Chapter XXXII., IV.

[170] The above, in substance, is taken from Macrobius.

[171] _Post_, Chapter XXXVII.

[172] _Ante_, Chapter XXIX., II., and _post_, Chapter XXXVI., III.

[173] _Post_, Chapter XXXVI., I.

[174] For a successor or friendly rival to Chartres, in the interest taken in grammar and classical literature, one should properly look to Orleans, where apparently those studies continued to flourish. Cf. L. Delisle, “Les Écoles d’Orléans au douzième siècle,” _Annuaire-Bulletin de la Societé de l’Histoire de France_, t. vii. (1869), p. 139 _sqq._ In a _Bataille des septs arts_, by Henri d’Andeli, of the first half of the thirteenth century, Logic, from its stronghold of Paris, vanquishes Grammar, whose stronghold is Orleans. In the conflict, with much symbolic truth, Aristotle overthrows Priscian, _Histoire littéraire de la France_, t. xxiii. p. 225.

[175] _Post_, Chapter XXXVII.

[176] See _post_, Chapter XLI. and XLII. for the work of Grosseteste.

[177] Cf. _post_, Chapter XXXIII. and XXXVII.

[178] Cf. Specht, _Geschichte des Unterrichtswesens in Deutschland, etc._ (Stuttgard, 1885), p. 75 and _passim_.

Yet how soon and with what childish prattle youths might begin to speak and write Latin is touchingly shown by a boy’s letter, written from a monastic school, to his parents. It just asks for various little things, and its superscription is: “Parentibus suis A. agnus ablactatus pium balatum”: which seems to mean: “To his parents, A, a weaned lamb, sends a loving bah.” This and other curious little letters are ascribed to one Robertus Metensis (_cir._ A.D. 900) (Migne 132, col. 533).

[179] See Thurot, _Histoire des doctrines grammaticales au moyen âge; Notices et extraits des MSS._ vol. 22, part 2, p. 85. For what is said in the preceding and following pages the writer’s obligations are deep to this well-known work of Thurot, and to Reichling’s edition of the _Doctrinale_ of Alexander de Villa-Dei (_Mon. Germ. paedagogica_, XII., Berlin, 1893). Paetow’s _Arts Course at Medieval Universities_ (University of Illinois, 1910) treats learnedly of these matters.

[180] See Thurot, _o.c._ p. 204 _sqq._

[181] _Regere_, a mediaeval term not used in this sense by Priscian.

[182] See the _Einleitung_ to Reichling’s edition of the _Doctrinale_ already referred to; also Thurot, _De Alexandri de Villa-Dei doctrinali_ (Paris, 1850). The chief mediaeval rival of the _Doctrinale_ was the _Graecismus_ of Eberhard of Bethune, written a little later. See Paetow, _o.c._ p. 38.

[183] _Doctrinale_, line 1561 _sqq._

[184] _Doctrinale_, 1603 _sqq._

[185] _Doctrinale_, 2330-2331.

[186] See passage in Reichling’s _Einleitung_, p. xxvii.

[187] See _e.g._ _Une Grammaire latine inédite du XIII{e} siècle_, par Ch. Fierville (Paris, 1886).

[188] See Reichling, _o.c._ _Einleitung_, p. xix; Thurot, _Not. et extr._ xxii. 2, p. 112 _sqq._

[189] See _e.g._ Thurot, _o.c._ p. 176 _sqq._; p. 216 _sqq._

[190] Thurot, _o.c._ pp. 126-127.

[191] Thurot, _o.c._ p. 127.

[192] _The Greek Grammar of Roger Bacon_, ed. by Nolan and Hirsch (Cambridge, 1902).

[193] Bacon defines _idioma_ “as the determined peculiarity (_proprietas_) of language, which one _gens_ uses after its custom; and another _gens_ uses another _idioma_ of the same language” (_Greek Grammar_, p. 26). Dialect is the modern term.

[194] _Greek Grammar_, p. 27. Bacon appears to have followed Priscian chiefly. As to whether he used Byzantine models, or other sources, see the Introduction to Nolan and Hirsch’s edition of the _Greek Grammar_. These thoughts inspiring Bacon’s _Grammar_ became a veritable metaphysics in the _Grammatica speculativa_ ascribed to Duns Scotus, see _post_, Chapter XLII.

[195] Cf. L. Rockinger, “Die Ars Dictandi in Italien,” _Sitzungsber. bayerisch. Akad._, 1861, pp. 98-151. For examples of these _dictamina_, see L. Delisle, “Dictamina Magistri Berardi de Neapoli” (a papal notary equally versed in law and rhetoric), _Notices et extraits des MSS., etc._, vol. 27, part 2, p. 87 _sqq._; Ch. V. Langlois, “Formulaires de lettres,” etc., _Not. et ext._ vol. 32 (2), p. 1 _sqq._; _ibid._ vol. 34 (1), p. 1 _sqq._ and p. 305 _sqq._ and vol. 35 (2), p. 409 _sqq._

[196] For the history of this school in the eleventh century, see _ante_,