Chapter Four

The Ninth Century Revival: Sequences

[1.] Fortescue, _The Mass_ (See ch. 3, note 8) 268-9.

[2.] See _Introduction_ to _A. H._ 53, by C. Blume and H. M. Bannister. This _Introduction_ has been used as the basis for the discussion of sequence origins. Theories and opinions of others are noted from time to time.

[3.] W. H. Frere, Introduction to _Hymns Ancient and Modern_ (See ch. 3, note 23) xxviii; P. Wagner, _Introduction to Gregorian Melodies_ (London, 1907) 223, translation by Orme and Wyatt.

[4.] G. Reese, _Music in the Middle Ages_ (ch. 1, note 11) _passim_. This book contains an excellent standard account of the musical aspect of the sequence.

[5.] G. Schnürer, _Kirche und Kultur im Abendland_ (Paderborn, 1926) II, 88.

[6.] W. Christ, “Über die Bedeutung von Hirmos, etc.,” _Sitzungberichte der kön. bay. Akad. der Wissenschaft zu München_, II (1870) 89f.

[7.] A. Gastoué, “Les Types byzantins de la Sequence,” _Tribune de Saint-Gervais_, Dec. 1922, 1, 2.

[8.] Frere, _Introduction, supra_, xxiv.

[9.] L. Gautier, _Histoire de la poésie liturgique au Moyen âge_ (Paris, 1886) 1.

[10.] A. Gastoué, “Les Origines liturgiques de la séquence,” _Tribune de Saint-Gervais_, June, 1922. See also Wetzer and Welte, _Kirchenlexicon, Sequenzen_: an important article.

[11.] Amalarius, _De ecclesiasticis officiis_, III, 16 (_MPL_, 105, 1123).

[12.] J. Ottenwälder, “Griechisch-byzantinische Einflüsse,” _Theol. Quartalschr_. XCVII (1915), 564-7.

[13.] Reese, _Music in the Middle Ages, supra_, 133.

[14.] S. Singer, _Die Dichterschule von St. Gallen_ (ch. 3, note 13), _Introduction_, 14, 15.

[15.] The earliest manuscript is _Antiphonale missarum S. Gregorii_, codex 239 of Laon; see _Paléographie musicale_, X. A. Gastoué, _Les Origines du Chant Romain_ (Paris, 1907) 250f.

[16.] Wetzer und Welte, _supra, Sequenzen_.

[17.] Frere, _Introduction, supra_, xxviii-xxix; Notker Balbulus, _Liber sequentiarum, Praefatio_ (_MPL_, 131, 1003).

[18.] P. Wagner, “Morgen- und Abendland in der Musikgeschichte,” (ch. 3, note 18) 139; Schnürer, _supra_, II, 88.

[19.] Gastoué, “Les Types byzantins de la Séquence,” _supra_, 2.

[20.] W. Meyer, _Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur mittellateinischen Rythmik_ (Berlin, 1908) 37.

[21.] P. Von Winterfeld, _Stilfragen aus der lateinischen Dichtung des Mittelalters_ in _Deutsche Dichter etc_. (München, 1922) 442.

[22.] W. Meyer, _supra_, 41: “So ist die lyrische Dichtung des Mittelalters durchaus dem Kirchengesang neu geboren worden.”

[23.] E. Wellesz, _Eastern Elements in Western Chant. Studies in the Early History of Ecclesiastical Music_ (Oxford, 1947) Pt. IV, ch. 1, _Origin of sequences and tropes_, an excellent summary of the subject as investigated to 1947.

[24.] Notker, _supra_, note 17.

[25.] P. A. Schubiger, _Die Sängerschule St. Gallens vom viii.-xii. Jahrhundert_ (Einsiedeln, 1858); W. Wilmanns, “Welche Sequenzen hat Notker verfasst?,” _Zeitschrift f. deutsches Altertum_, XV (1872) 267f.; J. Werner, _Notkers Sequenzen. Beiträge zur Geschichte der Lat. Sequenzendichtung_ (Aarau, 1901) III, IV; S. Singer, _supra_; Van Doren, (ch. 3, note 5) ch. 9; Clark, (ch. 3, note 14) 175. W. von den Steinen, _Notker der Dichter und seine geistliche Welt_, 2 vols. (Bern. 1948). This author reviews previous literature.

[26.] Ottenwälder, _supra_, 464-5.

[27.] They are _Canopica_, _Styx_, _Phlegethon_, _sophia_, _herous_, _Myrmidonas_, _spermologos_.

[28.] P. S. Allen, _Romanesque Lyric_ (Un. of North Carolina Press, 1928) 66, 221, 222; Schnürer, _supra_, 89; Wellesz. _supra_, 165; W. B. Sedgwick, “Origin of Rhyme,” “_Revue Bénédictine_” XXXVI (1924), 341.

[29.] Several attractive illustrations of the _modus_ may be found in Karl Breul’s edition of _The Cambridge Songs_ (Cambridge, 1915).

[30.] Schnürer, _supra_, 89; R. Molitor, _Die Musik in der Reichnau_, reviewed in _Jahrbuch f. Liturgiewissenschaft_ VI (1926) 331.

[31.] See Chapter VII.