CHAPTER LVI

HOME WATERS: THE LAST COMMAND

Before taking over the command of the Channel Fleet, to which I was appointed on 4th March, 1907, on my return from the Mediterranean, I proceeded on leave, family affairs calling me to Mexico.

My younger brother, Lord Delaval, had been killed in a railway accident in the United States, on 26th December of the preceding year (1906), while I was in the Mediterranean. He left a large property in Mexico, whither I went to settle his affairs as his executor.

Lord Delaval had gone to Mexico as a young man, intending to make his fortune, and so to fulfil the terms imposed by the parents of the lady to whom he was attached, as the condition upon which they would grant their sanction to his marriage with their daughter. At the time of his death, having bought out his partner, he possessed two magnificent ranches in Mexico: Ojitos Ranch, 120,000 acres, and Upper Chug Ranch, 76,000 acres; and a third ranch at Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. I stayed for some time at Ojitos Ranch; where I found that my brother was known as a dare-devil rider and an excellent rancher; managing his ranches himself, and taking his part in rounding up his stock and branding his cattle.

Upon Ojitos there were about 6000 head of cattle and 1500 head of horses, donkeys and mules. Ojitos means "little springs"; the house stood beside the springs; and brother, who was something of an engineer, had constructed three large reservoirs and nine miles of irrigation {549} canals, intersecting the whole estate. These little canals, fed by the reservoirs, were two feet broad and three inches deep, so that they could be kept clear with the plough. As the water was perpetually running along them, the stock could drink anywhere, an invaluable advantage in the calving season. Upon some ranches, where the water is scarce, cows and calves often perish for lack of ready access to it. The vast grassy plain is surrounded by mountains, and the estate itself is enclosed in a ring fence of barbed wire, 110 miles in circumference. My brother's staff consisted of five Mexican cowboys and three negroes. He left the two Mexican ranches to my brother Marcus and myself.

I got rid of all off-colour stock; put on a lot of new Durham bulls; poisoned the prairie dogs which ate the grass, leaving the ground bare as a high road; effected various other improvements, and organised the whole upon a business plan, down to the last detail. The drought of 1909 killed off many of the stock, for although the water supply was maintained, the grass perished. Nevertheless, the Ojitos Ranch paid its way, and in 1912 it was sold for a good price. The other ranch, Upper Chug, is still unsold at the time of writing (1913), owing to the breaking out of the rebellion, the supersession of President Diaz, and the consequent unsettled state of the country.

It was not remarkable for peace during my sojourn at Ojitos. El Paso, the frontier town, was full of what are called "the Bad Men of the United States," who were wanted by the police; and who, if they were in danger of capture, slipped over the border. The revolver is commonly used in disputes, particularly at Casas Grandes, a Mexican town about 120 miles from El Paso. During my brief visit to that place, three men were shot: one in a gambling hell, one in a Chinese restaurant, and one in a lodging-house; their assailants escaping with impunity.

Riding on the ranch, I saw a man about two miles away galloping for dear life. The cowboy who was with me explained that the rider "had holed a man somewhere and {550} was off up country." The fugitive headed away from us, and coming to the wire fence, he nipped the wire, and so rode away to the hills.

The retainers of Ojitos Ranch, with whom I sat down to dinner every day, were each armed with a revolver, sometimes two revolvers, and a knife. I was the only unarmed man present.

I had already made the acquaintance of President Diaz some time previously, when I had been tarpon-fishing at Tampico. On that occasion I was accompanied by my friend, Mr. Benjamin Guinness, who had been sub-lieutenant in the _Undaunted_ when I commanded that ship. His brother had been midshipman in the _Undaunted_ at the same time. The two brothers left the Service to engage in business, and both have been highly successful.

Upon my departure from Ojitos, I went to see President Diaz. He was most kind and helpful; both he and other prominent Mexicans informed me that they desired to increase the number of British properties in Mexico; and the President expressed the hope that I would retain possession of the ranches. At the same time, he gave me all the assistance in his power with regard to the settlement of the affairs of the estates; nor could they have been settled satisfactorily without his help.

President Diaz impressed me as a quiet, strong and determined ruler, who knew exactly how to govern Mexico, and did it. Under his rule, revolutions were summarily checked, and Mexico flourished as never before.

Upon my return to England, I took over the command of the Channel Fleet, hoisting my flag in the _King Edward VII_, at Portland, on 16th April, 1907. The second in command was Vice-Admiral Sir Reginald Custance (now Admiral Sir R. N. Custance, G.C.B., K.C.M.G., C.V.O.), a most distinguished strategist and tactician, one of the most learned officers in his profession. I have never been able to understand why Sir Reginald Custance, instead of being placed {551} upon half-pay until his retirement, was not appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Admiralty.

The members of the Staff were: chief of staff, Captain Frederick C. D. Sturdee, succeeded by Captain Montague E. Browning; flag-commander, Fawcet Wray; intelligence officer at the Admiralty, Commander Godfrey Tuke, succeeded by Captain Arthur R. Hulbert; signal officer, Lieutenant Charles D. Roper; flag-lieutenant, Herbert T. G. Gibbs; engineer-captain, Edwin Little: secretary, Fleet Paymaster John A. Keys; flag-captain, Henry B. Pelly, M.V.O.; commander, G. H. Baird. The navigating officer, Commander E. L. Booty, who had been with me in the _Majestic_, was the best navigator I have known.

Of the two successive chiefs of staff, Captain (now Vice-Admiral) Sturdee, and Captain (now Rear-Admiral) Browning, to whom I owe so much, I desire to express my appreciation. Their powers of organisation and their knowledge of what is required for organisation for war are of a very high degree. Among other officers, all of whom did service so excellent, I may mention Lieutenant (now Commander) Roper, who was one of the best signal officers in the service; Lieutenant Gibbs, a most charming and loyal companion, who met his death by falling overboard in the Portland race, and the loss of whose affectionate friendship I still mourn; and Fleet-Paymaster Keys, who was with me for more than six years, and to whose brilliant services I owe so much.

The composition of the Channel Fleet, in April, 1907, was 14 battleships (eight _King Edward VII_, two _Swiftsure_, two _Ocean_, two _Majestic_), four armoured cruisers, two second-class cruisers, and one third-class cruiser attached.

During this period, an extraordinary confusion prevailed at the Admiralty. Its character may be briefly indicated by a summary of the various changes in the organisation and distribution of the Fleet, beginning in the previous year (1906).

In October, the sea-going Fleets were reduced in strength {552} by about one-quarter, and a new Home Fleet was formed of nucleus crew ships. The Channel Fleet was reduced from sixty-two fighting vessels to twenty-one fighting vessels, the balance being transferred to the Home Fleet. An order was issued under which ships taken from the Channel, Atlantic and Mediterranean Fleets for purposes of refitting, were to be replaced during their absence by ships from the Home Fleet.

In December, the Nore Division of the Home Fleet was given full crews instead of nucleus crews.

In April, 1907, an order was issued that no more than two battleships in each Fleet were to be refitted at one time.

In September, the Channel Fleet was increased from twenty-one vessels to sixty vessels.

In August, 1908, the orders substituting Home Fleet ships for ships from sea-going fleets under repair, and ordaining that no more than two battleships should be absent at one time, were cancelled; with the result that the Channel Fleet went to sea in the following December short of eight battleships, two armoured cruisers, one unarmoured cruiser, one scout, and 20 destroyers, 32 vessels in all.

When the Home Fleet was finally constituted, in March, 1907, there were no less than three commanders-in-chief in Home Waters; one commanding the Home Fleet, one the Nore Division, and one (myself) the Channel Fleet. In time of war the supreme command was to be exercised by me, over the whole number of fighting vessels, 244 in all. But in time of peace they could not be trained or exercised together, nor had any one of the commanders-in-chief accurate information at any given moment of the state or disposition of the forces of any other commander-in-chief.

Such, briefly presented, was the situation with which I was confronted in this my last command. It was fraught with difficulties so complex, and potential dangers to the security of the country so palpable, that many of my friends urged me to resign my command in the public interest. I decided, however, that I should best serve His Majesty the King, the Navy and the country by remaining at my post.

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In the summer of 1907, the Channel Fleet proceeded upon a United Kingdom cruise, touching at various places round the coasts of these islands. When the Fleet was at sea, individual ships were sent away upon short cruises, in order to give the captains opportunities of exercising independent command. When the Fleet was at anchor, the ships were open to the public from half-past one to half-past six daily, in order to increase their knowledge and encourage their interest in the Royal Navy.

It was during one of these cruises that the Irishmen in the Fleet displayed one of their national characteristics.

The anniversary of Saint Patrick's Day was drawing near when the Fleet lay in Bantry Bay. On Saint Patrick's Day itself the Fleet was to proceed to sea. Hitherto, as a rule, if the Irishmen in the Fleet happened to be on leave on Saint Patrick's Day, many of them broke their leave. When I made a signal, giving the Irishmen four days' leave, and ordering them to return on board on Saint Patrick's Day, I added that the commander-in-chief, himself an Irishman, expected every Irishman to be back to his leave. There were 766 Irish liberty-men went on shore for four days; and 766 were on board again ere the Fleet sailed on the night of Saint Patrick's Day. It might be that the Saint could mention the thing in conversation with Saint Peter at the Gate, for future reference. For there were some 2000 Irishmen in the Fleet, who, when the Fleet lay at Portland, could not, like the Englishmen, visit their homes once a month. And when it is considered how hospitable and convivial they become on the anniversary of their patron Saint, I shall be understood when I say that the behaviour on this occasion of the Irishmen in the Fleet affords a remarkable instance of the Irish sense of honour. There are no other people so easily handled, if the right way be taken with them.

The Fleet assembled at Spithead in November, 1907, to receive his Majesty the Emperor of Germany; and in the following May, the Fleet assembled at Dover to receive President Fallières.

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In the summer of 1908, the Fleet proceeded upon a cruise in Norwegian waters. Their Majesties the King and Queen of Norway, with the little Crown Prince Olaf, honoured the flagship with a visit when the Fleet lay at Esbjerg. At Skagen, on the evening of 7th July, when the Fleet was lying at anchor, the _Hohenzollern_, flying the flag of his Majesty the Emperor of Germany, was suddenly sighted, together with the escorting cruiser _Stettin_ and the destroyer _Sleipner_. By the time his Imperial Majesty had reached the lines, the ships were manned and dressed over all. A salute of twenty-one guns was fired; and the _Hohenzollern_ was cheered as she steamed down the lines.

During my absence in Norwegian waters, I was the subject of a violent attack in the Press and elsewhere, due to a misapprehension. I recall the circumstance, because I am proud to remember that it was an Irishman, and he a political opponent, who, alone among all the members of the House of Commons, stood up and protested against an attack being made upon a brother Irishman when he was absent and unable to reply.

Their Majesties King Edward and Queen Alexandra visited the Channel Fleet on 7th August, 1908, in the _Victoria and Albert_, accompanied by the Prince of Wales in the _Alexandra_. His Majesty honoured the _King Edward VII_ and the _Hibernia_, second flag, with a visit. The flag-officers of the Fleet had the honour of lunching with their Majesties on board the _Victoria and Albert_.

Upon one of the Fleet cruises in the north, the flagship was passing under the Forth Bridge, when a spar caught on a girder of the bridge and carried away. Ere it could fall, Flag-Lieutenant Gibbs, with his customary presence of mind and pluck, threw me upon the deck, and himself on the top of me, to save me from the falling spar. Luckily, it touched neither of us.

There being no provision against mines dropped in time of war, it was suggested by me that the North Sea trawlers should be enlisted to sweep for mines; because they were {555} accustomed to the difficult work of towing and handling a trawl. The proposal was afterwards adopted.

In March, 1909, the Admiralty, in addition to other changes, having suddenly reduced the length of ships' commissions from three years to two years, I was ordered to haul down my flag and come on shore.

Accordingly, my flag was hauled down at Portsmouth on Wednesday, 24th March, 1909, after fifty years' service.

I cannot close this chronicle without expressing my profound appreciation of the loyalty and affection shown to me by my brother officers and by the men of the Royal Navy. Few events in my life have touched me more deeply than the presence of so many of my old shipmates among the crowds which assembled upon Portsmouth Hard when I came on shore after hauling down my flag, and which filled Waterloo Station and its approaches when I arrived in London. Nor can I omit to record my sense of the kind and generous reception given to me by my brother officers, who attended, in numbers that constituted a record, the dinner, over which I presided, given by the Royal Navy Club of 1765 and 1785, on the anniversary of the battle of Trafalgar next ensuing after my coming on shore.

It was a satisfaction to me when I came on shore, and it is a satisfaction to me now, to think that I pulled my pound in the Navy.

Doubtless, like other men of action, I have made mistakes. But I may justly claim that I have always held one purpose with a single mind: to do my best for the good of the Service and for the welfare of the officers and men of the Royal Navy; and in following that purpose, I have tried to disregard consequences which might affect my own fortunes, and which, in fact, have often proved injurious to them. And to the purpose which I have followed since I was a boy, I shall devote the rest of my life.

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POSTSCRIPT

THE MAKING OF AN ADMIRAL

One of our greatest naval administrators, the late Admiral of the Fleet Sir Frederick Richards, was constantly preoccupied with a problem, of which he used often to speak. "How are we to make great admirals?" he would say. It is a question of the highest moment. A great admiral may be born, but he must also be made. The making of an admiral has been the study of the best minds in the Navy for generations. And for this reason: _In time of war, all must depend on one man, and that man the admiral in command_. Upon his knowledge, ability and resolution will rest the fate of the country and of the Empire. That simple fact is not generally realised by the public. They do not understand that in time of war the statesman, the diplomatist, the politician must all give place to one man, the admiral in command at sea.

Every decade of naval officers has added something to the knowledge of what must go to the making of a great sea-officer. The establishment of the War College, the institution of the War Staff at the Admiralty, the private studies of individual naval officers, the practice of holding manoeuvres: all these things are valuable endeavours toward the same end. It remains, however (I believe), the fact that there exists no treatise on the ordinary administrative duties to be fulfilled by an admiral.

During many years I had the habit of making notes concerning all matters connected with the administration of a Fleet. These notes I hope to arrange and to publish. In {557} the meantime, I have ventured to think that the contribution of some observations dealing with the administrative duties of an admiral in command, embodying the results of many years' experience at sea, might be of use.

There is no position in the world requiring more tact than that of a commander-in-chief of a large Fleet. It is only by the exercise of consummate tact that a Fleet can be maintained in the most rigid state of discipline and, at the same time, cheery, happy and smart. Therefore it is that a knowledge of human nature is essential to the admiral.

Two admirals may do the same thing or may give the same order; one is perfectly successful, the other is not. One knows HOW to give an order, the other does not.

Success depends not only on _what_ is done, but on _the way in which_ it is done. Cheerful obedience to an order depends, not on the order but, on the way the order is given. In handling men, much depends on what is said, but much more depends upon the way in which it is said.

The art of successful administration of men consists in the prevention of accident, misdemeanour, or regrettable incidents. It does not consist in putting things right _after_ the unpleasant event has occurred. Nearly all slackness and untoward incidents are preventable by the exercise of forethought, common sense and good organisation. Most of the matters that go wrong, causing irritation and fault-finding on the part of the admiral, are often due to the failure to look ahead of the admiral himself.

When a Fleet proceeds to sea, the cruisers are often to be observed sobbing and sighing at full speed, trying to get into the position ordered, after the Fleet has left the harbour, when, by the use of a little judgment, they might have been sent out previously, and so have got on the correct line of bearing at slow speed, without any trouble.

The usual method in life is to let a mistake occur, and then to put it right afterwards. It is upon this point that the world forms most unfair opinions. The man who _keeps_ {558} things right seldom gets any credit. It is the man who puts things right who gets it. The history of war affords many examples of this tendency.

A commander-in-chief who, by his organisation and by his appreciation of facts and positions, wins an action with small loss, often gets little credit. On the other hand, an officer who makes some blunder by which he loses a number of officers and men, but who eventually wins his action, is made a popular hero. In other words, the man with the blind pluck of a bulldog gets more credit than the man who, by his strategy and tactical ability, wins a more or less bloodless victory.

An admiral should remember that in peace or war he can satisfactorily administer his Fleet only through the loyalty and zeal of his captains. Frequent personal interviews promote confidence; and such confidence must be of benefit to the admiral. He need not take his captains' views, but he will gain a great deal of useful information from officers who are just as keen to make the Fleet as perfect as possible as he is himself.

Admirals should not publicly identify themselves with their own flagships in the same way as a captain may identify himself with his ship. To the admiral ALL ships should be the same, and private ships should feel that the admiral takes quite as much interest in their well-being and their whole life as he does in his own flagship. The admiral should therefore avoid, even in private conversation, speaking of "my commander," "our launch," etc. etc. A flagship, her officers and men, have many advantages. In return for these privileges, a flagship should make every effort to be a pattern of smartness and efficiency; and the admiral must be constantly on the alert lest he show partiality or favour to his flagship. Nothing makes more jealousy in a Fleet than a belief that the flagship is favoured at the expense of the rest of the Fleet, either in routine duty or in any other respect.

Flagships must have many privileges, but they should not be increased. For instance, her boats should take precedence {559} in drawing beef or stores; but in all matters connected with competitive drills, carrying out station orders, etc. etc., all ships must be equal in the admiral's eye and mind.

An admiral should continually go on board the ships of the Fleet, talk to the captains, and obtain their ideas and recommendations on various subjects.

The best plan is to notify a ship a day or two beforehand that the commander-in-chief is coming on board on Sunday at the time most convenient to the captain; and to follow the captain's usual routine for Sunday inspection. This method gives the captain an opportunity of bringing to the admiral's notice any officer or man who has in any way distinguished himself. It strengthens the captain's hands, and has a good effect upon the Fleet. It lets the men see their admiral; while the admiral can remark the state of the ship and run all his Fleet up to the smartest ship.

It is wiser to administer a Fleet by _commendation_ than by _condemnation_. If commendation is given for good and smart actions, condemnation for bad, slackness becomes far more severely condemned, and no sympathy for it is aroused.

Any smart action performed by an officer or man should be appreciated publicly by signal. This is complimentary to the officer or man and to the ship in which he is serving at the time. Every one is grateful for appreciation.

The old style in the Navy was never to commend anything that was well done; to do well was considered to be no more than a man's duty. On the other hand, anything that was badly done led to severe reprimands.

When a good officer or man knows that the admiral appreciates his work, it cheers the Fleet and raises its whole tone. It is right to be severe on those who do their work lazily or badly; but it is quite as necessary to appreciate those who do their work well.

An admiral should continually inspect some of the various departments of the ships under his command. By personal observation he is certain to find out something {560} which would not come to his notice in any other way, and he may therefore prevent things from going wrong in their initial stages.

The admiral should invariably inspect anything that may have gone wrong in any of the ships under his command, owing to accident, carelessness, or misadventure: such as a derrick, cable, or capstan carrying away, or any defect in the engine or boiler rooms. He should then talk over the method of repair with the captain and the departmental officers. This procedure often saves time and trouble, as the admiral gives directions for the accident to be repaired in the way he desires from the first, thereby obviating the necessity of altering the plans afterwards. It also encourages those who are going to execute the work.

The admiral should let the captains know that they can come on board the flagship and consult him at any time they like, day or night, and that he will always be glad to see them.

Captains should always come to see, or write to, the admiral on any matter which they wish to be settled, no matter how trivial it may appear. They should not go to the secretary; for, if they do, it puts the secretary in a false position, and may cause mistakes and wrong conceptions.

Captains may go to the chief of the staff upon minor questions; but it is, as a rule, better for them to go straight to the admiral.

The consideration of captains, expressed by the words, "I don't think I will bother the admiral about this question," is understood, but should be regarded as mistaken. _It is the admiral's business to be bothered_.

The admiral should be considerate and courteous to all those under his command, remembering that there are two sides to every question.

When the admiral personally inquires into any case, with the object of fixing responsibility upon an individual, he should be suave in his manner, even if condemnation is {561} given. He should endeavour to send a man away wearing a smile rather than a scowl.

The admiral should remember this maxim particularly when he feels irritated at seeing something done which appears careless, or opposed to the orders laid down. He should always maintain an unruffled demeanour, and be perfectly calm and collected under all circumstances. To fail in this respect is to confuse both himself and those under his command: a condition which cannot add to that smartness and coolness so necessary when a difficulty or an accident occurs in the Fleet.

The management of a ship or a Fleet is full of irritation and worries. These can only be decreased by officers remaining calm and collected.

All men are liable to make mistakes. The best men often make the most glaring mistakes. A smart man acting under a mistake will move his ship to starboard or to port quicker than a slow man, and his mistake will therefore appear the greater.

An admiral should never make a signal to one of the captains (unless he happens to have a very bad and slack captain), implying that the captain could have done much better than he did. Captains, as a rule, wish to obey loyally and thoroughly. Mistakes are not intentional.

If a signal is executed in a manner contrary to the intention of the admiral, either it is an ambiguous signal, or it has been misunderstood. Unforeseen contingencies of this kind are certain to happen in war. Practices in peace illustrate what such contingencies may be, and develop the necessary measures to prevent them.

A very common method of pointing out mistakes is to signal what was _ordered_ and what should have _happened_, omitting to state what was actually _done_. But _all_ these points should be inserted in the signal.

Officers or men should never be allowed to state what _might_, _could_, or _should_ have been done. The point at issue is what WAS or what IS. Much valuable time is lost in {562} explaining the circumstances on the theory of what might, could, or should have been done.

Before finding fault by signal, the admiral should ask the captain in question how a mistake occurred. By so doing it can be seen whether it is necessary to find fault or not. If the explanation is satisfactory the captain should be so informed.

Much unnecessary irritation and bad feeling caused by sudden and drastic signals may thus be avoided.

The admiral will often find that the mistake was a natural mistake, which he himself might have made had he been in the captain's place. When captains know that the admiral is scrupulously fair, they become devoted to him.

An admiral should always be most careful that he is right himself before finding fault with those under him. If he should afterwards find that his contention was wrong, or that there was a misunderstanding, the admiral should invariably acknowledge his mistake. This action commands respect and is only chivalrous and seamanlike.

When an admiral has satisfied himself that anything, no matter how small, is not carried out according to orders, he should call attention to it by signal (as a rule, by a general signal), and by thus pointing out the mistake to the Fleet, he prevents the same error from occurring again.

In such matters as clothes not properly stopped on, boats and booms not square, etc., an admiral should inquire who is responsible. If men are not standing to attention when the colours are hoisted, he should ask for the name of the officer of the watch. If a boat is improperly handled under sail or oars, he should ask for the name of the officer or coxswain of the boat.

The admiral's staff should always inform him of such matters as boats pulling badly, or not being run up to the davit head, men not standing properly to attention, or not doubling to obey all orders of the pipe, etc. The effect of a signal calling attention to these matters is lost if it is made some time after the event.

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There should always be an officer responsible for every duty on board a man-of-war, and the admiral should always make on these occasions the signal, "Indicate name of officer responsible."

The admiral should always make sure, when finding fault with a ship, that his flagship is absolutely correct as regards the particular detail in question. If this is not the case he should call his flagship's attention to it at the same time.

Admirals and captains are often heard saying, "Look at the way they are doing so and so," referring to boat pulling or to the way a rope is handled, or a boat hoisted, quite forgetting that it is the fault of the admiral or captain that the duties are done badly or are not carried out according to their satisfaction. The admiral is responsible for the whole administration, smartness and efficiency of his Fleet; the captains are responsible for the whole administration, smartness and efficiency of their ships. In the Royal Navy, officers and men are loyal to the core, and everything that is done badly is due to the senior officer of the Fleet or of the ship not giving his orders clearly, and not showing beforehand what he wants done, and how it is to be done.

The admiral should never give an order relative to routine or administration without seeing that it is obeyed. Many orders given in a memorandum or circular are forgotten after the first few weeks or months, and so they lapse.

An officer should be told off to summarise and report that such orders have been carried out during the preceding week.

It is of no use for the admiral to give orders and directions unless he sees that they are actually carried out in the manner he intended.

If the admiral is not careful that all orders of his own and of the Admiralty are punctually obeyed, he will find that some captains accurately carry out the order and some do not. This irregularity causes discontent in some ships {564} and slackness in others, disturbing that harmony which should prevail in a fleet. A "happy-go-lucky" method breeds irritation.

If papers are ordered to be sent in, or drills are ordered to be carried out, or if any matter connected with the Fleet is ordered to be undertaken at some future date, the admiral should always make a signal or reminder some days before the date. The argument that a man "_ought_ to know and _ought_ not to forget" does not prevent irritation if he _does_ forget.

If an officer or man is slack, he should always be found fault with; it distresses the good officers and men to see that a slack individual gets along as well as those that are smart.

If the admiral observes anything incorrect relative to individuals in a ship's company, such as dress, etc., he should inquire whether the irregularity is common to the ship, and have this irregularity corrected right through the ship. Failing this method, he may be often finding fault on the same point, instead of having the whole matter put right by one signal or memorandum.

The admiral should often look over his own station orders to remind himself of the orders he has issued.

An admiral should, if possible, always send written messages to officers, in order to avoid constantly sending for officers. He should always date the messages. This maxim applies to the admiral's flagship as well as to other ships.

Sending messages verbally may cause great irritation, and may be prejudicial to discipline, for two distinct reasons:--

(i) The messenger may give the message in terms which are very irritating. Every one on the bridge hears the message delivered.

(ii) Human nature being what it is, the admiral, like other people, may be in a state of irritation, more particularly if he wants a thing done quickly or if he thinks that things are not being done well. He is not so likely to blurt out some rough and irritating expression if he writes the message or order.

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In addition, it is neither good for discipline nor congenial to that respect which is shown to officers, if the signalman or others hear a rough message delivered to the chief of the staff, captain, or other officers.

The admiral should always let the Fleet under his command know beforehand the time which he intends to carry out practices, or to anchor or to weigh the Fleet. This rule particularly applies to the hours set apart for meals. Disturbance in the middle of meals causes needless irritation, and work never goes well in a man-of-war or anywhere else under irritation.

Admirals should as far as is possible let the officers and men of the Fleet know the dates of arrivals and departures from ports, so that all should be in a position to communicate with their friends and to arrange their private affairs conveniently.

If the admiral intends to be afloat with his flag flying very near the dinner-hour, or at any time that station orders annul guards and bands, he should signal "Annul Guards and Bands." Without such signal some ships are certain to turn them up while others will not do so, causing confusion.

_When the admiral is inspecting a division of men, all ratings should take off their caps_. The admiral should first inspect the chief petty officers and petty officers, and when he has done these ratings should be ordered to put on their caps. By so doing, the fact is emphasised that the petty officer's position in the ship is superior, and that the admiral recognises it to be so.

The admiral should see the sick in hospital constantly. His visit cheers the men, and shows them that the admiral knows that they are sick, and that he sympathises with them. There have been many cases where the interest shown by the admiral in a man who is dangerously ill has so cheered the patient that he has taken a turn for the better and has ultimately recovered.

If a serious accident occurs on board any ship, either at {566} drill or in the execution of other duty whereby officers or men are killed or wounded, the admiral should inform the whole Fleet with regret, giving the names of officers and men. This procedure is respectful to those under his command who are killed or wounded in the execution of their duty. They have suffered or died for their country just as much as though killed or wounded in action with the enemy. The admiral should personally go and see the wounded daily, if possible.

An admiral should let his officers know that he expects everything on board the ships to be shipshape, that is to say, kept in such condition and order as befits one of His Majesty's ships of war.

The admiral should always give as much leave as possible, having regard to the exigencies of the service and of duty. A free gangway for special leave men should be kept at all possible places, so that one watch can always go ashore daily if they are so minded.

Trouble with regard to breaking leave and drunkenness is generally brought about by want of discretion on the part of the commanding officer in giving leave. Keeping men on board for long periods, and then letting them go ashore with a great deal of money, involves the temptation to some to break leave, and to others to drink more than is good for them.

A free gangway is thoroughly appreciated by the men. The fact that they can go ashore if they like often conduces to their health and comfort, and does not provoke that irritation caused by the knowledge that leave cannot be given.

A man who breaks his leave, and so allows other men to do his work, should be placed in a "Break Leave Party," and given any extra jobs of work that may require execution, in order to make up for the time he has lost. Men in the "Break Leave Party" should be mustered every two hours from 8 a.m. to 8 p.m. at the discretion of the captain, according to the number of hours they have allowed other men to do their work.

This mustering should continue on a scale of two days for {567} every hour of absence, but a total of fourteen days should not be exceeded.

The foregoing arrangement should not be considered as punishment, but as making up the time lost to the State by the men's absence from their duties, which left other men to do their work, and should therefore not be entered in the daily record.

A general leave man who persistently breaks his leave should be put in the limited leave list, and the time and place at which he should be allowed ashore should be entirely at the discretion of the captain, and if possible he should not be allowed ashore when the rest of the ship's company are on leave.

When a notorious leave-breaker goes on leave, it is well to send ashore a description, upon which are noted the hour and the date upon which he should again be aboard his ship. By this means he is often recovered before he has broken his leave for any length of time.

First-class petty officers should always be given leave when chief petty officers get leave. The former are generally far older men, and have had longer experience in the Service than most chief petty officers.

Badge-men and "men who have never broken their leave in the ship" should be given leave whenever possible. Plenty of liberty reduces break-leave to a minimum, and also reduces inebriety to a marked extent.

Attention to the points of administration enumerated above will go far to create in the Fleet, not only comfort and happiness but, that constant readiness for emergency which is the result of a high state of discipline.

{569}

INDEX

Abd-el-Al, 171 Abd-el-Hamid, 282, 287 Abu Klea, battle of, 257-68 A.D.C. to Prince of Wales, appointed, 157 to Queen Victoria, appointed, 412 Adeane, Commander, 77 Admiral, the making of, 556-67 Admiralty affronted, 142 confusion at, 550 documents stolen, 348 and Lord Charles' Soudan service, 312 Lord Charles appointed Junior Lord of, 344 reprimanded by, 150 resignation of Lord Charles, 353 Afterguard, 13 Aground, _Tribune_, 61 Ahmed Arabi, 171. See Arabi Pasha Mahomet, 211 Albania, strange adventure in, 515 Alexandria, action at, 187 attack on Lord Charles at, 185 fortifications at, 187 issue of proclamation, 193 operations outside, 201-6 police work at, 191-5 refugees from, 186 riot in, 178 squadron at, 186 troops assisting at, 195 visit to, 371 water supply failing, 181 Algeçiras Conference, 514 Ali Fehmi, 170 Alison, General Sir A., 198 American flag incident, 58 Ammunition, discoveries of, outside Alexandria, 203 Reserve, inadequacy of, 370 Animals on board ship, 66 Arab courage, 265 lad shot, 197 Arabi Pasha, 171 dismissed, 181 condemned, 184 Armament, secondary, essential, 147 Arms, defective, 267 Army, inclined to join, 8 _Arrow_, the affair of the lorcha, 3 Assouan, Lord Charles at, 225 Atlantic Fleet created, 496 Australia, voyage to, in _Galatea_, 75 Australian Squadron, suggested command of, 469

Bab-el-Kebir, 223, 228 Bahadur, Sir Jung, 164 Balfour, Mr., and need for War Staff, 480 Bare feet, 16 Baring, Sir Evelyn, 215, 216 Bayford School, 5 Bear, fight with a, 540 Bell, Mr. Moberly, 187 Benbow, Mr., 300, 303 commended, 307 Benicia, 69 Bentham, Deputy-Inspector-General, 513 Beresford, Admiral Sir John Poo, xxv Commissioner John, xviii Lord William, 160 Lord Marcus and the sharpers, 531 Marshal, xix Bimbashi (camel), 222, 236, 238 Bismarck, a talk with, 362 _Black Prince_, 42 Blasphemy, 18 Boa constrictor killed, 167 Boar, encounter with, 79, 168 Boardman, Captain, commands naval contingent in Soudan, 222 appreciation of work of, 223, 329 Boat-pulling. See also _Gazelle_; 7, 207, 497-507 Boat-race, women's, 29 Boat-races, 28, 152, 207, 497-507 Boat-sailing, 504 Boiler of _Safieh_ repaired, 300, 303 Boiler plates, 252 _Bombay_, burning of, 146 _Bordein_, s., 283, 292, 293, 294 _Bounty_ Mutiny, 86 Bowles, Admiral William, 6 Boxers, famous, 69 Boyd-Carpenter's (Dr.) remarkable story, 154 Brabazon's, Colonel, account of attack on convoy, 321 Bradford, Major, 162 Brandreth, Commander Thomas, 12 "Break-up of China," 426 Bright-work discouraged, 120 _Britannia_ training ship, 6, 9 officers of, 7 Brothers, Lord Charles Beresford's, vii Browne, Major-General Sam, 162 Bull, incident of, 290 Bulldog, Lord Charles, 146 Buller, Sir Redvers, 221, 222, 225, 229, 252, 317, 318 _Bulwark_, flag hoisted in, 508 Burnaby, Colonel, 256, 259 death of, 264 Butt, Isaac, 131, 342

Cable, hemp and chain, 12 Cadet, Naval, appointed, 11 Cadets, training of, 6 _Cæsar_, flag hoisted in, 493 Calcutta, visit to, 103 Camel Corps equipment, 237 incident, 225 race, 236 Camels. See Bimbashi invented saddle for, 237 repairing with oakum, 328 shortage of, 278 sufferings of, 255 Cameron, Mr., 207, 270 Cannibal, talk with, 80 Canton, bombardment of, 4 Cape Town, visit to, 186 _Captain_, disaster to, 49 _Carysfort_, 209 Casualties of Desert Column, 279 Cawnpore Memorial, Prince's visit to, 168 Certificate, signing of, 5 Ceylon, climate of, 104 Changes in Channel, Nore, and Home Fleets, 552 in shipbuilding, 48 proposed, 396 Channel Fleet, in command of, 485, 550 reductions and changes, 551 Royal visit to, 554 Channel Squadron (1863), 42 Chaplain, influence of, 19 Chatham Dockyard, appointment at, 393 terminates, 400 Chefoo, 447 _Chicago_, 398 Chicago, Lord Charles at, 459 China, inspection of armies in, 440-44 Lord Charles sails for, 424 summary of reforms advocated, 451 Chinese Army, scheme of reorganisation, 437 commercial integrity, 102 Ching, Prince, 435 Cholera at Calcutta, 103 Churchill, Lord Randolph, resignation of, 352 Clifton, Captain, 116 _Clio_, 48, 51 Clippers, famous opium, 117 Coal in Vancouver, discovery of, 60 Cockfighting at Manila, 102 Cockroaches, racing, 52 Coffer-dam, 492 Coincidence, 103, 160 Columns. See Desert, and Nile Colvin, Mr. Auckland, 172 Command, first independent, 120 Commendations, special, 70, 198, 206, 235 Compensation to Alexandrians, 199 _Condor_, action of, at Alexandria, 187 appointed to, 156, 186 gives up command of, 206 signal to, 189 Constituencies, invitations from, 398, 415 Convicts at Perth, 75 Convoy, attack on, 320 Coode, Captain Trevenen P., 65 Cordite, danger of heat, 465 Corfu, 32 Correspondent, newspaper, troublesome, 198 desire to act as, 207 shot, 275 Council of Defence, 398, 414 Courage of Arabs, 265 Court-martial, trial by, 367 Crete, insurrection in, 427-31 Cruisers, deficiency of, 144 Crutchley, General, 278 Curraghmore, description of, viii-xii Custance, Admiral Sir R. N., 550

Dacres, Rear-Admiral Sydney C., 12 Dal Cataract, Lord Charles at, 243 Dawson, Lieutenant Douglas, 291 Daymen, 14 Decapitation in Japan, 101 _Defence_, 41 Defence, Council of. See Council Delaval, Lord, death of, 548 Delavals, the, xvi Democracy and war, 494, 495 Denman, Rear-Admiral the Hon. J., 65 Desert Column, 220, 246, 247, 248 casualties, 279 composition of, 253 in disorder, 272 march back to Korti, 324 Sir R. Buller's dispatch _re_, 319 zeriba, 275 Desertions at San Francisco, 69 Diaz, visit to President, 550 Discipline, 14, 142 reform of, 17 Discomforts of the Old Navy, 19 of Nile steamer, 224 of the Nile, 242 Disgrace, in, 26 Disraeli, memories of, 139 on the party system, 139 Dockyard appointment, 393 Dowell, Rear-Admiral Wm., 505, 506 Doyle, Sir Hastings, 153 Dress, the sailor's, 19 Drunkenness, 17, 31 Dufferin, Lord, 374 Dunsmuir, Mr., 60 Duties, various, of a ship's crew, 13

Earle, General, killed, 319 East Marylebone, elected for, 336 Eden, Captain Charles, 5, 34 Edinburgh, Duke of, attempt to assassinate, 73 visit to Japan of, 100 Edward, King. See King Egyptian War, beginning of trouble, 170 Election incidents, 336, 337 Elephant hunting, 164, 536-8 in _Galatea_, 109 Elephants, regiment of, 167 El-Teb, 216 Emma, Queen, 57 Empress Dowager, 420 Engine, repairing, 226 Essays by officers, 466, 468 Estimate of naval needs, 358 Estimates, signing the, 356. See Navy Etiquette, naval, 1 _Eurydice_ training frigate, 6 capsizing of, 154 remarkable story _re_, 155 Examination for Navy, 6 _Excellent_, 71 Execution of murderer, 54 Experience in routine work, etc., necessity of, 146 Explosion of gun-cotton, 204 of shell from _Condor_, 208 on _Thunderer_, 148

Falkland Islands, 53 Family history. See History home. See Curraghmore memorials, ix Farm, model, 399 Fayrer, Surgeon-General, 163 _Fersaat_, 224 Fight at Malta, 31 over boat-race, 29 Fisher, Captain John, 190 Sir John, improvements in Mediterranean fleet, 467 Fishing incidents, 544-7 Fit, keeping, 107 Fitzgerald, Admiral Penrose, 49, 54, 505 Flag rank, earlier promotion to, advocated, 404, 483 Flogging abolished, 17 question of, 144 Forecastlemen, 13 Foretopmen, 13 Forging of cheques, 75, 83 Freemason, made a, 108 French, Sir John, 280

_Galatea_, 73 diversion, 108 in Japan, 100 Gardner gun, 252, 276, 300, 308 jamming of, 263 Gardner, Miss, engagement to, 154 Gascoigne, Captain, 302, 304, 306 _Gazelle_, 7 Gemai, 229 Germany's, Emperor of, visit to Gibraltar, 493 visit to Skagen, 554 Gibbs, Flag-Lieutenant, 551, 554 Gibraltar, 370 Emperor of Germany visits, 493 Gillford, Captain, 60 Gladstone, Mr. W. E., 33 and compensation to Alexandrians, 199 Glanville, John, 11, 28 Gleichen, Count, 237, 248, 277 Gordon, General, 214, 215 urgent messages from, 216, 217, 219, 234, 250 letters from, 282 steamers sent by, 283 death of, 291 Goschen, Mr., conversation with, 359 _Goshawk_, 120 Graham, Major-General Sir G., 215, 216, 332 Sir James, 9 Grenfell, Vice-Admiral Sir H., 515 Gubat, Desert Column at, 278 Gun-cotton, explosion of, 204 Gun explosion on _Thunderer_, 148 Gunners, 13 Gunnery, British and American, 67 in the _Marlborough_, 20 on China station, 466 Gun Reserve, inadequacy of, 370

Hall's, Captain W. H., recommendations, 361 Hamilton, Lord George, on Lord Charles' resignation, 354 Sir R. Vesey, 404 Hammill, Commander, 221, 226 _Hannibal_ rams _Prince George_, 400 Hara-kiri, 91 Harris, Captain Robert, 6, 7, 10 Sir Augustus, 399 Hartington, Lord, telegram from, 317 Haulage of boats on Nile. See Whaleboats, and Steamers Hawsers, wire, first used, 154 Heaton, Mr. Henniker, 417 Lieutenant W. H., 8 _Hecla_, torpedo school, 369 _Hercules_, 49 _Hibernia_, 33 Hicks Pasha and staff, 213 Hildyard, General Sir H., 8 History of family, xii-xxii _Hohenzollern_, 545 Home Fleet, 552 of family. See Curraghmore Hornby's, Admiral Phipps, views on, Cabinet and Sea Lords, 355 Horse-racing and riding, 518-34 Horses, runaway, 76 saving, 206 Hot springs in New Zealand, 79 _Howe_, salving of, 395 Humour, Irish, 72 Hunting, 71, 520, 522-5 Hurricane (Pampero) at Buenos Aires, 70 at Port Mercy, 56 at Vancouver, 68

Idlers, 14 Illumination of _Marlborough_, 33 _Illustrious_ training ship, 6, 9 Imperial Defence, committee of, 481 Naval Defence, 408 Improvements, value of minor, 365 Incidents, amusing, 5, 28, 47, 104, 108, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 133, 135, 136, 151, 153, 163, 164, 169, 196, 198, 199, 202, 223, 224, 225, 227, 230, 290, 316, 329, 334, 336, 343, 366, 371, 373, 392, 394, 415, 416, 445, 470-7, 489, 511, 516, 517, 519, 522, 523, 527, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533 India, visit of Prince to, 157 Ingram, Mr., 286 Instructions to Admirals in Egypt, 177 Intelligence Department. See Naval Intervention, European, in Egypt, 175 Ionian Islands, 32 Ireland, rent question in, 128 royal residence in, advocated, 412 visit of Duke and Duchess of York, 413 Irish characteristics, 136 Irishman, a frenzied, 197 Irishmen in United States, 458 Irishmen's honour, 553 Irish politics (1872), 129, 342 Ismailia, journey to, 200 Ito, Marquess, interviews with, 449

Jackson, Mr. John, 386 Jakdul, 249 arrival of Desert Column, 255 Japan, in, 100, 455 Old, 90 Jokes, practical, 28, 30, 56, 71, 113, 115 Jones, "Ninepin," 23 José Salvatro, 236, 244

Kang Yu Wei, flight of, 432 Kanwah Island, 77 Keppel, Hon. Sir Henry, 111 Lieutenant Colin, 300, 303, 306 Kerry election (1872), 128 Khartoum, fall of, 291 in danger, 213, 217, 221 steamers start for, 287 Sir Charles Wilson's voyage to, 292 Khashm-el-Mus, 285 Khedive, appointment to staff of, 206 message of congratulation from, 326 in danger, 190 of Egypt. See Tewfik Kiao-Chao, 423, 447, 448 Kinder, Mr., 447 Kingcome, Admiral, 64 King Edward visits _Bulwark_, 514 _King Edward_, H.M.S., hoists flag in, 550 Kitchener, Major, 256, 334 Korti, 219 Lord Charles' journey to, 245 Naval Brigade arrives at, 252 Kuang Hsu, Emperor, 420, 422 Kukri, 167

Land question in Ireland, 130 Leave, question of, 486, 566 Lesseps, M. de, protest of, 102 Lewis, Mr. George, 22 Li Hung Chang, 445 Line, crossing the, 53 Loan, demand for, 338 Twenty-one million, 360 London Chamber of Commerce, address before, 386 banquet to Lord Charles, 462 Lytton, Lord, 159

Machine guns, 331 M'Neill's zeriba engagement, 332 Magellan, Straits of, first ironclads to pass through, 66 _Magnificent_, building of, 393 Mahan, Admiral, 376, 398 Mahdi, death of, 333 Mahdi's skull, 329 Mahmoud Sami Pasha, 171 Maintopmen, 13 _Majestic_, 485 Malta, precautions against, 512 incidents at, 30 _Malwa_ rammed, 208 Maniac, troubled by, 236 Manila, visit to, 102 Manning of ships, 12 Manoeuvres, lectures on, 375 Maoris, 80 Marabout Fort, 187, 188, 189 Marconi wireless telegraphy, 414 _Marlborough_, 11 outbreak of fire, 14 Marriage, 151 Martin, Sir Wm. Fanshawe, 12 and reform of discipline, 17 Massacre of foreigners in Egypt, 176 Masts out of proportion, 32 Mate, rank of, abolished, 32 Mauritius, arrival at, 104 May, Surgeon-General A. W., 296, 307 Medals received, 44 Mediterranean, appointed second in command, 462 appointed to command, 508 Fleet, improvements in, 467 Fleet deficiencies, 463, 509 haul down flag, 469 _Melita_, 380 Memorandum on Organisation for War, 346 Memorials, family, ix _Memories of the Sea_, 49, 54 Merchant ships and signalling, 382 Mercy, Port, 56 Mernat, 294, 296 Metemmeh, attack on, 281 Mexico, visit to, 548 Mex lines, keeping the, 201 Middleton, Captain R. W., 21 Midwife, acting as, 186 Mikado, visit to, 100 Military instruction in schools, 482 Mine-dropping experiments, 369 Mines, trawlers to sweep for, 554 Mizentopmen, 13 Montagu's, the Hon. V., Reminiscences of Sir H. Keppel, 111 Montgomerie, Lieutenant R. A. J., 315 Morant, Rear-Admiral, 393 Morley, Lord, and the Mahdi's skull incident, 329 Motor-car race, 468 Mullet, a huge red, 153 Mustard, a bottle of, 323

Nanking, Lord Charles' visit to, 450 Nares, Lieutenant George S., 7 _Nautilus_ submarine, 350 Naval Brigade in Soudan, 220 casualties, 267 endurance of, 328 under Lord Charles, 243, 252 Naval Defence Act, 385, 389, 397 Intelligence Department (Commercial Branch), 482 formed, 347 need for, 345 salaries reduced, 353 Works Bill, 406 Navigation in _Marlborough_, 21 Navy Estimates, signing the, 357 of 1888-9 challenged, 357 Navy, 1859, numbers and description, 2 League founded, 397 Lord Charles enters the, 2 the New, 48 the Old, 34 _Nelson and his Times_, 414 Nepal, Prince in, 164 Newchang, 447 Newspaper correspondent. See Correspondent New York, Lord Charles at, 460 Nile Column, 220, 250, 319 _Nineteenth Century_, article in, 404 Noel, Commander Gerard (Memorandum on Training), 143 Noel's, Captain, feat of seamanship, 376 Admiral, action in Crete, 427 Northbrook's, Lord, declaration _re_ Navy, 341 North Sea incident, 494 Norwegian waters, cruise in, 554 Nucleus crew system, 465 Nuggar, wreck of Captain Gascoigne's, 306 Nuggars (native boats on Nile), 227, 228

Officers' pay inadequate, 407 Oil fuel, 483 Olden, Quartermaster, saves raiding party, 316 Omdurman, report of fall of, 271 "Open Door" policy, 425 Operations, delicate, 317 Organisation for War, 344 plans in Mediterranean Fleet, 511 Orhwalder, Father, letter of, 311 _Orontes_, 159 _Osborne_, 159 Royal Yacht, appointed to, 151 boat-racing, 152 Osman Digna, 214 Ottley's, Lieutenant, invention of mines, 369

Pampero, 70 Parkes, Sir Harry, attack on, 97 Parliament (1874), 140 Parnell, Mr., 141 Party system, views on, 138, 139 Pay of officers inadequate, 407 Pekin, arrival at, 434 Personnel, deficiency in, 397, 403 Petty officer rating, 366 Phillimore, Captain Augustus, 41 Physique, Lord Charles', viii Pieter Both mountain, 104 ascent of, 105 Pig, riding a, 528 Piggott, Captain C. R., 265, 267 Police, appointed Chief of, 191 Political events (1873-80), 122 Politics in Ireland (1872), 128 Polo-playing, first, in England, 525 Portage of boats. See Whaleboats Portraits, family, x _Prince George_, accident to, 490 Prisons, Inspector of, 76 Probyn, Major-General, 161 Proclamation, issue of, 193, 289 Promoted, 27, 64, 73, 110, 146, 169, 414 Promotion dinner, 169 of officers, question of, 144 to flag rank earlier advocated, 40, 404, 483 Provisions, sending, to officers at front, 207 Prussia, Prince Henry of, 448 Punishments, 17

_Raleigh_, 159 wreck of, 112 "Ram," proposal to abolish the, 396 _Ramillies_, hoists flag in, 462 Ranches in Mexico, 549 Rating, alteration in, 365 Rations, meagre, 18, 52 Rent question in Ireland, 129 Reed, Sir Edward, 50 Rees, First Lieutenant W. S., 364 Reform of discipline, 17 of prison rules, 76 party in China, views of, 434 Reforms advocated in House of Commons, 143 in China advocated, summary of, 451 Reis threatened, 296 Repairs, ability to execute, 392, 493 new system in Mediterranean, 512 Requirements of the time, 405 _Research_, 71 Resignation from Board of Admiralty, 353 Review of 1897, 409 Richards, Sir Frederick, 389, 478 Riot in Alexandria, 178 River Column. See Nile Roberts, Lieutenant, 2 Rojdesvenski, Admiral, 494 Ross, Mr. John, great assistance given by, 195 appreciation of Lord Charles Beresford, 180 Routine of work on the Nile, 233, 241 Royal Commission on Administration of the Navy and Army, 355 Family's interest in Navy, 153 Irish Regiment's fine march, 317 Marines, 13 heroism of, 147 Royle, Hon. Charles, 172 Russell, Dr. Wm. Howard, 158, 163 Russian Baltic fleet incident, 494

_Safieh_, s., 283, 290, 291, 295, 314 boiler injured, 298, 303 raiding expeditions in, 314, 316 Sail-drill in _Marlborough_, 21 Sailing feats, 62 Sail-making, 62, 71 Saint Paul's Cathedral, Dean of, and Leighton Memorial, 410 Salisbury, Lord, on policy in Egypt, 179 and Lord Charles' Memorandum, 347 Sandwich Islands, 57 San Francisco, 69, 458 _Sanspareil_, 375 Saving life, 43, 44 Scarborough, Channel Fleet visits, 489 School, Bayford, 5 Schoolfellows, 5 Schooner in distress, 57 Scott, Captain Percy, 466 Scrapes, getting into, 26, 27, 28, 43, 45, 47, 59, 64 Scurvy, 55, 68 Seamanship, 7 feat of, 42, 376 in the _Tribune_, 62 _Seignelay_, salving of, 378 _Serapis_, 158 Servants, two faithful, 82 Service in Soudan not credited to Lord Charles, 312 Seymour's, Admiral Sir E. H., book, 149, 159, 395 Shanghai, Lord Charles at, 449 Sharks, 546 Shendi, 247, 285 Shipbuilding programme required, 338, 387 transition from wood to iron, 48 Ship's personality, 51 Ships, weakness of, 368 Shooting incidents, 535-43 Shouting on deck, 16 Signalling incident at Alexandria, 205 value of knowledge of, 374 with merchant ships, 382 Signalmen, new drill for, 466 Smart, Rear-Admiral R., 41 Souakim-Berber route, 216 Expedition, 332 Soudan War of 1884-5, summary of, 211 preparations, 217 withdrawal of troops from, 333 Southwell, Lord, 117 Spearing fish, 70 Spencer programme, 388 Sport in India, 103 in Japan, 101 Sporting incident, 77, 79 Springs, hot, in New Zealand, 79 Squadron at Alexandria, details of, 186 Stealing stores, 43 Steam, prejudice against, 20, 49 Steam Reserve, appointed Captain of, 393 Steamers on Nile, haulage of, 228 sent by General Gordon, 283, 284 Stephenson, Admiral Sir H. F., 209 Stewart, Captain W. H., 12 Colonel, murder of, 226 Sir H., arrives at Korti, 252 wounded, 275 death of, 326 "Still" bugle-call, introduction of, 16 Sting-ray, a huge, 153 Stores, destruction of, 323 Stuart-Wortley, Lieutenant, 256 brings news of disaster, 291 voyage of, 294 Submarine, an early, 68 _Nautilus_, 350 Submarines purchased, 464 Suez Canal, purchase of shares, 158 Suffield, Lord, 533 Suite of Prince of Wales, 157, 161 Surf-playing, 88 Surgical operation, 162 Sutherland, Duke of, 164 _Sutlej_, 64, 74

Tahiti, 87 _Talakawiyeh_, s., 283, 285 292, 294 Talbot, Colonel the Hon. R., 268 march with wounded, 320 Tamaai, 216 Tarpon fishing, 545 Tattooing, 101 Telegram, delayed, 244 Tel-el-Kebir, victory of, 183, 207 Telephone, early working model of, 150 _Téméraire_, ashore at Alexandria, 188 feat of seamanship, 376 Temperance, an address on, 511 Teneriffe, flags at, 47 _Terrible_, 466 _Tewfikiyeh_, s., 283 Tewfik Pasha, 170, 171 Thompson, Colonel R. M., 460, 488 Three Admirals, the report of, 362 "Three Brothers'" race, 520 _Thunderer_, appointed to, 146 Tientsin, Lord Charles at, 446 Treaty of. See Treaty Tokio, Lord Charles at, 456 Tombs, family, ix Torpedo, the Whitehead, 141 Trafalgar Centenary celebration at Malta, 513 Training, new system advocated, 143 of Cadets, 6, 7 (Sir James Graham), 9 Training ship _Britannia_, 6 _Illustrious_, 6 Treaty of Tientsin, 4 _Tribune_, 61 Trincomalee, visit to, 104 Troopship service, 159 Tryon, Captain, 159 Sir George, 371 Tsung-li Yamen, visit to, 435 Turkish battleships, purchase of, 145 Turnpike incident, 113 _Turtle_, accident to, 53 Two-Power standard, 360

_Undaunted_, appointed to command, 364 as prize-winner, 372 high compliments paid to, 382 _Undaunted_, salves _Seignelay_, 378 touches a rock, 372 Uniform, lack of rules regarding, 8 United States, third visit to, 484 Squadron, visit of, 488 Unpreparedness for war, 338

Valparaiso, 56 bombardment of, 66 Vancouver, 59 Vesuvius, ascent of, 476 Victoria, Queen, and change of officers, 152 commended by, 329 congratulated by, 206 _Victoria and Albert_, Royal yacht, boat-racing, 152 Villiers, Mr. Frederic, 187 Voting in Parliament, independent, 138 Voyageurs, 230, 241 accidents to, 235

Wad Habeshi, 296 effect of fight at, 309 Wadi Halfa, 219, 223, 225 Wales, Prince of, appointed A.D.C. to, 157 at dinner to Lord Charles, 169 visit to Portsmouth Dockyard, 152 visit to India, 157 War plans in Mediterranean Fleet, 511 Warrant-officers, 13 _Warrior_, 42 War Staff, constituted, 397 need of, 478 Washington, Lord Charles at, 460 Watch, keeping, 52 Watch-bills, 12 Waterfall, shooting the, 88 Waterford, elected for, 130 lose seat, 156 members of Parliament, 141 Waterford, Lord, death of, 2, 400 Watertight compartments, 396 Wauchope, Major-General A. G., 8 Weakness in new steel ships, 368 Wei-hai-Wei, 447 Whaleboats on the Nile, 221, 223, 227, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235, 241 portage, 231 White, Sir William, 351 Whitehead torpedo, 141 Wilkinson's, Mr. Spenser, "Command of the Sea" articles, 397 Wilson, Captain, 375 John Crawford, 146 Wilson, Vice-Admiral Sir A. K., 485 Wilson's, Sir Charles, book, 253 report of Abu Idea fight, 268 voyage lo Khartoum, 292 Wingate's, Sir F. R., letter to Lord Wolseley, 309 Wolseley, Sir Garnet, appreciation of his campaign in Egypt, 207 appointed Commander-in-Chief, Soudan, 218 appointed to staff of, 221 arrival at Ismailia, 182 and staff at Cairo, 221 Wolseley, Sir G., at Wadi Halfa, 234 Woolwich, M.P. for, 478 Wyllie, Mr. W. L., 399 Wyndham's Land Act, 342

Yokohama, arrival at, 100 York election, 415 resigns seat at, 462 Yuan Shih Kai, 421, 440 Yung Lu, a talk with, 438

Zeriba of Desert Column, 275 Zohrab Pasha, 225

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