280; consideration of the proper exercise of power, 280; censured by Senate, 281; Benton begins effort at removal of censure, 281; his contest successful, 282; tendency of government to his day, 282; his successor, 284; sends Morfit to Texas, 296; message of December 21, 1836, on Texas, 298; special message as to reprisals, 298; authorizes Gaines to advance into Texas, 298; orders Ellis to make demands on Mexico, 299; satisfaction not given, 299; special message of February 6, 1837, 299; request for unusual powers not granted by Congress, 299; recognizes Texas and her agent, 300; ends diplomatic relations with Mexico, 301

Jackson, William, presents abolition petition, 255

Jackson, Zadock, repudiates sacking of Lawrence, 438

Jalapa, captured by Scott, 333

Jamestown, slaves introduced at, 40

Janus, gates open, 260

Jefferson, Thomas, 2, 3; relation to French philosophy, 129; share of Congress in his election as President, 207; principles restated by Calhoun, 239; tendency of government from his day, 282; sends out Lewis and Clark, 312; view as to extent of Louisiana, 312

Johnson, Robert Ward, position on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 393

Johnson, William, relation to nullification, 181

Johnson County, Kansas, contested election, 465

Johnston, Josiah S., on bank committee of Senate, 201

Jones, George Wallace, position on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 393

Jones, John W., reply to Adams on right of petition, 257

Jones, Samuel J., as sheriff, arrests Branson, 428; rescue of Branson, 428; goes to Franklin and calls help from Missouri, 428, 429; his error recognized, 430; serves writ on Wood, 433; tries to arrest Tappan, 434; attempt to assassinate, 434; Donaldson's reference to the shooting, 436; the sacking of Lawrence, 438

KANSAS CITY, MO., 316; Branscomb and Robinson at, 413, 414

Kansas, Territory of, bill for organization of, 389; the abolition protest, 389, 390; reply of Douglas, 390; amendment of Chase, 391, 392; position of Wade, 391; amendment of Douglas, 392; views of Everett, 392, 393; speech of Houston, 393; position of Bell and the committee, 393; vote on the amendment, 393; Chase's amendment, 394, 395; Pratt's amendment, 394; Walker's declaration and Badger's amendment, 395; Chase's third amendment, 395, 396; Douglas's amendment, 395, 396; Chase's fourth amendment, 396; speech of Bell against bill, 396, 397; speech of Houston, 397; final argument of Douglas, 397, 398; vote on bill in Senate, 398; analysis of vote, 398, 399; rise of popular opposition, 399, 400; the Richardson bill, 400; the Senate bill in the House, 401; position of Cushing, Davis, and Pierce, 401-403; action in House, 403; management of bill by Stephens, 404; bill signed by President, 404; analysis of vote, 404, 405; meaning of the vote, 405, 406; relation of Act to slavery, 407, 408; the struggle for Kansas, 407 _et seq._; the plan of Thayer and his associates, 409; organization of the society, 409, 410; opposition, 410; incorporation of the society, 410, 411; misrepresentations as to Emigrant Aid Company, 411; considered as of the South, 412; influence of Atchison, 412, 413; expedition of Robinson and Branscomb, 413, 414; "Platte County Self-defensive Association," 414, 415; the founding of Lawrence, 415; trouble over contesting claimants, 415, 416; arrival of Governor Reeder, 416; election of Whitfield, 417; effect on Republican party of interference of Missourians in Kansas, 418; significance of the seating of Whitfield, 418; census of Kansas, 419; interference of Missourians in election of first Territorial legislature, 419, 420; action on contested election cases, 420; supplementary elections, 421; first Territorial legislature, 421; Robinson's plan for anti-slavery party, 421, 422; legislature meets at Pawnee, 422; pro-slavery members seated, 422, 423; trouble over adjournment to Shawnee Mission, 423; arrival of Sharpe's rifles, 423; Lane's faction checked by Robinson's Lawrence speech, 423, 424; Robinson's declaration as to slavery, 424; Conway's letter to Reeder, 424; beginning of the "Free-state" movement, 424; legislation upon slavery, 424; its effect on the North, 424, 425; the Lawrence and Topeka conventions, 425; the adoption of the Topeka constitution, 425; removal of Governor Reeder, 425; Woodson Acting-Governor, 425; election of Reeder as Congressional delegate, 425; election of Robinson as Governor, 425; conflicts between "Free-state" and Territorial Governments, 426; petition for admission and election of Senators by "Free-state" party, 426, 427; characterization of "Free-state" acts, 427; Robinson's message to legislature, 427; arrival of Governor Shannon, 427; the Leavenworth convention, 428; conflict between the two governments, 428; the Branson rescue, 428, 429; invasion of Missourians, 429; Lawrence committee meet Governor Shannon, 429; Shannon goes to Lawrence, 430; agreement of Shannon with citizens of Lawrence, 430; Lane, Robinson, and Shannon at Franklin, 430; Atchison and the withdrawal of the Missourians, 430, 431; appearance of John Brown, 431; Shannon's report to President, 431; appeal of leaders at Lawrence, 431; the President's proclamation, 432; attitude of "Free-state" party to proclamation, 432; difficulty of the situation, 432, 433; organization under Topeka constitution, 432; contest for seat in House of Representatives, 432, 433; House appoints committee of investigation, 433; application for admission under Topeka constitution, 433; work of Jones and attempt to assassinate him, 433, 434; the assault repudiated by the "Free-state" party, 434; letters of Robinson and Sumner, 434; Lecompte's charge to grand jury, 435; the "treason indictments," 435; Donaldson's proclamation, 435, 436; dealings of citizens of Lawrence with Shannon and Donaldson, 436, 437; the sacking of Lawrence, 438; repudiation by Atchison and others, 438; the "Crime against Kansas," 439; the attack on Sumner, 439, 440; the Pottawattomie massacres, 440; attitude of the Congressional committee, 440; characterization of the massacre, 441; denunciation by settlers, 441; Brown and Pate at Black Jack, 441; Shannon's proclamation and the work of the troops, 442; effect of massacre on "Free-state" cause, 442, 443; committee report and bill in House, 442, 443; dispersal of legislature at Topeka, 443; Smith succeeds Sumner, 443; the Lawrence convention and the directory, 443; "Free-state" military force organized and in conflict, 444; capture of Titus, 444; treaty of August 17, at Lawrence, 444; resignation of Shannon, 444; Woodson again Acting-Governor, 444; proclamation of August 25, 444; Missourians under Atchison in camp on Bull Creek, 445; destruction of Ossawattomie, 445; Smith's orders as to invaders, 445; Lane leads in skirmish at Bull Creek, 445; Woodson's order and Cooke's refusal to attack Topeka, 445; failure of plan to attack Lecompton, 445, 446; active steps by President, 446; actions of Geary, 446; retirement of the Missourians, 446, 447; resignation of Geary, 446; effect of events on presidential election, 447; Buchanan's inaugural address, 447, 448; plan for convention at Lecompton, 461; Walker and Stanton in charge, 461; negotiations of Stanton with "Free-state" men, 461, 462; address by Walker, 462; the party situation, 462; the "Free-state" legislature, 462; the "Free-state" mass-meeting, 463; chances of the Topeka constitution, 463; Robinson's plan to capture Territorial government, 463; Wilson's advice, 463; the Topeka mass-meeting, 464; the Grasshopper Falls convention, 464; census completed, 464; Lecompton convention assembles, 464; the election of October 5, 465; contests in McGee and Johnson counties, 465; Lane's conspiracy and its failure, 465, 466; mass-meeting and convention at Lecompton, 465, 466; the Lecompton constitution, 466; "Free-state" demands on Stanton, 466, 467; constitution to be submitted in full, 467; Stanton removed, 467; Denver appointed Acting-Governor, 467; Lecompton Constitution accepted in election of December 21, 467; Lecompton Constitution rejected in election of January 4, 1858, 468; "Free-state" men in control of three Governments in Kansas, 468; Denver's report to the President, 468, 469; President submits Lecompton constitution to Congress, 469; attitude of Douglas, 469, 470; Lecompton bill passed by Senate and rejected by House, 470; the House proposal rejected, 470; the English bill, 470, 471; the proposals rejected in Kansas, 471; a fourth government erected, 471; close of the struggle, 471; characterization of the leaders, 471, 472; attitude of the general government, of Davis, and of Sumner, 472, 473; Act of 1854 the beginning of error, Missourians the beginners of wrong, 473; characterization of John Brown's work, 473, 474; relation of events in Kansas to Civil War, 473, 474. _See_ Nebraska, Territory of

Kansas-Nebraska bill, 343, 456 (_see_ Kansas, Territory of; and Nebraska, Territory of); effect of the Dred Scott dictum, 460

Kansas river, 66, 414

Kearny, Philip, ordered to occupy New Mexico, 331; orders to Doniphan, 332; occupies California, 332

Kelly, ----, Editor of _Squatter Sovereign_, 411

Kendall, Amos, instructions to New York postmaster, 271, 272

Kentucky, created Commonwealth with slavery, 50, 62, 63; attitude to tariff of 1824, 115; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; legislature nominates Clay for presidency, 136; attitude toward tariff bill of 1827, 158; relation to tariff of 1832, 188; relief measures for debtors, 195, 196; electoral vote in 1844, 320; views as to slave policy, 378; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Kickapoo Rangers, organized, 426; capture Captain Brown, 426

King, Rufus, voting, 74

King, William Rufus, states his creed on State sovereignty, 269, 270; on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Kinsey, Charles, on conference committee, 88

Know Nothing party, 418

Kremer, George, charge against Adams and Clay, 141

LACOCK, ABNER, voting, 74

Lake of the Woods, 312, 313

Lane, James S., effort to organize Democratic party in Kansas, 423; elected Senator by "Free-state" party, 426; negotiations with Shannon, 430; at Franklin, 430; indictment against, 435; as to service of indictment, 435; in command of "Free-state" force, 435; failure to arrive at Lecompton for attack, 445, 446; result of his prevarications, 463; conspiracy against Lecompton convention, 465; thwarted, 465, 466

Lawrence, Amos Adams, member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409; his work, 411; conference with Robinson, 413; town named in honor of, 415

Lawrence, Kansas, site occupied, 411; town founded, 415; quarrels as to claims, 415, 416; Robinson's speech of July 4, 1855, 423; convention at, 425; the Branson rescue, 428; Missourians approach, 429; committee sent to Shannon, 429; Shannon goes to, 430; agreement of citizens with Governor Shannon, 430; appearance of John Brown, 431; appeal of citizens to President, 431; Jones serves writ on Wood, 433; trouble with Tappan, 434; attempt to assassinate Jones, 434; communications of Robinson and Sumner as to assault on Jones, 434; indictment against hotel and newspapers in, 435; Donaldson's proclamation, 435, 436; dealings of citizens with Shannon and Donaldson, 436, 437; Donaldson's force approaches the town, 437; sacking of the town, 438; repudiation of the deed, 438; effect of the sacking and of assault on Sumner, 440; effect of sacking modified by Pottawattomie massacre, 442; "Free-state" convention at, 443; treaty of August 17, 444; Geary at, 446; Stanton at, 461; Wilson meets Robinson at, 463; "Free-state" forces ordered to meet at, 465

Leavenworth, Kansas, "Free-state" company organized at, 426; convention at, 428

Lecompte, S. D., charge to grand jury of Douglas County, 435

Lecompton, Kansas, the Branson rescue, 428; citizens summoned to, by Donaldson, 435; conflict at Fort Titus, 444; failure of plan to attack Lecompton, 445, 446; Geary at, 446; plan for convention at, 461; as to work of convention, 463; convention assembles at, 464; Lane's conspiracy against convention at, 465; "Free-state" mass-meeting at, 465, 466; constitution formed at, 466; legislature meets at, 467. _See_ Kansas

Lewis, Meriwether, sent out by Jefferson, 312; on the Columbia, 312

Lewis, William B., 33; the Coleman letter, 138

Lexington, Kentucky, 167

_Liberator, The_, publication begun, 251

Liberties, Body of, 41

Lincoln, Abraham, intimation as to official conduct of Taney, 456

Loki, the, of Kansas, appears, 431

London, 26, 33

London, Bishop of, as to baptism of slaves, 44

Loring, Charles Greeley, in Sims case, 372

Lorings, the, in Crafts case, 368

Louisiana, Commonwealth of, erected, 56; slavery in, 56, 62, 63, 65; condition on erection, 69, 71; relation to tariff of 1832, 188; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Louisiana territory, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 37; added to public domain, 51; slavery in, 54, 55, 56, 57; owned by France and Spain, 54; ceded to United States, 55; divided, 55; early ownership and division, 65; condition on cession to United States, 72; motion of Thomas as to slavery, 84; motion renewed, 87; carried, 88; conference report, 88; relation to Missouri bill, 92, 93; ceded to France, and to United States, 312; as to inclusion of Oregon, 312; cession of 1803, 318; effect of acquisition, 366; act of 1820, 382; as to the Douglas report on Nebraska, 384; as to repeal of Acts of 1820, 391; as to Dred Scott case, 450, 452

Louisiana, Territory of, organized, 56; name changed, 56. _See_ Missouri, Territory of

Lovejoy, Owen, killed, 250

Lowell, John, member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409

Lowell, Massachusetts, meetings on fugitive slave law, 368

Lower California, 337

Lowndes, William, committee service, 9; on conference committee, 88; reports bill on Missouri, 95, 96; bill defeated, 99; relation of family to nullification, 181

Lundy, Benjamin, instigates abolition petition, 252

MCCULLOCH _vs._ Maryland [4 Wheaton, 316], 205

McDuffie, George, opinion on slave labor, 161; chairman ways and means committee, 172; relation to Dr. Cooper, 173; contention as to origin of tariff bills, 173, 174; reports a tariff bill, 174; its terms and disposal, 174; forms economic basis of nullification, 175, 176, 177; opposition to tariff, 177; amendment lost, 177; as to bill of 1832, 185; tariff bills in House, 186; attitude to the Bank, 198; makes minority report in support of Bank, 202

McGee County, Kansas, contested election, 465

McGregor, Gregor, 30

McHenry, Jerry, rescue of, 373, 374

McKay, James J., introduces bill, 335

McLane, Louis, speech on Missouri, 81, 82; removed from head of Treasury Department, 280

McLean, John, voting, 73

Macon, Nathaniel, committee service, 3; position on Maine-Missouri bill, 83

Madison, James, his message of 1815, 2, 3; vetoes internal improvements bill, 17; earlier recommendations, 17; relation to Republican party, 17; relation to War of 1812, 17; as to relation between slavery and protection, 109; vetoes bill, 1817, for internal improvements, 116, 117; his views, 117

Mail, United States, effect of presence of abolition literature, 251; use by abolitionists, 270 _et seq._; Charleston, South Carolina, post-office robbed, 271; request of Charleston postmaster to New York postmaster, 271; refusal to receive abolitionist documents in New York post-office, 271; Kendall's instructions to the postmasters, 271, 272; the question in Jackson's message, 272, 273; Calhoun's report and bill, 273, 274; criticism by Clay, 274; defeat of the bill, 274; Act of July 2, 1836, 274; significance of the contest, 274-277

Maine, Commonwealth of, constitution formed, 76; petition for admission, 77; bill introduced and passed by House, 77; bill in Senate, 82; connection with Missouri bill, 82, 83, 87; amended bill passed in Senate, 88; House disagrees, 88; conference committee report, 88, 89; bill approved by president, 89; significance of the controversy, 88, 90 _et seq._; attitude to tariff of 1824, 114; attitude toward tariff of 1824, 115; attitude toward tariff bill of 1827, 158; in election of 1828, 164; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Mallary, Daniel, reports tariff bill of 1827, 158; opposes bill of 1828 as reported, 160, 161

Mangum, Willie Person, motion as to Clay's and Bell's resolutions, 360; on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Mann, Abijah, Jr., motion in House, 258

Mann, Horace, opposition to fugitive slave law, 373

Martin, Luther, letter to Maryland legislature, 49, 50

Maryland, Commonwealth of, 9; legislation on slavery, 48; Martin's letter to legislature, 49, 50; laws of, in District of Columbia, 51; domestic slave trade, 57, 58; relation to Cumberland road, 116; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119, 120; in election of 1828, 163, 164; tax on Bank of the United States, 194; decision on the tax, 195; relation to slavery in District of Columbia, 253; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Mason, James Murray, reads Calhoun's speech, 358; on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Mason, Jeremiah, in Bank trouble, 191

Mason, John Young, calls yeas and nays, 253; yields to Adams, 253; the Ostend manifesto, 408

Mason, Jonathan, voting, 73

Mason and Dixon's Line, 163

Massachusetts, Commonwealth of, 13; slavery recognized, 41; slave laws, 46; substantial abolition of slavery, 48; separation of Maine, 76 _et seq._; as a type, 86; as to citizenship law, 99; attitude to tariff bill of 1823, 111; and to that of 1824, 114; attitude toward tariff of 1824, 115; attitude toward tariff bill of 1827, 158; abolition petition in House, 255; laws on jails, 370; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; legislature grants charter to Thayer's society, 409

Matamoras, concentration of Mexican troops at, 328; approach of Taylor, 329; occupied by Taylor, 331

Maurepas, Lake, 21, 23

May, Samuel Joseph, the "Jerry rescue," 374

Maysville road bill, passed, 167; vetoed, 167, 168; vote on vetoed bill, 168; analysis of vote, 168

Mellen, Prentiss, position on Maine-Missouri bill, 83

Mexico, as to Congress of Verona, 124; treaty of 1825 with Colombia, 147; revolts from Spain, 291; the Austin grant, 291; establishment of federal government, 291; Bustamente's decree on immigration, 291; refuses to sell any Texan territory, 292; overthrow of federal government, 292; possibility of complications with, 296; minister leaves Washington, 298, 299; demand by Ellis, 299; full satisfaction refused, 299; impossibility of regaining Texas, 300; diplomatic relations with United States resumed, 301; the claims commission, 301, 302; Great Britain as mediator between Mexico and Texas, 304; threatens war on United States, 305; claims Texans are still rebels, 305; Benton's criticism of the Texas treaty, 308; relation of war to election of Polk, 320; threatens war, 320; Tyler's message of 1844, 320, 321; makes annexation of Mexico a casus belli, 327; envoy leaves Washington, 327; Slidell's mission, 327, 328; governments of Herrera and Paredes, 328; gathering of forces at Matamoras, 328; position of Mexico with reference to Texan boundary, 328; war with United States, 329-334; title between Nueces and Rio Grande, 330, 331; persistence of the Government, 332; Santa Anna again in control, 332; Polk's message of August 6, 1846, 334, 335; McKay's bill and the Wilmot proviso, 335-337; Polk's message of December, 1846, 335; the First embassy, 337; rejection of proposals, 337; the Mexican offer, 337; war resumed, 337, 338; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338; result of treaty with, 339; proposal as to Mexican acquisitions, 341, 342, 349, 350; views of Berrien and Webster as to slavery in Mexican acquisitions, 351, 352; Foote's bill, 354; problem of Texan boundary, 354, 355; Clay's plan, 356; opposition of Southerners, 356; attitude of abolitionists, 357; relation of Mexican acquisition to slavery, 408

Mexico, City of, captured, 338

Mexico, Gulf of, 20, 21, 297, 307, 337, 363

Michigan, Commonwealth of, 290; electoral vote in 1844, 320; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; early Republican party in, 418

Mississippi, Commonwealth of, created with slavery, 62, 63; legislature calls Nashville convention, 375; convention in, 375; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Mississippi River, the, 21, 22, 38, 66, 78, 290, 381

Missouri, Commonwealth of, 33; creation, 61-107; significance of the circumstance, 65; petition for erection, 66; memorial for erection, 66; the Tallmadge amendment, 66-73; bill for erection passed by House, 73; bill passes Senate without Tallmadge amendment, 74; disagreement, 74; question again presented, 74, 75; Taylor's plan, 75, 76, 78; Storrs's plan, 78; Taylor's motion and argument on it, 78 _et seq._; Holmes's speech, 80, 81; McLane's speech, 81, 82; memorial for admission referred, 82; connection with Maine bill, 82, 83, 87; argument of Pinkney, 84-86; motion of Thomas, 84, 87, 88; amended bill carried in Senate, 88; House disagrees, 88; agreement of conference committee, 88, 89; report accepted, 89; bill signed by President, 89; consideration of the results, 90-95; proposed constitution before Congress, 95; the Lowndes bill, 95, 96; opposition of Sergeant, 96, 97; consideration of the situation, 97, 98, 99; defeat of Lowndes bill, 99; Smith bill passes Senate, 99; tabled by House, 99; efforts of Eustis, 100; Clay's plan, 100; report of Committee of Thirteen, 100, 101; plan defeated, 101; opposition of Tomlinson, 101; conference committee and its report, 101, 102; report attached, 102; resolution passed, 102, 103; effects of the compromise, 103-107; decision brings slavery into national politics, 108; attitude toward tariff of 1824, 115; attitude toward tariff bill of 1827, 158; relation to tariff of 1832, 188; admitted as Commonwealth, 289; line of compromise in Burt's amendment, 341, and in Douglas's amendment, 347; the compromise in connection with the Oregon bill, 348; views as to slavery policy, 378; bill to organize territory west of, 381; Atchison's objection to such organization, 382; Dixon and the repeal of the Compromise, 387, 388; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; misrepresentations as to Emigrant Aid Company, 411; the "border ruffians," 411, 412; attitude to slavery in Kansas, 412; influence of Atchison, 412, 413; "Platte County Self-defensive Association," 414, 415; claimants to site of Lawrence, Kansas, 415, 416; interference in election of Whitfield in Kansas, 416, 417; relation of Missouri Compromise and Republican party, 417, 418; effect on Republican party of Missourian interference in Kansas, 418; organization in "Blue Lodges," 419; interference in Kansas Territorial election, 419, 420; Kansas legislature at Shawnee Mission, 423; Robinson's declaration as to slavery in, 424; Missourians summoned by Sheriff Jones, 429; Missourians on the Wakarusa, 429; attitude of Shannon toward Missourians, 430; influenced by Atchison to withdraw, 430, 431; claims of intended invasion, 431, 432; preparation for further invasion, 435, 436; volunteers under Pate, 441; dispersal of volunteers under Whitfield in Kansas, 441, 442; import of Woodson's accession to power, 444; Missourians on Bull Creek and at Ossawattomie, 445; new invasion of Kansas, 446; forced to retire by United States troops, 446, 447; as to Dred Scott case, 450-452; decision of Supreme Court of Missouri, 451; the Missourians the beginners of wrong, 473

Missouri, Territory of, organized, 56; slavery in, 56, 65

Missouri River, the, 66, 414

Mitchell, David B., 28, 29

Mobile, cession of river and port of, 21

Mohawk and Hudson railroad, begun, 169

Molino del Rey, battle of, 338

Monroe, James, relation to Jackson, 31, 34, 35; as to relation between protection and slavery, 110; messages of 1821 and 1822, 110; message of 1823, 111; veto of 1822, 120; message on internal improvements, 120, 121, 156; message of December, 1823, 125-128; electoral vote of 1820, 129; interpretation of message of 1823 by Spanish-Americans, 146, 147, 149; cabinet intrigue against Jackson, 220

"Monroe Doctrine," the, 125-128, 146

Monterey, captured by Taylor, 331, 332; Doniphan sent to, 332

Monterey, California, convention at, 343

Moors, 45

Morfit, Henry M., agent to Texas, 296; report to Forsyth, 296, 297

Murphy, W. S., letter from Upshur, 304; assurance to Texas of protection, 306; promise to Houston disavowed, 307

NAPOLEON. _See_ Bonaparte

Napoleonic decrees, 54

Nashville convention, 375

National Assembly of France, 54

_National Era_, the, protest against Kansas-Nebraska bill, 389; effect of the address, 400

_National Intelligencer_, letter of Clay, 319, 320

National Republican party, the origin, 104; circumstance of appearance, 146; party nomenclature, 162, 163; insists on taking the Bank as a campaign issue, 200, 201; nominates Clay for presidency, 201; feeling toward Jackson, 202; its defeat in 1832, 202; basis of party action, 278, 279; known as Whig party, 281, 282. _See_ Whig Party

Navy of the United States, legislation upon, 13, 14

Nebraska, Territory of, bill for organization passed by House, 381; the Howe-Giddings colloquy, 381, 382; speech of Atchison, 382; bill introduced by Dodge, 382; bill and report by Douglas, 382, 383; consideration of the report and its author, 383-387; dictum of the committee, 387; Dixon's proposal, 387; Seward and Dixon, 387, 388; new bill presented by Douglas, 389; abolition protest in _National Era_, 389; reply of Douglas, 390; amendment of Chase, 391; position of Wade, 391; amendment of Douglas, 392; views of Everett, 392, 393; Houston's speech, 393; position of Bell and committee, 393; vote on amendment, 393; Chase's amendment, 394, 395; contention of Badger and Pratt, 394; declaration of Walker and Badger's amendment, 395; Chase's third amendment, 395, 396; Douglas's amendment, 395, 396; Chase's fourth amendment, 396; speech of Bell against bill, 396, 397; speech of Houston, 397; final argument of Douglas, 397, 398; vote in Senate on bill, 398; analysis of vote, 398, 399; rise of popular opposition, 399, 400; the Richardson bill, 400; Senate bill in House, 400; position of Cushing, Davis, and Pierce, 401-403; actions in House, 403; management of bill by Stephens, 404; bill signed by President, 404; analysis of vote, 404, 405; meaning of the vote, 405, 406; relation of Act to slavery, 407, 408; considered as of North, 412; immigrants to Kansas through, 445; the Act of 1854 the beginning of error, 473

Negro Fort, 28, 29

Negro labor, adapted to the South, 42

Negro slavery. _See_ Slavery

Nelson, Samuel, position on Dred Scott case, 452

Nelson, John, Secretary of State, disavows Murphy's promise to Houston, 307; relation to Texas question, 307

New England, 7, 59; opposed to internal improvements bill of 1817, 117; attitude to improvements bill of 1822, 119; attitude upon Maysville road bill, 168; votes as to Pinckney resolution, 263

New England Anti-Slavery Society, formed, 251

New Hampshire, Commonwealth of, legislation on slavery, 48; attitude toward tariff of 1824, 115; in election of 1824, 142; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

New Jersey, Commonwealth of, legislation on slavery, 48; attitude on Maysville road bill, 168; legislative memorial on finality resolutions, 375; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

New Mexico, Kearny ordered to occupy, 331; importance of Buena Vista, 333; about to be transferred, 334; acquisition in view, 337; in negotiations, 337; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338; Polk's message of July 6, 1848, 345, 346; motions of Bright and Clayton, 346; the Clayton bill, 346, 347; Polk's message of December, 1848, 348; Douglas's bill, 349; Smith's bill, 349; Berrien's report, 349, 350; new bill by Douglas, 350; motion of Walker, 350, 351; failure of Congress to act, 352; Taylor's message of December 4, 1849, 354; Foote's bill, 354, as to question of Texan frontier, 355, Clay's plan, 355, 356; Webster's Seventh of March Speech, 359; Bell's propositions, 359, 360; report from committee on Territories, 360; Committee of Thirteen, 360; Clay's report, 360, 361; encroachments of Bell, 362, 363; passage of bill for territorial organization, 363, 364; as to the Douglas report on Nebraska, 384; Chase on Act of 1850, 391

New York, Commonwealth of, legislation on slavery, 48; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; in election of 1824, 137; in election of 1828, 164; attitude on Maysville road bill, 168; electoral vote in 1844, 320; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

New York Central Railroad, system begun, 169

New York City, attitude to tariff bill of 1823, 111; and to that of 1824, 114; attitude to tariff of 1824, 115; attitude toward tariff bill of 1827, 158; postmaster refuses to receive abolitionist documents, 271; the instructions from Kendall, 271, 272; arrest of Hamlet, 367; meetings on fugitive slave law, 367; publication of protest against Kansas-Nebraska Act, 389

New York _Courier and Enquirer_, applies name to Whig Party, 282

Nicholls, Edward, 25, 26, 27, 28

Nicholls Fort, 27, 28

Nicholson, A. O. P., letter from Cass, 345

Niles, John Milton, presents memorial on Texas, 295

Nootka Convention, 311

North Carolina, Commonwealth of, conditional cession of western lands, 50, 56; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 117, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; stock held in United States Bank, 203; electoral vote in 1844, 320; vacancy in Senate delegation, 398; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Northwest, the, attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119

Nueces, River, 300, 316, 329, 330, 337, 361

Nullification, origin, 169; economic basis, 175, 176, 177; attitude of South Carolina, 176; threatened by McDuffie, 177; Calhoun's publications, 179, and argument, 180, 181; parties in South Carolina, 181, 182; nullification or rebellion, 183, 184; Calhoun's theory, 189; in Georgia and South Carolina, 210; the South Carolina convention, 221; the Ordinance of Nullification, 222, 223; Ordinance sent to the legislature, 224; Hayne's attitude, 224; acts for enforcement of Ordinance, 224-226; views on the position of South Carolina, 226-228; South Carolina in Jackson's message of 1832, 228; Jackson's proclamation of December 10, 1832, 228-230; Jackson's message of January, 1833, 232; execution of Ordinance postponed, 235; character of nullification defined by Webster, 237; Ordinance of Nullification withdrawn, 238; motive of leaders in affairs of nullification, 238; nullification as represented by Amos Kendall, 272

OBREGON, PABLO, negotiations as to Panama Congress, 147, 148, 149

Ohio, Commonwealth of, slavery forbidden, 62, 63; condition on erection, 68, 69, 71; appropriation of enabling act, 116; tax on Bank of United States, 194; the result, 195; memorial on Texas, 296; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Ohio River, the, 48, 62, 63, 167

Oliver, Mordecai, on committee for Kansas investigation, 433; investigates Pottawattomie massacre, 440

Onis, Luis de, 37, 38

Orders in Council, British, 54

Ordinance of 1787, passed, 48; authority of the Congress, 49; restriction on slavery, 69; in Douglas's bill, 341; in the Smith bills, 349

Oregon, its "re-occupation" in the Democratic platform, 309; points in the question, 310; Oregon of the last century, 311; Spanish and English claims, 311; the Nootka Convention, 311, 312; effect of war between Spain and Great Britain, 312; ceded to France and to United States, 312; work of Lewis and Clark, 312; treaty of Utrecht, 312; Astoria founded, 312, 313; joint occupation agreement, 313; agreement of 1828, 314; effect of Whitman's work, 316; in platform of 1844, 318; effect of election of 1844, 320; Tyler's message of 1844, 321; Polk's first message, 324; his recommendations, 324; the question before Congress, 324; the action of Congress, 324, 325; treaty of June, 1846, 326; bill reported by, 340, 341; Thompson's amendment, 341; the Douglas bill, 341; defeat of Burt's amendment, 341; Wick's proposal, 341, 342; speech by Rhett, 342, 343; end of the second bill, 343; new bill by Douglas, 343; special message of Polk, 344; Hall's amendment, 344; views of Calhoun and Davis, 344; Davis moves amendment, 344; effect of Davis and Hale on action of Senate, 345; motions of Bright and Clayton, 346; the Clayton bill, 346, 347; the final settlement, 347; bill approved, 348

Orleans, Territory of, organized, 55; slavery in, 55; erected into Commonwealth, 56

Osceola, begins hostilities, 290; defeated, 290

Ossawattomie, Kansas, destroyed by Missourians, 445; effect of the attack, 445

Ostend, the manifesto from, 408

Otis, Harrison Gray, voting, 74; position on Maine-Missouri bill, 83

Oxford University, Professor Senior of, 186

PACIFIC OCEAN, claims in the north of various nations, 123, 311, 324, 325, 326, 341, 358, 375, 379, 381

Palo Alto, battle of, 330

Panama Congress, early negotiations, 147, 148, 149; commissioners of United States named, 149, 150; popular views of the movement, 150; analysis of vote in Senate, 150, 151; relation of vote to slavery, 151; nature of opposition, 153; adjournment of the congress, 153, 154; discussion of the results, 154, 155; effect of question on Republican party, 155

Paredes y Arrillago, Mariano, leader of military party, 328; overthrows Herrera, 328; refuses to receive Slidell, 328

Paris, treaty of. _See_ Treaty

Parker, Severn E., on Conference Committee, 88

Parker, William, opposition to fugitive slave law, 373

Parkers, the, in Crafts case, 368

Parma, Duke of, 23

Parrot, John T., voting, 73

_Partus sequitur ventrem_, 43, 44, 45

Pate, H. C., captured at Black Jack by Brown, 441; rescued by Sumner, 442

Patton, John M., speaks in House, 259; conclusion from his position, 259

Pawnee, Kansas, legislature meets at, 422

Pearce, James Alfred, introduces bill on Texan boundary, 363; not voting on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 398, 399

Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of, 3; provision for gradual emancipation, 48, 62, 63; attitude to tariff bill of 1823, 111; relation to Cumberland Road, 116; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; conventions nominate Jackson for presidency, 136; in election of 1824, 137, 138, 139; attitude toward tariff bill of 1827, 158; in election of 1828, 162, 164; attitude on Maysville road bill, 168; petitions for abolition, 252, 253; memorial on Texas, 296; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Pennsylvania railroad, system begun, 169

Pensacola, 24, 25, 32

Perdido River, the, 21, 22, 23, 25

Perote, captured by Scott, 333

Peru, treaty of 1823 with Columbia, 147

Petition, Right of, early action on abolition petitions, 253; the Chinn-Dickson controversy, 254; Slade's motion, 254; Polk's ruling, 255; Jackson's petition and Hammond's motion, 255; relation of the Constitution to the right of petition, 255, 256; customary procedure before 1834, 256; wrangle over Hammond's two motions, 256; the final arrangement, 256; Adams's appeal for right of petition, 257; reply by Jones, 257; Granger's and Ingersoll's claim as to District of Columbia, 257; demand of Wise, 257, 258; Slade's declaration of war on slavery, 258; Garland's argument, 258; disposal of the question, 258; revived by Adams, 258, 259; ruling of Speaker, 259; Southern members take advanced ground, 259, 260; effort of Adams at peace, 260; decision on the fifty-fourth rule, 260; the contest precipitated, 260; Pinckney resolutions quoted, 261; the new rule of procedure, 261, 262; affair of February 6, 1837, 262; rule as to petition by slaves, quoted, 262; further attempt at agitation by Slade, 262; increase of petitions, 263; the standing rule of 1840, quoted, 263; effect of this step, 263, 264; disposal of the question by the Senate, 264, 265; the Vermont petition, 265-269; position of Calhoun, 270; disposal by Swift's motion, 270; significance of the contest, 274-277; result of the struggle, 296

Petigru, James L., relation to nullification, 181

Phelps, Samuel Shethar, on Committee of Thirteen, 360

Philadelphia, Pa., constitutional convention at, 49

Phillips, Wendell, opposes fugitive slave law, 373

Philosophy of the eighteenth century, 47

Philosophy of 1776, 52

Pickering, Timothy, committee service, 3

Pierce, Franklin, nominated for presidency, 376; elected, 377; relation to Kansas-Nebraska bill, 401, 403; views of historians stated and considered, 401, 402; signs Kansas-Nebraska bill, 404; views on emigration to Territories, 410; appoints Shannon Governor of Kansas Territory, 427; Shannon's report to, 431; appeal from "Free-state" party in Kansas, 431; proclamation as to Kansas, 432; disapproves Col. Sumner's course, 443; takes active steps as to Kansas, 446

Pinckney, Henry Laurens, reports resolution on control of slavery, 261; resolution re-enacted, 262

Pinkney, William, argument on powers of Congress, 84-86; argument restated, 86, 87; effect of his argument, 87; on conference committee, 88

"Platte County Self-defensive Association," formed, 414, 415

Pleasants, James, committee service, 3

Poinsett, Joel Roberts, effort with reference to "Monroe Doctrine," 128

Point Isabel, base of supplies, 329

Polignac, Jules Auguste Armand Marie de, declaration of Canning, 125

Political philosophy, French, 129, 139, 193

Polk, James Knox, ruling as Speaker, 255; quoted, 256; confused rulings, 256; further ruling on procedure as to petitions, 259; conclusion from his position, 259; decision on fifty-fourth rule, 260; nominated for presidency, 309; attitude of abolitionists, 320; elected President, 320; first annual message, 324; his recommendations, 324; the question before Congress, 325; the action of Congress, 325, 326; Polk's dealings with the Senate, 326; treaty of June, 1846, 326; overtures to Mexico, 327; the Slidell mission, 327, 328; duty as to Texan boundary, 329; orders to General Taylor, 329; message on Mexican War, 330; authorized to call for volunteers, 331; orders to Kearny, Sloat, Stockton, and Taylor, 331; message of August 6, 1846, 334; McKay's bill, 335; Wilmot's amendment, 335; Polk's message of December, 1846, 335; empowered tacitly to secure California and New Mexico, 337; the treaty offered through Trist, 337; rejected by Mexico, 337; recalls Trist, 338; message to Congress, 338; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338; sends treaty to Senate, 339; special message on Oregon, 344; message on California and New Mexico, 345, 346; approves Oregon bill, 348; message on California and New Mexico, 348; effect of message on California, 352, 353

Pomeroy, S. C., at Lawrence, 415

Pontchartrain, Lake, 21, 23

Porto Rico, in Spanish-American troubles, 152, 153, 154

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 191

Portugal, Clay's attitude to its colonies, 135

Pottawattomie Creek, massacre on, 440; the massacre characterized, 441; and denounced by the settlers, 441; effect of massacre, 442; end of fighting occasioned by massacre, 447

Potter, James, owner of Sims, 372

Pratt, Thomas George, contention as to amendment of Chase's amendment, 394, 395

Prigg _vs._ Pennsylvania [16 Peters, 539], 363

Protection, as regarded between 1815 and 1820, 109; as voiced by the House in 1822, 110; Monroe's messages of 1821 and 1822, 110; bill of 1823, 111; Monroe's message of 1823, 111; bill of 1824, 112. _See_ Tariff

Prussia, King of, as arbiter for claims commission, 302

Prussia, in Holy Alliance, 123

Puebla, captured by Scott, 333

QUAKERS, petitions for abolition of slavery, 252, 253

Quincy, Edmund, opposition to fugitive slave law, 373

RAILROADS, begun in the United States, 169; relation to national improvements, 169, 170

Randolph, John, 11; opposition to tariff of 1816, 12

Rantoul, Robert, Jr., in Sims case, 372

Red River, the, 33

Reeder, Andrew H., arrives at Fort Leavenworth, 416; character and work, 416; action upon contested election cases, 420; criticism by Robinson, 420, 421; disregard of his certificates of election, 421, 422; attitude of anti-slavery party, 421; difficulties in treatment proposed by Robinson, 422; calls legislature to meet at Pawnee, 422; breaks with legislature over question of adjournment to Shawnee Mission, 423; letter from Conway, 424; removed from governorship of Kansas Territory, 425; elected Congressional delegate, 425; elected Senator by "Free-state" party, 426; contest for seat in House of Representatives, 432, 433; indictment against, 435; avoids arrest, 435; Donaldson's reference to his resistance, 436

Representatives, House of. _See_ House of Representatives

[Jeffersonian] Republican Party, its nationalization, 1-18; its principles in 1801 and 1816, 3; position on national bank, 4, 5; early principles, 17; division, 38, 103, 104, 115; absorption of Federal party, 129; effect of War of 1812, 130; nature of the struggle of 1824, 130; division of the party, 145 _et seq._; effect of Panama Congress, 155; effect of tariff on division of party, 157; power of Congress in its regime, 207; principles on which it gained power, 239; effect of War of 1812, 239

Republican Party, brought to life, 388; creed in the _National Era_ address, 390; effect of troubles in Kansas, 417; the union of the various elements, 417, 418; effect of interference of Missourians in Kansas, 418; as to possible effect of events in Kansas, 446; Kansas assured to the party, 471

Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 330

Revenue. _See_ Tariff

Revolution of 1830, relation to abolition, 244

Revolution, the American, slave laws before, 46; effect upon slavery, 47, 80

Revolution, the French, 47

Rhea, John, 31

Rhett, Robert Barnwell, speech on control of Territories, 342, 343, 345; views adopted by Calhoun and Davis, 344; views on fugitive slave law, 367; contention as to fugitive slave law, 371; in debate on Foote's resolutions, 374

Rhode Island, Commonwealth of, 13; legislation on slavery, 48; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Richardson, William A., reports bill on Kansas and Nebraska, 400; motion in House, 403; yields management of Kansas-Nebraska bill to Stephens, 404

Riley, Bennett, calls California convention, 353

Rio del Norte River, 36

Rio Grande River, 297, 300, 305; Mexican troops on, 328; claimed by Texas a boundary, 328; scene of conflict, 329, 330, 331, 332; upper valley occupied by Doniphan, 332, 337, 338, 354, 361, 363

Rio Grande del Norte River, 290, 297

Rives, William Cabell, view of slavery, 265-267

Roberts, Jonathan, motion on Maine-Missouri bill, 82; position as to the bill, 83; moves to amend, 83

Robertson, George, committee service, 3

Robinson, Charles, conference with leaders of Emigrant Aid Company, 413; expedition to Missouri and Kansas, 413, 414; the founding of Lawrence, 415; criticism of Reeder's action on contested election cases, 420, 421; plan of procedure for anti-slavery party in Kansas, 421, 422; sends for Sharpe's rifles, 423; checks factions by the Lawrence speech, 423, 424; elected Governor of Kansas, 425; message to legislature, 427; negotiations with Shannon, 430; at Franklin, 430; communication with Sumner as to assault on Jones, 434; indictment against, 435; opinion as to purpose of Pottawattomie massacre, 441; his release ordered, 446; plan to capture Territorial government, 463; conference with Wilson, 463; difficulty of the situation, 464; his work characterized, 471, 472; his work quoted, 473

Rocky Mountains, 312, 313, 324, 325, 326, 381

Rush, Benjamin, proposal of Canning, 125

Russia, in the North Pacific, 123; edict as to northwest lands, 123; in Holy Alliance, 123, 124; Adams's statement to Tuyl, 124, 125; the Czar in negotiation with Clay, 152, 153

Russian American Company claims in North Pacific, 123

SABINE RIVER, the, 33, 36, 290

St. Augustine, 25

St. Ildefonso, treaty of, 22, 23, 24, 54, 312

St. Louis, 65; Branscomb and Robinson at, 413, 414

St. Mark's, 25, 32

St. Mary's River, the, 22, 30

Salazar, Jose Maria, negotiations as to Panama Congress, 147, 148, 149; cites Haytian affairs, 151

Salt Creek Valley, pro-slavery convention, 414

San Antonio, battle of, 334

Sandford, John F. A., owner of Dred Scott, 451; defendant in federal courts, 451 _et seq._

San Diego, Cal., occupied by Kearny, 332

San Jacinto, battle of, 294, 295

San Jacinto River, 294

Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, establishes presidential government in Mexico, 292; opposition in Coahuila-Texas, 292; war of Texan independence, 293, 294; a prisoner, 297; in power again, 332; his plan of action, 332; battle of Buena Vista, 332, 333; battle of Cerro Gordo, 333; battles of Contreras, San Antonio and Cherubusco, 334

Savannah, Ga., 373

Scott, Dred, his case as referred to in Buchanan's inaugural address, 447, 448; origin of the case, 449, 450; facts of the case, 450, 451; decision of Missouri Supreme Court, 451; sold to Sandford, 451; judgment in Circuit Court, 451; case before Supreme Court, 451; opinion of Justice Nelson, 452; opinion of Justice Catron, 453; opinion of Chief Justice Taney, 453, 454; opinion of Justice Curtis, 454; criticism of the decision, 455; criticism of Taney's argument, 455, 456; relation of inaugural and decision, 456, 457; opinion of Justice Curtis, 457, 458; distribution of the opinions, 458; effect of the decision, 458, 459; effect of the dictum, 460

Scott, John, secures reference of Missouri memorials, 74

Scott, Martin, in Florida, 31

Scott, Winfield, ordered to Charleston, 330; his instructions, 330, 331; ordered against Vera Cruz, 332; captures Vera Cruz, 333; battle of Cerro Gordo, 333; captures Jalapa, Perote, Puebla, 333; effect of his successes, 337; Trist at his head-quarters, 337; battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, 338; takes Mexico, 338; nominated for presidency, 376; defeated, 377

Sedgwick, Major, accompanies Shannon to Lawrence, 444

Seminole War, 28, 29, 33; results, 38; cabinet intrigue on conduct of war, 220

Seminoles, 32; treaty of 1832, 290; repudiate treaty and are expelled, 290

Senate of the United States, passage of Bank bill, 8; passage of tariff bill, 12; pay of members, 16; passage of internal improvements bill, 16; action on censure of Jackson, 36; ratifies treaty of 1819, 36, 38; effect of method of representation in, 63; Missouri bill referred, 73; vote on Tallmadge amendment, 74; disagreement with House, 74; Clay's suggestion of effect, 75; Maine and Missouri bills in, 82, 83; the Thomas amendment, 84; Pinkney's speech, 84-87; Missouri-Maine bill, and Thomas amendment, 87, 88; the conference committee, 88, 89; significance of the compromise, 90-95; Missouri constitution considered, 95, 96; passage of Smith bill on Missouri, 99; bill defeated in House, 101; work of second conference committee, 101-103; plan to alter judicial system and limit number of Representatives, 109; conference committee on tariff, 114, 115; recommendation of Cumberland road, 116; vote on internal improvements bill of 1822, 118, 119; Clinton a member of, 132; Crawford a member of, 133; Clay a member of, 134; Jackson a member of, 136; opposition to Clay's appointment, 144; action on Panama mission, 149, 150; Van Buren's statement on action of, 153; Van Buren leader of opposition in, 155; action on tariff bill, 159, 160; passage of tariff bill, 162; South Carolina memorial in, 171; Clay's proposal as to tariff, 186; speeches of Clay and Hayne, 187; vote on House tariff bill, 188; conference committee, 188; Benton's attack on Bank, 196; report on the Bank, 198; Benton's resolution on the Bank, 199, 200; relation of members to constituencies, 200; memorial for recharter of Bank, 201; Benton's attack on Bank, 201; bill, for recharter passed, 201, 202; Jackson on duty of members, 206; ratifies Indian Springs convention, 212; Calhoun takes Hayne's seat in, 234; Calhoun's statement in, 232, 233; "Force Bill" reported, 233, 234; Clay's proposition in, 235, 236; support of Calhoun, 236; passage of "Force Bill" and of tariff bill, 237; abolition petitions referred, 253; contest on right of petition, 264, 265; Calhoun's efforts as to policy of, 268; incident of the Vermont memorial, 269, 270; reference of President's message, 273; Connecticut memorial on Texas, 295; Clay resolutions adopted, 295; Calhoun's statement, 295, 296; the Walker resolution on Texas, 298, 299; action on President's message as to refusals, 298, 299; effect of action, 300; as to power over treaties, 307, 308; treaty with Texas, 308, 309; action as to Texas, 322, 323; action as to Oregon, 325, 326; bills on Mexico, and the Wilmot proviso, 335, 336; ratifies treaties with Mexico, 339; Oregon bill in, 341; action on Oregon bills, 343; debate on Oregon bill, 344; lack of result, 345; Bright and Clayton on Oregon, 346; passes Clayton bill, 347; final agreement with House, 347; action on erection of California and New Mexico, 349 _et seq._; Calhoun's last speech, 358; Webster's Seventh of March speech, 359; action on Texan boundary, 363, 364; completion of compromise measures, 363, 364; action on Shadrach case, 370; action on President's powers, 371, 372; Foote's finality resolutions, 374, 375; petitions to, 375; action on organization of Kansas and Nebraska, 381 _et seq._; Atchison, President _pro tem._, 412; memorials from Kansas, 433; speech on the "Crime against Kansas," 439; Brooks' assault, 439, 440; action on Kansas, 469, 470. _See_ Congress of the United States

Senior, Nassau William, cited, 186

Sergeant, John, opposition to Lowndes's bill, 96, 97; nominated commissioner to Panama Congress, 149; nomination confirmed, 150

Sewall, Samuel E., in Sims case, 372

Seward, William Henry, presents petitions for repeal of fugitive slave law, 375; contest in convention of 1852, 376; relation to Dixon and Nebraska bill, 387, 388; charge as to official conduct of Taney, 456

Shadrach, escape to Canada, 370; Clay's motion and Fillmore's message, 370, 371

Shannon, Wilson, becomes Governor of Kansas Territory, 427; presides over Leavenworth convention, 428; orders to Territorial militia, 429; meets Lawrence committee at Shawnee Mission, 429; goes to Lawrence, 430; agreement with citizens of Lawrence, 430; treats with Missourians at Franklin, 430, 431; report to President, 431; gives troops to Sheriff Jones, 434; dealings with citizens of Lawrence, 436, 437; orders troops to the Pottawattomie, 441; his proclamation, 442; orders troops out under Sumner, 442; goes to Lawrence, 444; treaty of August 17, 444; resigns office, 444

Shaw, Henry, voting, 73

Shawnee Mission, Kansas, removal of legislature to, 423; arrival of Governor Shannon, 427; Lawrence committee at, 429

Sherman, John, on committee for Kansas investigation, 433

Shields, James, attitude to fugitive slave law, 368

Sierra Nevada Mountains, 349

Silliman, Benjamin, member of Emigrant Aid Society, 409

Silsbee, Nathaniel, attitude to tariff of 1828, 162

Sims, Thomas, arrest, 372; trial and rendition, 372, 373

Slade, William, motion to print abolition petitions, 254; compared with Adams, 254; Polk's ruling on his attempt to debate, 255; his motion tabled, 255; declares war on slavery, 258; his object, 259; further attempt at agitation, 262

Slave Code, Virginia code of 1705, 45

Slavery, beginnings in United States, 40; early view of system, 40; legal recognition, 41; prohibited in Georgia, 43; legislation in Virginia, 43; Virginia statute of 1662, 44, 45; relation to Christian baptism, 44; Virginia code of 1705, 45; legislation on public relations of slavery, 46; law of slavery before the Revolution, 46; substantially abolished in Massachusetts, 48; legislation in Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland and Virginia, 48; letter of Luther Martin, 49, 50; in Constitution of 1787, 50; status in Georgia and North Carolina cessions and in Kentucky, 50, 51, 56; passage of fugitive slave law, 51; abolition of slave trade by Congress, 51; relation to cotton culture, 52, 53; in Louisiana territory, 54, 55, 57, 65, 72, 88; in Orleans Territory, 55; in Louisiana Territory, 55, 56; in Missouri Territory and Commonwealth of Missouri, 56, 65; effect of abolition of foreign slave-trade, 57; domestic slave-trade, 57, 58; relation of slavery to diplomacy, 58; international status, 59; relation of slavery to public policy, 60; status in various States, 62, 63; division of Congress on territorial basis as to slavery, 63; in the Territories, 63; in Northwest Territory, 69; in the Tallmadge amendment, 73; slavery in Territories, 75; Taylor's plan as to Missouri, 75, 76, 78; Storrs's plan as to Missouri, 78; Taylor's motion, 78 _et seq._; motion of Thomas, 84, 87, 88; relation of slavery to Missouri struggle, 92, 93, 106, 107; status of slavery in 1776, 1787, 1820, 93; slavery in national politics after 1820, 108; relation of slavery to protection, 109, 110; relation of slavery to Panama Congress, 151; relation to tariff, 157; relation to Maysville road bill, 168; relation to internal improvements, to Missouri struggle, and to tariff of 1828, 170; view of Hayne and McDuffie, 177; relation to the Bank question, 198; effect of race domination, 244; as regarded before 1830, 244; humanitarianism of 1830, 244; the philosophy of abolition and of its opponents, 245; the true philosophy, 245, 246; slavery in the Constitution, 246-248; possible ways of attacking slavery, 248; Southampton insurrection, 248, 249; Floyd's message, 249 (_see_ Petition, Right of); declaration of war by Slade, 258; the contest precipitated, 260; the Pinckney resolutions evoked, 261; relation to denial of right of petition, 263, 264; views of Rives, 265-267; views of Calhoun, 265-268; significance of the contest over petitions and the mails, 274-277; relation of Whig principles to slavery, 283; relation of Whig and Democratic parties to slavery extension, 287, 288; slavery in Florida constitution of 1838, 290; slavery in the Texas constitution of 1836, 294; relation of slavery to recognition of Texas, 296; relation of slavery to question of Texan annexation, 300, 301, 302; Clay's views of relation of slavery and annexation, 319; relation of slavery to Mexican War, 330, 331; the Wilmot proviso, 335, 336; Cass's view of relation of Mexican war and slavery, 338; Thompson's amendment, 341; Burt's motion as to the Wilmot proviso, 341, 342; meaning of Rhett's views, 343; views of Calhoun and Davis as to slavery in territories, 344; Democratic platform of 1848, 344, 345; Cass's letter to Nicholson, 345; Whig platform of 1848, 345; the Clayton bill, 346, 347; Free-soil platform of 1848, 347, 348; as to signature of Oregon bill, 348; Douglas's and Smith's bills, 349; Berrien's report, 349, 350; views of Berrien and Webster on slavery in Mexican acquisitions, 351, 352; Taylor's message of December 4, 1849, 354; indication of policy in the Foote bill, 354; relation of slavery to question of Texan boundary, 354, 355; question of slavery in District of Columbia, 355; Clay's plan of compromise, 355, 356; opposition of Southerners, 356, 357; attitude of Davis, and of abolitionists, 357; Calhoun's last speech, 358; Webster's Seventh of March speech, 359; Clay's report, 361, 362; the bills as adopted, 363, 364; slavery before and after 1850, 365-367; relation of parties to slavery question, 377; various policies as to slavery, 377-379; situation in December, 1852, 380, 381; Douglas's report on Nebraska, 382-387; dictum of the committee, 387; Dixon's motion, 387; dictum of Douglas as to act of 1820, 390; controversy on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, 390 _et seq._; speech of Houston, 393; the _National Era_ address, 399, 400; the struggle for Kansas, 407 _et seq._; indications of plan for extension, 408; the question in Kansas, 412; Robinson's declaration as to slavery in Kansas and Missouri, 424; Kansas legislation on slavery, 424; its effect on the North, 424, 425; the Topeka constitution, 425; the Dred Scott case, 449-459; effect of the Dred Scott dictum, 460; further struggle in Kansas, 460-474; the Lecompton constitution, 467, 468. _See_ Kansas, Territory of

Slaves, introduced at Jamestown, 40. _See_ Slavery

Slidell, John, sent to Mexico, 327; refused audience, and leaves Mexico, 328; effect of his rejection, 329

Sloat, John Drake, ordered to Upper California, 331

Smith, Caleb B., reports bills on New Mexico and Upper California, 349

Smith, Gerrit, the "Jerry rescue," 374; signs _National Era_ address, 389

Smith, Persifer Frazer, assigned to command in Kansas, 443; orders as to invaders of Kansas, 445; sustains Cooke in disobeying Woodson, 445

Smith, George W., candidate for Governor of Kansas, 468

Smith, William, reports Maine-Missouri bill, 82; position on the bill, 83; presents bill to Senate on Missouri, 99; bill passed by Senate and tabled by House, 99; presents protest as to tariff, 170

"Softs," the, attitude of Pierce, 402

Soule, Pierre, the Ostend manifesto, 408

South Carolina, 8, 9; slave laws, 46; repeals law against slave importation, 51; as to citizenship law, 99; protest against tariff of 1824, 115, 116; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; in election of 1824, 137, 138; opposition to tariff bill of 1827, 159, 160; legislature protests against tariff of 1828, 170, 171, 174; attitude to Jackson's views, 172; relation to McDuffie bill of 1830, 174; attitude to McDuffie's argument, 176; attitude to Congress in 1830-31, 178; the tariff and Calhoun's work, 179, 181, 183; nullification or rebellion, 183; relation to Jackson's message of 1831, 184; stock held in United States Bank, 203; nullification earlier in Georgia, 210; relation to the Indian troubles in Georgia, 220; special meeting of legislature, 221; the nullification convention and its work, 221; the ordinance of nullification, 222; committee to the legislature, 223; addresses of the convention, 223, 224; Hamilton's message, 224; Hayne's inaugural, 224; the Replevin Act, 224-226; change of representation in Senate, 224; acts to enforce ordinance of nullification, 226; opinion of Calhoun and others as to position of South Carolina, 226-228; South Carolina in Jackson's' message of 1832, 228; Jackson's proclamation of December 10, 1832, 228-230; active steps taken by Jackson, 230, 231; feeling of the other States, 231; Hayne's proclamation and the action of South Carolina, 232; Jackson's message of January, 1833, 232; Calhoun's statement in the Senate, 232, 233; the "Force Bill" reported, 233, 234; answers Replevin Act, 234; attitude of Calhoun, 234; postponement of execution of nullification ordinance, 235; Bell's report on President's powers, 235; Clay's proposals, 235, 236; attitude of Calhoun, 236, 237; attitude to Clay's bill, 237, 238; ordinance of nullification withdrawn, 238; motive of leaders in affairs of nullification, 238; effect of nullification considered, 238-241; opinion of Jacksonian principles, 240; convention in, 375; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; demands of South Carolinians in Kansas, 437; the assault upon Sumner, 439

South Carolina College, 173

"South Carolina Exposition, The," 179

South Sea, the, 33

Southampton County, Virginia, slave insurrection, 248, 249; Floyd's message, 249; passed over, 250; effect on consideration of abolition petitions, 252

"Southern Address," the, 374

Spain, as to American possessions, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36; cedes Louisiana territory, 54, 65; claims in North Pacific, 123; relation to colonies and to Congress of Verona, 124; attitude of Great Britain and United States as to her colonies, 125; the "Monroe Doctrine," 125-128; Clay's attitude to Spain's colonies, 135, 152, 153; trouble in the colonies, 147, 151-153; boundary disputes with France and United States, 290; treaty of 1819, 290; revolt of Mexico, 291; claim to Oregon, 311; the Nootka Convention, 311, 312; effect of war with Great Britain, 312; cedes Louisiana to France, 312; cedes Florida, 313; treaty of 1819, 318

Spalding, Henry Harmon, missionary to Oregon, 315

Spanish Government, 37

Spear, Samuel T., opposes fugitive slave law, 368

"Specie Circular," its results, 283

_Squatter Sovereign_, the, misrepresentations as to Emigrant Aid Company, 411

Stanton, F. P., appointed secretary of Kansas Territory, 461; as Acting Governor, negotiates with "Free-state" men, 461, 462; action on fraudulent elections, 465; demands of "Free-state" men, 466, 467; calls legislature at Lecompton, 467; removed, 467

"States' rights," founder of party, 2; position of Webster, 6; early condition of party, 122; nucleus of party, 146; Calhoun's doctrine, 179 _et seq._; as to the Bank, 194, 195; Benton's speech, 199; Troup's attitude, 213; Calhoun's position, 234, 236, 268, 269, 270; King's views, 269, 270; and _see_ 3, 49, 109, 130, 136, 137, 159, 192, 215, 217, 274

Stearns, ----, sells rights to site of Lawrence, 415

Stephens, Alexander Hamilton, management of the Kansas-Nebraska bill, 404

Stockton, Robert Field, ordered to Upper California, 331

Storrs, Henry R., voting, 73; on Missouri affair, 78

Storrs, Richard Salter, opposes fugitive slave law, 368

Strange, Robert, motion in Senate, 270

Stringfellow, B. F., coeditor of _Squatter Sovereign_, 411; formation of "Platte County Self-defensive Association," 414

Sullivan, G., interview with Adams, 142, 143

Sumner, Edwin Vose, communication with Robinson as to assault on Jones, 434; conditional offer of Lawrence citizens to surrender arms to, 437; rescues Pate, 442; returns to Fort Leavenworth, 442; disperses legislature at Topeka, 443; his act disapproved, 443; retirement, 443; attitude to Kansas affairs, 472

Sumner, Charles, presents petitions for repeal of fugitive slave law, 375; speech on fugitive slave law, 377; effort to improve Nebraska bill, 388; signs _National Era_ address, 389; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; speech on the "Crime against Kansas," 439; assaulted by Brooks, 439, 440; effect of assault modified by Pottawattomie massacres, 442

Supreme Court of the United States, decisions by: Brown _vs._ Maryland, 195, 198; McCulloch _vs._ Maryland, 205; Cherokee Nation case, 218; Worcester _vs._ Georgia, 218, 219; _see also_ 109, 207, 222, 229, 346, 348, 366, 383, 427, 447, 460; Prigg _vs._ Pennsylvania, 363; Dred Scott _vs._ Sandford, 447, 449, _et seq._

Sutter land claims, war against, 413

Swift, Benjamin, presents abolition petition, 269; motion to lay on table, 270

Syracuse, New York, meetings on fugitive slave law, 368; the "Jerry rescue," 373, 374

TACUBAYA, 153

Tait, Charles, report, 74

Tallmadge, James, 34; amendment to Missouri bill, 66-74; leader of restrictionists, 68

Taney, Roger Brooke, appointed secretary of the treasury, 280; ceases deposits in United States Bank, 280; the contention as to propriety and legality, 280, 281; criticism by the Senate, 281; opinion on Dred Scott case, 453, 454; criticism of his argument, 455, 456; charge as to divulging court secrets, 456, 457

Tappan, S. F., resists Sheriff Jones, 434

Tariff, bill of 1816, 3, 8, 9, 10; views of Clay, 10; speech of Calhoun, 10, 11, 12; passed by House and Senate, 12; attitude of Randolph and Telfair, and the New Englanders, 12; act under comparison, 15, 16; Monroe's messages of 1821 and 1822, 110; bill of 1823, 110, 111; failure of the bill, 111; Monroe's message of 1823, 111; bill of 1824, 112; support of Tod, 112, and of Clay, 112, 113; opposition of Webster, Cambreleng and Barbour, 113, 114; Hayne's theory, 114; modified bill passed by House, 114; House rejects Senate amendments, 114; conference committee, 114, 115; characterization of tariff of 1827, 115; attitude of various States toward tariff of 1824, 115; protest of South Carolina, 115, 116; significance of the question, 129; relation to slavery, 157; act of 1824 a failure, 157; memorials, 158; Mallary bill of 1827, 158; provisions, 158; attitude of the various sections, 158, 159; bill passed by House, 159; opposition of South Carolina, 159, 160; bill abandoned in Senate, 160; bill of 1828 reported, 160; its provisions, 160; opposed and modified, 160, 161; analysis of vote in House, 162; passed by Senate and approved, 162; relation to party lines, 162, 163; South Carolina protests against bill of 1828, 170, 171, 174; Jackson's message of December, 1829, 171, 172; its reception in South Carolina, 172; its reference, 172; question of origin of tariff bills, 173, 174; bill reported by McDuffie, 174; its terms and disposal, 174; manufactures committee bill, 175; argument of McDuffie, 175, 176, 177; passage of bills of 1830, 177, 178; Jackson's message of December, 1830, 178; the work of Calhoun, 179-181, 183; the law in court, 182, 183; Jackson's message of December, 1831, 184; two bills of 1832, 185; disposal in House, 186; Clay's resolution in Senate, 186, 187, 188; House bill in Senate, 188; amended and passed, 188; distribution of vote in Senate, 188; conference and bill becomes law, 188; its effect on the situation, 188, 189; proposal in address of South Carolina convention, 224; Jackson's message of December, 1832, 228; bill reported by Verplanck, 231, 232; discussion of Verplanck bill, 235; Clay proposes compromise tariff, 235; his purposes, 235, 236; attitude of Calhoun, 236; controversy over the bill, 236; Clay's bill amended and substituted for Verplanck's bill, 237; attitude of South Carolina, 238; President's approval, 238; result of modified bill of 1833, 283; tariff bills vetoed by Tyler, 286

Tassells, Cherokee Indian, executed, 218

Taylor, John, supports Bank bill, 8; presides over Columbia convention, 159

Taylor, John W., in Missouri bill debate, 68; plan as to Missouri, 75, 76, 78; new motion and argument, 78 _et seq._; on conference committee, 88; attitude toward internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; vote upon Maysville road bill, 168

Taylor, Zachary, ordered to advance from Corpus Christi, 329; demand of Ampudia, 329; hostilities begun, 329; battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 329, 330; occupies Matamoras, 331; takes Monterey, 331, 332; battle of Buena Vista, 332, 333; battles of Contreras, San Antonio, and Cherubusco, 334; armistice, 334; presidential nominee, 345; elected President, 349; plan as to California, 353; message of December 4, 1849, 353, 354; special message under consideration, 357, 358; death, 362

Tehuantepec, Isthmus of, 337

Telfair, Thomas, opposition to tariff of 1816, 12

Tennessee, 31, 32, 35; created a Commonwealth, 51; with slavery, 62, 63; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 118; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1822, 119; legislature nominates Jackson for the presidency, 136; electoral vote in 1844, 320; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Territorial extension, position of Whig and Democratic parties, 287, 288

Texas, early boundary dispute, 290; Austin grant, 291; efforts of United States to buy Texas, 292; declares independence, 293; the Mexicans defeated, 294; constitution formed and Houston elected President, 294; the Connecticut resolution, 295; the Senate's resolution, 295; Calhoun's position, 295, 296; House passes resolution, 296; Morfit's mission, 296-298; Jackson's message of December 21, 1836, 298; Walker's resolution, 298; Jackson's special message as to reprisals, 298; Walker resolution adopted, 299; Texas in diplomatic appropriation bill 299; Jackson deals with agent of Texas, 300; Texan independence recognized, 300; the question of annexation, 300, 301; Wise's doctrine as to annexation, 302; Whig address on annexation, 303; negotiations of Upshur and Van Zandt, 304; independence recognized by Powers, 304; possibility of British interference, 304; relations to Mexico, 305, 306; proposal of annexation, 305; legal position, 306; Murphy's assurance to President of Texas, 306; Houston sends special envoy to Washington, 306; Murphy's assurance disavowed, 307; President's proposal to move forces, 307; Texas treaty sent to Senate, 307, 308; President's view of constitutional position of Texas, 308; treaty rejected by Senate, 308; Benton's claim, 308; opposition of Archer, 308, 309; "reannexation" in the Democratic platform, 309; documents sent to House, 309, 310; in Democratic platform of 1844, 316, 317, 318; the Clay letters, 319; demands of abolitionists, 319; the _National Intelligencer_ letter, 319, 320; relation to annexation of election of Polk, 320; Greeley's views as to triumph of annexation, 320; Tyler's message of 1844, 320, 321; Ingersoll reports joint resolution, 321; various views as to method of annexation, 321, 322; House passes enabling act, 322; the Archer report in the Senate, 322, 323; the Walker amendment, 323; measure signed by President, 323; Texas admitted, 323; annexation a casus belli for Mexico, 327; Texas congress of December, 1836, 328; the Rio Grande as boundary, 328; President's duty as to Texan boundary, 329; Congressional acts as to Corpus Christi, 329; importance of Buena Vista, 333; problem of Texan boundary, 354, 355; Clay's plan, 355, 356; opposition of Southerners, 356, 357; attitude of abolitionists, 357; Webster's Seventh of March speech, 359; Clay's report, 361; extension of jurisdiction by Bell, 362, 363; passage of bill as to Texan boundary, 363, 364; dictum of Douglas as to annexation of Texas, 390; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399. _See also_ Coahuila-Texas

Thayer, Eli, beginning of his work, 408, 409; his reasoning, 409; organization effected, 409, 410; incorporation, 410, 411; conference with Robinson, 413; reward offered for his head, 413; sending of Sharpe's rifles, 423

Thomas, Jesse B., motion as to slavery, 84, 87, 88; on conference' committee, 88

Thompson, James, moves amendment to Oregon bill, 341; amendment in Douglas bill, 341

Thompson, Waddy, as minister to Mexico receives threat of war, 305; opinion on slavery extension, 330

Titus, Colonel, in troubles at Lawrence, 437; captured, 444; his release promised, 444

Tod, John, reports tariff bill, 110; bill fails, 111; reports tariff bill of 1824, 112; supports the bill, 112

Tomlinson, Gideon, opposes report of Committee of Thirteen, 101

Topeka, Kansas, convention at, 425 (_see_ Kansas, Territory of); legislature at, dispersed, 443; Cooke refuses to obey Woodson's order to attack Topeka, 445; mass-meeting at, 464

Topliff, C. W., dealings with Donaldson for Lawrence citizens, 438

Treaty of April 11, 1713 (Utrecht), 312

Treaty of 1762, between France and Spain, 21, 22, 23

Treaty of Paris, February 10, 1763, between France, Great Britain, and Spain, 20, 21, 22, 23

Treaty of Paris, September 3, 1783, 22

Treaty of 1790 (Nootka Convention), between Great Britain and Russia, 311

Treaty of 1800 (St. Ildefonso), between France and Spain, 22, 23, 24, 54, 312

Treaty of April 30, 1803, between France and the United States, 23, 24, 55, 57, 72, 312, 318

Treaty of Fort Jackson, 1814, 26, 29

Treaty of December 24, 1814, between Great Britain and the United States, 9, 26

[Convention] of October 20, 1818, between Great Britain and the United States, 313, 314

Treaty of February 22, 1819, between Spain and the United States, 33, 36, 37, 38, 290, 313, 318

Treaty of July 12, 1823, between Colombia and Peru, 147

Treaty of July 12, 1823, between Colombia and Chili, 147

Treaty of February 12, 1825, between United States and Creek Indians, 212, 214

Treaty of April 12, 1825, between Colombia and United Provinces of Central America, 147

Treaty of September 20, 1825, between Colombia and Mexico, 147

Treaty of January, 1826, between United States and Creek Indians, 214

[Convention] of August 6, 1827, between Great Britain and the United States, 314, 324

Treaty of 1832, between United States and Seminole Indians, 290

[Treaty] of April 11, 1839, between Mexico and the United States, 301

Treaty of August 9, 1842, between Great Britain and the United States, 303

Treaty of April 12, 1844, between Texas and the United States, 307, 308, 309

Treaty of June 15, 1846, between Great Britain and the United States, 326, 339

Treaty of February 2, 1848, between Mexico and the United States, 338, 339, 354, 355

Tremont Temple, fugitive slave law meetings, 373

Trist, Nicholas P., offers treaty to Mexico, 337; proposals rejected, 337; signs treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 388; returns to Washington, 338, 339

Troup, George McIntosh, attempts survey of Creek land, 212; letter from Barbour, 212, 213; controversy with Barbour and Adams, 213, 214; repudiates agreement of 1826, 214; controversy with Administration as to surveys, 214, 215; his message to the legislature, 215

Tucker, George, committee service, 3

Turks, 45

Turner, Nat, leads slave insurrection, 249

Tuyl, Baron, declaration from Adams, 124, 125

Tyler, John, succeeds Harrison, 286; vetoes bank bills and tariff bills, 286; Cabinet resignations, 286, 287; friction with Whigs, 287; accession to presidency, 301; opens negotiations with Texas, 301; relation to annexation, 302; resignation of Webster, 303; makes Upshur secretary of state, 303, 304; the London story of interference in Texas, 304; attitude to Mexican threat of war, 305; relation to Texan negotiation, 307; as to defence of Texas, 307; sends treaty to Senate, 307, 308; view of constitutional position of Texas, 308; significance of Archer's criticism of annexation treaty, 309; sends Texas documents to House, 309, 310; relations with Whitman, 315, 316; message of 1844, 320, 321; views as to method of annexation, 321; signs measure for annexation of Texas, 323; characterization of his acts, 323, 324

"UNCLE TOM'S CABIN," 106

"Underground," the, established, 368. _See_ Fugitive Slave Law

United Provinces of Central America, treaty of 1825, with Colombia, 147

United States Bank. _See_ Bank of the United States

United States of America, the, effect of military statutes, 13; national spirit in, 19; territorial extension of, 20; independence recognized, 22; purchase of Louisiana, 23; claims on Florida, 23, 24; occupation of Florida, 24, 25; effect of treaty of Ghent, 26; affair at Nicholls Fort, 27, 28; character of Seminole War, 29, 30; relations with Spain as to occupation of Florida, 32, 33; treaty with Spain, 33, 36, 37, 38; transfer of Florida, 38; slavery in, 40, 50, 52, 53; treaty of 1803, 55; obligations to Georgia and North Carolina, 56, and to France, 57; attitude to slavery, 58, 59, 60, 62-65; debate on powers of general Government, 66 _et seq._; Taylor's discussion of powers, 79, 80; federal system of 1820, 87; nature of the Union, 97; effect of second Missouri compromise, 103; significance of the compromise, 104-106; commercial position, 112, 113; foreign relations of, in 1822, 122; claims in the North Pacific, 123; relation to Spain's American possessions, 124 _et seq._; attitude to Holy Alliance, 124 _et seq._; relations with Spanish-American states, 146 _et seq._; constitutional interpretation in the history of, 156; relations with Great Britain, 164; railroads in, 169; tariff the necessary policy of, 171; statistics from foreign trade of, 175, 176; meaning of the term, 180; regard for laws of, 181; danger of bank to, 202; Jackson's view considered, 203; as to veto power, 207; effect of Jackson's bank veto, 207-209; cession by Georgia to, 211; treaty with Creek Indians, 212; dispute as to title, 213; treaty with Creek Indians, 214; trouble with Georgia, 214 _et seq._; the issue as offered by South Carolina, 226; principle of the governmental system of, 227; the time for a revenue tariff, 228; Jackson on the character of the Union, 229; officers of, in South Carolina, 230; resistance to laws checked, 234; effect of events of 1832 and 1833, 238-241; development of national purposes, 243, 244; abolition and opinion of slavery in, 244; contest over use of mails of, 270 _et seq._; disputes as to deposits of, 280 _et seq._; treaty with Seminoles, 290; recognition of Spanish rights, 290; immigration into Texas from, forbidden, 291; attempts to purchase Texas, 292; importation of slaves into Texas from, allowed, 294; as to recognition of Texan independence by, 295, 296; Morfit's report on Texas, 297; question of natural boundaries, 300, 301; annexation of Texas proposed, 301; diplomatic relations with Mexico, 301, 302; recognition of Texan independence by, 304; relations with Mexico and Texas, 305 _et seq._; as to admission of Texas, 310; purchase of Louisiana, 312; claims in Oregon, 312, 313; conventions with Great Britain, 313, 314; Oregon and Great Britain, 314 _et seq._; as to claim on Texas and Oregon, 318; Clay's views as to policy of, 319, 320; relations with Mexico, 320, 321; as to annexation of Texas, 321; as to method of annexation to, 323, 324; claims to Oregon, 324 _et seq._; negotiations with Great Britain, 326; suspension of diplomatic relations with Mexico, 327; mission to Mexico, 328; question of the Texan frontier, 328, 329; relations with Mexico, 329 _et seq._; military power in California, 332; the Trist mission, 337, 338; treaty with Mexico, 338; Rhett on the nature of the union, 342, 343; extension of public law of, 352; relations to Cuba, 408; relation to affairs in Kansas, 445 _et seq._

Upham, William, introduces amendment, 338; opposition of Cass and rejection, 338

Upper California, to be occupied to Sloat and Stockton, 331; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338; Smith's bill, 349. _See_ California

Upshur, Abel P., made secretary of state, 303, 304; negotiations with Van Zandt, 304; letter to Murphy, 304; formally proposed annexation, 305; demand from Van Zandt, 306; relation to Murphy's promise, 306; death, 306

Utah, Foote's bill for territorial organization, 254; report of committee on territories, 360; Committee of Thirteen, 360; Clay's report, 360, 361; bill as to Utah passed, 362; as to the Douglas report on Nebraska, 384; Chase on Act of 1850, 391

Utrecht, treaty of, 312

VAN BUREN, MARTIN, relation to Crawford, 133; attitude toward civil service reform, 133; in election of 1824, 137; attitude upon Panama Congress, 153; opposition to Adams on internal improvements, 155; share in election of 1828, 164; made secretary of state, 164; his success in diplomacy, 164; relation of Administration to the financial situation, 284; message of September 4, 1837, 284, 285; origin of independent treasury idea, 285; Van Buren's recommendation and the law of July 4, 1840, 285, 286; declines proposition of Texan annexation, 301; resumed diplomatic relations with Mexico, 301; treaty proclaimed, 301, 302; put aside by his party, 309; nominated for presidency, 347; popular vote in 1848 compared with that for Hale in 1852, 377

Vanderpoel, Aaron, motion in House, 255

Van Zandt, Isaac, negotiations with Upshur, 304; proposal of Upshur, 305; demand upon Upshur, 306

Venezuela, 30

Vera Cruz, campaign against, ordered, 332; captured by Scott, 333

Vermont, slavery forbidden, 62, 63; Rev. S. A. Worcester, of, 218; abolition petition, 265, 269; position of Calhoun, 270; disposal of Swift's motion, 270; vacancy in Senate delegation, 398; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

Verona, Congress of, 124

Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, reports tariff bill, 231, 232; bill discussed, 235; bill used in argument, 236; Clay's bill substituted for Verplanck's bill, 237

Virginia, Commonwealth of, 8, 41; legislation on slavery, 43; statute of 1662, 44, 45; slave code of 1705, 45; legislation on public elements of slavery, 46; forbids importation of slaves, 48; domestic slave-trade, 57, 58; as a type, 86; relation to Cumberland road, 116; attitude to internal improvements bill of 1817, 117; attitude to improvements bill of 1822, 119; stock held in United States Bank, 203; relation to slavery in District of Columbia, 253; anticipated by Connecticut in recognizing Texas, 295; views as to policies on slavery, 378; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399

"Virginia dynasty," the, extinct, 131

Vives, Francisco D., 37

WADE, EDWARD, signs _National Era_ address, 389; opposition to Douglas, 391

Wakarusa River, the, settlement near, 414; Missourians on, 429

Walker, Isaac P., motion as to Mexican acquisitions, 350, 351; declaration as to repeal of act of 1820, 395

Walker, Robert John, offers resolution as to Texas, 298; adopted, 299; offers amendment to Texas resolution, 323; appointed Governor of Kansas Territory, 461; his address, 462; party relations, 462; declaration as to law controlling territorial election, 464; action on fraudulent elections, 465

Walker, Samuel, in command of "Free-state" forces in Kansas, 444

Walla Walla, mission on the, 315, 316

War of 1812, 1, 5, 8, 9, 13, 17, 24, 25, 28, 29, 33, 54, 58, 59; effect upon political parties, 130; effect on Republican party, 239; as to Astoria, 313

War with Mexico, a result of social development, 277; relation of war to election of Polk, 320; details, 327 _et seq._; the casus belli, 327; the concentration of forces, 328; point of conflict, 328, 329; beginning of hostilities, 329; battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, 329, 330; attitude of parties to war, 330; character of war, 330, 331; Congress authorizes war, 331; occupation of New Mexico and Upper California, 331; capture of Monterey, 331, 332; seizure of California, 332; return of Santa Anna and plans against Vera Cruz, 332; battle of Buena Vista, 333; capture of Vera Cruz, 333; battle of Cerro Gordo, 333; capture of Jalapa, Perote, and Puebla, 333; battles of Contreras, San Antonio, and Cherubusco, 334; armistice, 334; Cass's view of relation of the war and slavery, 338; battles of Molino del Rey and Chapultepec, 338; capture of Mexico, 338; opposition to the war, 338; treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338

War of 1861, an historical necessity, 65; a result of social development, 277; relation of events in Kansas to, 473, 474

War Department, 28, 30, 31, 32, 35

Warrenton, Virginia, 138

Washington, D. C., 2, 33, 124, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 307, 313, 315, 327, 330, 339, 375, 389, 401, 426, 428, 439

Washington Hall, fugitive slave law meetings, 373

Washington _Union_, the, relation to President Pierce, 401, 402

Webb, James Watson, applies name to Whig party, 281, 282

Webster, Daniel, objection to Bank bill, 6; as to tariff bill, 12; qualifications as presidential candidate in 1824, 134, 136; attitude to tariff of 1828, 162; Calhoun and the Hayne debate, 179; relation to Jackson and the Bank, 191; advice to Bank party, 201; on Bank committee of Senate, 201; answers Calhoun's argument, 237; retires from Tyler's cabinet, 286, 287; New York speech on Texas, 301; checks annexation plans, 303; resigns from State Department, 303; the Ashburton treaty, 303; negotiation with Ashburton, 314; views on slavery in Mexican acquisitions, 351, 352; Seventh of March speech, 359; on Committee of Thirteen, 360; attitude to fugitive slave law, 368; denounced by Giddings, 369; contest in Whig convention of 1852, 376; death, 377

Webster, Sidney, statement as to position of Washington _Union_, 401, 402

Welles, Gideon, Blair to Welles on Seward, 387, 388

Wells, William, as to Bank bill, 8

West Florida, 21

Weston, Missouri, meeting of residents of Platte County, 414

Westport, Missouri, meeting of Whitman colonists, 316

Wheeling, West Virginia, 116

Whig party, appearance, 38, 104; acquisition of name, 279, 281, 282; significance of its composition and principles, 282, 283; relation to Gordon's independent treasury proposal, 285; opposes independent treasury bill of 1840, 285, 286; convention of 1839, 286; election of 1840, 286; Bank bill and tariff bill as party measures, 286; friction between Congress and President, 286, 287; relation of its principle to the new question of slavery and territorial extension, 287, 288; address on Texas annexation, 303; convention nominates Clay for presidency, 309; position on Polk's first message, 324, 325; attitude to Mexican War, 330; platform of 1848, 345; the Clayton bill, 346, 347; election of 1848, 348, 349; convention of 1852, 376; tendency to division of party, 376, 377; election of 1852, 377; controversy over Kansas-Nebraska bill, 391; vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 398, 399; vote in House on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 404, 405; meaning of the vote, 405, 406; as to leaders of Emigrant Aid Company, 413; effect of Kansas struggle, 417; tendency to dissolution, 417, 418

Whitfield, John W., elected to Congress in Kansas, 417; credentials accepted, 418; contest for seat in House of Representatives, 432, 433; leads Missourians in Kansas, 441

Whitman, Marcus, missionary to Oregon, 315; settlement, and visit to Tyler, 315; helped by the Administration, 315, 316; the Oregon colony, 315

Wick, William W., moves amendment, 341, 342

Wilkins, William, reports "Force Bill," 233, 234; bill used in argument, 236; attitude of Calhoun, 236; bill passed by Senate, 237; and by House, 237, 238; approved, 238; "Force Bill" considered, 240

Williams, J. M. S., in emigrant aid work, 411; conference with Robinson, 413

Wilmot, David, moves amendment, 335; passed by House, 335; no action in Senate, 336; amendment again passed by House, 336 (_see_ Upham, William); motion for amendment of Wilmot proviso, 341, 342; the proviso and the Whig platform of 1848, 345; the proviso in Berrien's speech, 352; the proviso in abolitionist demands, 357

Wilson, Henry, meets Robinson at Lawrence, 463; urges new census for Kansas, 463

Wisconsin, Commonwealth of, vote on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 399; early Republican party in, 418

Wise, Henry A., demand as to District of Columbia, 257; doctrine on Texan annexation, 302; connection of speech with President's policy, 303

Witan, 262

Wood, S, N., Jones serves writ on, 433; as to "treason indictment," 435

Woodbury, Charles Levi, connection with Sims case, 373

Woodbury, Levi, beginning of Bank trouble, 191

Woodson, Daniel, Acting-Governor of Kansas Territory, 425; superseded by Shannon, 427; again Acting-Governor, 444; proclamation of August 25, 444, 445; orders Cooke to attack Topeka, 445

Worcester _vs._ Georgia [6 Peters, 515], 218, 219

Worcester, Samuel A., violation of Georgia statute, 218, 219; case of Worcester against Georgia, 219

Worcester, Massachusetts, home of Eli Thayer, 408

Wright, William, not voting on Kansas-Nebraska bill, 398

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