ii. 393

Pagan philosophy permeating exponents of, i. =33-4=, =58=, 61 Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312 Rearrangement of, undertaken in Carolingian period, i. =224=, 237 Symbolism of, _see under_ Symbolism

Paulinus of Aquileia, i. 215

Paulinus, St., of Nola, i. =86=, 126 _n. 2_

Paulus--on _jus_, ii. 237: _Sententiae_ of, ii. 243

Paulus, St., i. 84, 86

Paulus Diaconus, i. 214-15, 252

Pavia, law school at, ii. 251, =259=

Pedro, Don, of Castille, i. 554-5

Pelagians, i. 225

Pelagius, i. 172 _n._

Peripatetic School, i. 38-9 (_See also_ Aristotle)

Peter, Bro., of Apulia, i. 512-14

Peter, disciple of St. Francis, i. 426

Peter Damiani, _see_ Damiani

Peter of Blois, ii. 133-4

Peter of Ebulo, ii. 190

Peter of Maharncuria, ii. 502-4

Peter of Pisa, i. 214

Peter the Venerable, Abbot of Cluny, i. 360; letter of, to Heloïse, ii. 25-7

Petrarch, ii. 188, =219=

Petrus Riga, _Aurora_ of, ii. 127

Philip VI., King of France, i. 551

Philip Augustus, King of France, ii. 33

Philip Hohenstauffen, Duke of Suabia, i. 481; ii. =32=, 33

Philo, i. 37, =231=; allegorizing of, ii. =42=, 364

Philosophy: Division of, schemes of, ii. 312 _seqq._ End of: Abaelard’s and Hugo’s views on, ii. 352, 361 John of Salisbury on, ii. 375

Philosophy, antique: Divine source of, Bacon’s view as to, ii. 507 _n. 2_ “First” (Aristotelian), ii. 335 Position of, in Roman Empire (3rd-6th cent.), i. 34 (_See also_ Greek thought)

Philosophy, Arabian, ii. =389-90=, 400-1

Philosophy, scholastic: Completeness of, in Aquinas, ii. 395 Divisions of, ii. 312 _seqq._ Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8 Physical sciences included in, _see_ Physical science Theology as the end of (Abaelard’s and Hugo’s view), ii. 352, 361 Theology distinguished from, ii. 284, 288; by Aquinas, ii. =290=, 311; by Bonaventura, ii. 410 _and_ _n._; considered as superior to, by Aquinas, ii. 289-=90=, =292=; dominated by (Bacon’s contention), ii. 496; dissociated from, by Duns and Occam, ii. 510, =517=, 519

Physical science: Albertus Magnus’ attitude toward, ii. 423; his works on, ii. 425-9 Bacon’s predilection for, ii. 486-7 Classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._ Experimental science or method, ii. 502-8 Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 300 Oxford school of, ii. 389 Patristic attitude toward, i. 63, 66-7, =72-3=, =76-7=, 99; ii. 393 Theology as subserved by, ii. =67=, 111, =289=, =486=, =492=, =496=, 500, 530; denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510; by Occam, ii. 519-20

_Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83

Pippin of Heristal, i. =208-9=; ii. 197

Pippin of Neustria, i. 115, =200=, =209=, 210 and _n. 1_; ii. 273

Pippin, son of Charlemagne, ii. 197

Placentia (Piacenza), i. 24

Placentinus, ii. 261-2

Plato, supra-rationalism of, i. 42; allegorizing by, i. 36; ii. 364; doctrine of ideas, i. =35=; ii. 339-340; Aquinas on this doctrine, ii. 455, 465; Augustine of Hippo as influenced by, ii. 403; “salvation” suggestion in, ii. 296 _n. 2_; _Republic_, i. 36; _Timaeus_, i. =35-6=, 291; ii. 64, 69, =118=, 348, 370, 372, =377=

Platonism: Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_, in, ii. 100 _n. 2_ Augustinian, i. 55 Nature of, i. =35-6=, 57, 59 Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312

Pliny the Elder, _Historia naturalis_ by, i. 39-40, 75

Plotinus, estimate of, i. 43, 45; personal affinity of Augustine with, i. 55-7; philosophic system of, i. =42=-6, 50, 51; _Enneads_ of, i. 55; otherwise mentioned, i. 50, 51; ii. 64

Plutarch, i. 44

Poetry, mediaeval: Carmina Burana (Goliardic poetry), ii. 203, =217-19 and n.= Chivalric, _see_ Chivalry--Literature Hymns, _see that heading_ Italian, of 11th cent., i. =251 seqq.=; ii. 186 Latin, _see_ Latin verse Modi, ii. 215-16 Music and, interaction of, ii. 195-=6=, =201-2= Old High German, ii. 194 Popular verse, _see sub-headings_ Carmina _and_ Modi; _also_ Vernacular Prosody, Alexander de Villa-Dei on, ii. 126 Vernacular: Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon, ii. 220-1 Romance, ii. 221-3, 225 _seqq._

Pontigny monastery, i. 362

Poor of Lyons (Waldenses), i. 364, =365 n.=; ii. 34

Popes (_See also_ Papacy; _and for particular popes see their names_): Avignon, at, ii. 510 Decretals of, _see under_ Canon law Degradation of (10th cent.), i. 242 Election of, freed from lay control, i. 243 _n. 2_

Popular rights, growth of, in 12th cent., i. 305

Porphyry, i. 42, =44-7=, 50, 51, 56; ii. 295; _Isagoge_ (Introduction to the _Categories_ of Aristotle), i. 45, 92, 102; ii. 312, =314 n.=, 333, =339=

Preaching Friars, _see_ Dominican Order

Predestination, Gottschalk’s controversy as to, i. 224-5, 227-=8=

Priscianus, i. 71; ii. 119 _n. 2_; _Institutiones grammaticae_ of (_Priscianus major_ and _minor_), ii. 124-5

Prosper of Aquitaine, i. 106 _n. 1_

Provençal literature, i. 571; ii. 168; Alba (aube) poetry, i. 20, =571=; ii. 30

Provincia (Narbonensis): Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9 Latinization of, i. 26-7 _and_ _n. 1_ Ligurian inhabitants of, i. 126 Teutonic invasion of, i. 125

Prudentius, ii. 63; _Psychomachia_ of, ii. 102-4

Pseudo-Callisthenes, _Life and Deeds of Alexander_ by, ii. 224, 225, =229-230=

Pseudo-Dionysius, ii. 302; _Celestial Hierarchy_ by, i. 54 _and_ _n. 1_

Pseudo-Turpin, ii. 319

Ptolemy of Alexandria, i. 40

Purgatory: Dante’s _Purgatorio_, _see under_ Dante Hildegard’s visions as to, i. 456 _n._ Popular belief as to, i. 486

_Quadrivium_, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts

Rabanus Maurus, Abp. of Mainz, allegorizing of Scripture by, ii. 46-7; interest in the vernacular, i. 308; works of, i. 222-41; _De universo_, i. 300; ii. 316 _n. 2_; _Allegoriae in universam sacram scripturam_, ii. 48-9; _De laudibus sanctae crucis_, ii. 49 _n. 3_; otherwise mentioned, i. 16, 100, 215; ii. 302-303, 312, 332

Race, tests for determining, i. 124 _n._

Radbertus, _see_ Paschasius

_Raoul de Cambrai_, i. 563-4

Ratherius, i. 309 and =n. 2=

Ratramnus of Corbie, i. 215, 227; ii. 199

Ravenna: Gerbert’s disputation in, i. 289-91 Grammar and rhetoric studies at, ii. 121 Law studies at, ii. 251, 252 S. Apollinaris in Classe, i. 373, 377

Raymond of Agiles quoted, i. 536

Realism, Duns’ exposition of, ii. 514 _and_ _n._

Reason _v._ authority controversy: Berengar’s position in, i. 302-3 Eriugena’s contribution to, i. 229-=30=

Reccared, i. 118 _nn._

Reinhard, Bp. of Halberstadt, ii. 62

Relics of saints and martyrs: Arms enshrining, i. 528 Curative use of, i. 299 Patristic attitude toward, i. 86, 101 _n._

Renaissance, misleading nature of term, i. 211 _n._

_Renaud de Montaubon_, i. 564

Rheims cathedral school, i. 293

Rhetoric: Chartres study of, i. 298 Hugo of St. Victor on, ii. 67 Predominance of, i. 109 _and_ _n._

Richard, Abbot of Jumièges, i. 480-1

Richard of Middleton, ii. 512

Richard of St. Victor, ii. 80, =87= _and_ _n. 2_, =367 n. 2=, 540

Richer, Abbot of Monte Cassino, i. 252, 300 _n. 2_; history of Gerbert by, quoted, i. 287-91

Ricimer, Count, i. 113

Riddles, didactic, i. 218-19 _and_ _n. 1_

Rigaud, Eude (Oddo Rigaldus), Abp. of Rouen, i. =476=, =508=, 509; _Register_ of, quoted, i. 476-81

Robert, cousin of St. Bernard, i. 395-7

Robert of Normandy, ii. 139

Rollo, Duke, of Normandy, i. 153, 239-40

_Roman de la rose_, i. =586-7=; ii. 103 _and_ _nn._, 104, 223

_Roman de Thebes_, ii. 227, =229 n.=

Roman Empire: Barbarization of, i. 5, 7, =111 seqq.= Billeting of soldiers, custom as to, i. 114 _n._, 117 Christianity accepted by, i. 345 Church, relations with, ii. 265-7, 272-3 Cities enjoying citizenship of--in Spain, i. 26 _and_ _n. 2_; in Gaul, i. 30 City life of, i. 27, 326 Clientage system under, i. 117 _n. 2_ Dante’s views on, ii. 536 Decadence of, i. =84=, 97, =111= Eastern, _see_ Eastern Empire Enduring nature of, conditions of, i. 238 _n._ Greek thought diffused by, i. 4 Italian people under, i. 7 Jurisconsults of, authority and capacity of, ii. 232-3 _and_ _n._, 236 Latinization of Western Europe due to, i. 23 _seqq._, 110 Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 11 Scandinavians under influence of, i. 152 _n. 3_

Roman law: Auditory, Imperial or Praetorian, ii. 233 _n._, 235 _n. 1_ Bologna famed for study of, ii. =121=, 251, =259-62=, 378 _Brachylogus_, ii. 254-5 _Breviarium_ and its _Interpretatio_, i. =117=; ii. 243-4; Epitomes of, ii. 244, =249-50=; _Brachylogus_ influenced by, ii. 254 Burgundian tolerance of, i. 121; code (_Papianus_), ii. 239, =242= Church under, ii. 265 _and_ _n. 2_ Codes of: Barbaric, nature of, ii. 244 (_See also sub-headings_ Breviarium _and_ Burgundian) Gregorianus’, ii. 240, 243 Hermogenianus’, ii. 240, 243 Nature of, ii. 239-40 Theodosian, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242-3, =249=, =266-7 and n. 1= _Codex_ of Justinian, ii. =240=, =242=, 253: Azo’s and Accursius’ work on, ii. 263-4 Glosses to, ii. 249-50 Placentinus’ _Summa_ of, ii. 262 _Summa Perusina_ an epitome of, ii. =249=, 252 _Constitutiones_ and _rescripta principum_, ii. =235 and n. 1=, 239, =240= Custom recognized by, ii. 236 Digest of, by Justinian, _see subheading_ Pandects Elementary education including smattering of, ii. 250 Epitomes of, various, ii. 249-50; _Epitome of Julianus_, ii. 242, =249=, 254 Glosses: Accursius’ _Glossa ordinaria_, ii. 263-4 Irnerius’, ii. 261 _and_ _n. 1_ Justinian’s _Codex_, to, ii. 249-50 Gothic adoption of, i. 114 _Institutes_ of Gaius, ii. 241, 243 _Institutes_ of Justinian, ii. =241=, 243, =254=: Azo’s _Summa_ of, ii. 263 Placentinus’ _Summa_ of, ii. 262 Jurisprudential element in early stages of, ii. 232 _Jus_ identified with _aequitas_, ii. 235 _Jus civile_, ii. 237, 257 _Jus gentium_: _Jus naturale_ in relation to, ii. 234 _and_ _n._ Origin of, ii. 233-4 Popular rights as regarded by, ii. 278 _Jus praetorium_, ii. 235 _Lex romana canonice compta_, ii. 252 Lombard attitude toward, i. 115 _Novellae_ of Justinian, ii. 240, =242= Pandects (Justinian’s _Digest_), ii. 235 _and_ _n. 2_, =236-8=, =241=-2, 248, 253, 255: Accursius’ _Glossa_ on, ii. 264 Glossators’ interpretation of, ii. 265 Permanence of, ii. 236 _Petrus_ (_Petri exceptiones_), ii. 252-4 Placentinus’ work in, ii. 261-2 Principles of, examples of, ii. 237-8; possession and its rights, ii. 256-8 Principles of interpretation of, ii. 256 Provincia, in, i. 27 _n. 1_ _Responsa_ or _auctoritas jurisprudentium_, ii. 235-6 Sources of, multifarious, ii. 235 Sphere of, ii. 248 Study of, centres for--in France, ii. 250; in Italy, ii. =121=, 251 _and_ _n. 2_, =259-62=, 378 _Summa codicis Irnerii_, ii. 255 Theodosian Code, _see under subheading_ Codes Treatises on, mediaeval, ii. 252 _seqq._ Twelve Tables, ii. 232, 236 Visigothic code of, _see subheading_ _Breviarium_

Romance, spirit of, i. 418

Romance languages (_See also_ Old French): Characteristics of, ii. 152 Dante’s attitude toward, ii. 537 Latin as modified by, ii. 155 Literature of, ii. 221-3 (_See also_ Provençal literature) Strength of, i. 9

Romance nations, mediatorial rôle of, i. =110-11=, 124

_Romans d’aventure_, i. =564-5=, 571 _n. 2_

Rome: Bishops of, _see_ Popes Factions in (10th cent.), i. 242 Law School in, ii. 251, 255 Mosaics in, i. 347 Verses to, i. 348; ii. =200=

Romualdus, St., youth of, i. 373; austerities of, i. 374, =379=, 381; relations with his father, i. 374-5; harshness and egotism of, i. 375-7; at Vallis de Castro, i. 376-7, 380; at Sytrio, i. 378-9; death of, i. 372 _n. 3_, =380=; Commentary of, on the Psalter, i. 379

Romulus Augustulus, Emp., i. 114

Roncesvalles, battle of, i. 559 _n. 2_-62

Roscellinus, i. 303-4; ii. 339-=40=

Rothari, King of Lombards, i. 115; ii. 251

Ruadhan, St., i. 132-3

Ruotger, Life of Abp. Bruno by, i. 310; ii. 162 _and_ _n. 1_

_Sacra doctrina_, _see_ Theology

Sacraments, _see under_ Church

_Sagas_, Norse: Character of, i. 12 _n._, 155 _seqq._ _Egil_, i. 162-4 _Gisli_, i. 158 _Heimskringla_, i. 160-2 _and_ _n. 2_ _Njala_, i. 157 _and_ =n.=, =159=, =164-7= Oral tradition of, ii. 220

St. Denis monastery, ii. 10, =344=

St. Emmeram convent (Ratisbon), i. 315, =316=

St. Gall monastery, i. 257-8; Notker’s work at, ii. 201-2

St. Victor monastery and school, ii. =61-3=, 143, 383

Saints: Austerities of, i. 374 _and_ _n._, 375 Interventions of, mediaeval beliefs as to, i. 487-8, 490 Irish clergy so called, i. 135 _n. 2_ Lives of: Compend. of (_Legenda Aurea_), ii. 184 Conventionalized descriptions in, i. 393 _n. 1_ Defects of, i. 494 Estimate of, i. =84-5 and nn.= otherwise mentioned, i. 298, 300 Relics of, _see_ Relics Visions of, i. 444-5 Worship of, i. 101

Salerno medical school, i. =250 n. 4=, =251=; ii. 121

Salian Franks, _see under_ Franks

Salimbene, i. 496-7, 499-500; _Chronica_ of, quoted and cited, i. 498 _seqq._; editions and translations of the work, i. 496 _n._

Salvation, _see under_ Christianity

Salvian, _De gubernatione Dei_ by, i. 84

Saracens: Crusades against, _see_ Crusades Frankish victories against, i. 209-10 _n. 1_ Wars with, necessitating mounted warriors, i. 525 otherwise mentioned, i. 239, 252, 274, 332

Saxons, _see_ Anglo-Saxons _and_ Germans

Scandinavians, _see_ Norsemen

Scholasticism: Arab analogy with, ii. 390 _and_ _n. 2_ Aristotle’s advanced works, stages of appropriation of, ii. 393-5 Bacon’s attack on, ii. 484, =493-4=, =496=, 509 Classification of topics by: Schemes of, various, ii. 312 _seqq._ Twofold principle of, ii. 311 Conceptualism, ii. 520-1 Content of, i. 301 Deference to authority a characteristic of, ii. 297, 300 Disintegration of--through Duns, ii. 510, 516; through Occam, ii. 522-3 Elementary nature of discussions of, ii. 347 Evil, problem of, _see_ Evil Exponents of, ii. 283 _and_ _n._ Final exposition of, by Aquinas, ii. 484 Greek thought contrasted with, ii. 296 Humour non-existent in, ii. 459 Method of, ii. =302=, =306-7=, 315 _n._; prototype of, i. 95 Nominalism, ii. 340 Philosophy of, _see_ Philosophy, scholastic Phraseology of, untranslatable, ii. 348, 483 _Praedicables_, ii. 314 _n._ Present interest of, ii. 285 Realism, ii. 340; Pantheism in relation to, ii. 370 Salvation a main interest of, ii. =296-7=, 300, 311 Scriptural authority, position of, ii. 289, =291-2= Secular studies as regarded by, ii. 349, 357 Stages of development of, ii. 333 _seqq._ Sympathetic study of, the key to contradictions, ii. 371 Theology of, _see_ Theology Universals, problem of: Aquinas’ treatment of, ii. 462 Duns’ treatment of, ii. 515 Occam’s contribution toward, ii. 520-1 Roscellin’s views on, i. 303-4

Sciences, classifications of, ii. 312 _seqq._ (_See also_ Physical science)

Scotland, Christianizing of, i. 173

Scriptures, Christian: Allegorizing of: Examples of: David and Bathsheba episode, ii. 44-6 Exodus, Book of, ii. 47 Good Samaritan parable, ii. =53-6=, 84, 90 Hannah, story of, ii. 47 _n. 1_ Pharisee and Publican parable, ii. 51-2 Hugo of St. Victor’s view of, ii. 65 _n._ Writers exemplifying--Philo, ii. 42-43; the Fathers, ii. =43 seqq.=, 68-9 _and_ _n. 2_; Rabanus, ii. 46-50; Bede, ii. 47 _n. 1_; Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._; Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 67 _seqq._ Anglo-Saxon version of, i. =142 n. 2=, 183 Authority of--in patristic doctrine, ii. 295; acknowledged by Eriugena, i. 231; by Berengar, i. 303; in scholasticism, ii. 280, 291-2 Bacon’s attitude toward, ii. =491-2=, 497 Bonaventura’s attitude toward, and writings on, ii. 405 _seqq._ Canon law based on, ii. 267-9 Classical studies in relation to, _see subheading_ Secular Classification of topics based on, ii. 317, 324 Commentaries on--Alcuin’s, i. 220-1; Raban’s, i. 222-3 Duns’ attitude toward, ii. 516 Francis of Assisi’s literal acceptance of, i. 365, 426-=7=; his realization of spirit of, i. 427 _n. 1_; ii. 183 Gothic version of, i. 143 _n._ _Heliand_, i. =203 and nn.=, 308 Hymns based on, ii. 88 _seqq._ Interpretation of--by the Fathers, i. =43 seqq.=, 68-9 _and_ _n. 2_; by Eriugena, i. 231; by Berengar, i. 303 Isidore’s writings on, i. 104-5 Love, human, as treated in Old Testament, i. 332-3 Scenes from, in Gothic art, ii. 82 _seqq._ Secular knowledge in relation to, i. 63, =66=; ii. =110=, =112=, 120, 499 Song of Songs, _see_ Canticles Study of, by monks, i. 94; Cassiodorus’ _Institutiones_, i. 95-6 Theology identified with, ii. 406, 408 Vulgate, the: Corruption in Paris copy of, ii. 497 Language of, ii. 171

Sculpture, Gothic: Cathedrals, evolution of, ii. 538-=9= Symbolism of, i. 457 _n. 2_; ii. =82-6=

Sedulius Scotus, i. 215

Seneca, i. 26, 41

_Sentences, Books of_: Isidore’s, i. 106 _and_ _n. 1_ Paulus’ _Sententiae_, ii. 243 Peter Lombard’s, _see under_ Lombard Prosper’s, i. 106 _n. 1_

Sequence-hymns, development of, ii. 196, =201-6=; Adam of St. Victor’s, ii. 209-215

Serenus, Bp. of Marseilles, i. 102

Sermons, allegorizing: Bernard of Clairvaux, by, i. 337 _n._, =409-13=; ii. =169=, 368-9 Honorius of Autun, by, ii. 50 _seqq._

Seven Liberal Arts (_See also separate headings_ Grammar, Logic, _etc._): Alanus de Insulis on functions of, ii. 98 _n. 1_ Carolingian study of, i. 236 Clerical education in, i. 221-2 Compend of, by Cassiodorus, i. 96 _De nuptiis_ as concerned with, i. 71 _n. 3_ Hugo of St. Victor on function of, ii. 67, 111 Latin the medium for, ii. 109 Law smattering included with, ii. 250 Quadrivium: Boëthius on, i. 90 _and_ _n. 2_ Chartres, at, i. 299 Thierry’s encyclopaedia of, ii. 130 Trivium: Chartres, at, i. =298-9=; ii. 163 Courses of, as representing stages of mediaeval development, ii. 331 _seqq._ otherwise mentioned, i. 217; ii. 553

Severinus, St., i. 192

Severus, Sulpicius, i. 126 _n. 2_; Life of St. Martin by, i. 52, 84, 85 _n. 2_, =86=

Sidonius, Apollinaris, i. 126 _n. 2_; cited, i. 117 _n. 1_, 140

Siger de Brabant, ii. 401 _and_ _n._

_Sippe_, i. 122

Smaragdus, Abbot, i. 215

Socrates, i. 34-5; ii. 7

Songs, _see_ Poetry

Sophists, Greek, i. 35

Sorbon, Robert de, i. 544-5

Sorcery, i. 46

Spain: Antique, the, in relation to, before Middle Ages, i. 9 Arabian philosophy in, ii. 390 Church in, i. 9, 103, =118 and n.= Latinization of, i. 25-6 _and_ _n. 2_ Moorish conquest of, i. 9, 118 Visigoths in, i. 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118

_Stabat Mater_, i. 348

Statius, ii. 229 _n._

Statius Caecilius, i. 25

Stephen IX., Pope, i. 263

Stephen, St., sequence for festival of, ii. 211-13

Stephen of Bourbon quoted, i. 365 _n._

Stilicho, i. 112

Stoicism: Emotion as regarded by, i. 330 Nature of, i. =41=, 57, 59 Neo-Platonism contrasted with, ii. 296 Philosophy as classified by, ii. 312 Roman law as affected by, ii. 232 otherwise mentioned, i. 40, 70

Strabo, Walafrid, _see_ Walafrid

Suevi, i. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_, =139=

_Summae_, method of, ii. 306-7 (_See also under_ Theology)

_Summum bonum_, Aquinas’ discussion of, ii. 438 _seqq._, 456

Switzerland, Irish monasteries founded in, i. 174

Sylvester II., Pope (Gerbert of Aurillac), career of, i. 281-4; disputation with Otric, i. 289-91; estimate of, i. 281, =285-7=; love of the classics, i. =287-8=; ii. 110; Latin style of, ii. 160; logical studies of, ii. 332, 338, 339, 345; letters of, quoted, i. 283-7; estimated, i. 284-5; editions of works of, i. 280 _n._; _Libellus de rationali et ratione uti_, i. =292 n.=, 299; otherwise mentioned, i. 249; ii. 35

Symbolism: Alanus’ _Anticlaudianus_ as exemplifying, ii. 94-103 Angels as symbols, ii. 457 Art, mediaeval, inspired by, i. 21 Augustine and Gregory compared as to, i. 56-7 Carolingian, nature and examples of, ii. 46-50 Church edifices, of, ii. 78-82 Dante permeated with, ii. 534, =552-5= Greek, nature of, ii. 56-7 Hildegard’s visions, in, i. 456 _seqq._ Marriage relationship, in, i. 413-14 Mass, of the, ii. 77-8 Mediaeval thought deeply impressed by, ii. =43=, 50 _n. 1_, =102=, =365= Mysticism in relation to, ii. 364 Neo-Platonic, i. 52 Ovid’s works interpreted by, ii. 230 Patristic, i. =37=, =43-6=, 52, 53, 58, =80= Platonic, i. 36 Raban’s addiction to, i. 223 _and_ _n. 2_ _Signum et res_ classification, ii. 322-3 Twelfth century--in Honorius of Autun, ii. 51 _seqq._; in Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 64 _seqq._ Universal in mental processes, ii. 41, 552 _n._ Universe explained by, ii. 64, 66 _seqq._ otherwise mentioned, i. 15, 22

Sytrio, Romualdus at, i. 378-9

Tacitus, i. 78; ii. 134

Tears, grace of, i. 370-1 _and_ _n._, 462, 463

Templars, i. 531-5

Tenth century, _see_ Carolingian period

Tertullian, i. 5, 58, 87, 99, 171, 332, 344, 354 _n._; ii 152; paradox of, i. 51; ii. 297; _Adversus Marcionem_, i. 68

Teutons (_See also_ Anglo-Saxons, Danes, Germans, Norsemen): Celts compared with, i. 125 Characteristics of, i. 138 Christianizing of: Manner of, i. =181-3=, =196-7=, 193; results of, i. 5, =170=-1 Motives of converts, i. 193 Customs of, i. 122, 139, 141, 523 Law of, early, tribal nature of, ii. 245-7 Rôle of, in mediaeval evolution, i. 125 Roman Empire permeated by, i. 111 _seqq._

Theodora, i. 242

Theodore, Abp. of Canterbury, i. 184

Theodoric of Freiburg, ii. 501 _n._

Theodoric the Ostrogoth, i. 89, 91 _n. 2_, 93, =114-15=, 120-1, 138, 249; in legend, i. 145-6; Edict of, ii. 244 _n._

Theodosius the Great, Emp., i. 112; ii. 272; Code of, ii. 240 _and_ _n. 2_, 241 _n. 2_, 242, =249=, =266-7 and n. 1=

Theodulphus, Bp. of Orleans, i. =9=, 215; Latin diction of, ii. 160

Theology, scholastic: Abaelard’s treatises on, _see under_ Abaelard Aquinas’ _Summa_ of, _see under_ Aquinas Argumentative nature of, ii. 292-3 Augustinian character of, ii. 403 Course of study in, ii. 388 Importance of, as intellectual interest, ii. 287-8 Logic in relation to, ii. =340 n.=, 346 Mysticism of, ii. 363-4 Natural sciences, etc., as handmaids to, ii. =67=, 111, 289, =486=, =492=, =496=, 500, 530; denial of the theory--by Duns, ii. 510; by Occam, ii. 519-520 (_See also_ Physical science--Patristic attitude toward) Paris the centre for, ii. 283, =379= Philosophy in relation to, _see under_ Philosophy Practical, not speculative, regarded as, ii. 512, =515=, 519 Scientific nature of, as regarded by Albertus, ii. 291, 430 Scripture identified with, ii. 406, 408 _Summae_ of--by Alexander of Hales, ii. 399; by Bonaventura, ii. 408; by Albertus Magnus, ii. 430-1; by Aquinas, _see under_ Aquinas Thirteenth-century study of, ii. 118-=120=

Theophrastus, i. 38

Theresa, St., i. 443 _n. 1_

Theurgic practice, i. 46-8

Thierry, Chancellor of Chartres, ii. 119, =370-1=; _Eptateuchon_ of, ii. 130 _and_ _n._

Thirteenth century: Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287 Latin prose styles of, ii. 179 Papal position in, ii. 509 Personalities of writers emergent in, ii. 436 Theology and dialectic the chief studies of, ii. 118-=20= Three phenomena marking, ii. 378

Thomas à Kempis, _De imitatione Christi_ by, ii. 185

Thomas Aquinas, _see_ Aquinas

Thomas of Brittany, _Tristan_ fragment by, i. 582

Thomas of Cantimpré, ii. 428-9

Thomas of Celano, Life of St. Francis by, quoted, i. 435, 436-8; style of the work, ii. 182-3

Thucydides, _History of the Peloponnesian War_ by, i. 77-8

Thuringia: Boniface’s work in, i. 197-8 Merovingian rule in, i. 121

Thuringians, language of, i. 145 _n. 2_

Torriti, i. 347

Trance, _see_ Ecstasy

Trèves, i. =30=, 31, 192

_Tristan_: Chrétien’s version of, i. 567 Gottfried von Strassburg’s version of, i. 577-82

Trivium, _see under_ Seven Liberal Arts

Troubadours (trouvères), i. 572-3 _and_ _nn._

Troy, tales of, in mediaeval literature, ii. 200, =224-5 and n. 2=, =227-9=

True and the good compared, ii. 441, 512

Truth, Guigo’s _Meditationes_ as concerning, i. 385-6

Twelfth century: Classical studies at zenith in, ii. 117-118 Growth in, various, i. 305-6 Intellectual interests of, ultimate, ii. 287 Literary zenith in, ii. 168, 205-6 Mobility increased during, ii. 379

Ulfilas, i. 192; ii. 221

Ulpian--on _jus naturale_ and _jus gentium_, ii. 234 _and_ _n._; on _justitia_, _jus_ and _jurisprudentia_, ii. 237

Ulster Cycle, Sagas of, i. 128 _and_ _n. 2_, 129 _seqq._

Universals, _see under_ Scholasticism

Universities, mediaeval (_For particular universities see their names_): Increase in (14th cent.), ii. 523 Rise of, ii. 379, 381 _seqq._ Studies at, ii. 388 _and_ _n._

Urban II., Pope, ii. 175

Urban IV., Pope, ii. 391-2, 434

Utrecht, bishopric of, i. 197

Vallombrosa, i. 377

Vandals, i. 112, =113=, 120

Varro, Terentius, i. 39, 71, 78

Vercingetorix, i. 28

Vernacular poetry, _see under_ Poetry

Verse, _see_ Poetry

Vikings, _see_ Danes _and_ Norsemen

Vilgard, i. 259-60

Vincent of Beauvais, _Speculum majus_ of, ii. 82 _and_ _n. 2_, 315-22

Virgil, Bernard Silvestris’ _Commentum_ on, ii. 116-17 _and_ _n. 2_; Dante in relation to, ii. 535, 536, 539, 543

Virgin Mary: Dante’s _Paradiso_ as concerning, ii. 551 Hymns to, by Hugo of St. Victor, ii. 86-7, 92 Interventions of, against the devil, i. 487, =490-2= Mediaeval attitude toward, i. 53, 54 _and_ =n. 2=; ii. =431=, =551=, 558

Virtues: Aquinas’ classification of, ii. 326-8 Odilo’s _Cardinales disciplinae_, i. 295

Virtues and vices, poetic treatment of--by Alanus, ii. 102 _n._; by De Lorris and De Meun, ii. 103

Visigoths: Arianism of, i. 120 Dacian settlement of, i. 112 Gaul, Southern, kingdom in, i. 7, 112, =116=; Clovis’ conquest of, i. 121 Roman law code promulgated by, _see_ Roman law--_Breviarium_ Spain, in, i. 9, 113, 116-=17 and n. 2=, 118

Visions: Examples of, i. 444-6, 451, 452-9 Monastic atmosphere in, i. 184 _and_ _n. 2_ Nature of, i. 443, 449 and _n. 3_, =450=, 451 _and_ _n._

_Vita contemplativa_: Aquinas’ views on, ii. 443, =481-2= Hildebert on, ii. 144-5

_Vitae sanctorum_, _see_ Saints--Lives of

Walafrid Strabo, i. 100, =215=; ii. =332=; _Glossa ordinaria_ of, i. 16, =221 n. 2=; ii. =46=; _De cultura hortorum_, ii. 188 _n. 2_

Waldenses, i. =365 n.=; ii. 34

Walter of Lille (of Chatillon), _Alexandreis_ of, ii. 192 _and_ _n. 3_, 230 _n. 1_

Walther von der Vogelweide, political views of, ii. 33; attitude of, toward Papacy, ii. 34-6; piety and crusading zeal of, ii. 36; melancholy, ii. 36-7; _Minnelieder_ of, ii. 29-31; _Sprüche_, ii. 29, =32=, 36; _Tagelied_, ii. 30; _Unter der Linde_, ii. 30; otherwise mentioned, i. 475, =482=, 589; ii. 223

_Wergeld_, i. =122=, 139; ii. =246=

Will, primacy of, over intellect, ii. 512, 515

William, Abbot of Hirschau, i. 315

William II. (Rufus), King of England, i. 273, 275; ii. =138-9=

William of Apulia, ii. 189 _and_ _n. 3_

William of Champeaux--worsted by Abaelard, ii. 342-3; founds St. Victor, ii. 61, 143; Hildebert’s letter to, quoted, ii. 143

William of Conches, ii. 132; studies and works of, ii. 372-3; _Summa moralium philosophorum_, ii. 134-5, 373 _and_ _n. 2_

William of Malmsbury cited, i. 525

William of Moerbeke, ii. 391

William of Occam, _see_ Occam

William of St. Thierry, ii. 300, 344

Willibrord, St., i. 197

Winifried-Boniface, St., i. 6, =197-200=, 308; ii. 273

Wisdom, Aquinas on, ii. 481

Witelo, _Perspectiva_ by, ii. 501 _n._

Witiza of Aquitaine, i. 358-9

Wolfram von Eschenbach, ii. 223; _Parzival_ by, i. 12 _n._, 149 _n. 1_, 152, 567, 571 _n. 2_, =589-613=; ii. =36=; estimate of the work, i. 588; ii. 29

Women: Emotion regarding, i. 349-50 Emotional Christ-love experienced by, i. 442, =459 seqq.= Fabliaux’ tone toward, i. 521 _n. 2_ German prae-mediaeval attitude toward, i. 139, 150; mediaeval, ii. 31 Monastic life, in: Abuses among, i. 491-2; Rigaud’s _Register_ as concerning, i. 479-480 Consecration of, i. 337 _and_ _n._ Gandersheim nuns, i. 311 Visions of, i. 442 _seqq._, 463 _seqq._ Monkish vilification of, i. =354 n.=, 521 _n. 2_, 532, =533=; ii. 58 Romantic literature as concerned with, i. 564 Romantic poems for audiences of, i. 565 Walther von der Vogelweide on, ii. 31

Worms, Concordat of (1122), i. 245 _n. 4_

Xenophon’s _Cyropaedia_, i. 78

Year-books (_Annales_), i. 234 _and_ =n. 1=

Yves, Bp. of Chartres, i. 262 _n._; ii. =139=

Zacharias, Pope, i. 199

Zoology: Albertus Magnus’ works on, ii. 429 Aristotle’s work in, i. 38 _Physiologus_, i. =76-7 and n.=, 300; ii. 83

THE END

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] See _post_, Chapter XXXVI., I.

[2] Lev. xxi. 20; Deut. xxiii. 1.

[3] Lucan, _Pharsalia_, viii. 94.

[4] Heloïse here in mediaeval fashion cites a number of examples from Scripture showing the ills and troubles brought by women to men.

[5] Again she quotes to prove this, from Job and St. Gregory and Ambrose.

[6] Heloïse’s last _problema_ did not relate to Scripture, and may have been suggested by her own life. “We ask whether one can sin in doing what is permitted or commanded by the Lord?” Abaelard answers with a discussion of what is permissible between man and wife.

[7] This letter of Heloïse is not extant.

[8] The _Tristan_ of Gottfried von Strassburg and the _Parzival_ of Wolfram von Eschenbach have been given. One may also refer to works of older contemporaries, _e.g._ to the _Aeneid_ of Heinrich von Veldeke, translated (1184) from a French rendering of Virgil; and the two courtly narrative poems, the _Erec_ and _Ivain_ (Knight of the Lion) taken from Chrétien of Troies by Hartmann von Aue, who flourished as the twelfth century was passing into the thirteenth.

[9] On Walther von der Vogelweide, see Wilmann, _Leben und Dichtung Walthers, etc._ (Bonn, 1882); Schönbach, _Walther von der Vogelweide_ (2nd ed., Berlin, 1895). The citations from his poems in this chapter follow the Pfeiffer-Bartsch edition.

[10] No. 3 in the Pfeiffer-Bartsch edition.

[11] 184.

[12] 33.

[13] 22.

[14] 14, 16, 69.

[15] 18.

[16] 39.

[17] See _Lieder_, 46, 51, 56, 59, 61, 62, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77.

[18] A lucid account of this struggle is given in Luchaire, _Innocent III._, vol. iii. (“La Papauté et l’Empire”), Paris, 1906.

[19] 81.

[20] From “Freidank in Auswahl,” in Hildebrand’s _Didaktik aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge_, p. 336 (Deutsche Nat. Lit.).

[21] 85, cf. 164.

[22] 110.

[23] 113, cf. 111, 112.

[24] 115, 116.

[25] 133. My statement of the opposition to the papacy might be much more analytical, and contain further apt distinctions. But this would remove it too far from the anti-papal feeling of the common man; and the period, moreover, is not yet that of Occam and Marsilius of Padua--as to whom see Gierke, _Political Theories of the Middle Age_, trans. by Maitland (Cambridge, 1900).

[26] 88, 137.

[27] 158. Walter shared the crusading spirit. The inference that he was himself a Crusader is unsafe; but he wrote stirring crusading poems, one opening with a line that in sudden power may be compared with Milton’s

“Avenge, O Lord, Thy slaughtered saints.”

“Rich, hêrre, dich und dine muoter, megede kint.” 167. See also 78, 79.

[28] 87.

[29] _Parzival_, i. 824.

[30] 186.

[31] 188.

[32] While an allegory is a statement having another consciously intended meaning, metaphor is the carrying over or deflection of a meaning from its primary application. According to good usage, which has kept these terms distinct, allegory implies a definite and usually a sustained intention, and suggests the spiritual; while metaphor suggests figures of speech and linguistic changes often unconscious. Language develops through the metaphorical (not allegorical) extension or modification of the meanings of words. The original meaning sometimes is obscured (_e.g._ in _profane_ or _depend_), and sometimes continues to exist with the new one. In a vast number of languages, such words as _straight_, _oblique_, _crooked_, seem always to have had both a direct and a metaphorical meaning. Moral and intellectual conceptions necessarily are expressed in phrases primarily applicable to physical phenomena.

[33] Cf. Taylor, _Classical Heritage_, p. 97 _sqq._

[34] _Ante_, Chapters IV., V.

[35] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 1-5.

[36] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 66-68.

[37] Augustine’s method in this twenty-second Book is first to consider the actual sinfulness or justification of these deeds, and afterwards to take up in succession their typological significance. So, for example, he discusses the blamefulness of Judah’s conduct with Tamar in par. 61-64 and its typology in 83-86.

[38] _Contra Faustum_, xxii. 87. St. Ambrose, in his _Apologia Prophetae David_, cap. iii. (Migne 14, col. 857), written some years before Augustine’s treatise against Faustus, finds Bathsheba to signify the “congregatio nationum quae non erat Christo legitimo quodam fidei copulata connubio.”

[39] _Quaestiones in Vet. Testam. in Regum II._ (Migne 83, col. 411). Isidore died A.D. 636 (_ante_, Chapter V.)

[40] _Comment. in Libros IV. Regum_, in lib. ii. cap. xi.; Migne, _Pat. Lat._ 109, col. 98 (written in 834). On Rabanus and Walafrid see _ante_,