Chapter 38

Some light pieces of artillery will be placed in the road leading up the lake, and at such other points as Major Wood may direct. When the order is given for marching, the first and second lines will advance by files from the heads of companies; in other words, these two lines will form two columns, marching by their flanks by companies at entire distances. The three brigades on the right flank will be faced to the left and marched forward; the head of this column still forming en potence with the front line. It is probable that the two brigades of the front line will extend from the lake some distance into the woods, on (p. 263) the right flank, and it is desirable it should be so; but should it be otherwise, and the crotchet or angle be at any time on the open ground, his excellency Governor Shelby will immediately prolong the front line to the right, by adding to it as many companies of the leading brigade of the flank column as will bring the angle, and consequently the flank column itself, completely within the woods. It is to be presumed that the enemy will make their attack upon the army in its march, that their regular troops will form their right upon the lake, their militia occupy the ground between the regulars and the woods, and the Indians the woods. The formation herein prescribed is intended to resist an arrangement of this kind. Should the general's conjecture on that subject prove correct, as it must be evident that the right of the enemy cannot be turned, and on that wing his best troops must be placed, it will be proper to refuse him our left, and direct our principal effort to uncover the flank of his regulars by driving off his militia. In the event supposed, therefore, it will be proper to bring up a part or the whole of General Cass's brigade, to assist the charge made by General Calmes, or that the former should change positions with the brigade of volunteers in the second line. Should the general think it safe to order the whole of Cass's brigade to the right, without replacing it with another, General Cass will march to the right, formed in oblique eschelons of companies. It will be the business of General M'Arthur, in the event of his wing being refused to watch the motions of the enemy, with the assistance of the artillery, to prevent his front line at least from interrupting the progress of our right. Should the enemy's militia be defeated, the brigade of ours in advance will immediately wheel upon the flank of the British regulars, and General M'Arthur will advance to attack them in front. In the mean time, his excellency Governor Shelby can use the brigade in reserve of the second line to prolong the flank line from its front or left, or to reinforce any weak part of the line. In all cases where troops in advance are obliged to retire through those who are advancing to support them, it will be done by companies in files, which will retire through the intervals of the advancing line, and will immediately form in rear. The light troops will be particularly governed by this direction.

The disposition of the troops on the right flank is such as the commanding general thinks best calculated to resist an attack from Indians, which is only to be expected from that quarter. His excellency Governor Shelby will, however, use his discretion in making any alteration which his experience and judgment may dictate. Lieutenant-Colonel Ball, Lieutenant-Colonel Simral, and the general officers commanding on the flank line, are to send out small detachments in advance of the two former corps, and to the flank of the latter. Should they discover the enemy in force, immediately notice will be sent to the head of the lines. The general commanding on the spot will immediately order the signals for forming in order of battle, which will be the beat "_to arms_."

All signals will be immediately repeated by all the drums of the line; the signal for the whole to halt, is the retreat. Drums will be distributed along the heads of companies, and the taps occasionally given to regulate their march.

Lieutenant-Colonels Ball and Simral are to keep the general constantly advised of the discoveries made by the advanced parties. Where it shall become necessary for the corps of (p. 264) Ball and Simral to retire, they will form on the flank or in the rear of Generals M'Arthur and Calmes's brigades, and receive the orders of the brigadiers respectively.

Brigadier-General Cass will designate such officers as he may deem proper, to assist Captain Elliott, of the navy, in the arrangement of the troops. The general will be the signal for the whole to move. By command,

Edmund P. GAINES, _Col. Adj. Gen._

No. 51. (p. 265) PLATE LII.

_October 5, 1813._

Governor Isaac Shelby. [Rx]. Battle of the Thames. Octo. 5. 1813.

GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY.

[_Victory of the Thames._]

GOVERNOR ISAAC SHELBY. Bust of Governor Shelby in a general's uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

BATTLE OF THE THAMES. OCTO. (_October_) 5. 1813. The battle of the Thames; in the background, a forest; in the foreground, the mounted riflemen are charging the enemy. Exergue: RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS APRIL 4. 1818. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).[108]

[Footnote 108: The resolution of Congress voting this medal and the official reports of the Battle of the Thames are given under No. 50, page 254.]

ISAAC SHELBY was born in Hagerstown, Maryland, December 11, 1750. He served in the South throughout the Revolutionary War, rose to the rank of colonel, and displayed great gallantry in the battle of King's Mountain, October 7, 1780, for which he received a sword of honor and thanks from the Legislature of North Carolina. He was governor of Kentucky, 1792-1796, and 1812-1816; he joined General Harrison with four thousand Kentucky volunteers, and distinguished himself in the battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813, for which victory Congress gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. He declined to be secretary of War in 1817, and died in Lincoln County, Kentucky, July 18, 1826.

No. 52. (p. 266) PLATE LIII.

_June 24, 1822._

Lvdovicvs. XVIII Franc. et. Nav. rex. [Rx]. Gallia. et. America. foederata.

TREATY OF COMMERCE WITH FRANCE.

LVDOVICVS. XVIII FRANC. ET. NAV. REX. (_Ludovicus XVIII. Franciæ et Navarræ rex: Louis XVIII, King of France and Navarre._) Bust of Louis the Eighteenth, facing the right DE PUYMAURIN DIREXIT[109] (_directed_). On edge of bust, ANDRIEU. F. (_fecit_).

[Footnote 109: De Puymaurin was director of the Paris Mint at the time this medal was struck.]

GALLIA. ET. AMERICA. FOEDERATA. (_France and America allied._) France and America, personified as two female figures, standing, leaning on a column, on which is a bust of Mercury. France, beside whom is a shield bearing the three fleurs de lis, holds in her right hand a cornucopia, and America rests her left hand on the prow of a galley; on the face of the column is engraved: MDCCCXXII (1822). Exergue: NOVIS. COMMERCIORVM. PACTIS IVNCTAE (_United by new treaties of commerce._) GAYRARD. F. (_fecit_).[110]

[Footnote 110: See INTRODUCTION, pages x and xxiii.]

BERTRAND ANDRIEU was born in Bordeaux, France, in 1762. He studied first at the academy of Bordeaux, then with Lavaux. He came to Paris early in life. Among his principal medals are: the taking of the Bastille; the battle of Marengo; the passage of the St. Bernard; the baptism of the King of Rome; the head of the Emperor Napoleon; the head of the Empress Josephine; the head of the Empress Marie Louise; and the cathedral of Vienna. He also executed the obverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce of 1822, between the United States of America and France. He died in Paris, December 10, 1822.

RAYMOND GAYRARD was born at Rodez, France, in 1777. He (p. 267) volunteered and served in the army from 1796 to 1802; then studied under Launay and Jeoffroy, and first attracted attention by his medallions of the Emperor Napoleon and of the Archduchess Marie Louise, on the occasion of their marriage. Among his principal medals are: the visits to the mint of the Emperor of Austria, and of the King of Prussia; the second entrance of Louis XVIII. into Paris; the removal of the ashes of the Duke d'Enghien to the chapel at Vincennes; the triumphal entrance of the Duke d'Angoulême into Paris; the death of Louis XVIII.; and the accession to the throne of Charles X. He also engraved the reverse of the medal commemorating the treaty of commerce between the United States of America and France. He was distinguished also as a sculptor, and among his statues is one of the American Republic. He was engraver to King Louis XVIII. and Charles X., was decorated with the Legion of Honor in 1825, and received a medal of the 2d class for sculpture at the Exhibition of Fine Arts in 1814, and an honorable mention at the Universal Exhibition of 1855. He died in Paris, May 4, 1858.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS.

_Treaty with France, 1822._

_Convention of Navigation and Commerce between the United States of America and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre, concluded June 24, 1822; ratifications exchanged February 12, 1823; proclaimed February 12, 1823._

The United States of America and His Majesty the King of France and Navarre, being desirous of settling the relations of navigation and commerce between their respective nations, by a temporary convention reciprocally beneficial and satisfactory, and thereby of leading to a more permanent and comprehensive arrangement, have respectively furnished their full powers in manner following, that is to say,

The President of the United States to John Quincy Adams, their Secretary of State, and His Most Christian Majesty to the Baron Hyde de Neuville, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Commander of the Legion of Honour, Grand Cross of the Royal American Order of Isabella the Catholic, his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary near the United States; Who, after exchanging their full powers, have agreed (p. 268) on the following articles:

ARTICLE I.

Articles of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, imported into France in vessels of the United States, shall pay an additional duty, not exceeding twenty francs per ton of merchandize, over and above the duties paid on the like articles, also of the growth, produce, or manufacture of the United States, when imported in French vessels.

ARTICLE II.

Articles of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, imported into the United States in French vessels, shall pay an additional duty, not exceeding three dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of merchandize, over and above the duties collected upon the like articles, also of the growth, produce or manufacture of France, when imported in vessels of the United States.

ARTICLE III.

No discriminating duty shall be levied upon the productions of the soil or industry of France, imported in French bottoms into the ports of the United States for transit or re-exportation; nor shall any such duties be levied upon the productions of the soil or industry of the United States, imported in vessels of the United States into the ports of France for transit or re-exportation.

ARTICLE IV.

The following quantities shall be considered as forming the ton of merchandize for each of the articles hereinafter specified:

Wines: Four 61-gallon hogsheads, or 244 gallons of 231 cubic inches, American measure.

Brandies, and all other liquids, 244 gallons.

Silks and all other dry goods, and all other articles usually subject to measurement, forty-two cubic feet French, in France, and fifty cubic feet American measure in the United States.

Cotton: 804lbs. avoirdupois, or 365 kilogrammes.

Tobacco: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes.

Ashes, pot and pearl: 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.

Rice: 1600lbs. avoirdupois, or 725 kilogrammes, and for all weighable articles, not specified, 2240lbs. avoirdupois, or 1016 kilogrammes.

ARTICLE V.

The duties of tonnage, light money, pilotage, port charges, brokerage, and all other duties upon foreign shipping, over and above those paid by the national shipping in the two countries respectively, other than those specified in articles 1 and 2 of the present convention, shall not exceed in France, for vessels of the United States, five francs per ton of the vessel's American register; nor for vessels of France in the United States, ninety four cents per ton of the vessel's French passport.

ARTICLE VI.

The contracting parties, wishing to favour their mutual commerce, by affording in their ports every necessary assistance to their respective vessels, have agreed that the consuls and (p. 269) vice-consuls may cause to be arrested the sailors, being part of the crews of the vessels of their respective nations, who shall have deserted from the said vessels, in order to send them back and transport them out of the country. For which purpose the said consuls and vice-consuls shall address themselves to the courts, judges, and officers competent, and shall demand the said deserters in writing, proving by an exhibition of the registers of the vessel, or ship's roll, or other official documents, that those men were part of the said crews; and on this demand, so proved, (saving however where the contrary is proved,) the delivery shall not be refused; and there shall be given all aid and assistance to the said consuls and vice-consuls for the search, seizure, and arrest of the said deserters, who shall even be detained and kept in the prisons of the country, at their request and expense, until they shall have found an opportunity of sending them back. But if they be not sent back within three months, to be counted from the day of their arrest, they shall be set at liberty, and shall be no more arrested for the same cause.

ARTICLE VII.

The present temporary convention shall be in force for two years from the first day of October next, and even after the expiration of that term, until the conclusion of a definitive treaty, or until one of the parties shall have declared its intention to renounce it, which declaration shall be made at least six months beforehand.

And in case the present arrangement should remain without such declaration of its discontinuance by either party, the extra duties specified in the 1st and 2d articles shall, from the expiration of the said two years, be, on both sides, diminished by one-fourth of their whole amount, and, afterwards by one-fourth of the said amount from year to year, so long as neither party shall have declared the intention of renouncing it as above stated.

ARTICLE VIII.

The present convention shall be ratified on both sides, and the ratifications shall be exchanged within one year from the date hereof, or sooner, if possible. But the execution of the said convention shall commence in both countries on the first of October next, and shall be effective, even in case of non-ratification, for all such vessels as may have sailed bonâ fide for the ports of either nation, in the confidence of its being in force.

In faith whereof, the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed the present convention, and have hereto affixed their seals, at the city of Washington, this 24th day of June, A. D. 1822.

John QUINCY ADAMS [l.s.] G. HYDE DE NEUVILLE [l.s.]

SEPARATE ARTICLE.

The extra duties levied on either side before the present day, by virtue of the act of Congress of 15th May, 1820, and of the ordinance of 26th July of the same year, and others confirmative thereof, and which have not already been paid back, shall be refunded.

Signed and sealed as above, this 24th day of June, 1822.

John QUINCY ADAMS [l.s.] G. HYDE DE NEUVILLE [l.s.]

No. 53. (p. 270) PLATE LIV.

_March 4, 1825--March 4, 1829._

John Quincy Adams President of the United States 1825. [Rx]. Peace and friendship.

PRESIDENT JOHN QUINCY ADAMS.

[_Sixth President of the United States of America._]

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES 1825. Bust of President John Quincy Adams, facing the right.

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes, and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and a tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

The obverse of this medal, though not signed, was engraved by Fürst.

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, son of President John Adams, was born in Braintree, now Quincy, Massachusetts, July 11, 1767. He spent several years of his early life in Europe with his father; was graduated at Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1787; was admitted to the bar in 1791, and settled in Boston; was minister to Holland, England, and Prussia, 1794-1801; United States senator, 1803-1808; minister to Russia, 1809-1814; one of the negotiators of the treaty of Ghent, 1814; secretary of State under President Monroe, 1817-1825; President of the United States, 1825-1829; representative in Congress, 1831-1848. He died in the Capitol in Washington, February 23, 1848.

No. 54. (p. 271) PLATE LV.

_March 4, 1829--March 4, 1837._

Andrew Jackson President of the United States A.D. 1829. [Rx]. Peace and friendship.

PRESIDENT ANDREW JACKSON.

[_Seventh President of the United States of America._]

ANDREW JACKSON PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES A. D. (_Anno Domini: The year of our Lord_), 1829. Bust of President Jackson, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP. Two hands clasped in token of amity; on the cuff of the left wrist three stripes and buttons with the American eagle on them; the other wrist bare; above the hands, a calumet and tomahawk crossed--Indian emblems of peace and war.

No. 55. (p. 272) PLATE LVI.

_August 2, 1813._

Presented by Congress to Colonel George Croghan 1835. [Rx]. Pars magna fuit.

COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN.

[_Defence of Fort Stephenson._]

PRESENTED BY CONGRESS TO COLONEL GEORGE CROGHAN 1835. Bust of Colonel Croghan, in uniform, facing the right. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

In a pendant: PARS MAGNA FUIT[111] (_His share was great._) Major Croghan is defending, with one hundred and sixty men, Fort Stephenson against the attack of the British army, one thousand strong. In the background, three gunboats on Lake Erie. Exergue: SANDUSKY 2; AUGUST 1813. FÜRST. F. (_fecit_).

[Footnote 111: Virgil, Æneid, Book II, 6.]

As this medal was not voted by Congress until 1835, it is placed here according to the chronological order adopted.

GEORGE CROGHAN was born near Louisville, Kentucky, November 15, 1791. He was graduated at William and Mary College, Virginia, and in 1811 was aid-de-camp to Colonel Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe; captain in 1812, major in 1813, and aid-de-camp to General Harrison at Fort Meigs. On August 3, 1813, with a garrison of one hundred and sixty men, he repulsed General Proctor at the head of an army of one thousand British troops and Indians. For this gallant deed Congress, in 1835, gave him a vote of thanks and a gold medal. In 1814 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel; resigned in 1817; was promoted to the rank of inspector-general and colonel in 1825; served under General Taylor in Mexico, and died in New Orleans, January 8, 1849.

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ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS. (p. 273)

_Resolution of Congress Voting a Medal to Colonel Croghan, etc._

_Resolved unanimously by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled_: That the President of the United States be requested to cause a gold medal to be struck, with suitable emblems and devices, and presented to Colonel Croghan, in testimony of the high sense entertained by Congress of his gallantry and good conduct in the defence of Fort Stephenson; and that he present a sword to each of the following officers engaged in that affair: to Captain James Hunter, to the eldest male representative of Lieutenant Benjamin Johnston, and to Lieutenant Cyrus A. Baylor, John Meek, Ensign Joseph Duncan, and the nearest male representative of Ensign Edmund Shipp, deceased.

Approved February 13, 1835.

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_Major Croghan to General Harrison._

To MAJOR-GENERAL HARRISON, Lower Sandusky, August 5th, 1813. Commanding Northwestern Army.