Chapter III. of the _Origin of Species_.

“The causes,” writes Darwin (new edition, p. 83), “which check the natural tendency of each species to increase in number are most obscure. Look at the most vigorous species; by as much as it swarms in numbers, by so much will it tend to increase still further. We know not exactly what the checks are even in a single instance.” This is perfectly true. Nevertheless elaborate theories of protective and warning colouration and mimicry have been built up on the tacit assumption that the checks to the multiplication of all, or nearly all, species are the creatures which prey upon them. Possibly no Wallaceian asserts this in so many words, but it is a logical deduction from the excessive prominence each one gives to the various theories of animal colouration; for, if the chief foes of an organism are not the creatures which prey upon it, how can the particular shade and pattern of its coat be of such paramount importance to it?

Checks on Increase

We shall endeavour to show that there are checks on the increase of a species far more potent than the devastation caused by those creatures which feed upon it. Let us, however, first briefly set forth some of the checks on the multiplication of organisms which Darwin mentions in the _Origin of Species_.

“Eggs, or very young animals,” he says, “seem generally to suffer the most, but this is not invariably the case.” This is, as we have already insisted, a most important point to be borne in mind, especially when considering the various current theories of animal colouration. When once the average animal has become adult its chances of survival are enormously increased.

A second check mentioned by Darwin is the limitation of food supply. “The amount of food for each species,” he writes (p. 84), “of course gives the extreme limit to which each can increase; but very frequently it is not the obtaining food, but the serving as prey to other animals, which determines the average numbers of a species. Thus there seems to be little doubt that the stock of partridges, grouse, and hares on any large estate depends chiefly on the destruction of vermin. . . . On the other hand, in some cases, as with the elephant and rhinoceros, none are destroyed by beasts of prey.”

We are inclined to think that neither the food limit nor the beasts of prey are a very important check on the multiplication of organisms. The lion, for example, was never so numerous as to reach the limit of its food supply. Before the white man obtained a foothold in Africa vast herds of herbivores were to be seen in those districts where lions were most plentiful. This is a most important fact, for, if the numbers of a species are not determined by those of the animals that prey upon it, the particular colour of an organism is probably not of any direct importance to it. This cuts away the foundation of some of the generally accepted theories of animal colouration.

“Climate,” writes Darwin (p. 84), “plays an important part in determining the average numbers of a species, and periodical seasons of extreme cold or drought seem to be the most effective of all checks. I estimated (chiefly from the greatly reduced numbers of nests in the spring) that the winter of 1854-55 destroyed four-fifths of the birds in my own grounds, and this is a tremendous destruction when we remember that 10 per cent. is an extraordinarily severe mortality from epidemics with man.”

In our opinion, Darwin did not lay nearly enough stress upon the importance of climate as a check on the increase of species. We have seen that he stated his belief that it is the most effective of all checks. But even this is not a sufficiently strong statement of the case. It seems to us that before this check all other checks pale into insignificance.

Darwin failed to notice the potent effects of damp. Damp is more injurious to most species than even cold or drought, as every one who has tried to keep birds in England knows. All entomologists are aware how harmful damp is to insects. Caterpillars seem to take cover under leaves to avoid damp rather than to hide themselves from birds, since these make a point, when searching for insects, of invariably looking carefully under leaves.

It is a well-known fact that a wet winter in England causes much mortality among rabbits. The increase of the rabbit in Australia is usually attributed to the fact that the little rodent has not so many predatory creatures to contend with there as it has in Europe. This is not so. In Australia the rabbit has to fight against eagles, other large birds of prey, carnivorous marsupials, feral cats, monitor lizards and large snakes, to say nothing of the well-organised and persistent attacks of man.

Were predacious creatures the most important foes of the rabbit it would never have obtained a firm foothold in Australia. Damp appears to be its chief enemy. In Australia this does not exist. Hence the remarkable increase of the species. Stronger evidence it would not be possible to advance of the potency of damp as a check on the increase of a species and of the comparative powerlessness of the attacks of raptorial creatures.

The failure of the sandgrouse to establish a footing in England is, we believe, due to the fact that it is constitutionally unfitted to withstand our damp climate.

The camel is an animal that revels in dry habitats, hence the difficulty of keeping camels in damp Bengal, although they seem to thrive well enough in the drier parts of India.

“When a species,” writes Darwin (p. 86), “owing to highly favourable circumstances, increases inordinately in numbers in a small tract, epidemics—at least, this seems generally to occur with our game animals—often ensue; and here we have a limiting check independent of the struggle for life. But even some of these so-called epidemics appear to be due to parasitic worms, which have from some cause, possibly in part through facility of diffusion amongst the crowded animals, been disproportionately favoured: and here comes in a sort of struggle between the parasite and its prey.”

Thus inadequately does Darwin deal with that bar to the increase of organisms, which is only second in importance to the effect of climate. The check occasioned by disease and parasites is one to which naturalists have as yet paid but little attention. The result is a very general misunderstanding of the true nature of the struggle for existence, in other words, of the _modus operandi_ of natural selection.

The tsetse-fly in Africa is a far more important check on the increase of some animals than the lions and other beasts of prey. There are in that continent large tracts of country, known as tsetse-fly belts, in which neither horse, nor ox, nor dog can exist. If races of these animals were to arise which could withstand the bite of the tsetse-fly, these species might increase more rapidly than the rabbit in Australia has done, nor would it matter if the creatures in question were bright crimson, or any other conspicuous colour.

Take the case of the lion in Africa. The chief bar to the increase in numbers of this species appears to be the teething troubles to which the whelps are liable. Now suppose that a mutation were to occur in the lion. Suppose that several members of a litter were all bright blue, and that these suffered from no teething troubles. They would probably all grow up, and although at some disadvantage as hunters on account of their conspicuous colouring, they would nevertheless probably increase at the expense of the normally coloured lions, because of the immunity of their offspring from death from teething troubles. Zoologists would then be at a loss to explain their bright colouring. We should have all manner of ingenious suggestions raised, namely, that in the moonlight these creatures were really not at all conspicuous, indeed that they were obliteratively coloured. In other words, a totally wrong explanation of their colouring would be given and accepted. It is our belief that many of the explanations put forward and accepted of the colouration of existing species are wide of the mark.

As all bee-keepers are aware, the disease known as foul-brood works more havoc among their bees than all the insectivorous creatures put together.

Similarly throat disease among wood-pigeons does more towards keeping their numbers down than all the efforts of predacious birds.

A check on multiplication not mentioned by Darwin is that which is sometimes imposed by the individuals of the species on one another. Thus, in some animals, as, for example, the hyæna, the male occasionally devours his own young ones.

A check of a similar nature results from the habit which the Indian House Crow (_Corvus splendens_) has of interrupting the pairing operations of its neighbours.

Attributes of Successful Species

We are now in a position to sum up briefly the more important requisites for success in the struggle for existence.

These are not so much specialised structure as courage, a good constitution, mental capacity and prolificacy.

Few animals possess all these characteristics in a pre-eminent degree, for, to use the words of Mr Thompson Seton, “Every animal has some strong point or it could not live, and some weak point or the other animals could not live.” Courage may be of two kinds—active courage, like that of the Englishman, or passive courage, like that of the Jew.

As D. Dewar has said: In the struggle for existence, “An ounce of good solid pugnacity is worth many pounds of protective colouration.”

It is of course possible for an animal to possess too much courage. An excessive amount of courage will often cause a creature to fight unnecessary battles, which may lead to its premature death. This is perhaps the reason why the pugnacious black form of the leopard is not more numerous.

Under a good constitution we must include the power of resisting the rigours of climate, more especially damp, the ability to resist disease, and the enjoyment of a good digestion. When from any cause the normal food of a species becomes scarce, the members of that species will have to starve or supplement the normal diet with food of an unusual nature; and those that are endowed with a good digestion will be able to digest the new food and thus survive, while those which cannot assimilate food to which they are unaccustomed will become emaciated and perish. We see this in every hard winter in England, when the redwing, which, unlike other thrushes, cannot thrive on berries, is the first to die. Most of the more successful birds—the crows and gulls, for example—are omnivorous—that is to say, they are able to digest all manner of food.

Under mental capacity, we would include cunning and sufficient intelligence to adapt oneself to changed conditions. It is largely through man’s superior mental capacity that he has become the dominant species. It is true that he displays also courage and a good constitution, being able to adapt himself to life under the most diverse conditions; but this is, of course, in part due to his mental capacity, which enables him to some extent to adapt his environment to himself.

The advantages of prolificacy are so apparent that it is unnecessary to dilate upon them. Nearly as important as excessive fertility is the ability on the part of the parents to look after their young ones.

Every successful species possesses in a special degree at least one of the above attributes. It is interesting to take in turn the various species which are most widely distributed and consider to what extent they possess these several qualities.

Let us now consider a factor in evolution which is nearly as important as natural selection itself—we allude to the phenomenon of correlation.

Correlation

We may define correlation as the interdependence of two or more characters. This phenomenon is far more common than the majority of naturalists seem to think. It very frequently happens that one particular character never appears in an organism without being accompanied by some other character which we should not expect to be in any way related to it.

Darwin called attention to this phenomenon. “In monstrosities,” he writes, on page 13 of the _Origin of Species_ (new edition), “the correlations between quite different parts are very curious, and many interesting instances are given in Isidore Geoffroy St Hilaire’s great work on this subject. Breeders believe that long limbs are almost always accompanied by an elongated head. Some instances of correlation are quite whimsical: thus cats which are entirely white and have blue eyes are generally deaf; but it has been lately stated by Mr Tait that this is confined to the males.

“Colour and constitutional peculiarities go together, of which many remarkable cases could be given among animals and plants. From the facts collected by Heusinger, it appears that white sheep and pigs are injured by certain plants, whilst dark-coloured individuals escape. Professor Wyman has recently communicated to me a good illustration of this fact: on asking some farmers in Virginia how it was that all their pigs were black, they informed him that the pigs ate the paint-root (_Lachnanthes_), which coloured their bones pink, and which caused the hoofs of all but the black varieties to drop off; and one of the ‘crackers’ (_i.e._ Virginia squatters) added, “we select the black members of a litter for raising, as they alone have a good chance of living.’

“Hairless dogs have imperfect teeth; long-haired and coarse-haired animals are apt to have, as is asserted, long or many horns; pigeons with feathered feet have skin between their outer toes; pigeons with short beaks have small feet, and those with long beaks large feet.

“Hence, if man goes on selecting, and thus augmenting, any peculiarity, he will almost certainly modify unintentionally other parts of the structure, owing to the mysterious laws of the correlation of growth.”

The great importance of the principle of the correlation of organs is, that _natural selection may indirectly cause the survival of unfavourable variations, or of variations which are of no utility to the organism, because they happen to_ _be correlated with organs or structures that are useful_.

Physiologists insist more and more upon the close interdependence of the various parts of the organism. All recent researches tend to show that each of the organs has, besides its primary function, a number of subordinate duties to perform, and that the removal of one organ reacts on all the others.

In face of these facts we should have expected those zoologists who have followed Darwin to have paid very close attention to the subject of correlation. As a matter of fact, the phenomenon seems to have been almost completely neglected. This is an example of the manner in which the superficial theories which to-day command wide acceptance have tended to bar the way to research.

There seems to be, in the case of some organisms, at any rate, a distinct correlation between their colouring and their constitution or mental characters. For example, the black forms of the cobra, the leopard, and the jaguar are notoriously bad-tempered.

“There is,” writes Col. Cunningham, on p. 344 of _Some Indian Friends and Acquaintances_, “much variation in the temper of different varieties of cobras, and, as is often so noticeable among other sorts of animals, there would seem to be a distinct correlation between darkness of colour and badness of temper. It is probably in part owing to a recognition of this that the cobras ordinarily seen in the hands of the so-called snake charmers are of a very light colour, although the choice may also be to some extent of æsthetic origin, seeing that the paler varieties are specially ornamental, due to the brilliancy of their markings and the great development of their hoods.” It would thus appear that there is also a correlation between the colour of the cobra and the size of its hood.

Hesketh Pritchard informs us, in _Through the Heart of Patagonia_, that the Gauchos assert that a “picaso” colt—that is to say, a black one with white points—is the reverse of docile. Similarly, black mice are said to be very hard to tame.

We have already called attention to the importance of courage and the power of resisting the rigours of climate in the struggle for existence. It is apparently because black is so frequently correlated with courage that it is seen comparatively often in nature, in spite of the fact that it is a very bad colour as regards protection from enemies. Those birds and beasts which are black are usually thriving species. The dominance of the crow tribe is a case in point. Crows, it is true, are not really courageous, but they are dangerous owing to their gregarious habits, and are dreaded by other creatures on account of their power of combination. In _Birds of the_ _Plains_, D. Dewar records an instance of a number of crows killing in revenge so powerful a bird as the kite.

Since very many species seem to throw off melanistic variations, it may perhaps be asked, How is it that more black species do not exist?

The reply is twofold. In the first place, it is quite likely that in some organisms black variations are not correlated with courage or extreme pugnacity, and when such is the case the melanistic varieties will be more likely to be exterminated by foes, on account of their conspicuousness. It must be remembered that, other things being equal, the inconspicuously coloured organism has a better chance of survival than the showily coloured one. This is, of course, a very different attitude from that which insists on the all-importance to animals of protective colouration. Secondly, it is not difficult to see how too much courage may be fatal to an animal in leading it to take risks which a more timid creature would refrain from doing. This, as we have already suggested, is probably the reason why the black panther is so scarce. The black colour is readily inherited, so there must be some cause which tends to kill off the black varieties of the panther.

Lest it be thought the idea that excessive courage and pugnacity are harmful is mere fancy, let us quote from the account of the nesting habits of the White-rumped Swallow (_Tachycineta leucorrhoa_) given by Mr W. H. Hudson on p. 32 of _Argentine Ornithology_. He says that no matter how many nesting sites are available, there is always much fighting amongst these birds for the best places. “Most vindictively,” he writes, “do the little things clutch each other, and fall to the earth twenty times an hour, where they often remain struggling for a long time, heedless of the screams of alarm their fellows set up above them; for often, while they thus lie on the ground punishing each other, they fall an easy prey to some wily pussy who has made herself acquainted with their habits.”

We have already emphasised the importance to many species of possessing the power of resisting the effects of damp. In the case of some organisms favourable variations in this direction may possess a greater survival value than those in the shape of greater speed or physical strength.

Now, if there be any correlation between the power of resisting damp and the colour an animal bears, it is quite probable that animals of this colour, whether or no it be conspicuous, are likely to survive in preference to those who are more protectively coloured. There is some evidence that in certain cases, at any rate, resistance to climate is correlated with colour peculiarities. For example, some fanciers assert that yellow-legged poultry resist cold and damp better than those whose legs are not yellow. Fowls which have yellow legs have also yellow skins. In this connection the almost universal assumption of orange feet by domestic guinea-fowls is significant. Normally the feet of these birds are black, and their natural African habitat is a dry one.

A grey or white colour appears to be correlated with resistance to cold. In birds this may perhaps be explained by the fact that the feathers in some light-coloured varieties are longer than in those of normally-coloured ones. Thus mealy-coloured canaries have longer feathers than brightly-coloured ones.

The Arctic Skua, having no enemies to fear, stands in no need of protective colouration. It would therefore seem that the white-breasted form of this bird becomes more numerous as it nears the north pole, not because of the closer assimilation of its plumage to the colour of the snowy surroundings, but because the bird has to resist the greater degree of cold the farther north it finds itself. Similarly, in the region of the south pole the albino form of the Giant Petrel (_Ossifraga gigantea_) becomes common. Both these birds are themselves predatory and not liable to be preyed upon.

The curious china-white legs of some desert birds—as, for example, coursers and larks—would seem to indicate a power of resisting the hot rays radiating from the sand on which these creatures dwell.

White quills do not wear well either in domestic birds or in wild albinos. This may explain why it is that when a white wild species of bird has any black in its plumage the black is almost invariably on the tips of the wings.

White quill-feathers are one of the commonest variations observed in domesticated birds, nevertheless they are as rare as complete whiteness among birds in their natural state.

A chestnut or bay colour in mammals appears to be correlated with a high rate of speed, as in the thoroughbred horse. This perhaps explains why so many of the swiftest species of antelope, such as the hartebeests and sassaby (_Damaliscus lunatus_), are chestnut bay in colour. It is further a remarkable fact that in the Black-buck (_Antilope cervicapra_) and the Nilgai (_Boselaphus tragocamelus_) the females, which are faster than the males, are not black or grey like their respective males, but reddish.

Wild turkeys are bronze; tame ones are black more often than any other colour. This may be due to the fact that in them nigritude is correlated with the power to resist damp. Among human beings those races which live in very swampy districts are often intensely black.

It is a significant fact that those domestic animals which are bred for speed or for fighting purposes do not assume all the varied hues that characterise those that are allowed to breed indiscriminately. Racehorses, greyhounds, and homing pigeons furnish examples of this. Even more remarkable is the case of the Indian Aseel or game-cock. This is bred purely for fighting purposes, and is required to display extraordinary powers of endurance, since the spurs are cut off in order to prolong the fight. Thus it is that this Indian race of game-cocks shows little variation when compared with the English breed, which fights in a more natural manner. The hens of the Indian form seem never to show the colouration of the wild jungle fowl, although the cocks may do so. It would appear that hens having the colouration of their wild ancestors cannot breed cocks possessed of the requisite courage. The Aseel is said to be of the highest courage only when the legs, beak and iris are white.

There is, we believe, not the least doubt that many other connections between colour and various characteristics have yet to be discovered. It is high time that competent naturalists paid attention to this subject. A study of the question will almost certainly throw much light upon many phenomena of animal colouration which hitherto have not been satisfactorily explained. It is quite likely that the sandy hue displayed by birds and beasts which frequent desert regions may be due to a correlation with the power of withstanding intense dry heat rather than to its rendering them inconspicuous to their foes.

As other examples of correlation we may cite the correlation which seems to obtain between short canine teeth and the absence of a hairy covering to the body. This phenomenon is observed both in men and pigs. Hairless dogs almost invariably have their teeth but poorly developed.

Darwin called attention to the connection between a short beak and small feet in pigeons; we see the same phenomenon in the dwarf breed of ducks known as call-ducks.

A curious correlation exists between fowls’ eggs with brown shells and the incubating habit. Fanciers have long tried in vain to produce a hen that lays brown eggs without becoming “broody” at certain seasons.

Among fowls, long legs are invariably correlated with a short tail, as is well seen in the Malay breed. This correlation may explain the short tails of wading birds. Short-legged fowls, like Japanese bantams, have long tails, and it is significant that the short-legged Weka Rails (_Ocydromus_) of New Zealand have unusually long tails for the family. In this connection we may say that the tail-like plumes of the cranes are not tail-feathers, but the tertiary feathers of the wings. As egrets also have long trains of plumes growing from the back, it cannot be said that the short tail of the vast majority of the waders is due to the fact that these birds would be at a disadvantage were their caudal feathers long.

Isolation

Isolation is a most important factor in the making of species. It is a factor to which Darwin failed to attach sufficient importance, and one which has been to a large extent neglected by Wallaceians.

Divergence of Character

We have seen how a species can be improved or changed by natural selection. All those individuals which have varied in a favourable direction have been preserved, and allowed to leave behind them offspring that inherit their peculiarities, while those which have not so varied have perished without leaving behind any descendants. Thus the nature of the species has changed. The old type has given place to a new one. Instead of species A, species B exists. This is what Romanes has called _monotypic_ evolution—the transformation of one species into another species. But any theory of the origin of species must be able to answer the question, Why have species multiplied? How is it that species A has given rise to species B, C, and D, or, while itself continuing to exist, has thrown off sister species B and C? How is it that in the course of evolution, species have not been transmuted in linear series instead of ramifying into branches? This ramification of a species into branches has been termed by Romanes _polytypic_ evolution. It is easy to see how natural selection can bring about monotypic evolution, but how can it have effected polytypic evolution? To use Darwin’s phraseology, how is it that divergence of character has come about? Darwin’s reply to this question is (_Origin of Species_, p. 136), “from the simple circumstance that the more diversified the descendants from any one species become in structure, constitution, and habits, by so much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widely diversified places in the polity of nature, and so be enabled to increase in numbers.

“We can clearly discern this in the case of animals with simple habits. Take the case of a carnivorous quadruped, of which the number that can be supported in any country has long ago arrived at its full average. If its natural power of increase be allowed to act, it can succeed in increasing (the country not undergoing any change in its conditions) only by its varying descendants seizing on places at present occupied by other animals: some of them, for instance, being enabled to feed on new kinds of prey, either dead or alive; some inhabiting new stations, climbing trees, frequenting water, and some perhaps becoming less carnivorous. The more diversified in habits and structure the descendants of our carnivorous animal become, the more places they will be enabled to occupy. What applies to one animal will apply throughout all time to all animals—that is, if they vary—for otherwise natural selection can effect nothing.” Darwin was, therefore, of opinion that natural selection is able to bring about polytypic evolution. Darwin tacitly assumes, in the illustration he gives, that the various races of the carnivorous animal are in some way prevented from intercrossing; for if they interbreed indiscriminately, these races will tend to be obliterated.

Isolation

“That perfectly free intercrossing,” writes Professor Lloyd Morgan (on p. 98 of _Animal Life and Intelligence_), “between any or all of the individuals of a given group of animals is, so long as the characters of the parents are blended in the offspring, fatal to divergence of character, is undeniable. Through the elimination of less favourable variations, the swiftness, strength, and cunning of a race may be gradually improved. But no form of elimination can possibly differentiate the group into swift, strong, and cunning varieties, distinct from each other, so long as all three varieties freely interbreed, and the characters of the parents blend with the offspring. Elimination may and does give rise to progress in any given group, _as a group_; it does not and cannot give rise to differentiation and divergence, so long as interbreeding with consequent interblending of characters be freely permitted. Whence it inevitably follows, as a matter of simple logic, that where divergence has occurred, intercrossing and interbreeding must in some way have been lessened or prevented.

“Thus a new factor is introduced, that of _isolation_ or _segregation_. And there is no questioning the fact that it is of great importance. Its importance, indeed, can only be denied by denying the swamping effects of intercrossing, and such denial implies the tacit assumption that interbreeding and interblending are held in check by some form of segregation. The isolation explicitly denied is implicitly assumed.”

This is very sound criticism, and is not very materially affected by the fact that the intercrossing of varieties does not necessarily imply a blending of their characters in the offspring; for, as we have seen, some characters do not blend. No matter what form inheritance takes, in order that natural selection may cause polytypic evolution it must be assisted by isolation in some form or other.

Thus isolation is an important factor in evolution, though probably not so important as its more extreme advocates would have us believe. Wagner, Romanes, and Gulick have, in insisting upon the importance of the principle of isolation, rendered valuable service to biological science, but, in common with most men having a new theory, they have pushed their conclusions to absurd lengths.

As Romanes has pointed out, isolation may be discriminate or indiscriminate. “If,” he writes, on p. 5 of vol. iii. of _Darwin and after Darwin_, “a shepherd divides a flock of sheep without regard to their characters, he is isolating one section from the other indiscriminately; but if he places all the white sheep in one field, and all the black sheep in another field, he is isolating one section from the other discriminately. Or, if geological subsidence divides a species into two parts, the isolation will be indiscriminate; but if the separation be due to one of the sections developing, for example, a change of instinct determining migration to another area, or occupation of a different habitat on the same area, then the isolation will be discriminate, so far as the resemblance of instinct is concerned.”

Discriminate Isolation

Other names for indiscriminate isolation are separate breeding and apogamy. Discriminate isolation is also called segregate breeding and homogamy. The human breeder resorts to discriminate isolation in that he separates all those creatures from which he seeks to breed, from those from which he does not wish to breed. Natural selection itself is, therefore, a kind of discriminate isolator, since it isolates the fit by destroying all the unfit, and, inasmuch as it kills off all those creatures which it fails to isolate, it differs from other forms of isolation in preventing the inter-breeding of the unisolated forms and their giving rise to a different race. Thus it is clear that natural selection, unless aided by some other form of isolation, can give effect to only monotypic evolution. This is a point on which Romanes rightly insists strongly.

There are several other forms of discriminate isolation. Sexual selection would be one of these. Suppose, for example, that in any species there are large and small varieties formed, and like tends to breed with like, then the small individuals will breed with other small individuals, while large ones will mate with large ones; thus two races—a large one and a small one—will be evolved side by side, provided, of course, natural selection does not step in and destroy one of them.

Another kind of discriminate isolation may be due to the fact that one variety is ready to pair before the other; thus two races are likely to arise which breed at different seasons. It is unnecessary for us to discourse further on the subject of discriminate isolation; those interested in the subject should read vol. iii. of _Darwin and after Darwin_, by Romanes.

Indiscriminate Isolation

It is impossible to deny the importance of discriminate isolation as a factor in evolution. On this there can be no room for disagreement among biologists. It is when we come to the subject of indiscriminate isolation that we enter a region of zoological strife.

Is indiscriminate isolation _per se_ a factor of evolution? Romanes, Gulick, and Wagner assert that it is, Wallace and his adherents assert that it is not.

As the burden of proof is on the former, they are entitled to the first hearing.

“We may well be disposed, at first sight,” writes Romanes (_Darwin and after Darwin_, p. 10), “to conclude that this kind of isolation can count for nothing in the process of evolution. For if the fundamental importance of isolation in the production of organic forms be due to its segregation of like with like, does it not follow that any form of isolation which is indiscriminate must fail to supply the very condition on which all the forms of discriminate isolation depend for their efficacy in the causing of organic evolution? Or, to return to one’s concrete example, is it not self-evident that the farmer who separated his flock into two or more parts indiscriminately, would not effect any more change in his stock than if he had left them all to breed together? Well, although at first sight this seems self-evident, it is, in fact, untrue. For, unless the individuals which are indiscriminately isolated happen to be a very large number, sooner or later their progeny will come to differ from that of the parent type, or unisolated portion of the parent stock. And, of course, as soon as this change of type begins, the isolation ceases to be indiscriminate; the previous apogamy has been converted into homogamy, with the usual result of causing a divergence of type. The reason why progeny of an indiscriminately isolated section of an originally uniform stock—_e.g._ of a species—will eventually deviate from the original type is, to quote Mr Gulick, as follows:—‘No two portions of a species possess exactly the same average character, and the initial differences are for ever reacting on the environment and on each other, in such a way as to ensure increasing divergence as long as the individuals of the two groups are kept from intergenerating.’”

The words of Mr Gulick require close scrutiny. We may admit that “no two portions of a species possess exactly the same average character,” but why should the two, if prevented from interbreeding yet subjected to similar climatic and other conditions, present the phenomenon of “increasing divergence?” The reason assigned by Romanes is the “Law” of Delbœuf, which runs:—“_A constant cause of variation_, however insignificant it may be, changes the uniformity of type little by little, and diversifies it _ad infinitum_.” From this “Law” it follows, says Romanes, on p. 13 of vol. iii. _Darwin and after Darwin_, that “no matter how infinitesimally small the difference may be between the average qualities of an isolated section of a species compared with the average qualities of the rest of that species, if the isolation continues sufficiently long, differentiation of specific type is necessarily bound to ensue.”

This deduction involves two important assumptions. The first is, that in each of the separated portions of the given species there is a constant cause of variation operating in one direction in the case of one portion and in another direction in the case of the other. This assumption is, unfortunately, not founded on fact. If we were to take one hundred race-horses and shut them up in one park and one hundred cart-horses and shut them up in another park, and prevent the interbreeding of the two stocks, we should, if Romanes’s tacit assumption be true, see the two types diverge more and more from one another. We know that as a matter of fact they will tend, generation after generation, to become more like one another. Galton’s Law of Regression, of which we have already spoken, and which is supported by ample evidence, clearly negatives this tacit assumption made by Romanes and Gulick. The second assumption upon which their reasoning is based is that there is no limit to the amount of change which can be effected by the accumulation of fluctuating variations; but, as we have already seen (on p. 70), there is a very definite limit and this limit is quickly reached.

Thus the arguments of Romanes and Gulick are fundamentally unsound.

Mollusca of Sandwich Isles

But the fact remains, and has to be accounted for, that, as a general rule, when two portions of a species are separated, so that they are prevented from interbreeding, they begin to diverge in character, and the longer they remain thus separated the greater becomes that divergence. This is an observed fact which cannot be gainsaid.

It was the observance of this fact which led Gulick to insist with such emphasis on the importance of geographical isolation as a factor in evolution. He discovered that the land mollusca of the Sandwich Islands fall into a great number of varieties.

These islands are very hilly, and Gulick found that each of the varieties is confined not merely to one island, but to one valley. “Moreover,” writes Romanes, on p. 16 of _Darwin and after Darwin_, “on tracing this fauna from valley to valley, it is apparent that a slight variation in the occupants of valley 2, as compared with those of the adjacent valley 1, becomes more pronounced in the next, valley 3, still more so in 4, etc., etc. Thus it was possible, as Mr Gulick says, roughly to estimate the amount of divergence between the occupants of any two given valleys by measuring the number of miles between them. . . . The variations which affect scores of species, and themselves eventually run into fully specific distinctions, are all more or less finely graduated as they pass from one isolated region to the next; and they have reference to changes of form or colour, which in no one case presents any appearance of utility.”

Hitherto three different attempts have been made to explain this and allied phenomena:—

1. That it is the result of isolation.

2. That it is the result of natural selection.

3. That it is the result of the action of the environment on the organism.

Let us consider these in inverse order.

Local Species

In the case of some organisms, more especially plants, invertebrates, and fish, the environment does exert a direct influence on their colouration. But, as we have seen, the changes in colour, etc., thus induced appear never to be transmitted to the offspring of the organisms so affected. They disappear when the offspring are removed to other surroundings.

On the other hand, local races or species—as, for example, the white-cheeked variety of sparrow found in India—usually retain their external appearance when the environment is changed. In the one case the peculiarity is not inherited; in the other it is inherited.

The Wallaceian explanation is, of course, that the phenomenon is the result of natural selection. There must, say Wallace and his followers, be some differences in the environment, differences which we poor human beings cannot perceive, that have caused the divergence between the various isolated sections of the species. In the case of some local species this explanation is probably the correct one, but we have no hesitation in saying that natural selection is unable to offer a satisfactory explanation in a considerable number of instances. Take, for example, the case of the land mollusca of the Sandwich Islands. Mr Gulick worked for fifteen years at them, and states that so far as he is able to ascertain the environment in the fifteen valleys is essentially the same. “To argue,” writes Romanes, on p. 17 of vol. iii. of _Darwin and after Darwin_, “that every one of some twenty contiguous valleys in the area of the same small island must necessarily present such differences of environment that all the shells in each are differently modified thereby, while in no one out of the hundreds of cases of modification in minute respects of form and colour can any human being suggest an adaptive reason therefore—to argue thus is merely to affirm an intrinsically improbable dogma in the presence of a great and consistent array of opposing facts.”

Men of science not infrequently charge the clergy with adhering to dogma in face of opposing facts; it seems to us that many of the apostles of science are in this respect worse offenders than the most orthodox of Churchmen.

The example of the mollusca of the Sandwich Islands is by no means a solitary one. D. Dewar cited some interesting cases in a paper recently read before the Royal Society of Arts (p. 103 of vol. lvii. of the Society’s Journal):

“The Indian robins present even greater difficulties to those who profess to pin their faith to the all-sufficiency of natural selection. Robins are found in nearly all parts of India, and fall into two species, the brown-backed (_Thamnobia cambaiensis_) and the black-backed Indian Robin (_Thamnobia fulicata_). The former occurs only in Northern India, and the latter is confined to the southern portion of the peninsula. The hen of each species is a sandy brown bird with a patch of brick-red feathers under the tail, so that we cannot tell by merely looking at a hen to which of the two species she belongs. The cock of the South Indian form is, in winter, a glossy black bird, with a white bar in the wing, and the characteristic red patch under the tail. The cock of the northern species, as his name implies, has a sandy-brown back, which contrasts strongly with the glossy black of his head, neck, and under parts. In summer the cocks of the two species grow more like one another owing to the wearing away of the outer edges of their feathers; but it is always possible to distinguish between them at a glance. The two species meet at about the latitude of Bombay. Oates states that in a certain zone, from Ahmednagar to the mouth of the Godaveri valley, both species occur, and they do not appear to interbreed.

“It seems impossible to maintain that natural selection, acting on minute variations, has brought about the divergence between these two species. Even if it be asserted that the difference in the colour of the feathers of the back of the two cocks is in some way correlated with adaptability to their particular environment, how are we to explain the fact that in a certain zone both species flourish?

“A similar phenomenon is furnished by the red-vented bulbul. This genus falls into several species, each corresponding to a definite locality and differing only in details from the allied species, as, for example, the distance down the neck to which the black of the head extends. There is a Punjab Red-vented Bulbul (_Molpastes intermedius_), a Bengal (_Molpastes bengalensis_), a Burmese (_Molpastes burmanicus_) and a Madras (_Molpastes hæmorrhous_) species.

“It does not seem possible to maintain the contention that these various species are the products of natural selection, for that would mean if the black of the head of the Punjab species extended further into the neck the bird could not live in that country.”

Thus, natural selection clearly is unable to explain some cases of divergence of character due to geographical isolation.

There remains the third explanation, that the divergence is the result of the simple fact of isolation.

We have already shown how insuperable are the objections to the view held by Romanes and Gulick.

It seems to us that explanation must lie in the fact that mutations occur every now and again in some species. If two portions of a species are separated and a mutation occurs in one portion and not in the other, and if the mutating form succeeds in supplanting the parent form in that isolated portion of the species in which it has appeared, we should have the phenomenon of two races or species differing in appearance although subjected to what appear to be identical environment.

This, of course, is pure conjecture. All that can be said of it at present is that it is not opposed to observed facts. That mutations do occur must be admitted. At present we are totally in the dark as to what causes them. They arise at the most unexpected times.

In favour of the explanation based on “mutation” there is the interesting fact that geographical isolation does not by any means always cause divergence of character. This Romanes, with great fairness, freely admits. “There are,” he writes, on p. 133 of vol. iii. of _Darwin and after Darwin_, “four species of butterflies, belonging to three genera (_Lycæna donzelii_, _L. pheretes_, _Argynnis pales_, _Erebia manto_), which are identical in the polar regions and the Alps, notwithstanding that the sparse Alpine populations have been presumably separated from their parent stocks since the glacial period.” Again, there are “certain species of fresh-water crustaceans (_Apus_), the representatives of which are compelled habitually to form small isolated colonies in widely separated ponds, and nevertheless exhibit no divergence of character, although apogamy has probably lasted for centuries.”

Cormorants

To these examples we may add that of the cormorants. These birds have an almost worldwide range. One species—our Cormorant (_Phalacrocorax carbo_)—occurs in every imaginable kind of environment. Isolation has not effected any changes in the appearance of this species. Yet in New Zealand there exist no fewer than fourteen other species of cormorant. New Zealand is a country where climatic conditions are comparatively uniform, nevertheless it boasts of no fewer than fifteen out of the thirty-seven known species of cormorant. A possible explanation of this phenomenon may be found in the comparatively easy conditions under which cormorants live in New Zealand.[10] Under such circumstances mutants may be permitted by natural selection to survive, whereas in other parts of the world such mutants have not been able to hold their own.

Prof. Bateson has likened natural selection to a competitive examination to which every organism must submit. The penalty for failure is immediate death. The standard of the examination may vary with the locality.

Isolation, then, is a very important factor in the making of species, for without it, in some form, the multiplication of species is impossible.

Let us, in conclusion, briefly summarise what we now know of the method in which new species are made. We have studied the various factors of evolution—variation and correlation, heredity, natural selection, sexual selection, and the other kinds of isolation. How do these combine to bring new species into being, and to establish the same?

Natural Selection

Let us first consider the factor known as natural selection, since this is the one on which Darwin laid such great stress. Natural selection, although a most important factor in evolution, is not an indispensable one. Evolution is possible without natural selection.

Let us suppose that there is no such thing as natural selection; that the numbers of existing species are kept constant by the elimination of all individuals born in excess of the number required to maintain the species at the existing figure, and that the elimination of the surplus is effected, not by natural selection, but by chance, by the drawing of lots. Under such circumstances there may be evolution, existing species may undergo change, but the evolution will be determined solely by the lines along which variations occur.

If mutations take place along certain fixed lines, and tend to accumulate in the given directions, evolution will proceed along these lines quite independently of the utility to the organism of the mutations that occur. An unfavourable mutation will have precisely the same chance of survival as a favourable one.

If, on the other hand, mutations occur indiscriminately on all sides of the mean, then those mutations which happen to occur most frequently will have the best chance of survival, and they will mark the lines of evolution. But suppose that no mutation occurs more frequently than the others. Under such circumstances there will be no evolution, unless, by some cause or other, portions of the species are isolated, because in the long run the mutations will neutralise one another.

Let us now suppose that natural selection comes into play. The old method of determining by lot which forms shall persist is replaced by selection on the fixed principle that the fittest shall survive. The mutations appear as before, and as before, of the large number that occur, only a few are permitted to survive. But now the survivors, instead of being a motley crowd, are a selected band, composed of individuals having many characteristics in common—a homogeneous company. Thus one result of natural selection is to accelerate evolution, by weeding out certain classes of individuals and preventing them breeding with those it has selected. On the other hand, natural selection will tend to diminish the number of species which have arisen through mutation, inasmuch as it weeds out many mutants which would have perished had their survival been determined by lot.

Origin of the Fittest

From this the kind of work performed by natural selection should be obvious. Natural selection does not make new species. These make themselves, or, rather, originate in accordance with the laws of variation.

“You can,” runs an old proverb, “bring a horse to the drinking fountain, but you cannot make him drink.” You may be able to bring a child into the world, but you cannot secure its survival. Variation brings into being mutants, which are incipient species, but variation cannot determine their survival. It is at this stage that natural selection steps in.

But because natural selection allows certain mutations to persist, it is not correct to say that natural selection has caused these mutations or made or originated the species to which they give rise.

The Civil Service Commissioners do not make Indian civil servants: they merely determine which of a number of ready-made men shall become civil servants. Similarly, natural selection does not make new species, it simply decides which of a number of ready-made organisms shall survive and establish themselves as new species. Nor does natural selection always do as much as this; for it is not the only determinant of survival. Its position is sometimes comparable to that of the Medical Board which inspects and rejects the physically unfit of the candidates which have already been selected by some other authority.

The examination conducted by natural selection may be compared to a competitive one. A separate, independent examination is held for each particular locality; consequently the severity of the competition will vary with the locality.

In each competition some candidates pass with ease: they gain an unnecessarily high total of marks. So in nature do certain organisms, as, for example, the Leaf-butterflies (_Kallimas_), appear to be over-adapted to their environment. Other candidates manage to pass only by a very narrow margin: these are paralleled in nature by those species which are barely able to maintain themselves, which become extinct the moment the competition increases in severity.

The great bulk of the candidates fail to obtain sufficient marks to gain a place among the chosen few; these unsuccessful candidates correspond to the mutating forms which perish in the struggle for existence, to those individuals which happen to have mutated in unfavourable directions.

Even as many candidates have acquired knowledge of subjects in which they are not examined, so do many organisms possess characteristics which are of no utility to them in the struggle for existence.

Wallaceians expend much time and energy in misguided attempts to explain the existence of such characters in terms of natural selection.

Nature’s examination, like that held for entrance to the Indian Civil Service, is a liberal one, so that the qualifications of the successful candidates vary considerably. Provided a candidate is able to gain more marks than the other candidates for a vacancy, it matters not in what subjects the marks are gained. So is it in nature. Natural selection takes an organism as a whole. One species may have established itself because of its fleetness, a second because of its courage, a third because it has a strong constitution, a fourth because it is protectively coloured, a fifth because it has good digestive powers, and so on.

We thus perceive the part played by natural selection and other forms of isolation in the making of species. It is obvious that these do not make species any more than the Civil Service Commissioners manufacture Indian civil servants.

The real makers of species are the inherent properties of protoplasm and the laws of variation and heredity. These determine the nature of the organism; natural selection and the like factors merely decide for each particular organism whether it shall survive and give rise to a species.

The way in which natural selection does its work is comparatively easy to understand. But this is only the fringe of the territory which we call evolution.

We seem to be tolerably near a solution of the problem of the causes of the _survival_ of any particular mutation. This, however, is merely a side issue. The real problem is the cause of variations and mutations, or, in other words, how species _originate_. At present our knowledge of the causes of variation and mutation is practically _nil_. We do not even know along what particular lines mutations occur.

We have yet to discover whether one mutation invariably leads to another along the same lines—in other words, whether mutating organisms behave as though they had behind them a force acting in a definite direction. The solution of these problems seems afar off. The hope of solving them lies, not in the speculations in which biologists of to-day are so fond of indulging, but in observation and experiment, especially the last.

The future of biology is largely in the hands of the practical breeder.

FOOTNOTES

[1]The white, pied, and “Japan” individuals are not more different from the type than some variations occurring in wild birds.

[2]This short-legged type of dog is sometimes seen among the ownerless and unselected pariah dogs of Indian towns; and a short-legged variety of the fowl may occur sporadically in Zanzibar, where the long-legged Malay is the prevalent breed.

[3]“Effected” appears in the earlier editions, but in the later editions has given place to “affected,” probably a printer’s error.

[4]Some egrets, such as the rock-egrets (_Demiegretta_) of eastern tropical coasts, are normally grey, but may be white, and this whiteness may be confined in individuals to the young or adult states.

[5]After years of observation of these Indian geese, Finn is convinced they are now, at all events, pure Chinese; it is possible that they really were hybrids in Blyth’s time, but that fresh importations of geese from China, such as still occur, may have ultimately swamped the blood of the common goose. The fertility of the hybrid geese was, however, known to such early writers as Pallas and Linnæus. Darwin himself, at a later date, bred five young from a pair of such hybrids (_Nature_, Jan. 1, 1880, p. 207).

[6]In this chapter we use the word Neo-Darwinism in its usually-accepted sense, _i.e._ as a name for that which should be called Wallaceism, for the doctrine of the all-sufficiency of natural selection.

[7]_Animal Colouration_, p. 125. A book full of valuable facts and ideas on this most interesting subject.

[8]Even these eggs, closely though they resemble in colouring the shingle, etc., on which they are laid, are discovered and eaten by gulls, as Mr A. J. R. Roberts points out in _The Bird Book_.

[9]_Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society_, Vol xv. (1903-4), p. 454.

[10]Hutton and Drummond record other examples of this in the valuable work entitled _The Animals of New Zealand_.

INDEX

A Accentor, 1 _Accipitcr cooperi_, 243 Acorn, 49 Acquired characters, 10, 14, 15, 18-24, 60, 107-10 _Acræeidæ_, 175, 215, 228 _Ægilops speltæformis_, 118 _Ægithina tiphia_, 244 Æsthetic sense in birds, 306 “African Nature Notes and Reminiscences,” 192, 195, 199 Aggressive resemblance, 173 Aguara-guazu, 181 Aitken, E. H., 64 “Albany Review, The,” 43, 48, 195, 204 Albinism, 64, 65, 99, 283, 284, 362 _Alcedo ispida_, 289 Alcock, Col., 216, 217 Alcohol, 152, 153 Alexander, 181 Allen, Grant, 66 Allotrophy, 159 Alternating characters, 143 Alternative inheritance, 127 Amadavat, 311 _Amandina erythrocephala_, 122 _A. fasciata_, 122 “Amazement,” 93 Amazon parrot, 103 Amazonian dolphin, 99 Ammonites, 67 Ammonium sulphate, 151 Amœba, 35 _Amphidasys betularia_, 101 _Anas boscas_, 123, 334 _A. obscura_, 334 _A. pœcilorhyncha_, 315, 334 _A. superciliosa_, 315, 334 _A. undulata_, 334 _Anastomus oscitans_, 282 Ancon sheep, 95 _Anemone magellanica_, 118 _A. sylvestris_, 118 Anemophilous flowers, 261 “Animal Colouration,” 194, 205, 211, 213, 218, 222 “Animal Life and Intelligence,” 368 “Animals of New Zealand,” 382 _Anous_, 278 _Anser cygnoides_, 114 _Anseranas melanoleucus_, 281 Antarctic fauna, 191 Antelope, 48, 199, 334 _Anthracoceros_, 220 _Anthropoides paradisea_, 279 _A. virgo_, 279 _Antilope cervicapra_, 363 Ape, 101 Apogamy, 370 Appenzeller, 340 _Apus_, 381 “Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen,” 325, 330 Arctic fauna, 173, 174, 190, 191 Arctic regions, 173, 189 _Ardea asha_, 317, 318 _A. gularis_, 318 _Ardeola grayii_, 250, 254 Argali, 120, 130, 131 “Argentine Ornithology,” 361 _Argynnis pales_, 381 _A. paphia_, 103 Aristotle, 1 _Artemia milhausenii_, 156 _A. salina_, 156 Aseel, 364 Asexual reproduction, 135 Asiatic, 140 Ass, 117, 127, 128, 140 _Astur badius_, 235 Atavism, 136, 293 _Athene chiaradiæ_, 97 _A. noctua_, 97 Atoms, biological, 158 “Auk, The,” 190 _Aularches militaris_, 216 Avebury, Lord, 205, 260 “Avicultural Magazine, The,” 98 Avocet, 80

B Babbler, 244 Bactrian camel, 121 Bailey, 88 Baillon’s crake, 251 Balanced characters, 143 _Balearica chrysopelargus_, 105 _B. regulorum_, 105 _Bassaris astuta_, 242 Batesian mimicry, 177 Bateson, 26, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 102, 103, 302 Bats, 42 Bear, 101, 119, 190, 216, 282 Beddard, 180, 188, 194, 205, 211 Bee, 178, 179, 214, 221, 263, 264, 269 Beech, purple, 87 Bee-eater, 220, 278 Beetroots, 71 Belt, 216 Beluga, 190 Bentham, 260 Bestiary, 125 Bicheno’s finch, 105 Bilateral symmetry, 252, 253, 257 Bingham, Col. C. T., 239 Biological atoms, 158-69, 280 Biological molecules, 157-69, 280, 285, 291, 293, 294, 295, 344 Biological radicles, 158-69 Biophors, 153 “Bird Book, the,” 207 “Birds of the Plains,” 233, 303, 309, 359 Bison, 119, 126 Blackcock, 129, 131, 249, 278 Blackberry, 118 Blackbird, 201, 203, 207 Black-buck, 363 Blakiston, 181 Bloodsucker, 220 Blue-bellied waxbill, 104 Blyth, 115, 251 Boisier, 263 _Bombyx arrindia_, 125 _B. cynthia_, 124 Bonhote, 126, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 337 Bontebock, 196 _Boselaphus tragocamelus_, 357, 363 _Bos frontalis_, 126 Boulenger, 88 Bower-bird, 306 Brain-fever bird, 235, 236, 248 Bramble, 261 _Branchipus_, 156 Brannam, 92 Brent, Mr, 307 British Museum, 129, 130, 187 _Bubo virginianus_, 221 _Bubulcus coromandus_, 254 Budgerigars, 101 Buffalo, 120, 199 Buffon, 2 Buff Orpingtons, 65 Buff-tip moth, 215 _Bufo melanostictus_, 219 Bulbul, 123, 220, 221, 244, 245, 255, 256, 279 Bull, 119 _Bungarus cœruleus_, 217, 247 Bunting, reed, 98, 190, 289 _Buphus coromandus_, 317, 318 Burbank, 118 Burnet moth, 102 Bush-buck, 196 Butcher-bird, 241, 253 Buttercups, 70, 267, 274 Butterfly, 45, 47, 102, 103, 196, 197, 203, 204, 209, 212, 216, 238, 239, 240, 250, 264, 280, 306, 381 Buzzard, 262

C Cacomistle, 242 _Cairina moschata_, 127, 245 Californian currant, 119 _Calœnas nicobarica_, 65 _Calotes versicolor_, 220 Camel, 120, 357 _Campophaga_, 248 Canary, 100, 101, 102, 117, 120, 127, 280, 338, 362 _Canis jubatus_, 181 Capercailzie, 129, 131 Capuchin monkey, 216 Carbon, 153 _Carduelis caniceps_, 255 _C. carduelis_, 255 Carnation, 85, 86 Carnivores, 67 Carp, 102 Carrion crow, 123 Carrot, 71, 269, 270 _Casarca cana_, 129 _C. tadornoides_, 129 “Cassell’s Book of the Horse,” 69 Castle, 149 Castration, effects of, 335, 344 Cat, 61, 98, 99, 100, 206, 282, 283, 339, 350, 356, 361 Cat-rabbit, 125 Cataloe, 119 Cataract, 340 Caterpillars, 155, 175, 205, 211, 215, 221, 350 Cattle, 94, 95, 115 _Centropus sinensis_, 220, 244 _Cephalophus doriæ_, 243 _Cephalopyrus flammiceps_, 244 _Cervulus muntjac_, 101 _C. reevesii_, 114 _C. vaginalis_, 114 _Cervus paludosus_, 180 _C. sika_, 120 _Ceryle rudis_, 202 Chaffinch, 289 Chamba monaul, 104 “Champion Ladybird,” 91, 92, 93 Change of function, theory of, 36, 37 _Chen nivalis_, 282 _C. rossi_, 282 _Chenatopex ægyptiaca_, 316 _Chenonetta jubata_, 316 Chinese goose, 99, 114, 121, 130 Chinese pheasant, 123 _Chloëphaga dispar_, 105 _C. magellanica_, 105, 334 _C. rubidiceps_, 105, 334 Chromosomes, 145-7 _Chrysæna victor_, 333 _Chrysolophus amherstiæ_, 121 _C. obscurus_, 97 _C. pictus_, 97, 121, 337 _Chrysomitris colombiana_, 244 _Chrysotis æstiva_, 103 _Ciconia alba_, 282 _C. boyciana_, 282 Cinnabar moth, 227 _Cissopis leveriana_, 281 Civil Service Commissioners, 385, 387 Cleistogamous flowers, 260 Climate as check on multiplication, 349, 350 Clouded-yellow butterfly, 103 Clover, 69, 274 _Clytus arietis_, 178, 229 Cobra, 224, 225, 226, 358, 359 _Colias edusa_, 103 Colour-blindness, 340 Colouration of Flowers, Law of Progressive, 66 —— of Organisms, 170-296 Columbidæ, 331, 333 Concealing colouration, 184-7 Congenital characters, 18, 19 Conn, 47 “Contemporary Review,” 26 Cope, 15, 67 _Copsychus saularis_, 281 _Coracias affinis_, 123, 255 _C. indica_, 123, 220, 255 Cordon-bleu, 104 Cormorant, 190, 191, 277, 381, 382 Corn, Indian, 81 Correlation, 39, 40, 117, 162, 167, 223, 339, 340, 344, 356-65 _Corvus corone_, 123, 255 _C. cornix_, 123, 255 _C. splendens_, 353 “Country-Side, The,” 261, 265, 266, 273, 304, 311, 313 Courser, 362 Court-bec, 72 Cow, 119, 120, 126 Crab, 155 Crane, 105, 247, 248, 279, 282, 292 _Crateropus bicolor_, 242 _C. canorus_, 179 _Crax globicera_, 104, 304 _C. grayi_, 104 _C. hecki_, 104, 304 Crested newt, 124 Cretaceous reptiles, 67 Crinoids, 67 Crocodile, 187 Cross-fertilisation, 69, 258-60 _Crotalus_, 223 Crow, 47, 123, 206, 220, 247, 255, 281, 353, 355, 359, 361 “Crow-pheasant,” 220 Cryptic colouring, 173 Cuckoo, 220, 233, 235, 236, 243, 244, 247, 248, 289 —— shrike, 248 _Cuculus canorus_, 289 Cuénot, 149 Cunningham, Col., 225, 226, 358 —— J. T., 15, 19, 20, 324, 325, 329, 331, 332, 333, 336 Cupples, Mr, 308 Curassow, 104, 304 Currant, 119 Cut-throat finch, 122 _Cypselus affinis_, 243 _Cytisus adami_, 119

D Dafila acuta, 122 Dahlia, 86 Daisy, 266, 274 Daltonism, 340 _Damaliscus lunatus_, 363 Damp as a check to multiplication of species, 350, 351 _Danaidæ_, 175, 179, 215, 216, 226, 228 _Danais chrysippus_, 179, 250 Danger signal, 183, 214, 253, 254 Darter, 277 Darwin, 1-12, 14, 25-27, 31, 35, 42, 52, 54-7, 59, 60-3, 68, 83, 96, 112, 114-7, 119, 123, 127, 130, 151, 171, 175, 182, 184, 233, 259, 299, 301-8, 316, 319-21, 325, 326, 347 “Darwin and after Darwin,” 370-5, 377, 381 Darwinian theory, 3, 5-8, 11, 13, 27, 28, 35, 42, 45, 52, 75, 111, 171 Darwinism, 1, 7, 8, 11, 14, 26 “Darwinism,” 40, 53, 112, 117, 178, 207, 213, 228, 322, 323 “Darwinism To-day,” 16, 45, 67 _Dasyurus_, 283 De Candolle, 86 Decorative plumage, 40 Deer, 101, 120, 180, 298 Deerhound, 304, 308 Deer-ponies, 125 Degeneration, 168 Dejerine, 340 Delage, 33, 147 Delbœuf, Law of, 373 _Delias eucharis_, 216, 220, 221 _Demiegretta_, 100 Demoiselle crane, 277 “Descent of Man,” 234, 299, 301, 302, 304, 305, 319, 320, 326 Determination of sex, 165 “Development and Heredity,” 17 De Vries, 26, 66, 69-72, 75-8, 82-9, 95, 105, 118, 151 Dewar, D., 43, 44, 47, 48, 195, 204, 206, 208, 210, 225, 233, 236, 303, 308, 309, 354, 360, 378 Dewar, G. A. B., 196, 197 _Dicrurus ater_, 179, 233 _Didelphys nurina_, 243 Dimorphism, sexual, 51, 200, 201 _Dipsacus_, 58 Disease as a check to multiplication of species, 351 _Dissemurus paradiseus_, 179, 220 Divergence of character, 367 Dog, 59, 68, 99, 100, 125, 225, 226, 282, 283, 304, 308, 352, 357, 364, 365 Dog-rose, 261 Dolphin, 99 Dominant characters, 142 Donald, Mr D., 256 Dragon-fly, 216, 264 Driesh, 136 Drongo cuckoo, 233 Drongo-shrikes, 179, 220 Drummond, 382 Duck, 51, 60, 68, 97, 99, 100, 122, 126-8, 190, 247, 249, 282, 292, 314, 315, 334, 337, 338, 365 Duiker-buck, 243 Dyer, Sir William Thistleton, 26

E Eagle, 65, 190, 350 Eagle-owl, 221 East, M. E., 79 _Echis carinata_, 224 “Eclipse,” 69 “Edinburgh Review, The,” 38 Eel, 102 Eggs, colours of birds’, 206-9 Egret, 100, 206, 254, 365 Eider-duck, 249 Eimer, 15, 16, 33 Eisig, 222 _Elanoides furcatus_, 282 _Elaps_, 197, 198 Elder, 49 Elementary species, 77, 78, 87, 88, 89 Elk, Irish, 67 _Emberiza citrinella_, 289 _E. pyrrhuloides_, 98 _E. schœniclus_, 98 _Entomophila picata_, 281 Entomophilous flowers, 261 _Epenthesis folleata_, 103 Epilobias, 260 _Equus_, 41 _Erebia manto_, 381 _Erythrura prasina_, 102 “Essays on Evolution,” 11, 173, 177, 181, 184, 213, 223, 226, 227, 229, 230, 231, 234, 237, 238, 239 _Estrelda cyanogastra_, 104 _E. phœnicotis_, 104 Ether, 152, 153 _Euchelia jacobacæ_, 227 Eurasian, 140 European, 140 _Euxenura maguari_, 282 Evening primrose, 84, 85, 88 “Evolution of Sex, The,” 306 Existence, struggle for, 31, 32 Eye-colour in human beings, 310 Eyesight of birds, 211, 237-41 —— insects, 264 Eyton, 15

F “Faery Year, The,” 196 Falcon, 204, 246, 250 _Falco peregrinator_, 251 _F. severus_, 251 False mimicry, 243 Faults in poultry, 64 Ferrets, 100, 119 Finch, 117, 120 —— Bicheno’s, 105 —— chestnut-breasted, 98 —— cut-throat, 122 —— Gouldian, 98 —— Nonpareil, 102 —— red-headed, 142 —— ringed, 104 —— saffron, 244 —— yellow-rumped, 98 Finn, 99, 102, 115, 131, 179, 216, 219, 220, 235, 241, 255, 304, 309, 310, 313, 315, 316, 358 Fittest, survival of the, 32 Flowers, 65, 66 Flowers, colours of, 258-75 Fly-catchers, 44, 45, 47, 285, 338 Flying squirrel, 243 “Fortnightly Review, The,” 37, 38 Foul-brood, 353 Fowl, 56, 58, 61, 64, 65, 99, 101, 125, 127, 128, 282, 301, 302, 307, 314, 330, 336, 338, 339, 361, 362, 364, 365 Fowl-ducks, 125 Foxes, 101, 131, 190, 191 Fox-terrier, 19 Franqueiro cattle, 95 _Francolinus pondicerianus_, 337 Friar-bird, 249 _Fringella coelebs_, 209 Fritillary butterfly, 103 Frog, 325 Fruits, colours of, 258, 275 _Fuligula marila_, 290 Fulmar petrel, 190 Function, change of, 36, 37 Fungi, 263

G Gadow, Dr, 197, 245 Gadwall, 126, 315 Galton, 81, 82, 374 “Game Birds and Wild Fowl of India,” 131 Gametes, segregation of, 143-5 Gannet, 282 Gayal, 126 Gauchos, 359 Gecko, 210 Geddes, 306, 326 Gemmules, 151 “Genesis of Species,” 7, 61 Geographical isolation, 375 Geological record, imperfection of, 40-2, 94 Geranium, 260 Germ-plasm, continuity of the, 25 Germinal variations, 106-10 _Geum urbanum_, 263 Gibbon ape, 101 Giraffe, 17, 18, 192, 196 _Globicera_, 104 Glutton, 190 Goat, 283 Goethe, 2 Golden pheasant, 97, 129, 149, 337, 338 Golden tench, 101 Goldfinch, 127, 255 Goldfish, 101, 102 Goose, 99, 100, 105, 115, 121, 130, 190, 281, 316, 334, 339 Gordon’s currant, 119 Goshawk, 247 Gouldian Finch, 99 Graba, 58 Gradation of colour, principle of, 185 _Graculipica melanoptera_, 244 “Grammar of Science, The,” 309 Grass, 273 Grasshopper, 185 Greenfinch, 122 Greyhound, 364 Grosbeak, 281, 284 Groundsel, 260 Grouse, red, 125 Growth-force, 15, 16, 68 _Grus leucogeranus_, 282 Guillemot, 58, 190, 245 Guinea-fowl, 100, 127, 128, 279, 362 Guinea-pig, 95, 101, 129, 283 Gulick, 369, 372-7, 380 Gull, 190, 191, 207, 247, 290, 355 _Gygis_, 278 Gyrfalcon, 190

H Haeckel, 15, 24 Hæmophilia, 340 _Halcyon smyrnensis_, 202 _Haliœtus albicilla_, 65 Hare, 131, 185, 200 Harrier, 101 Hartebeeste, 363 Hawk-cuckoo, 235, 236 Hawk-eagle, 101 Hawks, 222, 235, 236, 247, 277 _Hecki_, 104 Helice, 103 _Heliconidæ_, 175, 215, 216, 228 Heloderm, 217 Henslow, 15, 22, 23, 47, 48, 259 “Heredity,” 103, 145, 166, 340 “Heredity of Acquired Characters in Plants,” 22, 48 “Heredity of Sexual Characters in relation to Hormones,” 19, 330 Heron, 250, 317 Herring, 193 Hertwig, 151 Heusinger, 357 Hewitt, Mr, 307 _Hierococcyx varius_, 235, 248 Hilversum, 84 Himalayan argali, 120 Hinny, 127, 136, 140, 162 _Hipparchia, semele_, 205 _Hippotragus equinus_, 334 _H. niger_, 334 _Hirundo rustica_, 251 _H. tytleri_, 251 “History of Creation,” 24 Hobby, 250, 251 Homogamy, 370 Honeyeater, 281 Hormones, 335, 338 Hornbill, 65, 220 Horner, 340 Horse, 61, 68, 69, 95, 96, 100, 101, 117, 127, 128, 140, 266, 267, 268, 272, 283, 332, 352, 363, 364, 374 Horse, genealogy of, 41 Houghton, 91 Howard, 315, 332 Hubrecht, 26 Hume, 131 Humming-bird, 328 Hutton, 3 Hutton, Captain, 115, 382 Huxley, 3, 6, 11, 40, 100, 111 Hyæna, 353 Hybridism, 111-32, 292, 293 Hydra, 21 Hydrogen, 152, 153 _Hydrophasianus chirurgus_, 250 _Hyla_, 245 Hypertely, 237, 240 _Hypolimnas misippus_, 179, 180

I “Ibis, The,” 255, 256 _Icterus vulgaris_, 244, 281, 284 Impeyan pheasant, 104 Indian Civil Service, 385, 386, 387 Indian corn, 81 Inheritance, 133-69 —— alternative, 127 —— blended, 140, 148 —— definition of, 138 —— of acquired characters, 10, 14, 15, 18-24, 60, 107-10 —— particulate, 140 —— unilateral, 139, 140, 162 Insectivores, 67 Intercrossing, swamping effects of, 42, 83 Intimidating attitudes, 224, 225 Iora, 244 Iridescence, 186 Irish elk, 67, 168 Isolation, 366-82, 387 Isomerism, biological, 154-8 —— chemical, 152-4, 157 _Ithomiinæ_, 228, 246 Ivy, 261

J Jacana, 250 Jackdaw, 51, 306 Jaeger, 86 Jaguar, 45, 358 Japanese greenfinch, 122 —— pheasant, 122, 124, 129 Jardin des plantes, 88 Java sparrow, 99, 100 Jelly-fish, 192 Jesse, W., 255 Johnston, 92 “Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society,” 209 “Journal of the Royal Society of Arts,” 236, 324, 378 Jungle-babbler, 179 Jungle fowl, 332

K Kallima, 45, 47, 209, 212, 235, 386 Kellog, 16, 26, 45, 47, 67 Kingfisher, 202, 203, 206 Kite, 282 “Knowledge,” 171, 198, 277 Korchinsky, 15, 33 Krait, 216, 247 Kuppa, 224

L Labernum, 119 _Lachnanthes_, 357 Ladybird, 213, 214 Lamarck, 2, 14, 17, 52 Lamarckism, 16, 24, 25 Lambert, Edward, 341 Lankester, Sir E. Ray, 13, 25 Lapwing, 207 Lark, 185, 362 _Larus ridibundus_, 290 Latent characters, 149 Law of battle, 301, 302, 321 Leaf-butterfly, 45, 47, 209, 235, 386 Lemming, 190 Lemur, 242, 243 _Lemur catta_, 242 Leopard, black, 101, 354, 358 _Leucopternis_, 282 _Ligurinus sinicus_, 122 Lily, 146 _Linaria vulgaris peloria_, 86 Linden, Gräfin von, 155 Links, missing, 41, 42 Linnæus, 65, 115 Linnet, 212, 338 “Linus I.,” 95, 96 Lion, 192, 334, 349, 352 _Liothrix luteus_, 179 Lizard, 64, 207, 210, 212, 216, 217, 220, 223, 269, 350 _Loddigesia mirabilis_, 328 Loeb, 147 _Lophophorus chambanus_, 104 _L. impeyanus_, 104 Lucerne, 118 Lung, 36, 37 Lutinism, 102 _Lycæna donzelli_, 381 _L. pheretes_, 381 _Lycodon aulicus_, 247 Lyell, 3

M Mackerel, 193 Madingly, 102 _Mænia typica_, 221 Magnus, 86 Magpie, 281 Magpie colouring, 66, 67, 280, 281 Magrath, 256 Male-fern, 49 Mallard, 65, 97, 122, 126, 132, 293, 313, 315, 334, 337 Malthus, 31 Malva, 260 Manchester School, 27 Mannikin, 104 Marbled newt, 124, 245 Marshall, 28 —— Mr G. A. K., 239 —— Milnes, 37, 174 Marsupials, 67 Masters, 86 “Materials for the Study of Variation,” 73, 103 Mauchamp sheep, 95 Mayer, 228 “Mechanischphysiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre,” 15 _Medicago media_, 118 _Megascops asio_, 44 Melanism, 64, 101, 360 _Melopsittacus undulatus_, 101 Mendel, 42, 74, 136, 141, 142, 144, 145 Mendel’s Law, 145, 149, 150, 161 Mendelism, 145 _Mesohippus_, 41 Micellæ, 151 _Micropus melanoleucus_, 245 “Mikado, The,” 237 Mildew, 49 Mimicry, conditions of, 178 Mimicry, protective, 45, 50, 51, 173, 177-82, 226-51, 275, 293, 294 Mink, 243 _Miohippus_, 41 Missing links, 41, 42 Missouri currant, 119 Mivart, Dr St George, 7, 61 Mole, 180 _Molge blasii_, 124 _M. cristata_, 124 _M. marmorata_, 124 _M. vulgaris_, 221 Mollusca, 49 —— of Sandwich Islands, 375, 378 Molpastes, 123, 255 _Molpastes bengalensis_, 256, 379 _M. burmanicus_, 379 _M. hæmorrhous_, 255, 379 _M. intermedius_, 256, 379 _M. leucogenys_, 256 Monaul, 104 Monkey, 64, 213 Monotypic evolution, 366 Monstrosities, 56, 57, 358 Morgan, Prof. Ll., 368 —— T. H., 26 Morse, 190 Moseley, Prof., 311 _Motacilla lugubris_, 122 _M. melanope_, 122 Moth, 101, 102, 124, 209, 215, 227, 238, 240 Mouse, 64, 105, 139, 141, 146, 149, 150, 180, 185, 282, 359 Mule, 127, 136, 140, 160, 162 Müller, Fritz, 81, 180 Müllerian mimicry, 177, 181, 182 _Munia atricapilla_, 104 _M. castaneithorax_, 98 _M. flaviprymna_, 98 _M. malacca_, 104 Muscovy duck, 99, 127, 128, 281 Musk ox, 190, 192 _Mustela sarmatica_, 243 Mutations, 41, 43, 66, 69, 72, 75-105, 124, 127, 134, 159, 160, 169, 223, 280, 281, 284, 292, 295, 339, 341, 342-4, 380-8 Mutations, theory of, 26, 38, 75, 76, 95 Myna, 244 _Myristicivoræ_, 282

N Naegeli, 15, 16, 151 Nahrwal, 190 Natural selection, theory of, stated, 31, 32 “Nature,” 184 Nautili, 67 Nectar of flowers, 262, 264, 265, 268, 270, 271 Neo-Darwinians, 13, 14, 25, 173, 174, 176, 188, 214, 218, 222, 233, 238, 242, 263, 264 Neo-Darwinism, 51, 172, 234, 235, 264, 275, 276, 297 Neo-Lamarckians, 13, 14, 15 _Neophron_, 282 _Nepheronia hippia_, 179 _Nettium albigulare_, 179 New organs, beginnings of, 36, 73 Newman, 126 Newt, 124, 221, 222 Niata cattle, 95 Nicobar pigeon, 65 Nilgai, 337 Nitrogen, 153 Noddy, 62, 279 Nonpareil finch, 102 _Nyroca africana_, 337

O Oates, 255, 379 Obliterative colouration, 184-7 _Ocydromus_, 365 _Œnis_, 205 _Œnopopelia tranquebarica_, 122, 123, 324, 333 _Œnothera lamarckiana_, 84, 85, 87, 88 _Ononis repens_, 23 _O. spinosa_, 22 Opossum, 243 Orchid, 268, 269, 270, 272 _Orgyia antiqua_, 215 “Origin of Species, The,” 7, 9, 11, 31, 53, 57, 63, 114, 170, 194, 347, 348, 356, 367 Oriole, 244, 249, 284, 304 _Oriolus galbula_, 282 _O. kundoo_, 282 _O. melanocephalus_, 244, 284 “Ornithological and Other Oddities,” 255 _Orohippus_, 41 Orr, 15-7 Orthogenesis, 15, 16, 34 _Ossifraga gigantea_, 99, 362 _Otidiphaps insularis_, 244 _Ovis ammon_, 120 _O. vignei_, 120 Owen, Sir Richard, 7 Owl, 247, 277, 289 —— little, 97, 98 —— scops, 101 —— snowy, 190 Ox, 146, 352 Oxygen, 152, 153, 263

P Paddy bird, 254 Paint-root, 357 _Palæornis torquatus_, 102, 325 Pallas, 115 Pansy, 260 Panther, 360 _Papilio_, 228, 246 _P. aristolochiæ_, 179, 216, 220, 221 _P. polites_, 179 Paradise, bird of, 62, 249 Paradise flycatcher, 47, 202, 298, 303, 316, 324, 338 _Paradisea apoda_, 249 Paraguay cattle, 94 _Parnassius apollo_, 155 Paroquet, 102, 121, 325 Parrot, 103 Parthenogenesis, 135, 138 Partridge, 185, 315, 337 _Parus leucopterus_, 245 _Passer domesticus_, 289, 342 _P. montanus_, 342 _P. swainsoni_, 342 Pasteur, 5 _Pavo nigripennis_, 96 _Pavoncella pugnax_, 343 Pea, sweet, 74, 75, 81, 141 Pear, 72 Pearson, Karl, 309, 310 Peckham, 308 Pekin robin, 179 Pelagic animals, 173, 192-4 Penguin, 191 Pennant’s parakeet, 121 _Petaurus breviceps_, 243 Petrel, 44, 190, 191, 277, 337 Pfeffer, 33 _Phalacrocorax carbo_, 381 Phalanger, 243 Phalarope, 327 _Phasianidæ_, 125, 330 _Phasianus colchicus_, 114, 123 _P. torquatus_, 114, 123 _P. versicolor_, 114, 123, 124 Pheasant, 97, 104, 114, 121, 123, 128-30, 141, 315, 336, 338 Pictet, 155, 156 _Pieris napi_, 155 _Piezorhynchus_, 285 Pig, 57, 283, 357, 365 Pigeon, 61, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 91, 92, 93, 98, 101, 109, 126, 127, 244, 277, 282, 353, 357, 364, 365 Pigment, massing of, 256 Pike, 102, 222 Pimpernel, 261 Pintail duck, 130, 132, 293, 337 Pintailed nonpareil finch, 102 “Plant Breeding,” 87 Plasomes, 151 Plastidules, 151 _Platycercus elegans_, 121 _P. erythropeplus_, 121 _P. eximius_, 121 _Pliohippus_, 41 Plover, 207 Plumage, decorative, 40 Pochard, 126, 337 Pœcilomeres, 288-95 _Poëephila mirabilis_, 99 Polar bear, 119, 130 Polar bodies, 135 Polecat, 119 Polytypic evolution, 367 Poppy, 82, 261 _Porzana bailloni_, 251 _P. pusilla_, 251 Post-nuptial display, 316 _Potentilla tormentilla_, 263 Poulton, 11, 25, 26, 171, 173, 177, 181, 184, 210, 213, 217, 221, 223-5, 229-35, 238-42 _Precis artexia_, 203, 204, 212 Preferential mating among human beings, 309, 310 Prepotency, 136 Prickly pear, 274 Primrose, evening, 84, 85, 88 Pritchard, Hesketh, 359 “Proceedings of the Fourth International Ornithological Congress,” 288, 337 “Proceedings of the Linnæan Society,” 288 “Proceedings of the Natural History Society of Brunn,” 141 _Protohippus_, 37 _Pseudoclytia pentata_, 103 Pseudo-sematic colours, 173 _Pseudotantalus cinereus_, 282 Ptarmigan, 190 _Pteroclurus exustus_, 204 Puffin, 191 Pugnacity of animals, 206, 360 Puma, 45 Purple beech, 87 Pycraft, W. P., 277 _Pycnorhampus affinis_, 284 _P. icteroides_, 284 _Pygæra bucephala_, 215

Q Quail, 185 Quatrefages, de, 124 _Quelea quelea_, 98 _Q. russi_, 98 _Querquedula crecca_, 290 Quetelet’s Law, 77

R Rabbit, 99, 100, 105, 183, 253, 283, 350, 352 Racehorse, 69 Radicles, biological, 159 _Rallus aquaticus_, 251 _R. indicus_, 251 _Ranunculus bulbosus_, 70 _Rappia_, 245 Raspberry, 118 Rat, 74, 282 —— water, 101 Raven, 190 Razorbill, 190 Recessive characters, 142 Recognition colours, 251-7, 275 —— marks, 124 Red-mantled parakeet, 121 Redpole, 207 Redwing, 354 Reed bunting, 98 Reeves’ pheasant, 129 Regression, Law of, 82, 374 Reid, Archdale, 5 Reindeer, 190 Rest-harrow, 22 Reversion, 64, 65, 129, 293 _Rhinosciurus tupaioides_, 180 _Rhodocera rhamni_, 155 _Rhododendron ferrugineum_, 118 _R. hirsutum_, 118 _Rhynchæa_, 327 Ricardo, 28 Ringed finch, 104 Robin, 281, 378 Robin, Indian, 202 Robinson, Dr H., 171, 198 —— E. K., 261, 264, 265, 266, 268, 270, 272-4 Rodents, 67 Rogeron, 126 Roller, 123, 220, 255 Romanes, 366-81 Rook, 51, 187 Rose, 61, 267 Rosella parakeet, 121 Rous, Admiral, 69 Roux, 136 Ruff, 343

S Sable, 190 Saffron finch, 244 Sainfoin, 267 Salamander, 217, 219, 221 _Salix alba_, 118 _S. pentandra_, 118 Sandgrouse, 204, 351 Sandpipers, 185, 190 Sassaby, 363 _Satyridæ_, 205 Scatliff, H. P., 91-3 Scatliff strain, 91 Scaup, 290 Schmankewitsch, 156 “Science,” 166 _Sciuropterus volucella_, 243 _Scops giu_, 101 Scops owl, American, 44 ——, Indian, 101 Scoter, 249 Seal, 190, 191 Sea-urchin, 149 Seaweed, 263 Sebright, Sir John, 63 Secondary sexual characters, 298 Segregation, 369 —— of gametes, 143-5 Selous, Edmund, 308 —— F. C., 192, 195, 197, 203 Sematic colours, 173 _Sesia fuciformis_, 178 Sexual dimorphism, 51, 297-344 Sexual selection, theory of, 299-321 Shaheen, 251 Shamrock, 274 Sheathbill, 191 Sheep, 95, 266, 267, 283, 357, 372 Sheldrake, 109, 129 Shikra, 235, 236 Shoveler, 290 Shrew, 180, 216 Sidgwick, 28 Sidney, 5, 49 Sika deer, 120 Silver-washed fritillary butterfly, 103 Siskin, 127, 244 Skua, Arctic, 44, 362 Skua-gull, 191 Skunk, 186, 217, 221 Skylark, 315 Slug, 49, 185 Smith, Adam, 28 Snake, 185, 197, 198, 217, 220, 223-6, 247, 356 Snap-dragon, 268, 272 Snipe, 69, 327 Sodium sulphate, 151 Somatic variations, 106-10 “Some Indian Friends and Acquaintances,” 225, 358 Sorrel, 274 Sparrow, 213, 241, 341, 342 —— Java, 99, 100 Sparrow-hawk, 235, 243 _Spatula clypeata_, 290 Spavin, 332 “Species and Varieties,” 69, 77, 84, 87, 118 Species, definition of, 89 Species, elementary, 77, 78, 87-9 Spencer, 3, 15, 16, 28, 38, 151 Spider, 269, 272 _Sporæginthus amandava_, 311 Sports, 41, 43, 66, 75, 85, 135 Squirrel, 101, 186, 243 Stag, 325 —— Irish, 67 Standfuss, 155 Stanley crane, 248, 279 St Hilaire, T. G., 2, 356 Stick insect, 209 _Stictoptera annulosa_, 104 Stoat, 119, 190, 290 Stolzmann, 327-9, 342, 343 Stonechat, 353 Stork, 247, 282 “Strand Magazine,” 64 _Strix flammea_, 289 Struggle for existence, 31, 32, 48 —— for nourishment, 167 Suchetet, A., 126, 130 _Sula capensis_, 282 _S. serrator_, 282 Sunbird, 324 _Surniculus lugubris_, 235, 243 Survival of the fittest, 32 Survival value, 33, 34 Swallow, 250, 251, 279, 361 Swallow-shrike, 281 Swallow-tail butterfly, 179 Swan, 100 Swift, 243, 250 Swimming bladder of fishes, 36, 37 _Sycalis flaveola_, 244 _Syrphidæ_, 178

T _Tachycineta leucorrhoa_, 361 _Tadorna cornuta_, 129 _T. tadornoides_, 129 Tails, 62, 64 Tait, Mr, 356 Tanager, 281 Tapir, 42 Tasmanian devil, 282 Teal, 290, 316 Teasel, fuller’s, 58 Teeth, molar, 105 Tegetmeier, Mr, 307 Tern, 62, 278 _Terpsiphone paradisi_, 202, 298, 304, 316, 324 _Tetraogallus_, 337 _Tetraonidæ_, 125 _Tetrapteryx paradisea_, 249 _Tetrao tetrix_, 129 _T. urogallus_, 129 _Thamnobia cambayensis_, 202, 275 _T. fulicata_, 202, 378 Thayer, Mr Abbot, 184-7 Thompson, Seton, 354 Thomson, 103, 136, 145, 166, 306, 326, 340 Throat disease, 353 “Through Southern Mexico,” 197, 245 “Through the Heart of Patagonia,” 359 Thrush, 203, 207, 355 Tiger, 334 Tit, 245 Toad, 210, 219, 241 Toad-flax, 56 Tortoise, 222 Trefoil, 274 _Trochilium_, 229 Trogon, 62 _Tropidonotus piscator_, 220 Troupial, 244, 281, 284 Tsetse-fly, 352 _Tupaia_, 180, 216 _T. ellioti_, 216 Turbit, 72, 91-3 “Turbit, The Modern,” 91 Turkey, 95, 363 Turnspit dog, 59 _Turtur cambayensis_, 333 _T. suratensis_, 333 _T. risorius_, 33, 123, 126 Tylor, Mr Alfred, 287

U Ungulates, 67 Unilateral transmission, 341 Unit characters, 148-52 _Uria grylle_, 245 _U. lacrymans_, 58 Urial, 120, 130, 131 _Urodynamis tritensis_, 243

V Valezina, 103 _Vanessa levana_, 154 _V. prorsa_, 154 Vapourer moth, 215 Variation, 52-110 —— cause of, 59-60 —— continuous, 56, 69, 76, 105 —— definite, 55 —— determinate, 55 —— discontinuous, 43, 56, 72, 73, 76, 78, 79, 87, 105, 106, 133, 159, 295 —— germinal, 106-10, 133 —— indefinite, 55, 59 —— somatic, 106-110 _Viola_, 260 _V. tricolor_, 260 Volckamer, 86 Vulture, 282

W Waggett, 12 Wagner, 369, 372 Wagtail, 122, 203 Wallace, 3, 10, 13, 14, 25, 26, 35-42, 53, 112, 114, 116, 117, 171, 175, 177, 183, 184, 207, 213, 228, 230, 251, 253, 256, 287, 296, 308, 321-7, 343, 372, 377 Wallaceian school of biologists, 14, 24, 25, 47, 192, 210, 251, 346, 347, 366, 377 Wallaceism, 172, 202 Walrus, 190 Warblers, British, 315, 332 Warning colours, 173, 176, 198, 212-26 Wasp, 174, 178, 179, 214, 227 Wasp-beetle, 229 Water-rail, 251 Waxbill, blue-bellied, 104 Weasel, 190 Weaver, red-billed, 98 Weber, 86 Weir, Mr Jenner, 299 Weismann, 25, 106, 107, 151, 154 Weka rail, 365 “Westminster Review,” 112 Weston, G. E., 127 Whale, 42, 185, 190, 193 Wheatear, 253 Whinchat, 253 Wiesner, 151 Wilson, Prof. E. B., 166 Winter coat, 188 Wolf, 48, 130, 185, 192 Wonder horse, 95, 96 Woodpecker, 102 Wright, Mr, 304 Wyman, Professor, 357

X X-element, 165

Y Yak, 120 Yarrow, 268 “Year-book of the Smithsonian Institution,” 184 Yerbury, Col., 239 Youatt, 63

Z Zebra, 196 Zebu, 120 Zocher & Co., 56 Zoological Gardens, Lahore, 309 ——, London, 104, 119, 126, 130, 206, 304, 316 Zoological Society of London, 330 _Zygæna filipendulæ_, 102

_OTHER WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHORS_

By DOUGLAS DEWAR

BOMBAY DUCKS BIRDS OF THE PLAINS ANIMALS OF NO IMPORTANCE Etc. Etc.

By FRANK FINN

ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER ODDITIES THE WORLD’S BIRDS WILD BEASTS OF THE WORLD GARDEN AND AVIARY BIRDS IN INDIA Etc. Etc.

ORNITHOLOGICAL AND OTHER ODDITIES

BY FRANK FINN, B.A. (Oxon), F.Z.S. LATE DEPUTY-SUPERINTENDENT OF THE INDIAN MUSEUM, CALCUTTA

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS

_Demy_ 8_vo._ 10_s._ 6_d. net_

PRESS OPINIONS

_Standard._—“This book, dealing with the courting of birds, how they fight and mimic, and moult and blush, is one of the most fascinating we have read for some time. His book will prove as interesting to the general reader as to the enthusiastic naturalist.”

_Morning Post._—“The book consists of a number of papers—all are delightfully readable. A very interesting and delightful book. The style is always clear and free from technicalities; this volume will certainly prove as entertaining to the general reader as it is interesting to the naturalist.”

_Globe._—“The pleasantest of reading—produced most charmingly. The book is illustrated with numbers of beautiful photographs showing bird and beast life with wonderful truth and charm. We must congratulate Mr Finn and his publisher on one of the most alluring nature books we have seen for a long time.”

_Shooting Times._—“The volume is well illustrated, and is certainly a very amusing and highly instructive publication.”

_Country Side._—“Mr Finn always has something to tell us, and often something new. He is at home in writing of birds. An eminently readable book.”

_Bookman._—“Very good. Always worth reading, and is well illustrated.”

_Academy._—“A most readable volume; there is not a dull line in the whole volume, while the illustrations are remarkably good.”

_Indian Field._—“It is always with the greatest of pleasure that we pick up a book written by this ever-interesting author. We must congratulate him on his latest work—a delightful work.”

BOMBAY DUCKS

AN ACCOUNT OF SOME OF THE EVERYDAY BIRDS & BEASTS FOUND IN A NATURALIST’S EL DORADO

By DOUGLAS DEWAR, F.Z.S., I.C.S.

With Numerous Illustrations From Photographs of Living Birds by Captain F. D. S. Fayrer, I.M.S.

_Demy_ 8_vo._ 16_s. net._

PRESS OPINIONS

_Spectator._—“Mr Douglas Dewar’s book is excellent. . . . A feature of the book is the photographs of birds by Captain Fayrer. They are most remarkable, and quite unlike the usual wretched snapshot and blurred reproductions with which too many naturalists’ books are nowadays illustrated.”

_Standard._—“The East has ever been a place of wonderment, but the writer of ‘Bombay Ducks’ brings before Western eyes a new set of pictures. . . . The book is entertaining, even to the reader who is not a naturalist first and a reader afterwards. . . . The illustrations cannot be too highly praised.”

_Daily News._—“This new and sumptuous book. . . . Mr Dewar gives us a charming introduction to a great many interesting birds.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._—“Most entertaining dissertations on the tricks and manners of many birds and beasts in India.”

_Graphic._—“The book is written in a most readable style, light and easy, yet full of information, and not overburdened with scientific words and phrases. . . . The habits of the different birds are fully described, often in a very amusing and interesting manner.”

BIRDS OF THE PLAINS

By DOUGLAS DEWAR, F.Z.S., I.C.S. AUTHOR OF “BOMBAY DUCKS,” etc.

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

_Demy_ 8_vo._ 10_s._ 6_d. net_

PRESS OPINIONS

_Globe._—“Mr Dewar is not only a keen and patient observer, but he is gifted with the descriptive art in high degree, and his vivacious style communicates the characters and habits of birds with unerring fidelity and infinite spirit.”

_Sportsman._—“Mr Dewar has a delightfully simple and quaintly humorous way of expressing himself, and his clever word pictures of bird life making charming reading.”

_Truth._—“The volume is handsomely produced, and, like its predecessor, it has a number of remarkably fine illustrations.”

_Manchester Guardian._—“Those who enjoyed ‘Bombay Ducks’ will welcome ‘Birds of the Plains.’ His breezy style is pleasant and easy reading. The photographs deserve the highest praise.”

_Daily Chronicle._—“Here is a work worthy of all commendation to those who love birds, and is ably seconded by Captain Fayrer’s excellent photographs.”

_NOTICE_

_Those who possess old letters, documents, correspondence, MSS., scraps of autobiography, and also miniatures and portraits, relating to persons and matters historical, literary, political and social, should communicate with Mr. John Lane, The Bodley Head, Vigo Street, London, W., who will at all times be pleased to give his advice and assistance, either as to their preservation or publication._

LIVING MASTERS OF MUSIC

An Illustrated Series of Monographs dealing with Contemporary Musical Life, and including Representatives of all Branches of the Art. Edited by Rosa Newmarch. Crown 8vo. Cloth. 2_s._ 6_d._ net each volume.

HENRY J. WOOD. By Rosa Newmarch. SIR EDWARD ELGAR. By R. J. Buckley. JOSEPH JOACHIM. By J. A. Fuller Maitland. EDWARD MACDOWELL. By L. Gilman. EDVARD GRIEG. By H. T. Finck. THEODOR LESCHETIZKY. By A. Hullah. GIACOMO PUCCINI. By Wakeling Dry. ALFRED BRUNEAU. By Arthur Hervey. IGNAZ PADEREWSKI. By E. A. Baughan. RICHARD STRAUSS. By A. Kalisch. CLAUDE DEBUSSY. By Franz Liebich.

STARS OF THE STAGE

A Series of Illustrated Biographies of the Leading Actors, Actresses, and Dramatists. Edited by J. T. Grein. Crown 8vo. 2_s._ 6_d._ each net.

∵ _It was Schiller who said: “Twine no wreath for the actor, since his work is oral and ephemeral.” “Stars of the Stage” may in some degree remove this reproach. There are hundreds of thousands of playgoers, and both editor and publisher think it reasonable to assume that a considerable number of these would like to know something about actors, actresses, and dramatists, whose work they nightly applaud. Each volume will be carefully illustrated, and as far as text, printing, and paper are concerned will be a notable book. Great care has been taken in selecting the biographers, who in most cases have already accumulated much appropriate material._

_First Volumes._

ELLEN TERRY. By Christopher St. John. HERBERT BEERBOHM TREE. By Mrs. George Cran. W. S. GILBERT. By Edith A. Browne. CHAS. WYNDHAM. By Florence Teignmouth Shore. GEORGE BERNARD SHAW. By G. K. Chesterton.

_A CATALOGUE OF MEMOIRS, BIOGRAPHIES, ETC._

_WORKS UPON NAPOLEON_

NAPOLEON & THE INVASION OF ENGLAND: The Story of the Great Terror, 1797-1805. By H. F. B. Wheeler and A. M. Broadley. With upwards of 100 Full-page Illustrations reproduced from Contemporary Portraits, Prints, etc.; eight in Colour. Two Volumes. 32_s._ net.

_Outlook._—“The book is not merely one to be ordered from the library; it should be purchased, kept on an accessible shelf, and constantly studied by all Englishmen who love England.”

_Westminster Gazette._—“Messrs. Wheeler and Broadley have succeeded in producing a work on the threatened invasion of England by Napoleon, which treats of the subject with a fulness of detail and a completeness of documentary evidence that are unexampled.”

DUMOURIEZ AND THE DEFENCE OF ENGLAND AGAINST NAPOLEON. By J. Holland Rose, Litt.D. (Cantab.), Author of “The Life of Napoleon,” and A. M. Broadley, joint-author of “Napoleon and the Invasion of England.” Illustrated with numerous Portraits, Maps, and Facsimiles. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

THE FALL OF NAPOLEON. By Oscar Browning, M.A., Author of “The Boyhood and Youth of Napoleon.” With numerous Full-page Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 × 5¾ inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Spectator._—“Without doubt Mr. Oscar Browning has produced a book which should have its place in any library of Napoleonic literature.”

_Truth._—“Mr. Oscar Browning has made not the least, but the most of the romantic material at his command for the story of the fall of the greatest figure in history.”

THE BOYHOOD & YOUTH OF NAPOLEON, 1769-1793. Some Chapters on the early life of Bonaparte. By Oscar Browning, M.A. With numerous Illustrations, Portraits, etc. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

_Daily News._—“Mr. Browning has with patience, labour, careful study, and excellent taste given us a very valuable work, which will add materially to the literature on this most fascinating of human personalities.”

_Literary World._—“. . . Mr. Browning has examined all the available sources of information and carefully weighed his historical evidence. His discriminating treatment has resulted in a book that is . . . one that arrests attention by the conviction its reasoned conclusions carry.”

THE DUKE OF REICHSTADT (NAPOLEON II.) By Edward de Wertheimer. Translated from the German. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net. (Second Edition.)

_Times._—“A most careful and interesting work which presents the first complete and authoritative account of the life of this unfortunate Prince.”

_Westminster Gazette._—“This book, admirably produced, reinforced by many additional portraits, is a solid contribution to history and a monument of patient, well-applied research.”

NAPOLEON’S CONQUEST OF PRUSSIA, 1806. By F. Loraine Petre. With an Introduction by Field-Marshal Earl Roberts, V.C., K.G., etc. With Maps, Battle Plans, Portraits, and 16 Full-page Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 x 5¾ inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Scotsman._—“Neither too concise, nor too diffuse, the book is eminently readable. It is the best work in English on a somewhat circumscribed subject.”

_Outlook._—“Mr. Petre has visited the battlefields and read everything, and his monograph is a model of what military history, handled with enthusiasm and literary ability, can be.”

NAPOLEON’S CAMPAIGN IN POLAND, 1806-1807. A Military History of Napoleon’s First War with Russia, verified from unpublished official documents. By F. Loraine Petre. With 16 Full-page Illustrations, Maps, and Plans. New Edition. Demy 8vo (9 x 5¾ inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Army and Navy Chronicle._—“We welcome a second edition of this valuable work. . . . Mr. Loraine Petre is an authority on the wars of the great Napoleon, and has brought the greatest care and energy into his studies of the subject.”

NAPOLEON AND THE ARCHDUKE CHARLES. A History of the Franco-Austrian Campaign in the Valley of the Danube in 1809. By F. Loraine Petre. With 8 Illustrations and 6 sheets of Maps and Plans. Demy 8vo (9 x 5¾ inches). 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

RALPH HEATHCOTE. Letters of a Diplomatist During the Time of Napoleon, Giving an Account of the Dispute between the Emperor and the Elector of Hesse. By Countess Günther Gröben. With Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 x 5¾ inches), 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

∵ _Ralph Heathcote, the son of an English father and an Alsatian mother, was for some time in the English diplomatic service as first secretary to Mr. Brook Taylor, minister at the Court of Hesse, and on one occasion found himself very near to making history. Napoleon became persuaded that Taylor was implicated in a plot to procure his assassination, and insisted on his dismissal from the Hessian Court. As Taylor refused to be dismissed, the incident at one time seemed likely to result to the Elector in the loss of his throne. Heathcote came into contact with a number of notable people, including the Miss Berrys, with whom he assures his mother he is not in love. On the whole, there is much interesting material for lovers of old letters and journals._

MEMOIRS OF THE COUNT DE CARTRIE. A record of the extraordinary events in the life of a French Royalist during the war in La Vendée, and of his flight to Southampton, where he followed the humble occupation of gardener. With an introduction by Frédéric Masson, Appendices and Notes by Pierre Amédée Pichot, and other hands, and numerous Illustrations, including a Photogravure Portrait of the Author. Demy 8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Daily News._—“We have seldom met with a human document which has interested us so much.”

_Athenæum._—“As a record of personal suffering and indomitable perseverance against opposing circumstances the narrative of De Cartrie’s escape to the Eastern frontier, in the disguise of a master-gunner, could not easily be surpassed.”

WOMEN OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. Chronicles of the Court of Napoleon III. By Frédéric Loliée. With an introduction by _Richard Whiteing_ and 53 full-page Illustrations, 3 in Photogravure. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

_Standard._—“M. Frédéric Loliée has written a remarkable book, vivid and pitiless in its description of the intrigue and dare-devil spirit which flourished unchecked at the French Court. . . . Mr. Richard Whiteing’s introduction is written with restraint and dignity.”

_Daily Telegraph._—“It is a really fascinating story, or series of stories, set forth in this volume. . . . Here are anecdotes innumerable of the brilliant women of the Second Empire, so that in reading the book we are not only dazzled by the beauty and gorgeousness of everything, but we are entertained by the record of things said and done, and through all we are conscious of the coming ‘gloom and doom’ so soon to overtake the Court. Few novels possess the fascination of this spirited work, and many readers will hope that the author will carry out his proposal of giving us a further series of memories of the ‘Women of the Second Empire.’”

LOUIS NAPOLEON AND THE GENESIS OF THE SECOND EMPIRE. By F. H. Cheetham. With Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 × 5¾ inches). 16_s._ net.

MEMOIRS OF MADEMOISELLE DES ÉCHEROLLES. Translated from the French by Marie Clothilde Balfour. With an Introduction by G. K. Fortescue. Portraits, etc. 5_s._ net.

_Liverpool Mercury._—“. . . this absorbing book. . . . The work has a very decided historical value. The translation is excellent, and quite notable in the preservation of idiom.”

JANE AUSTEN’S SAILOR BROTHERS. Being the life and Adventures of Sir Francis Austen, G.C.B., Admiral of the Fleet, and Rear-Admiral Charles Austen. By J. H. and E. C. Hubback. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Morning Post._—“. . . May be welcomed as an important addition to Austeniana . . .; it is besides valuable for its glimpses of life in the Navy, its illustrations of the feelings and sentiments of naval officers during the period that preceded and that which followed the great battle of just one century ago, the battle which won so much but which cost us—Nelson.”

SOME WOMEN LOVING AND LUCKLESS. By Teodor de Wyzewa. Translated from the French by C. H. Jeffreson, M.A. With Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo (9 × 5¾ inches), 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

POETRY AND PROGRESS IN RUSSIA. By Rosa Newmarch. With 6 full-page Portraits. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Standard._—“Distinctly a book that should be read . . . pleasantly written and well informed.”

THE LIFE OF PETER ILICH TCHAIKOVSKY (1840-1893). By his Brother, Modeste Tchaikovsky. Edited and abridged from the Russian and German Editions by Rosa Newmarch. With Numerous Illustrations and Facsimiles and an Introduction by the Editor. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net. Second edition.

_The Times._—“A most illuminating commentary on Tchaikovsky’s music.”

_World._—“One of the most fascinating self-revelations by an artist which has been given to the world. The translation is excellent, and worth reading for its own sake.”

_Contemporary Review._—“The book’s appeal is, of course, primarily to the music-lover; but there is so much of human and literary interest in it, such intimate revelation of a singularly interesting personality, that many who have never come under the spell of the Pathetic Symphony will be strongly attracted by what is virtually the spiritual autobiography of its composer. High praise is due to the translator and editor for the literary skill with which she has prepared the English version of this fascinating work . . . There have been few collections of letters published within recent years that give so vivid a portrait of the writer as that presented to us in these pages.”

COKE OF NORFOLK AND HIS FRIENDS: The Life of Thomas William Coke, First Earl of Leicester of the second creation, containing an account of his Ancestry, Surroundings, Public Services, and Private Friendships, and including many Unpublished Letters from Noted Men of his day, English and American. By A. M. W. Stirling. With 20 Photogravure and upwards of 40 other Illustrations reproduced from Contemporary Portraits, Prints, etc. Demy 8vo. 2 vols. 32_s._ net.

_The Times._—“We thank Mr. Stirling for one of the most interesting memoirs of recent years.”

_Daily Telegraph._—“A very remarkable literary performance. Mrs. Stirling has achieved a resurrection. She has fashioned a picture of a dead and forgotten past and brought before our eyes with the vividness of breathing existence the life of our English ancestors of the eighteenth century.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._—“A work of no common interest; in fact, a work which may almost be called unique.”

_Evening Standard._—“One of the most interesting biographies we have read for years.”

THE LIFE OF SIR HALLIDAY MACARTNEY, K.C.M.G., Commander of Li Hung Chang’s trained force in the Taeping Rebellion, founder of the first Chinese Arsenal, Secretary to the first Chinese Embassy to Europe. Secretary and Councillor to the Chinese Legation in London for thirty years. By Demetrius C. Boulger, Author of the “History of China,” the “Life of Gordon,” etc. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Price 24_s._ net.

_Daily Graphic._—“It is sate to say that few readers will be able to put down the book without feeling the better for having read it . . . not only full of personal interest, but tells us much that we never knew before on some not unimportant details.”

DEVONSHIRE CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS. By S. Baring-Gould, M.A., Author of “Yorkshire Oddities,” etc. With 58 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

_Daily News._—“A fascinating series . . . the whole book is rich in human interest. It is by personal touches, drawn from traditions and memories, that the dead men surrounded by the curious panoply of their time, are made to live again in Mr. Baring-Gould’s pages.”

CORNISH CHARACTERS AND STRANGE EVENTS. By S. Baring-Gould. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

THE HEART OF GAMBETTA. Translated from the French of Francis Laur by Violette Montagu. With an Introduction by John Macdonald, Portraits and other Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Daily Telegraph._—“It is Gambetta pouring out his soul to Léonie Leon, the strange, passionate, masterful demagogue, who wielded the most persuasive oratory of modern times, acknowledging his idol, his inspiration, his Egeria.”

THE MEMOIRS OF ANN, LADY FANSHAWE. Written by Lady Fanshawe. With Extracts from the Correspondence of Sir Richard Fanshawe. Edited by H. C. Fanshawe. With 38 Full-page Illustrations, including four in Photogravure and one in Colour. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net.

∵ _This Edition has been printed direct from the original manuscript in the possession of the Fanshawe Family, and Mr. H. C. Fanshawe contributes numerous notes which form a running commentary on the text. Many famous pictures are reproduced, including paintings by Velazquez and Van Dyck._

THE LIFE OF JOAN OF ARC. By Anatole France. A Translation by Winifred Stephens. With 8 Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 9 × 5¾ inches, 2 vols. Price 25_s._ net.

∵ _Joan of Arc, by her friends accounted a saint, by her enemies a witch, stands out the one supreme figure of the French 15th century; that period of storm and stress, that time of birth-giving from which proceeded the glories of the Renaissance. Bitter controversy raged round the Maid in her life-time. Round her story to-day literary polemic waxes high; and her life by Anatole France is the most eagerly discussed book of the century. That it presents a life-like picture of the time critics of all parties agree. Its author has well equipped himself with the best erudition of the last thirty years. To the fruits of these researches he has added profound philosophy and true historical insight, and thus into consummate literary art he has painted a more vivid picture of the French 15th century than has ever yet been presented in any literature. The Maid herself Monsieur France regards not as a skilful general or a wily politician as some writers have endeavoured to make out, but as above all things a saint. It was by her purity and innate goodness that she triumphed. “It was not Joan who drove the English out of France . . . And yet the young saint played the noblest part in the salvation of her country. Hers was the part of sacrifice. She set the example of high courage and gave to heroism a new and attractive form._

THE DAUGHTER OF LOUIS XVI. Marie-Thérèse-Charlotte of France, Duchesse D’Angoulême. By G. Lenotre. With 13 Full-page Illustrations. Demy 8vo. Price 10_s._ 6_d._ net.

∵ _M. G. Lenotre is perhaps the most widely read of a group of modern French writers who have succeeded in treating history from a point of view at once scientific, dramatic and popular. He has made the Revolution his particular field of research, and deals not only with the most prominent figures of that period, but with many minor characters whose life-stories are quite as thrilling as anything in fiction. The localities in which these dramas were enacted are vividly brought before us in his works, for no one has reconstructed 18th century Paris with more picturesque and accurate detail. “The Daughter of Louis XVI.” is quite equal in interest and literary merit to any of the volumes which have preceded it, not excepting the famous Drama of Varennes. As usual, M. Lenotre draws his material largely from contemporary documents, and among the most remarkable memoirs reproduced in this book are “The Story of my Visit to the Temple” by Harmand de la Meuse, and the artless, but profoundly touching narrative of the unhappy orphaned Princess: “A manuscript written by Marie Thérèse Charlotte of France upon the captivity of the Princes and Princesses, her relatives, imprisoned in the Temple.” The illustrations are a feature of the volume and include the so-called “telescope” portrait of the Princess, sketched from life by an anonymous artist, stationed at a window opposite her prison in the tower of the Temple._

HUBERT AND JOHN VAN EYCK: Their Life and Work. By W. H. James Weale. With 41 Photogravure and 95 Black and White Reproductions. Royal 4to. £5 5_s._ net.

Sir Martin Conway’s Note.

_Nearly half a century has passed since Mr. W. H. James Weale, then resident at Bruges, began that long series of patient investigations into the history of Netherlandish art which was destined to earn so rich a harvest. When he began work Memlinc was still called Hemling, and was fabled to have arrived at Bruges as a wounded soldier. The van Eycks were little more than legendary heroes. Roger Van der Weyden was little more than a name. Most of the other great Netherlandish artists were either wholly forgotten or named only in connection with paintings with which they had nothing to do. Mr. Weale discovered Gerard David, and disentangled his principal works from Memlinc’s, with which they were then confused. During a series of years he published in the “Beffroi,” a magazine issued by himself, the many important records from ancient archives which threw a flood of light upon the whole origin and development of the early Netherlandish school. By universal admission he is hailed all over Europe as the father of this study. It is due to him in great measure that the masterpieces of that school, which by neglect were in danger of perishing fifty years ago, are now recognised as among the most priceless treasures of the Museums of Europe and the United States. Fullness and accuracy are the characteristics of all Mr. Weale’s work._

VINCENZO FOPPA OF BRESCIA, Founder of the Lombard School, His Life and Work. By Constance Jocelyn Ffoulkes and Monsignor Rodolfo Majocchi, D.D., Rector of the Collegio Borromeo, Pavia. Based on research in the Archives of Milan, Pavia, Brescia, and Genoa, and on the study of all his known works. With over 100 Illustrations, many in Photogravure, and 100 Documents. Royal 4to. £3. 11_s._ 6_d._ net.

∵ _No complete Life of Vincenzo Foppa has ever been written: an omission which seems almost inexplicable in these days of over-production in the matter of biographies of painters, and of subjects relating to the art of Italy. The object of the authors of this book has been to present a true picture of the master’s life based upon the testimony of records in Italian archives; all facts hitherto known relating to him have been brought together; all statements have been verified; and a great deal of new and unpublished material has been added. The authors have unearthed a large amount of new material relating to Foppa, one of the most interesting facts brought to light being that he lived for twenty-three years longer than was formerly supposed. The illustrations will include several pictures by Foppa hitherto unknown in the history of art, and others which have never before been published, as well as reproductions of every existing work by the master at present known._

MEMOIRS OF THE DUKES OF URBINO. Illustrating the Arms, Art and Literature of Italy from 1440 to 1630. By James Dennistoun of Dennistoun. A New Edition edited by Edward Hutton, with upwards of 100 Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 3 vols. 42_s._ net.

∵ _For many years this great book has been out of print, although it still remains the chief authority upon the Duchy of Urbino from the beginning of the fifteenth century. Mr. Hutton has carefully edited the whole work, leaving the text substantially the same, but adding a large number of new notes, comments and references. Wherever possible the reader is directed to original sources. Every sort of work has been laid under contribution to illustrate the text, and bibliographies have been supplied on many subjects. Besides these notes the book acquires a new value on account of the mass of illustrations which it now contains, thus adding a pictorial comment to an historical and critical one._

THE PHILOSOPHY OF LONG LIFE. By Jean Finot. A Translation by Harry Roberts. Demy 8vo. (9 × 5¾ inches). 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

∵ _This is a translation of a book which has attained to the position of a classic. It has already been translated into almost every language, and has, in France, gone into fourteen editions in the course of a few years. The book is an exhaustive one, and although based on science and philosophy it is in no sense abstruse or remote from general interest. It deals with life as embodied not only in man and in the animal and vegetable worlds, but in all that great world of (as the author holds) misnamed “inanimate” nature as well. For M. Finot argues that all things have life and consciousness, and that a solidarity exists which brings together all beings and so-called things. He sets himself to work to show that life, in its philosophic conception, is an elemental force, and durable as nature herself._

THE DIARY OF A LADY-IN-WAITING. By Lady Charlotte Bury. Being the Diary Illustrative of the Times of George the Fourth. Interspersed with original Letters from the late Queen Caroline and from various other distinguished persons. New edition. Edited, with an Introduction, by A. Francis Steuart. With numerous portraits. Two Vols. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

∵ _This book, which appeared anonymously in 1838, created an enormous sensation, and was fiercely criticised by Thackeray and in the Reviews of the time. There is no doubt that it was founded on the diary of Lady Charlotte Bury, daughter of the 5th Duke of Argyll, and Lady-in-Waiting to the unfortunate Caroline of Brunswick, when Princess of Wales. It deals, therefore, with the curious Court of the latter and with the scandals that occurred there, as well as with the strange vagaries of the Princess abroad. In this edition names left blank in the original have been (where possible) filled up, and many notes are given by the Editor to render it useful to the ever-increasing number of readers interested in the later Georgian Period._

JUNIPER HALL: Rendezvous of certain illustrious Personages during the French Revolution, including Alexander D’Arblay and Fanny Burney. Compiled by Constance Hill. With numerous Illustrations by Ellen G. Hill, and reproductions from various Contemporary Portraits. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

JANE AUSTEN: Her Homes and Her Friends. By Constance Hill. Numerous Illustrations by Ellen G. Hill, together with Reproductions from Old Portraits, etc. Cr. 8vo. 5_s._ net.

THE HOUSE IN ST. MARTIN’S STREET. Being Chronicles of the Burney Family. By Constance Hill, Author of “Jane Austen, Her Home, and Her Friends,” “Juniper Hall,” etc. With numerous Illustrations by Ellen G. Hill, and reproductions of Contemporary Portraits, etc. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

STORY OF THE PRINCESS DES URSINS IN SPAIN (Camarera-Mayor). By Constance Hill. With 12 Illustrations and a Photogravure Frontispiece. New Edition. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

NEW LETTERS OF THOMAS CARLYLE. Edited and Annotated by Alexander Carlyle, with Notes and an Introduction and numerous Illustrations. In Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25_s._ net.

_Pall Mall Gazette._—“To the portrait of the man, Thomas, these letters do really add value; we can learn to respect and to like him the more for the genuine goodness of his personality.”

_Morning Leader._—“These volumes open the very heart of Carlyle.”

_Literary World._—“It is then Carlyle, the nobly filial son, we see in these letters; Carlyle, the generous and affectionate brother, the loyal and warm-hearted friend, . . . and above all, Carlyle as the tender and faithful lover of his wife.”

_Daily Telegraph._—“The letters are characteristic enough of the Carlyle we know: very picturesque and entertaining, full of extravagant emphasis, written, as a rule, at fever heat, eloquently rabid and emotional.”

THE NEMESIS OF FROUDE: a Rejoinder to “My Relations with Carlyle.” By Sir James Crichton Browne and Alexander Carlyle. Demy 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Glasgow Herald._—“. . . The book practically accomplishes its task of reinstating Carlyle; as an attack on Froude it is overwhelming.”

_Public Opinion._—“The main object of the book is to prove that Froude believed a myth and betrayed his trust. That aim has been achieved.”

NEW LETTERS AND MEMORIALS OF JANE WELSH CARLYLE. A Collection of hitherto Unpublished Letters. Annotated by Thomas Carlyle, and Edited by Alexander Carlyle, with an Introduction by Sir James Crichton Browne, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S., numerous Illustrations drawn in Lithography by T. R. Way, and Photogravure Portraits from hitherto unreproduced Originals. In Two Volumes. Demy 8vo. 25_s._ net.

_Westminster Gazette._—“Few letters in the language have in such perfection the qualities which good letters should possess. Frank, gay, brilliant, indiscreet, immensely clever, whimsical, and audacious, they reveal a character which, with whatever alloy of human infirmity, must endear itself to any reader of understanding.”

_World._—“Throws a deal of new light on the domestic relations of the Sage of Chelsea. They also contain the full text of Mrs. Carlyle’s fascinating journal, and her own ‘humorous and quaintly candid’ narrative of her first love-affair.”

_Daily News._—“Every page . . . scintillates with keen thoughts, biting criticisms, flashing phrases, and touches of bright comedy.”

ÉMILE ZOLA: Novelist and Reformer. An Account of his Life, Work, and Influence. By E. A. Vizetelly. With numerous Illustrations, Portraits, etc. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

_Morning Post._—“Mr. Ernest Vizetelly has given . . . a very true insight into the aims, character, and life of the novelist.”

_Athenæum._—“. . . Exhaustive and interesting.”

_M.A.P._—“. . . will stand as the classic biography of Zola.”

_Star._—“This ‘Life’ of Zola is a very fascinating book.”

_Academy._—“It was inevitable that the authoritative life of Emile Zola should be from the pen of E. A. Vizetelly. No one probably has the same qualifications, and this bulky volume of nearly six hundred pages is a worthy tribute to the genius of the master.”

Mr. T. P. O’Connor in _T.P.’s Weekly_.—“It is a story of fascinating interest, and is told admirably by Mr. Vizetelly. I can promise any one who takes it up that he will find it very difficult to lay it down again.”

MEMOIRS OF THE MARTYR KING: being a detailed record of the last two years of the Reign of His Most Sacred Majesty King Charles the First, 1646-1648-9. Compiled by Allan Fea. With upwards of 100 Photogravure Portraits and other Illustrations, including relics. Royal 4to. 105_s._ net.

Mr. M. H. Spielmann in _The Academy_.—“The volume is a triumph for the printer and publisher, and a solid contribution to Carolinian literature.”

_Pall Mall Gazette._—“The present sumptuous volume, a storehouse of eloquent associations . . . comes as near to outward perfection as anything we could desire.”

MEMOIRS OF A VANISHED GENERATION 1813-1855. Edited by Mrs. Warrenne Blake. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net.

∵ _This work is compiled from diaries and letters dating from the time of the Regency to the middle of the nineteenth century. The value of the work lies in its natural unembellished picture of the life of a cultured and well-born family in a foreign environment at a period so close to our own that it is far less familiar than periods much more remote. There is an atmosphere of Jane Austen’s novels about the lives of Admiral Knox and his family, and a large number of well-known contemporaries are introduced into Mrs. Blake’s pages._

CÉSAR FRANCK: A Study. Translated from the French of Vincent d’Indy. And with an Introduction by Rosa Newmarch. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

∵ _There is no purer influence in modern music than that of César Franck, for many years ignored in every capacity save that of organist of Sainte-Clotilde, in Paris, but now recognised as the legitimate successor of Bach and Beethoven. His inspiration “rooted in love and faith” has contributed in a remarkable degree to the regeneration of the musical art in France and elsewhere. The now famous “Schola Cantorum,” founded in Paris in 1896, by A. Guilmant, Charles Bordes and Vincent d’Indy, is the direct outcome of his influence. Among the artists who were in some sort his disciples were Paul Dukas, Chabrier, Gabriel Fauré and the great violinist Ysāye. His pupils include such gifted composers as Benoît, Augusta Holmès, Chausson, Ropartz, and d’Indy. This book, written with the devotion of a disciple and the authority of a master, leaves us with a vivid and touching impression of the saint-like composer of “The Beatitudes.”_

FRENCH NOVELISTS OF TO-DAY: Maurice Barres, Réné Bazin, Paul Bourget, Pierre de Coulevain, Anatole France, Pierre Loti, Marcel Prévost, and Edouard Rod. Biographical, Descriptive, and Critical. By Winifred Stephens. With Portraits and Bibliographies. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

∵ _The writer, who has lived much in France, is thoroughly acquainted with French life and with the principal currents of French thought. The book is intended to be a guide to English readers desirous to keep in touch with the best present-day French fiction. Special attention is given to the ecclesiastical, social, and intellectual problems of contemporary France and their influence upon the works of French novelists of to-day._

THE KING’S GENERAL IN THE WEST, being the Life of Sir Richard Granville, Baronet (1600-1659). By Roger Granville, M.A., Sub-Dean of Exeter Cathedral. With Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Westminster Gazette._—“A distinctly interesting work; it will be highly appreciated by historical students as well as by ordinary readers.”

THE LIFE AND LETTERS OF ROBERT Stephen Hawker, sometime Vicar of Morwenstow in Cornwall. By C. E. Byles. With numerous Illustrations by J. Ley Pethybridge and others. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Daily Telegraph._—“. . . As soon as the volume is opened one finds oneself in the presence of a real original, a man of ability, genius and eccentricity, of whom one cannot know too much . . . No one will read this fascinating and charmingly produced book without thanks to Mr. Byles and a desire to visit—or revisit—Morwenstow.”

THE LIFE OF WILLIAM BLAKE. By Alexander Gilchrist. Edited with an Introduction by W. Graham Robertson. Numerous Reproductions from Blake’s most characteristic and remarkable designs. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net. New Edition.

_Birmingham Post._—“Nothing seems at all likely ever to supplant the Gilchrist biography. Mr. Swinburne praised it magnificently in his own eloquent essay on Blake, and there should be no need now to point out its entire sanity, understanding keenness of critical insight, and masterly literary style. Dealing with one of the most difficult of subjects, it ranks among the finest things of its kind that we possess.”

MEMOIRS OF A ROYAL CHAPLAIN, 1729-63. The correspondence of Edmund Pyle, D.D., Domestic Chaplain to George II, with Samuel Kerrich, D.D., Vicar of Dersingham, and Rector of Wolferton and West Newton. Edited and Annotated by Albert Hartshorne. With Portrait. Demy 8vo. 16_s._ net.

_Truth._—“It is undoubtedly the most important book of the kind that has been published in recent years, and is certain to disturb many readers whose minds have not travelled with the time.”

GEORGE MEREDITH: Some Characteristics. By Richard Le Gallienne. With a Bibliography (much enlarged) by John Lane. Portrait, etc. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net. Fifth Edition. Revised.

_Punch._—“All Meredithians must possess ‘George Meredith; Some Characteristics,’ by Richard Le Gallienne. This book is a complete and excellent guide to the novelist and the novels, a sort of Meredithian Bradshaw, with pictures of the traffic superintendent and the head office at Boxhill. Even Philistines may be won over by the blandishments of Mr. Le Gallienne.”

LIFE OF LORD CHESTERFIELD. An account of the Ancestry, Personal Character, and Public Services of the Fourth Earl of Chesterfield. By W. H. Craig, M.A. Numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. 12_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Daily Telegraph._—“Mr. Craig has set out to present him (Lord Chesterfield) as one of the striking figures of a formative period in our modern history . . . and has succeeded in giving us a very attractive biography of a remarkable man.”

_Times._—“It is the chief point of Mr. Craig’s book to show the sterling qualities which Chesterfield was at too much pains in concealing, to reject the perishable trivialities of his character, and to exhibit him as a philosophic statesman, not inferior to any of his contemporaries, except Walpole at one end of his life, and Chatham at the other.”

A QUEEN OF INDISCRETIONS. The Tragedy of Caroline of Brunswick, Queen of England. From the Italian of G. P. Clerici. Translated by Frederic Chapman. With numerous Illustrations reproduced from contemporary Portraits and Prints. Demy 8vo. 21_s._ net.

_The Daily Telegraph._—“It could scarcely be done more thoroughly or, on the whole, in better taste than is here displayed by Professor Clerici. Mr. Frederic Chapman himself contributes an uncommonly interesting and well-informed introduction.”

_Westminster Gazette._—“The volume, scholarly and well-informed . . . forms one long and absorbingly interesting chapter of the _chronique scandaleuse_ of Court life . . . reads like a romance, except that no romancer would care or dare to pack his pages so closely with startling effects and fantastic scenes.”

LETTERS AND JOURNALS OF SAMUEL GRIDLEY HOWE. Edited by his Daughter Laura E. Richards. With Notes and a Preface by F. B. Sanborn, an Introduction by Mrs. John Lane, and a Portrait. Demy 8vo. (9 × 5¾ inches). 16_s._ net.

_Outlook._—“This deeply interesting record of experience. The volume is worthily produced and contains a striking portrait of Howe.”

_Daily News._—“Dr. Howe’s book is full of shrewd touches; it seems to be very much a part of the lively, handsome man of the portrait. His writing is striking and vivid; it is the writing of a shrewd, keen observer, intensely interested in the event before him.”

THE LIFE OF ST. MARY MAGDALEN. Translated from the Italian of an Unknown Fourteenth-Century Writer by Valentina Hawtrey. With an Introductory Note by Vernon Lee, and 14 Full-page Reproductions from the Old Masters. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

_Daily News._—“Miss Valentina Hawtrey has given a most excellent English version of this pleasant work.”

_Academy._—“The fourteenth-century fancy plays delightfully around the meagre details of the Gospel narrative, and presents the heroine in quite an unconventional light. . . . In its directness and artistic simplicity and its wealth of homely detail the story reads like the work of some Boccaccio of the cloister; and fourteen illustrations taken from Italian painters happily illustrate the charming text.”

MEN AND LETTERS. By Herbert Paul, M.P. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

_Daily News._—“Mr. Herbert Paul has done scholars and the reading world in general a high service in publishing this collection of his essays.”

_Punch._—“His fund of good stories is inexhaustible, and his urbanity never fails. On the whole, this book is one of the very best examples of literature on literature and life.”

ROBERT BROWNING: Essays and Thoughts. By J. T. Nettleship. With Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ 6_d._ net. (Third Edition.)

A LATER PEPYS. The Correspondence of Sir William Weller Pepys, Bart., Master in Chancery, 1758-1825, with Mrs. Chapone, Mrs. Hartley, Mrs. Montague, Hannah More, William Franks, Sir James Macdonald, Major Rennell, Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, and others. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Alice C. C. Gaussen. With numerous Illustrations. Demy 8vo. In Two Volumes. 32_s._ net.

Douglas Sladen in the _Queen_.—“This is indisputably a most valuable contribution to the literature of the eighteenth century. It is a veritable storehouse of society gossip, the art criticism, and the _mots_ of famous people.”

_Academy and Literature._—“The effect consists in no particular passages, but in the total impression, the sense of atmosphere, and the general feeling that we are being introduced into the very society in which the writer moved.”

_Daily News._—“To Miss Alice Gaussen is due the credit of sorting out the vast collection of correspondence which is here presented to the public. . . . Her industry is indefatigable, and her task has been carried out with completeness. The notes are full of interesting items; the introduction is exhaustive; and the collection of illustrations enhances the value of the book.”

_World._—“Sir William Pepys’s correspondence is admirable.”

ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, AN ELEGY; AND OTHER POEMS, MAINLY PERSONAL. By Richard Le Gallienne. Crown 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Daily Chronicle._—“Few, indeed, could be more fit to sing the dirge of that ‘Virgil of Prose’ than the poet whose _curiosa felicitas_ is so close akin to Stevenson’s own charm.”

_Globe._—“The opening Elegy on R. L. Stevenson includes some tender and touching passages, and has throughout the merits of sincerity and clearness.”

RUDYARD KIPLING: a Criticism. By Richard Le Gallienne. With a Bibliography by John Lane. Crown 8vo. 3_s._ 6_d._ net.

_Guardian._—“One of the cleverest pieces of criticism we have come across for a long time.”

_Scotsman._—“It shows a keen insight into the essential qualities of literature, and analyses Mr. Kipling’s product with the skill of a craftsman . . . the positive and outstanding merits of Mr. Kipling’s contribution to the literature of his time are marshalled by his critic with quite uncommon skill.”

POEMS. By Edward Cracroft Lefroy. With a Memoir by W. A. Gill, and a Reprint of Mr. J. A. Symonds’ Critical Essay on “Echoes from Theocritus.” Photogravure Portrait. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

_The Times._—“. . . the leading features of the sonnets are the writer’s intense sympathy with human life in general and with young life in particular; his humour, his music, and, in a word, the quality which ‘leaves a melody afloat upon the brain, a savour on the mental palate.’”

_Bookman._—“The Memoir, by Mr. W. A. Gill, is a sympathetic sketch of an earnest and lovable character; and the critical estimate, by J. Addington Symonds, is a charmingly, written and suggestive essay.”

APOLOGIA DIFFIDENTIS. By W. Compton Leith. Demy 8vo. 7_s._ 6_d._ net.

∵ _The book, which is largely autobiographical, describes the effect of diffidence upon an individual life, and contains, with a consideration of the nature of shyness, a plea for a kindlier judgment of the inveterate case._

_Daily Mail._—“Mr. Leith has written a very beautiful book, and perhaps the publisher’s claim that this will be a new classic is not too bold.”

THE TRUE STORY OF MY LIFE: an Autobiography by Alice M. Diehl, Novelist, Writer, and Musician. Demy 8vo. 10_s._ 6_d._ net.

BOOKS AND PERSONALITIES: Essays. By H. W. Nevinson. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

_Daily Chronicle._—“It is a remarkable thing and probably unique, that a writer of such personality as the author of ‘Between the Acts’ should not only feel, but boldly put on paper, his homage and complete subjection to the genius of one after another of these men. He is entirely free from that one common virtue of critics, which is superiority to the author criticised.”

OTIA: Essays. By Armine Thomas Kent. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

BOOKS AND PLAYS: A Volume of Essays on Meredith, Borrow, Ibsen, and others. By Allan Monkhouse. Crown 8vo. 5_s._ net.

LIBER AMORIS; or, The New Pygmalion. By William Hazlitt. Edited, with an introduction, by Richard Le Gallienne. To which is added an exact transcript of the original MS., Mrs. Hazlitt’s Diary in Scotland, and Letters never before published. Portrait after Bewick, and facsimile Letters. 400 copies only. 4to. 364 pp. Buckram. 21_s._ net.

TERRORS OF THE LAW: being the Portraits of Three Lawyers—the original Weir of Hermiston, “Bloody Jeffreys,” and “Bluidy Advocate Mackenzie.” By Francis Watt. With 3 Photogravure Portraits. Fcap. 8vo. 4_s._ 6_d._ net.

_The Literary World._—“The book is altogether entertaining; it is brisk, lively, and effective. Mr. Watt has already, in his two series of ‘The Law’s Lumber Room,’ established his place as an essayist in legal lore, and the present book will increase his reputation.”

CHAMPIONS OF THE FLEET. Captains and Men-of-War in the Days that Helped to make the Empire. By Edward Fraser. With 16 Full-page Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 6_s._

THE LONDONS OF THE BRITISH FLEET: The Story of Ships bearing the name of Old Renown in Naval Annals. By _Edward Fraser_. With 8 Illustrations in colours, and 20 in black and white. Crown 8vo. 6_s._

JOHN LANE, THE BODLEY HEAD, VIGO STREET, LONDON.

Transcriber’s Notes

--Retained publisher information from the printed copy (the electronic edition is in the public domain in the country of publication).

--Corrected some palpable typos.

--Converted page headings into section titles (shifted to an appropriate paragraph break.)

--Moved all promotional material to the end of the book.

--In the HTML version, split some illustrations, and rotated others to portrait mode for better display on e-readers.

--In the text versions only, represented text font and size variations (the HTML version preserves the presentation of the original):

--Text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.

--Subscripted numbers are preceded by an underscore, as in the formula for water “H_2O”.

--Split genetic tables within paragraphs into separate lines.